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<span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oral_histories_and_early_recorded_histories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oral_histories_and_early_recorded_histories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Oral histories and early recorded histories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oral_histories_and_early_recorded_histories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fur_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fur_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Fur trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fur_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wars_and_refugees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wars_and_refugees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Wars and refugees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wars_and_refugees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Raid_on_Pickawillany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raid_on_Pickawillany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Raid on Pickawillany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raid_on_Pickawillany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treaties_and_removals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaties_and_removals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Treaties and removals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaties_and_removals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Known_villages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Known_villages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Known villages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Known_villages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Known villages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Known_villages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Former_villages_not_on_reserves/reservations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_villages_not_on_reserves/reservations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Former villages not on reserves/reservations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_villages_not_on_reserves/reservations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_reserves/reservations_and_their_villages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_reserves/reservations_and_their_villages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Former reserves/reservations and their villages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_reserves/reservations_and_their_villages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_reserves/reservations_and_associated_villages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_reserves/reservations_and_associated_villages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Current reserves/reservations and associated villages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_reserves/reservations_and_associated_villages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Governments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Governments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Governments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Recognized/status_Odawa_governments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognized/status_Odawa_governments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Recognized/status Odawa governments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recognized/status_Odawa_governments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_recognized/status_governments_with_significant_Odawa_populations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_recognized/status_governments_with_significant_Odawa_populations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Other recognized/status governments with significant Odawa populations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_recognized/status_governments_with_significant_Odawa_populations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unrecognized_Odawa_governments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unrecognized_Odawa_governments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Unrecognized Odawa governments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unrecognized_Odawa_governments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Odawa_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Odawa_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable Odawa people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Odawa_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_tribal_websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_tribal_websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Official tribal websites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_tribal_websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Odawa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7_(%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="أوتاوا (قبيلة هندية) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوتاوا (قبيلة هندية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottavalar" title="Ottavalar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ottavalar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Атава (народ) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Атава (народ)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5)" title="Отава (племе) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Отава (племе)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawes" title="Ottawes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ottawes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Odawa" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawov%C3%A9" title="Ottawové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ottawové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Odawa" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Odawa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_(tribu)" title="Ottawa (tribu) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ottawa (tribu)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otavoj" title="Otavoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Otavoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outaouais_(peuple)" title="Outaouais (peuple) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Outaouais (peuple)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_ottawa" title="Pobo ottawa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo ottawa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%83%80%EC%99%80%EC%A1%B1" title="오타와족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오타와족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ottawa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Odawa" title="Suku Odawa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Odawa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Odawa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otav%C3%A1k" title="Otavák – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Otavák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7_(%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%87_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%81%D9%89_%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7)" title="اوتاوا (مجموعه عرقيه فى كندا) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوتاوا (مجموعه عرقيه فى كندا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Odawa" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AF%E6%97%8F" title="オタワ族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オタワ族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_(folk)" title="Ottawa (folk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ottawa (folk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawowie" title="Ottawowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ottawowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Odawa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F)" title="Оттава (племя) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оттава (племя)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Odawa" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Отава (народ) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Отава (народ)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Indijanci" title="Ottawa Indijanci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ottawa Indijanci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawat" title="Ottawat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ottawat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_(stam)" title="Ottawa (stam) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ottawa (stam)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odavalar" title="Odavalar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Odavalar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%27%D1%8F)" title="Оттава (плем'я) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Оттава (плем'я)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Odawa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawa_(tribe)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottawa (tribe)">Ottawa (tribe)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indigenous people of North America</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Odawa</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:OdaawaaAreas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/OdaawaaAreas.jpg/220px-OdaawaaAreas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/OdaawaaAreas.jpg/330px-OdaawaaAreas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/OdaawaaAreas.jpg/440px-OdaawaaAreas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="1275" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Odawa group areas.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">15,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ottawa_dialect" title="Ottawa dialect">Ottawa dialect</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a>, traditional religion, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, other</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Algonquian peoples</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Person</th><td class="infobox-data"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Daawaa</a>, Odaawaa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data">Daawaak, Odaawaag</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_dialect" title="Ottawa dialect">Daawaamwin</a>, Nishnaabemwin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Daawaaying, Daawaaw’kii, Nishnaabew’kii</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Odawa</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (also <b>Ottawa</b> or <b>Odaawaa</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>) are an <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous American</a> people who primarily inhabit land in the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Eastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands">Eastern Woodlands</a> region, now in jurisdictions of the northeastern <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and southeastern <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. Their territory long preceded the creation of the current border between the two countries in the 18th and 19th centuries. </p><p>Their peoples are federally recognized as <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> tribes in the United States and have numerous recognized <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/Band_government" title="Band government">bands</a> in Canada. They are one of the <a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabeg</a>, related to but distinct from the <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a> peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After migrating from the East Coast in ancient times, they settled on <a href="/wiki/Manitoulin_Island" title="Manitoulin Island">Manitoulin Island</a>, near the northern shores of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Huron" title="Lake Huron">Lake Huron</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Peninsula" title="Bruce Peninsula">Bruce Peninsula</a> in the present-day province of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada. They considered this their original homeland. After the 17th century, they also settled along the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_River" title="Ottawa River">Ottawa River</a>, and in what became the present-day states of <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> and Wisconsin. They also occupied other areas of the Midwest south of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> in what became the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 21st century, there are a total of approximately 15,000 Odawa living in Ontario, Canada, and in Michigan and <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> (former <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a>, United States). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_dialect" title="Ottawa dialect">Ottawa dialect</a> is part of the <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian language family</a>. This large family is made up of numerous smaller tribal groups or "bands," which are commonly called a "Tribe" in the United States and "First Nation" in Canada. Their language is considered a divergent dialect of <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a>, characterized by frequent <a href="/wiki/Syncope_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncope (phonetics)">syncope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tribe_name">Tribe name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odawa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Tribe name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Odawaa</i> (syncoped as <i>Daawaa</i>, is believed to be derived from the Anishinaabe word <i>adaawe</i>, meaning "to trade," or "to buy and sell"). This term is common to the <a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algonquin_people" title="Algonquin people">Algonquin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nipissing_First_Nation" title="Nipissing First Nation">Nipissing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Innu" title="Innu">Innu</a>, Odawa, and Ojibwe. The <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a> spelling of <i>Odawa</i> and the English derivative "Ottawa" are also common. The <a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a> word for "Those men who trade, or buy and sell" is <i>Wadaawewinini(wag).</i> </p><p>Fr. <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Baraga" title="Frederic Baraga">Frederic Baraga</a>, a Catholic missionary in Michigan, transliterated this and recorded it in his <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Dictionary_of_the_Otchipwe_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Dictionary of the Otchipwe Language (page does not exist)">A Dictionary of the Otchipwe Language</a></i> as <i>"Watawawininiwok,"</i> noting that it meant "men of the bulrushes", associated with the many bulrushes in the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_River" title="Ottawa River">Ottawa River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But, this recorded meaning is more appropriately associated with the <i>Matàwackariniwak,</i> a historical <a href="/wiki/Algonquin_people" title="Algonquin people">Algonquin</a> band who lived along the Ottawa River.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The only tribe in the United States that is Odawa are the <a href="/wiki/Little_Traverse_Bay_Bands_of_Odawa_Indians" title="Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians">Little Traverse Bay Band of Odawa Indians</a>; the rest are considered Ottawa. </p><p>Their neighbors applied the "Trader" name to the Odawa because in early traditional times, and also during the early European contact period, they were noted as intertribal traders and barterers.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Odawa were described as having dealt "chiefly in <a href="/wiki/Cornmeal" title="Cornmeal">cornmeal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunflower_oil" title="Sunflower oil">sunflower oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">furs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carpet" title="Carpet">rugs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mat" title="Mat">mats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, and medicinal <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herb" title="Herb">herbs</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-burton_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burton-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Odawa name in its English transcription is the source of the place names of the city of <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_River" title="Ottawa River">Ottawa River</a>. The Odawa home territory at the time of early European contact, but not their trading zone, was well to the west of the city and river named after them. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ottawa,_Ohio" title="Ottawa, Ohio">Ottawa, Ohio</a>, is the county seat of <a href="/wiki/Putnam_County,_Ohio" title="Putnam County, Ohio">Putnam County</a>, developed at the site of the last Ottawa reservation in Ohio. There is also an <a href="/wiki/Ottawa,_Kansas" title="Ottawa, Kansas">Ottawa, Kansas</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odawa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_dialect" title="Ottawa dialect">Ottawa dialect</a></div> <p>The Odawa dialect is considered one of several divergent dialects of the <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe language</a> group, noted for its frequent <a href="/wiki/Syncope_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncope (phonetics)">syncope</a>. In the Odawa language, the general language group is known as <i>Nishnabemwin</i>, while the Odawa language is called <i>Daawaamwin</i>. Of the estimated 5,000 ethnic Odawa and additional 10,000 people with some Odawa ancestry, in the early 21st century an estimated 500 people in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> speak this language. The <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma">Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma</a> has three fluent speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odawa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oral_histories_and_early_recorded_histories">Oral histories and early recorded histories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odawa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Oral histories and early recorded histories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Indian_of_ye_Outawas_Tribe_%26_his_Family_going_to_War_by_George_Townshend,_4th_Viscount_and_1st_Marquess_Townshend.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/An_Indian_of_ye_Outawas_Tribe_%26_his_Family_going_to_War_by_George_Townshend%2C_4th_Viscount_and_1st_Marquess_Townshend.jpg/220px-An_Indian_of_ye_Outawas_Tribe_%26_his_Family_going_to_War_by_George_Townshend%2C_4th_Viscount_and_1st_Marquess_Townshend.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/An_Indian_of_ye_Outawas_Tribe_%26_his_Family_going_to_War_by_George_Townshend%2C_4th_Viscount_and_1st_Marquess_Townshend.jpg/330px-An_Indian_of_ye_Outawas_Tribe_%26_his_Family_going_to_War_by_George_Townshend%2C_4th_Viscount_and_1st_Marquess_Townshend.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/An_Indian_of_ye_Outawas_Tribe_%26_his_Family_going_to_War_by_George_Townshend%2C_4th_Viscount_and_1st_Marquess_Townshend.jpg/440px-An_Indian_of_ye_Outawas_Tribe_%26_his_Family_going_to_War_by_George_Townshend%2C_4th_Viscount_and_1st_Marquess_Townshend.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1969" /></a><figcaption>Mid-18th century sketch of an Odawa family by British soldier <a href="/wiki/George_Townshend,_1st_Marquess_Townshend" title="George Townshend, 1st Marquess Townshend">George Townshend</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to Anishinaabeg tradition, and from recordings in <a href="/wiki/Wiigwaasabak" title="Wiigwaasabak">Wiigwaasabak</a> (birch bark scrolls), the Odawa people came from the eastern areas of North America, or <a href="/wiki/Turtle_Island_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turtle Island (North America)">Turtle Island</a>, and from a region called <a href="/wiki/Dawnland" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawnland">Dawnland</a> along the East Coast (where there are numerous Algonquian-language peoples). </p><p>Directed by the <i>miigis</i> (luminescent) beings, the Anishinaabe peoples moved inland along the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence River">Saint Lawrence River</a>. At the "Third Stopping Place" near what is now <a href="/wiki/Detroit,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit, Michigan">Detroit</a>, Michigan, the southern group of Anishinaabeg divided into three groups, the Ojibwe, Odawa, and Potawatomi.<sup id="cite_ref-hodge_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hodge-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is <a href="/wiki/Archaeological" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological">archaeological</a> evidence that the <a href="/wiki/Saugeen_complex" title="Saugeen complex">Saugeen complex</a> people, a <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell</a>-influenced group who were located on the <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Peninsula" title="Bruce Peninsula">Bruce Peninsula</a> during the Middle Woodland period, may have evolved into the Odawa people. The Hopewell tradition was a widely extended trading network operating from about 200BCE to 500 CE. Some of these peoples constructed earthwork <a href="/wiki/Mound_builder_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mound builder (people)">mounds</a> for burials, a practice that ended about 250 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-ONArch_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONArch-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Saugeen mounds have not been excavated. </p><p>The Odawa, together with the Ojibwe and Potawatomi, were part of a long-term tribal alliance called the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Three_Fires" title="Council of Three Fires">Council of Three Fires</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together they fought the nations of the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Iroquois Confederacy">Iroquois Confederacy</a> (who came from the East) and the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_people" title="Dakota people">Dakota people</a>. </p><p> In 1615 French explorer <a href="/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain">Samuel de Champlain</a> met 300 men of a nation which, he said, "we call <i>les cheueux releuez</i>" (modern French: <i>cheveux relevés</i> (hair lifted, raised, rolled up)), near the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/French_River_(Ontario)" title="French River (Ontario)">French River</a>. Of these, he said: </p><blockquote><p>"Their arms consisted only of a bow and arrows, a buckler of boiled leather and the club. They wore no breech clouts, their bodies were tattooed in many fashions and designs, their faces painted and their noses pierced."<sup id="cite_ref-burton_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burton-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> In 1616, Champlain left the Huron villages and visited the "Cheueux releuez," who lived westward from the lands of the <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Huron Confederacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hodge_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hodge-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit Relations">Jesuit Relations</a></i> of 1667 reported that three tribes lived in the same town: the Odawa, the Kiskakon Odawa, and the Sinago Odawa. All three tribes spoke the same language.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fur_trade">Fur trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odawa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fur trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the extensive trade network maintained by the Odawa, many of the <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North American</a> interior nations became known to Europeans by the names the Odawa used for them, rather than by the nations’ own names (endonyms). For example, these exonyms include <i>Winnebago</i> (from <i>Wiinibiigoo</i>) for the <a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk" title="Ho-Chunk">Ho-Chunk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> (from <i>Naadawensiw</i>) for the Dakota. From the early days of the colony of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>, the Odawa became so important to the French and <a href="/wiki/Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian">Canadians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trade</a> that before 1670, colonists in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> (then called <a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada</a>) usually referred to any Algonquian speaker from the Great Lakes region as an Odawa. In their own language, the Odawa (like the Ojibwe) identified as <a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a> (<i>Neshnabek</i>) meaning "people." </p><p>The mostly highly prized fur was beaver, popular in Europe. Other furs traded included deer, marten, raccoon, fox, otter, and muskrat. In exchange the Odawa received "hatchets, knives, kettles, traps, needles, fish hooks, cloth and blankets, jewelry and decorative items, and later firearms and alcohol."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Up to the time of <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Perrot" title="Nicolas Perrot">Nicolas Perrot</a>, the Odawa had a monopoly on all fur trade that came through <a href="/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin" title="Green Bay, Wisconsin">Green Bay, Wisconsin</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sault_Ste._Marie,_Michigan" title="Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan">Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan</a>. They allegedly did "their best to exploit" the tribes in those areas "who did not use the canoe, by bartering with them bits of iron and steel and worn-out European articles for extravagant quantities of furs." For example, "the Crees gave the Ottawas 'all their beaver robes for old knives, blunted awls, wretched nets and kettles used until they were past service.'"<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wars_and_refugees">Wars and refugees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odawa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Wars and refugees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chief_Pontiac_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Chief_Pontiac_%281%29.jpg/220px-Chief_Pontiac_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Chief_Pontiac_%281%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="369" /></a><figcaption>Odawa <a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">warrior</a> with <a href="/wiki/Gunstock_war_club" title="Gunstock war club">gunstock war club</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Odawa had disputes and warfare with other tribes, particularly over the lucrative fur trade. For example, the tribe once waged war against the <a href="/wiki/Mascouten" title="Mascouten">Mascouten</a>. In the mid-17th century the Odawa allied with other Algonquian tribes around the Great Lakes against the powerful <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk people</a> (of present-day New York) and their Iroquois allies in the <a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a>. The European introduction of guns and other weapons to some of their trading partners had disrupted the traditional balance of power in the region and changed economic risks and rewards. All indigenous peoples on both sides were disrupted or decimated; some groups, such as the Iroquoian-speaking <a href="/wiki/Erie_people" title="Erie people">Erie</a>, were exterminated as tribes. But by the mid-17th century, the tribes were more severely affected by new infectious diseases than warfare. Lacking acquired <a href="/wiki/Immunity_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunity (medical)">immunity</a> to these European diseases, they suffered epidemics with high fatalities. </p><p>In 1701 the French colonists built <a href="/wiki/Fort_Detroit" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Detroit">Fort Detroit</a> and established a trading post. Many Odawa moved there from their traditional homeland of Manitoulin Island near the Bruce Peninsula,<sup id="cite_ref-hodge_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hodge-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Wyandot (Huron) also moved near the post. Some Odawa had already settled across northern Michigan in the Lower Peninsula, and more bands established villages around and south of Detroit. Their area extended into present-day Ohio. </p><p>With movements of the tribes in relation to warfare and colonial encroachment, the tribes settled in roughly the following pattern: "Sandwiched between the French, in the north and west, and the English, in the south and east, the <a href="/wiki/Miami_people" title="Miami people">Miami</a> settled in present-day Indiana and western Ohio; the Ottawa settled in Northwest Ohio along the Maumee, the Auglaize, and the Blanchard rivers; the <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Wyandot</a> settled in Central Ohio; the <a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a> in Southwest Ohio; and the <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a> (Lenape) in Southeast and Eastern Ohio."<sup id="cite_ref-tanner_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tanner-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mid-18th century, the Odawa allied with their <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> trading partners against the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> in the North American colonies. They made raids against Anglo-American colonists. The Odawa chief <a href="/wiki/Pontiac_(Ottawa_leader)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontiac (Ottawa leader)">Pontiac</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has historically been reported to have been born at the confluence of the Maumee and Auglaize rivers, where modern <a href="/wiki/Defiance,_Ohio" title="Defiance, Ohio">Defiance, Ohio</a>, later developed. In 1763, after the British had defeated France, Pontiac led a <a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">rebellion against the British</a>, but he was unable to prevent British colonial settlement of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A decade later, Chief <a href="/wiki/Egushawa" title="Egushawa">Egushawa</a> (also spelled Agushawa), who had a village at the mouth of the Maumee River on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a> (where Toledo later developed) led the Odawa as an ally of the British in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>. He hoped to build on their support to exclude European-American colonists from his territory in northwest Ohio and southern Michigan.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated203_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated203-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defeat of the British by the United States had a far-ranging influence on British-allied Native American tribes, as many were forced to cede their land to the United States. </p><p>Following the Revolutionary War, in the 1790s, Egushawa, together with numerous members of other regional tribes, including the Wyandot and Council of Three Fires, Shawnee, Lenape, and Mingo, fought the United States in a series of battles and campaigns in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indian_War" title="Northwest Indian War">Northwest Indian War</a>. The Indians hoped to repulse the European-American pioneers coming to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains, but were finally defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated203_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated203-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1792 President George Washington sent Major Alexander Truman, his servant William Lynch, and guide/interpreter William Smalley on a peace mission to the tribes. Truman and Lynch were killed; Truman was apparently killed prior to April 20, 1792 at Lower Tawa Town, an Ottawa village (Ottawa, Putnam County Ohio). In a campaign during 1794, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wayne" title="Anthony Wayne">Anthony Wayne</a> built a string of forts in the upper <a href="/wiki/Maumee_River" title="Maumee River">Maumee River</a> watershed, including <a href="/wiki/Fort_Defiance_(Ohio)" title="Fort Defiance (Ohio)">Fort Defiance</a>, across the river from the site of Pontiac's birth. While the British had encouraged the Native American efforts, they did not want to get drawn into open conflict again with the United States and withdrew from offering direct support to the tribes. Wayne's army defeated several hundred members of the Indian confederacy at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fallen_Timbers" title="Battle of Fallen Timbers">Battle of Fallen Timbers</a>, near the future site of <a href="/wiki/Maumee,_Ohio" title="Maumee, Ohio">Maumee, Ohio</a> and about 11 miles upriver of present-day <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Raid_on_Pickawillany">Raid on Pickawillany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odawa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Raid on Pickawillany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the winter of 1751–1752, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Michel_de_Langlade" title="Charles Michel de Langlade">Charles Langlade</a> began assembling an allied war party of Odawa, Potawatomi, and Ojibwe warriors who traveled to <a href="/wiki/Pickawillany" title="Pickawillany">Pickawillany</a>. They attacked the village in mid-morning on June 21, 1752, and killed thirteen <a href="/wiki/Miami_people" title="Miami people">Miami</a> men and captured five English traders. Down to as few as twenty warriors the Miami tried to negotiate terms of surrender, and Langlade promised to allow the Miami men to return home if they handed over the English. The Miami sent only three of the five Englishmen. When the Englishmen reached Langlade's lines, one of his men stabbed one of them to death, scalped the Englishman, and ripped his heart out and ate it in front of the Miami men. Langlade's men seized the Miami chief <a href="/wiki/Memeskia" title="Memeskia">Memeskia</a>. He was killed, boiled and eaten in front of his warriors. Afterward the Odawa released the Miami women and left for Detroit with four captured Englishmen and more than $300,000 worth (in today's dollars<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (July 2022)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup>) of trade goods. </p><p>This French-led victory over the English is believed to have led to the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> and contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> on the European continent.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treaties_and_removals">Treaties and removals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odawa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Treaties and removals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1795, under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Greenville" title="Treaty of Greenville">Treaty of Greenville</a>, the Odawa and other members of the Western Confederacy ceded all of Ohio to the United States, except the northwest area. This was part of the area controlled by the Detroit Odawa. </p><p>In 1807, the Detroit Odawa joined three other tribes, the Ojibwe, Potawatomi and <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Wyandot people</a>, in signing the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Detroit" title="Treaty of Detroit">Treaty of Detroit</a> under pressure from the United States. The agreement, between the tribes and <a href="/wiki/William_Hull" title="William Hull">William Hull</a>, representing the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory" title="Michigan Territory">Michigan Territory</a>, gave the United States a large portion of today's <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Michigan">Southeastern Michigan</a> and a section of northwest <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Maumee_River" title="Maumee River">Maumee River</a>. </p><p>Many Odawa bands moved away from the European Americans into northern Michigan. The tribes retained communal control of relatively small pockets of land in the territory of the Maumee River.<sup id="cite_ref-WDL_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WDL-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bands of Odawa-occupied areas known as Roche de Boeuf,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Wolf Rapids on the upper Maumee River.<sup id="cite_ref-sultzman_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sultzman-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1817, in the first treaty involving land cessions after the War of 1812, the Ohio Odawa ceded their lands, accepting <a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of historical Indian reservations in the United States">reservations</a> at <a href="/wiki/Blanchard%27s_Fork_Reserve,_Ohio" title="Blanchard's Fork Reserve, Ohio">Blanchard's Creek</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Little_Auglaize_River" title="Little Auglaize River">Little Auglaize River</a> in Ohio (34 square miles total). These were only reserves, for which they were paid annuities for ten years. Pressure continued to build against the Odawa as European-American settlers moved into the area. </p><p>After passage of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act_of_1830" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Removal Act of 1830">Indian Removal Act of 1830</a>, the US government arranged for the Odawa to cede their reserves in 1831. The four following bands eventually all removed to areas of Kansas, then part of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a>: the Blanchard's Creek, Little Auglaize, Roche de Boeuf, and Wolf Rapids bands.<sup id="cite_ref-sultzman_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sultzman-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odawa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The population of the different Odawa groups has been estimated. In 1906, the Ojibwe and Odawa on <a href="/wiki/Manitoulin_Island" title="Manitoulin Island">Manitoulin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cockburn_Island_(Ontario)" title="Cockburn Island (Ontario)">Cockburn Island</a> were 1,497, of whom about half were Odawa. There were 197 Odawa listed as associated with the Seneca School in Oklahoma, where some Odawa had settled after the American Civil War. In 1900 in Michigan there were 5,587 scattered Ojibwe and Odawa, of whom about two-thirds are Odawa.<sup id="cite_ref-hodge_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hodge-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 21st century, the total number of enrolled members of the federally recognized <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma">Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma</a> numbers about 4,700. There are about 10,000 persons who identify as Odawa in the United States, with the majority in Michigan. Another several thousand live in Ontario, Canada. </p><p>There has been one major anthropological study of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Traverse_Band_of_Ottawa_and_Chippewa_Indians" title="Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians">Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jane_Willets_Ettawageshik" title="Jane Willets Ettawageshik">Jane Willetts Ettawageshik</a> devoted approximately two years of study in the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians community. <a href="/wiki/Jane_Willets_Ettawageshik" title="Jane Willets Ettawageshik">Ettawageshik</a> recorded <a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a> stories that speak of how the <a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a> people related to their land, to their people, and various other means of communicating their values, outlooks and histories in and around Northern Michigan. These stories have been translated into English by Howard Webkamigada and published as the book <i>Ottawa Stories from the Springs, Anishinaabe dibaadjimowinan wodi gaa binjibaamigak wodi mookodjiwong<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ezhinikaadek</i>.   </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Known_villages">Known villages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odawa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Known villages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following are or were Odawa villages: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_villages_not_on_reserves/reservations"><span id="Former_villages_not_on_reserves.2Freservations"></span>Former villages not on reserves/reservations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odawa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Former villages not on reserves/reservations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aegakotcheising&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aegakotcheising (page does not exist)">Aegakotcheising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Agushawas' Village</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anamiewatigong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anamiewatigong (page does not exist)">Anamiewatigong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apontigoumy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apontigoumy (page does not exist)">Apontigoumy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traverse_City,_Michigan" title="Traverse City, Michigan">Kitchiwikwedongsing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machonee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Machonee (page does not exist)">Machonee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menawzhetaunaung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Menawzhetaunaung (page does not exist)">Menawzhetaunaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michilimackinac" title="Michilimackinac">Michilimackinac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandusky,_Ohio" title="Sandusky, Ohio">Ogontz's Village</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Simon_Mission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Simon Mission (page does not exist)">Saint Simon Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheboygan,_Michigan" title="Cheboygan, Michigan">Shabawywyagun</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_reserves/reservations_and_their_villages"><span id="Former_reserves.2Freservations_and_their_villages"></span>Former reserves/reservations and their villages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odawa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Former reserves/reservations and their villages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the end of the eighteenth century, the Ottawa in Ohio were concentrated in the northwest area along the Maumee River (which has its mouth at Lake Erie.) </p><p>The reservations and reserves listed below resulted from the Treaty of Greenville (1795), and following ones. These are listed by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Webb_Hodge" title="Frederick Webb Hodge">Frederick Webb Hodge</a> in his 1910 history of <i>American Indians North of Mexico.</i><sup id="cite_ref-hodge171_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hodge171-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also see Lee Sultzman, "Ottawa History"<sup id="cite_ref-sultzman_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sultzman-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auglaize_Reserve,_Ohio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Auglaize Reserve, Ohio (page does not exist)">Auglaize Reserve</a>, Ohio – Oquanoxa's Village</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanchard%27s_Fork_Reserve,_Ohio" title="Blanchard's Fork Reserve, Ohio">Blanchard's Fork Reserve</a>, Ohio – <a href="/wiki/Ottawa,_Ohio" title="Ottawa, Ohio">Lower Tawa Town</a>, Upper Tawa Town</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Maumee_River_Reserve,_Ohio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Maumee River Reserve, Ohio (page does not exist)">North Maumee River Reserve</a>, Ohio – Meshkemau's Village, Wassonquet's Village, Waugau's Village</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obidgewong_Reserve,_Ontario&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Obidgewong Reserve, Ontario (page does not exist)">Obidgewong Reserve</a>, Ontario – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Obijewong,_Ontario&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Obijewong, Ontario (page does not exist)">Obijewong</a>, Ontario (located 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) east of <a href="/wiki/Evansville,_Manitoulin_District,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Evansville, Manitoulin District, Ontario">Evansville, Ontario</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roche_de_B%C5%93uf_Reserve,_Ohio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roche de Bœuf Reserve, Ohio (page does not exist)">Roche de Bœuf Reserve</a>, Ohio – Nawash's Village, Tontaganie's Village</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Maumee_River_Reserve,_Ohio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Maumee River Reserve, Ohio (page does not exist)">South Maumee River Reserve</a>, Ohio – 34-mile square reserve on the south side of the river. McCarty's Village (<i>"Tushquegan"</i>) was the principal one, located near Presque Isle. Ottokee and his band lived at the mouth of the Maumee River; he was a son of Otussa and grandson of chief <a href="/wiki/Pontiac_(Ottawa_leader)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontiac (Ottawa leader)">Pontiac</a>. His group were the last of the Odawa to remove in 1839 from Ohio to Kansas.<sup id="cite_ref-rozick_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rozick-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolf_Rapids_Reserve,_Ohio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolf Rapids Reserve, Ohio (page does not exist)">Wolf Rapids Reserve</a>, Ohio – Kinjoino's Village (<i>"Anpatonajowin"</i> (<i>Aabitanagaajiwan</i>))</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawas_of_Blanchard%27s_Fork_Indian_Reservation,_Kansas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ottawas of Blanchard's Fork Indian Reservation, Kansas (page does not exist)">Ottawas of Blanchard's Fork Indian Reservation</a>, Kansas – <a href="/wiki/Ottawa,_Kansas" title="Ottawa, Kansas">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottawas_of_Roche_de_B%C5%93uf_and_Wolf_Rapids_Indian_Reservation,_Kansas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ottawas of Roche de Bœuf and Wolf Rapids Indian Reservation, Kansas (page does not exist)">Ottawas of Roche de Bœuf and Wolf Rapids Indian Reservation</a>, Kansas</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_reserves/reservations_and_associated_villages"><span id="Current_reserves.2Freservations_and_associated_villages"></span>Current reserves/reservations and associated villages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odawa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Current reserves/reservations and associated villages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Traverse_Band_of_Ottawa_and_Chippewa_Indians" title="Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians">Grand Traverse Indian Reservation and Off-Reservation Trust Land</a>, Michigan – <a href="/wiki/Peshawbestown,_Michigan" title="Peshawbestown, Michigan">Peshawbestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_River_Band_of_Ottawa_Indians" title="Little River Band of Ottawa Indians">Little River Indian Reservation</a>, Michigan – <a href="/wiki/Manistee,_Michigan" title="Manistee, Michigan">Manistee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muskegon,_Michigan" title="Muskegon, Michigan">Muskegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Traverse_Bay_Bands_of_Odawa_Indians" title="Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians">Little Traverse Bay Indian Reservation</a>, Michigan ("Wequetonsing" (<i>Wiikwedoonsing</i>)) – <a href="/wiki/Charlevoix,_Michigan" title="Charlevoix, Michigan">Charlevoix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cross_Village,_Michigan" title="Cross Village, Michigan">Cross Village</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%27Arbre_Croche" title="L'Arbre Croche">L'Arbre Croche</a> ("Waganakisi" (<i>Waaganaakizi</i>)), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_Village,_Michigan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middle Village, Michigan (page does not exist)">Middle Village</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petoskey,_Michigan" title="Petoskey, Michigan">Petoskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%27Chigeeng_First_Nation" title="M'Chigeeng First Nation">M'Chigeeng 22 Indian Reserve</a>, Ontario – <a href="/wiki/M%27Chigeeng,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="M'Chigeeng, Ontario">M'Chigeeng</a> (formerly known as "West Bay")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma">Ottawa OTSA</a>, Oklahoma – <a href="/wiki/Miami,_Oklahoma" title="Miami, Oklahoma">Miami, Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Point_Grondine_Indian_Reserve,_Ontario&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Point Grondine Indian Reserve, Ontario (page does not exist)">Point Grondine Indian Reserve</a>, Ontario – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beaverstone,_Ontario&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beaverstone, Ontario (page does not exist)">Beaverstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheshegwaning_First_Nation" title="Sheshegwaning First Nation">Sheshegwaning 20 Indian Reserve</a>, Ontario – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheshegwaning,_Ontario&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sheshegwaning, Ontario (page does not exist)">Sheshegwaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walpole_Island_First_Nation" title="Walpole Island First Nation">Walpole Island 46 Indian Reserve</a>, Ontario (<i>Bakejiwanong</i> [<i>Bkejwanong</i>]) – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreplex,_Ontario&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foreplex, Ontario (page does not exist)">Foreplex</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Myersville,_Ontario&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myersville, Ontario (page does not exist)">Myersville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wallaceburg,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallaceburg, Ontario">Wallaceburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walpole_Island,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Walpole Island, Ontario">Walpole Island</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Williamsville,_Ontario&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Williamsville, Ontario (page does not exist)">Williamsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiikwemkoong_First_Nation" title="Wiikwemkoong First Nation">Wiikwemkoong Unceded Reserve</a>, Ontario – <a href="/wiki/Buzwah,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Buzwah, Ontario">Buzwah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaboni,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaboni, Ontario">Kaboni</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maiangowi,_Ontario&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maiangowi, Ontario (page does not exist)">Maiangowi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_Hill,_Ontario&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murray Hill, Ontario (page does not exist)">Murray Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Bay,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="South Bay, Ontario">South Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Two_O%27Clock,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Two O'Clock, Ontario">Two O'Clock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wabozominissing,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Wabozominissing, Ontario">Wabozominissing</a>, Wikwemikong, <a href="/wiki/Wikwemikonsing,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikwemikonsing, Ontario">Wikwemikonsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiibaahaasing_First_Nation" title="Zhiibaahaasing First Nation">Zhiibaahaasing 19 Indian Reserve</a>, Ontario (formerly known as "Cockburn Island 19 Indian Reserve")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiibaahaasing_First_Nation" title="Zhiibaahaasing First Nation">Zhiibaahaasing 19A Indian Reserve</a>, Ontario – <a href="/wiki/Zhiibaahaasing,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhiibaahaasing, Ontario">Zhiibaahaasing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governments">Governments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odawa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Governments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chippewa_Indians.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Chippewa_Indians.jpg/220px-Chippewa_Indians.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Chippewa_Indians.jpg/330px-Chippewa_Indians.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Chippewa_Indians.jpg/440px-Chippewa_Indians.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>Seal of the Grand Traverse Band of <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chippewa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chippewa">Chippewa</a> Indians.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Little_River_Band_of_Ottawa_Indians.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_the_Little_River_Band_of_Ottawa_Indians.PNG/220px-Flag_of_the_Little_River_Band_of_Ottawa_Indians.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_the_Little_River_Band_of_Ottawa_Indians.PNG/330px-Flag_of_the_Little_River_Band_of_Ottawa_Indians.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_the_Little_River_Band_of_Ottawa_Indians.PNG/440px-Flag_of_the_Little_River_Band_of_Ottawa_Indians.PNG 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="296" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Little_River_Band_of_Ottawa_Indians" title="Little River Band of Ottawa Indians">Little River Band</a> of Odawa Indians.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Little_Traverse_Bay_Bands_of_Odawa_Indians.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_the_Little_Traverse_Bay_Bands_of_Odawa_Indians.PNG/220px-Flag_of_the_Little_Traverse_Bay_Bands_of_Odawa_Indians.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_the_Little_Traverse_Bay_Bands_of_Odawa_Indians.PNG/330px-Flag_of_the_Little_Traverse_Bay_Bands_of_Odawa_Indians.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_the_Little_Traverse_Bay_Bands_of_Odawa_Indians.PNG/440px-Flag_of_the_Little_Traverse_Bay_Bands_of_Odawa_Indians.PNG 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Little_Traverse_Bay_Bands_of_Odawa_Indians" title="Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians">Little Traverse Bay Bands</a> of Odawa Indians.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandera_Ottawa_nation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bandera_Ottawa_nation.png/220px-Bandera_Ottawa_nation.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bandera_Ottawa_nation.png/330px-Bandera_Ottawa_nation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Bandera_Ottawa_nation.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="216" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the Ottawa Tribe of <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recognized/status_Odawa_governments"><span id="Recognized.2Fstatus_Odawa_governments"></span>Recognized/status Odawa governments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odawa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Recognized/status Odawa governments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>United States: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Traverse_Band_of_Ottawa_and_Chippewa_Indians" title="Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians">Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians</a>, Michigan<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (formerly <i>Northern Michigan Ottawa Association, Unit 2</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_River_Band_of_Ottawa_Indians" title="Little River Band of Ottawa Indians">Little River Band of Ottawa Indians</a>, Michigan (formerly <i>Northern Michigan Ottawa Association, Unit 7</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Traverse_Bay_Bands_of_Odawa_Indians" title="Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians">Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians</a>, Michigan (formerly <i>Northern Michigan Ottawa Association, Unit 1</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma">Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma</a></li></ul> <p>Canada: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%27Chigeeng_First_Nation" title="M'Chigeeng First Nation">M'Chigeeng First Nation</a> (formerly "West Bay First Nation")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheshegwaning_First_Nation" title="Sheshegwaning First Nation">Sheshegwaning First Nation</a>, Ontario<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walpole_Island_First_Nation" title="Walpole Island First Nation">Walpole Island First Nation</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Unceded_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Unceded territory">unceded territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Walpole_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Walpole Island">Walpole Island</a> located between <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiikwemkoong_First_Nation" title="Wiikwemkoong First Nation">Wiikwemkoong First Nation</a>, located on the Wiikwemkoong Unceded Reserve, Ontario</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiibaahaasing_First_Nation" title="Zhiibaahaasing First Nation">Zhiibaahaasing First Nation</a>, Ontario (formerly "Cockburn Island First Nation")</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_recognized/status_governments_with_significant_Odawa_populations"><span id="Other_recognized.2Fstatus_governments_with_significant_Odawa_populations"></span>Other recognized/status governments with significant Odawa populations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odawa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other recognized/status governments with significant Odawa populations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Canada: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aamjiwnaang_First_Nation" title="Aamjiwnaang First Nation">Aamjiwnaang First Nation</a> (Sarnia), Ontario</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aundeck-Omni-Kaning_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Aundeck-Omni-Kaning First Nation">Aundeck-Omni-Kaning First Nation</a> (Sucker Creek), Ontario</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chippewas_of_Kettle_%26_Stony_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Chippewas of Kettle & Stony Point">Chippewas of Kettle & Stony Point</a>, Ontario</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chippewas_of_Nawash_Unceded_First_Nation" title="Chippewas of Nawash Unceded First Nation">Chippewas of Nawash Unceded First Nation</a>, Ontario (formerly "Cape Croker First Nation")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chippewas_of_the_Thames" class="mw-redirect" title="Chippewas of the Thames">Chippewas of the Thames</a> (Caradoc), Ontario</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_River_First_Nation" title="Garden River First Nation">Garden River First Nation</a>, Ontario</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattagami_First_Nation" title="Mattagami First Nation">Mattagami First Nation</a>, Ontario</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississauga_First_Nation" title="Mississauga First Nation">Mississauga First Nation</a>, Ontario</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagamok_Anishnawbek_First_Nation" title="Sagamok Anishnawbek First Nation">Sagamok Anishnawbek First Nation</a>, Ontario</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saugeen_First_Nation" title="Saugeen First Nation">Saugeen First Nation</a>, Ontario</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_River_First_Nation" title="Serpent River First Nation">Serpent River First Nation</a>, Ontario</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheguiandah_First_Nation" title="Sheguiandah First Nation">Sheguiandah First Nation</a>, Ontario</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalon_First_Nation" title="Thessalon First Nation">Thessalon First Nation</a>, Ontario</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasauksing_First_Nation" title="Wasauksing First Nation">Wasauksing First Nation</a> (Parry Island), Ontario</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitefish_Lake_First_Nation" title="Whitefish Lake First Nation">Whitefish Lake First Nation</a>, Ontario</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitefish_River_First_Nation" title="Whitefish River First Nation">Whitefish River First Nation</a> (Birch Island), Ontario</li></ul> <p>United States: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Match-e-be-nash-she-wish_Band_of_Pottawatomi_Indians_of_Michigan" title="Match-e-be-nash-she-wish Band of Pottawatomi Indians of Michigan">Match-e-be-nash-she-wish Band of Pottawatomi Indians of Michigan</a> (formerly <i>Gun Lake Band of Grand River Ottawa Indians</i> and as part of <i>Northern Michigan Ottawa Association, Units 3 and 4</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saginaw_Chippewa_Tribal_Nation" title="Saginaw Chippewa Tribal Nation">Saginaw Chippewa Tribal Nation</a>, Michigan</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unrecognized_Odawa_governments">Unrecognized Odawa governments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odawa&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Unrecognized Odawa governments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Burt Lake Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians, Michigan (formerly "Northern Michigan Ottawa Association, Unit 8", currently recognized by Michigan)</li> <li>Genesee Valley Indian Association (formerly <i>Northern Michigan Ottawa Association, Unit 9</i>)</li> <li>Grand River Bands of Ottawa Indians, Michigan (formerly <i>Northern Michigan Ottawa Association, Unit 3</i>, currently recognized by Michigan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackinac_Bands_of_Chippewa_and_Ottawa_Indians" title="Mackinac Bands of Chippewa and Ottawa Indians">Mackinac Bands of Chippewa and Ottawa Indians</a>, Michigan<sup id="cite_ref-mackinacbands.com_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mackinacbands.com-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (formerly "Northern Michigan Ottawa Association, Units 11 through 17", currently recognized by Michigan)</li> <li>Maple River Band of Ottawa, Michigan</li> <li>Muskegon River Band of Ottawa Indians, Michigan (formerly "Northern Michigan Ottawa Association, Unit 5")</li> <li>Ottawa Colony Band of Grand River Ottawa Indians, Michigan (currently recognized only as part of the <a href="/wiki/Match-e-be-nash-she-wish_Band_of_Pottawatomi_Indians_of_Michigan" title="Match-e-be-nash-she-wish Band of Pottawatomi Indians of Michigan">Match-e-be-nash-she-wish Band of Pottawatomi Indians of Michigan</a>) (formerly part of <i>Northern Michigan Ottawa Association, Unit 3</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Odawa_people">Notable Odawa people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odawa&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notable Odawa people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pontiac_conspiracy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pontiac_conspiracy.jpg/220px-Pontiac_conspiracy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pontiac_conspiracy.jpg/330px-Pontiac_conspiracy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pontiac_conspiracy.jpg/440px-Pontiac_conspiracy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>Odawa Chief <a href="/wiki/Pontiac_(Ottawa_leader)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontiac (Ottawa leader)">Pontiac</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> speaking at a council on April 27, 1763, 19th-century engraving.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Assiginack" title="Jean-Baptiste Assiginack">Jean-Baptiste Assiginack</a> (1768-1866), chief and public servant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Blackbird" title="Andrew Blackbird">Andrew Blackbird</a> (ca. 1814/7–1908), tribal leader, historian, and author of tribal histories</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Church" title="Kelly Church">Kelly Church</a> (born 1967), black ash basket weaver and birch bark biter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobmoosa" title="Cobmoosa">Cobmoosa</a> (1768–1866), chief</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egushawa" title="Egushawa">Egushawa</a> (ca. 1726–1796), war chief</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enmegahbowh" title="Enmegahbowh">Enmegahbowh</a> (ca. 1807–1902), first Native American to be ordained as an Episcopal priest</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdelaine_Laframboise" title="Magdelaine Laframboise">Magdelaine Laframboise</a> (1780-1846), Odawa-French fur trader and businesswoman, also supported public education for children on Mackinac Island; added in 1984 to Michigan's Women's Hall of Fame</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphne_Odjig" title="Daphne Odjig">Daphne Odjig</a> (1919–2016), <a href="/wiki/Woodlands_style" title="Woodlands style">Woodlands style</a> painter and member of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Group_of_Seven" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Group of Seven">Indian Group of Seven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petosegay" title="Petosegay">Petosegay</a> (1787–1885), merchant and fur trader</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_(Ottawa_leader)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontiac (Ottawa leader)">Pontiac</a> (ca. 1720–1769), chief. Leader of <a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a> against British and Americans</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wawatam" title="Wawatam">Wawatam</a> (fl. 1762 – 1764), chief</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odawa&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190705183758/http://firstnationsseeker.ca/Ottawa.html">"Odawa Ottawa First Nation Portal Websites"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstnationsseeker.ca/Ottawa.html">the original</a> on July 5, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Odawa+Ottawa+First+Nation+Portal+Websites&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstnationsseeker.ca%2FOttawa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdawa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/odawa">Odawa</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a>, accessed September 4, 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/tresors/ethno/etb0170e.shtml">"First Nations Culture Areas Index"</a>. <i>Canadian Museum of Civilization</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Museum+of+Civilization&rft.atitle=First+Nations+Culture+Areas+Index&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.civilization.ca%2Fcmc%2Fexhibitions%2Ftresors%2Fethno%2Fetb0170e.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdawa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxford-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oxford_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Odawa", <i>Canadian Oxford Dictionary</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baraga, Frederick. (1878). <i>A Dictionary of the Otchipwe Language</i>, I, 300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beck, David (2002). <i>Siege and Survival: History of the Menominee Indians, 1634–1856</i>, p. 27. University of Nebraska Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-1330-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-1330-1">0-8032-1330-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-burton-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-burton_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-burton_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Burton, Clarence M. (ed.) (1922). <i>The City of Detroit, Michigan, 1701–1922</i>, p. 49. The S. J. Clarke Publishing Company.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wurm, Stephen A., et al. (eds.) (1996). <i>Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas</i>, p. 1118. Walter de Gruyter & Co. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-013417-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-013417-9">3-11-013417-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderton, Alice, PhD. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahalenia.com/iws/status.html">Status of Indian Languages in Oklahoma.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100917050404/http://www.ahalenia.com/iws/status.html">Archived</a> September 17, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Intertribal Wordpath Society.</i> 2009 (16 Feb 2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hodge-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hodge_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hodge_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hodge_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hodge_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fxoTAAAAYAAJ&dq=Ondatauauat&pg=PA167">Frederick Webb Hodge, "Ottawa"</a>, <i>Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico,</i> Vol. N-Z, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1910, pp. 167–172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ONArch-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ONArch_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090715213157/http://www.ontarioarchaeology.on.ca/summary/middlew.htm">"The Archaeology of Ontario-The Middle Woodland Period"</a>. Ontario Archaeology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ontarioarchaeology.on.ca/summary/middlew.htm">the original</a> on July 15, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Ontario-The+Middle+Woodland+Period&rft.pub=Ontario+Archaeology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ontarioarchaeology.on.ca%2Fsummary%2Fmiddlew.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdawa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williamson, Pamela, and Roberts, John (2nd ed. 2004). <i>First Nations Peoples</i>, p. 102. Toronto: Emond Montgomery Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55239-144-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-55239-144-2">1-55239-144-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBélanger" class="citation web cs1">Bélanger, Claude. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/encyclopedia/OttawaIndians-CanadianHistory.htm">"Quebec History"</a>. <i>faculty.marianopolis.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=faculty.marianopolis.edu&rft.atitle=Quebec+History&rft.aulast=B%C3%A9langer&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.marianopolis.edu%2Fc.belanger%2Fquebechistory%2Fencyclopedia%2FOttawaIndians-CanadianHistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdawa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Wisconsin_Cartographers'_Guild1998" class="citation book cs1">The Wisconsin Cartographers' Guild (1998). <i>Wisconsin's Past and Present: A Historical Atlas</i>. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wisconsin%27s+Past+and+Present%3A+A+Historical+Atlas&rft.place=Madison%2C+WI&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=The+University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.au=The+Wisconsin+Cartographers%27+Guild&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdawa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrebner1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Bartlet_Brebner" title="John Bartlet Brebner">Brebner, John Bartlet</a> (1966). <i>The Explorers of North America: 1492–1806</i>. Cleveland, OH: The World Publishing Company. p. 188.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Explorers+of+North+America%3A+1492%E2%80%931806&rft.place=Cleveland%2C+OH&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=The+World+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Brebner&rft.aufirst=John+Bartlet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdawa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tanner-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tanner_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Hornbeck_Tanner" title="Helen Hornbeck Tanner">Helen Hornbeck Tanner</a>, ed., <i>Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History</i> (University of Oklahoma Press: Norman, 1986) pp. 3, 58–59; and R. Douglas Hurt, <i>The Ohio Frontier: Crucible of the Old Northwest, 1720–1830</i> (Indiana University Press: Bloomington, 1998), pp. 8–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/pontiac_3E.html">"Biography – PONTIAC – Volume III (1741-1770) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography"</a>. <i>www.biographi.ca</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.biographi.ca&rft.atitle=Biography+%E2%80%93+PONTIAC+%E2%80%93+Volume+III+%281741-1770%29+%E2%80%93+Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fpontiac_3E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdawa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vogel, Virgil J. (1986). <i>Indian Names in Michigan</i>, pp. 46–47. University of Michigan Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-06365-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-06365-0">0-472-06365-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated203-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated203_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated203_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes, Celia (2003). <i>Native American Power in the United States, 1783–1795</i>, p. 203. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8386-3958-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8386-3958-5">0-8386-3958-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreuer2019" class="citation book cs1">Treuer, David (2019). <i>The Heartbeat of Wounded Knee</i>. New York: Riverhead Books. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594633157" title="Special:BookSources/9781594633157"><bdi>9781594633157</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heartbeat+of+Wounded+Knee&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Riverhead+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781594633157&rft.aulast=Treuer&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdawa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WDL-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WDL_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2746/">"Treaty Between the Ottawa, Chippewa, Wyandot, and Potawatomi Indians"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Digital_Library" title="World Digital Library">World Digital Library</a></i>. November 17, 1807<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 3,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=Treaty+Between+the+Ottawa%2C+Chippewa%2C+Wyandot%2C+and+Potawatomi+Indians&rft.date=1807-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F2746%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdawa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160329212923/http://waterville.org/gallery/rouch-de-bout/">"Waterville, Ohio: Roche de Bout Metropark"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://waterville.org/gallery/rouch-de-bout/">the original</a> on March 29, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Waterville%2C+Ohio%3A+Roche+de+Bout+Metropark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwaterville.org%2Fgallery%2Frouch-de-bout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdawa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sultzman-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sultzman_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sultzman_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sultzman_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tolatsga.org/otta.html">Lee Sultzman, "Ottawa History"</a>, website<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://msupress.org/9781609174224/ottawa-stories-from-the-springs">"Ottawa Stories from the Springs"</a>. <i>Michigan State University</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Michigan+State+University&rft.atitle=Ottawa+Stories+from+the+Springs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmsupress.org%2F9781609174224%2Fottawa-stories-from-the-springs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdawa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hodge171-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hodge171_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodge1910" class="citation web cs1">Hodge, Frederick Webb (April 10, 1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fxoTAAAAYAAJ&q=Ondatauauat&pg=PA167">"Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico: N-Z"</a>. U.S. Government Printing Office – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+American+Indians+North+of+Mexico%3A+N-Z&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1910-04-10&rft.aulast=Hodge&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Webb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfxoTAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DOndatauauat%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdawa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rozick-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rozick_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Janet E. Rozick, "Side Cut, Farnsworth, Bend View, and Providence Metroparks", pp. 10–11 (Cited to Tanner, 48 – 51), Larry Angelo, <i>The Migration of the Ottawas from 1615 to Present,</i> (1997), pp. 3–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.gtb.nsn.us/">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050709085458/http://www.gtb.nsn.us/">Archived</a> July 9, 2005, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sheshegwaning.org">"Domain Default page"</a>. Sheshegwaning.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Domain+Default+page&rft.pub=Sheshegwaning.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sheshegwaning.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdawa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mackinacbands.com-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mackinacbands.com_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305131654/http://www.mackinacbands.com/">"mackinacbands.com"</a>. mackinacbands.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mackinacbands.com/">the original</a> on March 5, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=mackinacbands.com&rft.pub=mackinacbands.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mackinacbands.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdawa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odawa&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cappel, Constance, <i>Odawa Language and Legends: Andrew J. Blackbird and Raymond Kiogima,</i> Xlibris, 2006. (self-published)</li> <li>Cappel, Constance, <i>The Smallpox Genocide of the Odawa Tribe at <a href="/wiki/L%27Arbre_Croche" title="L'Arbre Croche">L'Arbre Croche</a>, 1763: The History of a Native American People,</i> Edwin Mellen Press, 2007. (described by academic journal as a vanity press)</li> <li>McClurken, James A. <i>Our People, Our Journey: The Little River Band of Ottawa Indians</i>. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 2009. This work was a 2010 Michigan Notable Book selected by the Library of Michigan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87013-855-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87013-855-3">978-0-87013-855-3</a></li> <li>McDonnell, Michael A. <i>Masters of Empire: Great Lakes Indians and the Making of America.</i> New York Hill and Wang, 2015. Maps. 416 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-2953-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-2953-2">978-0-8090-2953-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerald_W._Wolff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerald W. Wolff (page does not exist)">Wolff, Gerald W.</a>, and Cash, Joseph H. <i>The Ottawa People,</i> <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix, Arizona</a>: Indian Tribal Series, 1976.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odawa&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Odawa" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Odawa">Odawa</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tolatsga.org/otta.html">"Ottawa History"</a> Shultzman, L. (2000). <i>First Nations Histories</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fxoTAAAAYAAJ&dq=Ondatauauat&pg=PA167">Frederick Webb Hodge, "Ottawa"</a>, <i>Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico,</i> Vol. N-Z, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1910, pp. 167–172, full text online</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090715213157/http://www.ontarioarchaeology.on.ca/summary/middlew.htm">"The Middle Woodland Period"</a>, The Archaeology of Ontario</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/odawa">Odawa</a> at The Canadian Encyclopedia</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190705183758/http://firstnationsseeker.ca/Ottawa.html">Odawa – <i>First Nations seeker</i></a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Official_tribal_websites">Official tribal websites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odawa&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Official tribal websites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gtbindians.org">Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrboi-nsn.gov">Little River Band of Ottawa Indians</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ltbbodawa-nsn.gov">Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ottawatribe.org/">Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="457" /></a></span></span> Native American tribes in Michigan</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States" title="Native American recognition in the United States">Federally recognized</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Mills_Indian_Community" title="Bay Mills Indian Community">Bay Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Traverse_Band_of_Ottawa_and_Chippewa_Indians" title="Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians">Grand Traverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannahville_Indian_Community" title="Hannahville Indian Community">Hannahville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_Indian_Reservation" title="L'Anse Indian Reservation">L'Anse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lac_Vieux_Desert_Band_of_Lake_Superior_Chippewa" title="Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa">Lac Vieux Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_River_Band_of_Ottawa_Indians" title="Little River Band of Ottawa Indians">Little River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Traverse_Bay_Bands_of_Odawa_Indians" title="Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians">Little Traverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Match-e-be-nash-she-wish_Band_of_Pottawatomi_Indians_of_Michigan" title="Match-e-be-nash-she-wish Band of Pottawatomi Indians of Michigan">Match-e-be-nash-she-wish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottawaseppi_Huron_Band_of_Potawatomi" title="Nottawaseppi Huron Band of Potawatomi">Nottawaseppi Huron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokagon_Band_of_Potawatomi_Indians" title="Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians">Pokagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saginaw_Chippewa_Tribal_Nation" title="Saginaw Chippewa Tribal Nation">Saginaw Chippewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sault_Tribe_of_Chippewa_Indians" title="Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians">Sault</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State recognized</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>None</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;_&#124;alt=Ohio&#124;link=Ohio_Native_Americans_in_Ohio" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Native_Americans_in_Ohio" title="Template:Native Americans in Ohio"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Native_Americans_in_Ohio" title="Template talk:Native Americans in Ohio"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Native_Americans_in_Ohio" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Native Americans in Ohio"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;_&#124;alt=Ohio&#124;link=Ohio_Native_Americans_in_Ohio" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio"><img alt="Ohio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/25px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/38px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/50px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></span> Native Americans in Ohio</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Ohio" title="Prehistory of Ohio">Prehistory of Ohio</a> – <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">History of Ohio</a> – <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a> – <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans in the United States</a> – <a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">History of Native Americans in the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Historic tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalahgawtha" title="Chalahgawtha">Chalahgawtha</a> (Shawnee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Delaware people">Delaware</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie_people" title="Erie people">Erie people</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honniasont" title="Honniasont">Honniasont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huron_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Huron people">Huron</a> (Wyandot)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_people" title="Miami people">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingo" title="Mingo">Mingo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a> speaking)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosopelea" title="Mosopelea">Mosopelea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a> speaking)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Odawa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekowi" title="Pekowi">Pekowi</a> (Shawnee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piankeshaw" title="Piankeshaw">Piankeshaw</a> (Miami)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Wyandot</a></li> <li><i>See also</i> <a href="/wiki/Western_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Confederacy">Western Confederacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Former reservations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanchard%27s_Fork_Reserve,_Ohio" title="Blanchard's Fork Reserve, Ohio">Blanchard's Fork Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Indian_Grants" title="Moravian Indian Grants">Moravian Indian Grants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawash-Kinjoano_Reservation" title="Nawash-Kinjoano Reservation">Nawash-Kinjoano Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Mile_Square_Reservation" title="Two Mile Square Reservation">Two Mile Square Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sandusky_Reservation" title="Upper Sandusky Reservation">Upper Sandusky Reservation</a></li> <li><i>See also</i> <a href="/wiki/Indian_removals_in_Ohio" title="Indian removals in Ohio">Indian removals in Ohio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Jacket" title="Blue Jacket">Blue Jacket</a> (Shawnee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckongahelas" title="Buckongahelas">Buckongahelas</a> (Lenape)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornstalk_(Shawnee_leader)" title="Cornstalk (Shawnee leader)">Cornstalk</a> (Shawnee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egushawa" title="Egushawa">Egushawa</a> (Odawa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brant" title="Joseph Brant">Joseph Brant</a> (Mohawk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakowatcheky" title="Kakowatcheky">Kakowatcheky</a> (Shawnee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Turtle" title="Little Turtle">Little Turtle</a> (Miami)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundhead_(Wyandot)" title="Roundhead (Wyandot)">Roundhead</a> (Wyandot)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecumseh" title="Tecumseh">Tecumseh</a> (Shawnee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenskwatawa" title="Tenskwatawa">Tenskwatawa</a> (Shawnee)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hell_Town,_Ohio" title="Hell Town, Ohio">Hell Town, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_settlements" title="Lenape settlements">Lenape settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Shawneetown" title="Lower Shawneetown">Lower Shawneetown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskingum_(village)" title="Muskingum (village)">Muskingum (village)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickawillany" title="Pickawillany">Pickawillany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prehistoric cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a> (Early Woodland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient</a> (Late Prehistoric)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Kame_culture" title="Glacial Kame culture">Glacial Kame culture</a> (Archaic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell</a> (Middle Woodland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Eastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands">Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monongahela_culture" title="Monongahela culture">Monongahela culture</a> (Late Woodland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittlesey_culture" title="Whittlesey culture">Whittlesey culture</a> (Late Prehistoric)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prehistoric communities or sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_sites_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Ohio" title="Category:Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio">Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_sites_in_Ohio" title="Category:Archaeological sites in Ohio">Archaeological sites in Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mounds_in_Ohio" title="Category:Mounds in Ohio">Mounds in Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Petroglyphs_in_Ohio" title="Category:Petroglyphs in Ohio">Petroglyphs in Ohio‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_Site" title="Tower Site">Tower Site</a></li> <li><i>See also</i> <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> – <a href="/wiki/Wilderness_Road" title="Wilderness Road">Wilderness Road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_stone" title="Bird stone">Birdstone</a> (sculpture)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mounds_in_Ohio" title="Category:Mounds in Ohio">Mounds in Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Petroglyphs_in_Ohio" title="Category:Petroglyphs in Ohio">Petroglyphs in Ohio‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbird_(mythology)" title="Thunderbird (mythology)">Thunderbird (mythology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_panther" title="Underwater panther">Underwater panther</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flint_Ridge_State_Memorial" title="Flint Ridge State Memorial">Flint Ridge State Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient_(Lebanon,_Ohio)" title="Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)">Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hill_State_Memorial" title="Fort Hill State Memorial">Fort Hill State Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Recovery" title="Fort Recovery">Fort Recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Hopewell Culture National Historical Park">Hopewell Culture National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson-Humrickhouse_Museum" title="Johnson-Humrickhouse Museum">Johnson-Humrickhouse Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Indian_Ridge_Museum" title="New Indian Ridge Museum">New Indian Ridge Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_Woodland_Native_American_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Shawnee Woodland Native American Museum">Shawnee Woodland Native American Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SunWatch_Indian_Village" title="SunWatch Indian Village">SunWatch Indian Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zane_Shawnee_Caverns" title="Zane Shawnee Caverns">Zane Shawnee Caverns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a> (1609-1701)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanfan_Treaty" title="Nanfan Treaty">Nanfan Treaty</a> (1701, 1726)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Pickawillany" class="mw-redirect" title="Raid on Pickawillany">Raid on Pickawillany</a> (1752)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a> (1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Dunmore%27s_War" title="Lord Dunmore's War">Lord Dunmore's War</a> (1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Creek_massacre" title="Yellow Creek massacre">Yellow Creek massacre</a> (1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Camp_Charlotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Camp Charlotte">Treaty of Camp Charlotte</a> (1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indian_War" title="Northwest Indian War">Northwest Indian War</a> (1785–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Clair%27s_defeat" title="St. Clair's defeat">St. Clair's defeat</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Recovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Fort Recovery">Siege of Fort Recovery</a> (1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fallen_Timbers" title="Battle of Fallen Timbers">Battle of Fallen Timbers</a> (1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Greenville" title="Treaty of Greenville">Treaty of Greenville</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Grouseland" title="Treaty of Grouseland">Treaty of Grouseland</a> (1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Detroit" title="Treaty of Detroit">Treaty of Detroit</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brownstown" title="Treaty of Brownstown">Treaty of Brownstown</a> (1808)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Meigs" title="Treaty of Fort Meigs">Treaty of Fort Meigs</a> (1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_St._Mary%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of St. Mary's">Treaty of St. Mary's</a> (1818)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_place_names_of_Native_American_origin_in_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="List of place names of Native American origin in Ohio">Native American place names in Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removals_in_Ohio" title="Indian removals in Ohio">Indian removals in Ohio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Oklahoma&#124;link=Oklahoma_Native_American_tribes_in_Oklahoma" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Native_American_Tribes_in_Oklahoma" title="Template:Native American Tribes in Oklahoma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Native_American_Tribes_in_Oklahoma" title="Template talk:Native American Tribes in Oklahoma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Native_American_Tribes_in_Oklahoma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Native American Tribes in Oklahoma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Oklahoma&#124;link=Oklahoma_Native_American_tribes_in_Oklahoma" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma"><img alt="Oklahoma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_American_tribes_in_Oklahoma" title="List of Native American tribes in Oklahoma">Native American tribes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federally recognized tribes">Federally<br />recognized<br />tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absentee_Shawnee_Tribe_of_Indians" title="Absentee Shawnee Tribe of Indians">Absentee Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama%E2%80%93Quassarte_Tribal_Town" title="Alabama–Quassarte Tribal Town">Alabama-Quassarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache" title="Plains Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation" title="Cherokee Nation">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_and_Arapaho_Tribes" title="Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes">Cheyenne and Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_Nation" title="Chickasaw Nation">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Potawatomi_Nation" title="Citizen Potawatomi Nation">Citizen Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Nation" title="Delaware Nation">Delaware Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Tribe_of_Indians" title="Delaware Tribe of Indians">Delaware Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Shawnee_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma">Eastern Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sill_Apache_Tribe" title="Fort Sill Apache Tribe">Fort Sill Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaw_people" title="Kaw people">Kaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kialegee_Tribal_Town" title="Kialegee Tribal Town">Kialegee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma">Kickapoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Miami Tribe of Oklahoma">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modoc_Nation" title="Modoc Nation">Modoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee_Nation" title="Muscogee Nation">Muscogee (Creek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otoe%E2%80%93Missouria_Tribe_of_Indians" title="Otoe–Missouria Tribe of Indians">Otoe-Missouria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoria_people" title="Peoria people">Peoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponca_Tribe_of_Indians_of_Oklahoma" title="Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma">Ponca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quapaw" title="Quapaw">Quapaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sac_and_Fox_Nation" title="Sac and Fox Nation">Sac and Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Seminole Nation of Oklahoma">Seminole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca%E2%80%93Cayuga_Nation" title="Seneca–Cayuga Nation">Seneca-Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_Tribe" title="Shawnee Tribe">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thlopthlocco_Tribal_Town" title="Thlopthlocco Tribal Town">Thlopthlocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa" title="Tonkawa">Tonkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Keetoowah_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians" title="United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians">United Keetoowah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_people" title="Wichita people">Wichita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandotte_Nation" title="Wyandotte Nation">Wyandotte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Tribal languages</a><br />(still spoken)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_language" title="Alabama language">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho_language" title="Arapaho language">Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo_language" title="Caddo language">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_language" title="Cayuga language">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_language" title="Cheyenne language">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_language" title="Chickasaw language">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiwere_language" title="Chiwere language">Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_language" title="Choctaw language">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_language" title="Comanche language">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_languages" title="Delaware languages">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koasati_language" title="Koasati language">Koasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikasuki_language" title="Mikasuki language">Hitchiti-Mikasuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescalero-Chiricahua_language" title="Mescalero-Chiricahua language">Mescalero-Chiricahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language" title="Fox language">Fox (Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee_language" title="Muscogee language">Muscogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_language" title="Osage language">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_dialect" title="Ottawa dialect">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_language" title="Pawnee language">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha%E2%80%93Ponca_language" title="Omaha–Ponca language">Ponca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quapaw" title="Quapaw">Quapaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_language" title="Seneca language">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_language" title="Shawnee language">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_language" title="Wichita language">Wichita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_language" title="Wyandot language">Wyandot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anishinaabe_culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anishinaabe_Culture" title="Template:Anishinaabe Culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anishinaabe_Culture" title="Template talk:Anishinaabe Culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anishinaabe_Culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anishinaabe Culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anishinaabe_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a> <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_clan_system" title="Anishinaabe clan system">Clan system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myth and stories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aayaase" title="Aayaase">Aayaase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baykok" title="Baykok">Baykok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_Woman" title="Deer Woman">Deer Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreamcatcher" title="Dreamcatcher">Dreamcatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drumkeeper" title="Drumkeeper">Drumkeeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow_witch" title="Elbow witch">Elbow witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gitche_Manitou" title="Gitche Manitou">Gitche Manitou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Grand Medicine Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiibayaabooz" title="Jiibayaabooz">Jiibayaabooz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingle_dress" title="Jingle dress">Jingle dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_people_(mythology)" title="Little people (mythology)">Little people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitou" title="Manitou">Manitou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_wheel" title="Medicine wheel">Medicine wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_Serpent" title="Horned Serpent">Mishi-ginebig ("great snake")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudjekeewis" title="Mudjekeewis">Mudjekeewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanabozho" title="Nanabozho">Nanabozho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokomis" title="Nokomis">Nokomis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powwow" title="Powwow">Powwow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukwudgie" title="Pukwudgie">Pukwudgie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_fires_prophecy" title="Seven fires prophecy">Seven fires prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingebis" title="Shingebis">Shingebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teachings_of_the_Seven_Grandfathers" title="Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers">Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_Island_(Indigenous_North_American_folklore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turtle Island (Indigenous North American folklore)">Turtle Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Traditional beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_panther" title="Underwater panther">Underwater panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendigo" title="Wendigo">Wendigo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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href="/wiki/Wampum" title="Wampum">Wampum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Residential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">U.S. residential schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Canadian residential schools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Primary_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary Education">Primary</a>/<a href="/wiki/Secondary_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary Education">Secondary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bug-O-Nay-Ge-Shig_School" title="Bug-O-Nay-Ge-Shig School">Bug-O-Nay-Ge-Shig School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannahville_Indian_School" title="Hannahville Indian School">Hannahville Indian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_K._Lumsden_Bahweting_Anishnabe_School" title="Joseph K. Lumsden Bahweting Anishnabe School">Joseph K. Lumsden Bahweting Anishnabe School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">Tertiary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anishinabek_Educational_Institute" title="Anishinabek Educational Institute">Anishinabek Educational Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Mills_Community_College" title="Bay Mills Community College">Bay Mills Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keweenaw_Bay_Ojibwa_Community_College" title="Keweenaw Bay Ojibwa Community College">Keweenaw Bay Ojibwa Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saginaw_Chippewa_Tribal_College" title="Saginaw Chippewa Tribal College">Saginaw Chippewa Tribal College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_architecture" title="Indigenous architecture">Housing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wigwam" title="Wigwam">Wigwam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q536116#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85096087">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007553472705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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