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{"work":{"id":44079628,"created_at":"2020-09-13T09:18:58.038-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2025-01-31T16:35:49.849-08:00","_data":{"ai_title_tag":"Religious Roots of Modernity Explained","grobid_abstract":"The modern world understands itself as being something entirely new in the history of mankind. Modernity describes itself as the age in which mankind reaches adulthood and in which man becomes free and emancipates itself from external constraints and determination. The present-day world was born due duet o a new understanding of man, world, society, and due to the development of technology and afterward sciences. This development is presented as a continuous march toward inescapable progress, and as asteadly increase in rationality which will lead to the complete and total emancipation of man. But modernity is not the product of only reason and technical and supposed moral progress. The tools to understand the real forces behind this development that created modern world can be find in the works of Pierre-Andre Taguieff and in the sociology of Jacques Ellul. The first offers a deep analysis of a concept that undergirds modernity, the concept of emanicpations, and the other author describes the development of modernity as amounting to the total suversion of reality through the technological system.The forces fueling this state of affairs are greed and lust for power. The wish of total emancipation can be seen as another expression of what psychoanalysis called the infantile wish to omnipotence.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"64424161"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"THE RELIGIOUS AND SPIRITUAL UNDERPINNINGS OF MODERNITY","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [7782306]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":64424161,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “THE RELIGIOUS AND SPIRITUAL UNDERPINNINGS OF MODERNITY”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/64424161/mini_magick20200913-2948-m7b6a9.png?1600016178" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">THE RELIGIOUS AND SPIRITUAL UNDERPINNINGS OF MODERNITY</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7782306" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MihailUngheanu"><img alt="Profile image of Mihail Ungheanu" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Mihail Ungheanu</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">13 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 44079628; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=44079628"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">The modern world understands itself as being something entirely new in the history of mankind. Modernity describes itself as the age in which mankind reaches adulthood and in which man becomes free and emancipates itself from external constraints and determination. The present-day world was born due duet o a new understanding of man, world, society, and due to the development of technology and afterward sciences. This development is presented as a continuous march toward inescapable progress, and as asteadly increase in rationality which will lead to the complete and total emancipation of man. But modernity is not the product of only reason and technical and supposed moral progress. The tools to understand the real forces behind this development that created modern world can be find in the works of Pierre-Andre Taguieff and in the sociology of Jacques Ellul. The first offers a deep analysis of a concept that undergirds modernity, the concept of emanicpations, and the other author describes the development of modernity as amounting to the total suversion of reality through the technological system.The forces fueling this state of affairs are greed and lust for power. The wish of total emancipation can be seen as another expression of what psychoanalysis called the infantile wish to omnipotence.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":64424161,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/44079628/THE_RELIGIOUS_AND_SPIRITUAL_UNDERPINNINGS_OF_MODERNITY"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":64424161,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/44079628/THE_RELIGIOUS_AND_SPIRITUAL_UNDERPINNINGS_OF_MODERNITY"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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This chapter on the concept of modernity begins by addressing the main reservations that have been expressed concerning the classic approaches to this concept in sociology. After discussing objections to modernization theory, the chapter presents an outline of a theory of modernity that serves as the basis for the argumentation of the entire book. The theory of modernity proposes three theses. First, that modern societies are characterized by principles of functional differentiation. Second, perpendicular to functional differentiation, which takes place horizontally, there is in modern societies also a form of vertical differentiation. Third, modern societies have established in the economy, politics, science, and other areas forums of competition, markets where different suppliers compete for acceptance. They are the driving forces behind the dynamism of modern societies.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Reflections on the Concept of Modernity","attachmentId":96056460,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/93273841/Reflections_on_the_Concept_of_Modernity","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/93273841/Reflections_on_the_Concept_of_Modernity"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="12896342" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12896342/The_Theologico_philosophical_Overview_of_Western_Modernity_The_Individual_Immanence_and_Science"> The Theologico-philosophical Overview of Western Modernity: The Individual, Immanence, and Science</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="10723820" href="https://ufs.academia.edu/AmberPalmer">Amber Palmer</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":" The Theologico-philosophical Overview of Western Modernity: The Individual, Immanence, and Science","attachmentId":37871318,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12896342/The_Theologico_philosophical_Overview_of_Western_Modernity_The_Individual_Immanence_and_Science","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/12896342/The_Theologico_philosophical_Overview_of_Western_Modernity_The_Individual_Immanence_and_Science"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="27659095" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27659095/The_Crisis_of_the_Modern_World">The Crisis of the Modern World</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="51879433" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RidhaMghirbi">Ridha Mghirbi</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Crisis of the Modern World","attachmentId":47924867,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27659095/The_Crisis_of_the_Modern_World","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/27659095/The_Crisis_of_the_Modern_World"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="50987462" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/50987462/REVISITING_THE_THEORY_OF_MODERNITY_AN_ANALYSIS_FROM_AN_EXISTENTIALIST_METAPHYSICAL_FRAMEWORK">REVISITING THE THEORY OF MODERNITY AN ANALYSIS FROM AN EXISTENTIALIST METAPHYSICAL FRAMEWORK</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3616365" href="https://upm.academia.edu/DayangNurhazieqaHamzani">Dayang Nurhazieqa Hamzani</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of the Asian Philosophical Association (IJAPA), 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article revisits the theory of the origin of modernity in the history of philosophy that focuses on Descartes’ skepticism and dualism which is then said to have contributed to much of the destructive tendency in modernity , such as ecological destruction, racism, and colonialism, among others. This narrative of a Cartesian origin is then contrasted by bringing forth previous philosophers and historians of ideas’ theories which saw that Descartes was only continuing the modernizing tendency already present in the Scholastic period. An alternative theory on the origin of modernity is put forward using Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas’ careful analysis of the metaphysical positions of the Scholastics, which he elaborated to support his theory that the Thomistic effort to harmonize faith and reason instead led to secularization and opened the way to skepticism and dualism. An elaboration of essentialist and existentialist metaphysical position follows, and it is affirmed that the modernizing spirit which arises from an existentialist position, that of the School of the Transcendent Oneness of Existence (waḥdat al-wujūd), as elaborated by al-Attas, does not lead to the secularized modernity’s destructive tendencies in the understanding of the world and its ecosystem, in scientific advancements and in the study of history.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"REVISITING THE THEORY OF MODERNITY AN ANALYSIS FROM AN EXISTENTIALIST METAPHYSICAL FRAMEWORK","attachmentId":68859426,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/50987462/REVISITING_THE_THEORY_OF_MODERNITY_AN_ANALYSIS_FROM_AN_EXISTENTIALIST_METAPHYSICAL_FRAMEWORK","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/50987462/REVISITING_THE_THEORY_OF_MODERNITY_AN_ANALYSIS_FROM_AN_EXISTENTIALIST_METAPHYSICAL_FRAMEWORK"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="37478071" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37478071/Review_of_Beyond_the_Modern_Age_by_Bob_Goudzwaard_and_Craig_G_Bartholomew">Review of Beyond the Modern Age by Bob Goudzwaard and Craig G. Bartholomew</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5923748" href="https://andrews.academia.edu/djhamstra">David J Hamstra</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Andrews University Seminary Studies, 2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Review of Beyond the Modern Age by Bob Goudzwaard and Craig G. Bartholomew","attachmentId":57447145,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37478071/Review_of_Beyond_the_Modern_Age_by_Bob_Goudzwaard_and_Craig_G_Bartholomew","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37478071/Review_of_Beyond_the_Modern_Age_by_Bob_Goudzwaard_and_Craig_G_Bartholomew"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="73373469" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73373469/The_Elucidation_of_the_Modern_World_in_the_Thought_of_Jacques_Ellul">The Elucidation of the Modern World in the Thought of Jacques Ellul</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="65399966" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ChristopheR%C3%A9veillard">Christophe Réveillard</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Looking specifically into criticism of technical modernity, the article endeavors to follow and reveal the anti-conformist reflections of one of the French authors and academics best known abroad. Indeed, Jacques Ellul developed a long-term intellectual system adopting a singular dialectic that allows him to be multidisciplinary and to make multiple entries in sociological, philosophical, legal, historical, and theological fields. He has developed an approach that went far beyond the simple consideration of the technical tool as a potential means of alienating man, to offer his readers an authentic technical system as well as of all its implications. Basically, Jacques Ellul masterfully explained the mechanism according to which the modern man, in order to escape his tragic destiny by an attempt to eclipse the sacred, will paradoxically strive to become the creator of a space totally mastered by the techno-sphere, which has gained autonomy, notably through imposition of an ideology ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Elucidation of the Modern World in the Thought of Jacques Ellul","attachmentId":81918770,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/73373469/The_Elucidation_of_the_Modern_World_in_the_Thought_of_Jacques_Ellul","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/73373469/The_Elucidation_of_the_Modern_World_in_the_Thought_of_Jacques_Ellul"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="27364797" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27364797/Theorising_Modernity_SOC3705">Theorising Modernity - SOC3705</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="18895109" href="https://uwc.academia.edu/PhadielHoosen">Phadiel Hoosen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This essay consisted of two sections. In both these sections I will explain theories of Max Weber from the perspective of Jurgen Habermas. The first section deals with Weber’s notion of rationalisation. Here I will start off by very briefly introducing the two theorists. I will then describe the concept rationality. Weber posited four types of rationality, these being practical, theoretical, substantive and formal rationality. I will give an explanation of the types of rationality. After some insight into Weber’s rationalisation, I will look at how Habermas viewed Weber’s concept of rationalisation. In the second section I will look at colonising of the lifeworld by the system. I will explain the different structures that the lifeworld consists of, namely, culture, society or community and personality. Then I will touch on the meaning of colonisation and the antagonistic system. Finally, I will address Habermas’s view of Weber’s ideas of colonising of the lifeworld. My focus will be on modernity causing conflict, pathologies arising due to colonisation and reversing the process of colonisation, for the mutual benefit of the lifeworld and the system. According to Weber, rationalisation is a western concept with potential to increase and limit human freedom. Let us now look at Habermas’s perspective of Weber’s theories.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Theorising Modernity - SOC3705","attachmentId":47620070,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27364797/Theorising_Modernity_SOC3705","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/27364797/Theorising_Modernity_SOC3705"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="73134354" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73134354/Western_Modernity_The_Origin_Development_and_the_Limitation">Western Modernity: The Origin, Development and the Limitation</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="17506200" href="https://pabna.academia.edu/Shafiqrahman">Md. Shafiqur Rahaman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Science Publishing Group, 2022</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The paper attempts to investigate the historical origin, development and the limitation of the western modernity. It pursues why and how the western modernity was developed from eighteen centuries to twenties centuries. While discussing early chronological, sociological and political developments of the western modernity it requires the separation of the state from the religious autocracy and the establishment of technology based industrial society. The early modernity shaped western countries from traditional society to industrialization made surplus of products that tended them to establish colonialism in Asia, Africa and Latin American countries. However, the changing structural politico-economic system provide classical theories of modernity which installed US hegemony in East Asian and East European countries as colonization was established in non-western countries. On the other hand, the proponent of post-colonial theory of modernity negates the colonial theory as it is being forcibly imposed by the western colonizers upon the non-western people. But all are the theories of the modernity: pro-western, post-colonial, post-modernist and environmental approach are the expressions of their ideological structures but have the limitations within the structure. The article identified all the theories of modernity failed to suggest a realistic solution to the global problems.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Western Modernity: The Origin, Development and the Limitation","attachmentId":81773363,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/73134354/Western_Modernity_The_Origin_Development_and_the_Limitation","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/73134354/Western_Modernity_The_Origin_Development_and_the_Limitation"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="30570831" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30570831/Modernity">Modernity</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36783" href="https://mcgill.academia.edu/ArmandoSalvatore">Armando Salvatore</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought, ed. Gerhard Böwering, Patricia Crone, Wadad Kadi, Devin Stewart, and Muhammad Qasim Zaman, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012, 352-360.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Modernity","attachmentId":51012659,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30570831/Modernity","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/30570831/Modernity"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="58080670" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/58080670/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Modern_Man">The Rise and Fall of Modern Man</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="169894041" href="https://uw.academia.edu/JacekDobrowolski">Jacek Dobrowolski</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Rise and Fall of Moderrn Man, 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">„The rise and fall of the modern man” is a philosophical anthropology essay meditating about who historically modern man was and is, especially in terms of modern man’s self-knowledge and its connection to these specifically modern inventions made by humanity that have been from ca. 16th Century up until now science and technology. It is a brief history of the idea of man as a subject of self-knowledge in the modern era. Self-knowledge is understood both as a concept of human nature that guided human endeavors and the resulting universal history, and also as individual self-consciousness made possible by the idea that each and every human being is an autonomous rational agent, an independent atom of humanity, or a self-reliant monad. The main track of the essay’s meditation is a narrative that shows how this initial assumption about modern humanity (coined in the rational age of enlightenment) and the resulting belief in man’s individual skill, potential, and power (properties that enabled what could be called anthropocratic era after theocratic middle ages) was shaping history between 16th and 21st Century, and how it later was itself reshaped, or even questioned and ultimately falsified by the events of a more mature, post-enlightened modernity, beginning in the time of French Revolution, and ending in the calamities of the 20th Century. Modernity began as a self-elevation of man and his taking over of many of previously God’s exclusive faculties – the primary being infinity (of knowledge, power, earthly time, space). This general event made man a solitary ruler of the world, an event described in the modernity’s best selling book ever, Robinson Crusoe (second only to the Bible in the number of editions and copies). As modern history evolved, run to a large extent by a new dynamics provided by scientific achievements and resulting technological inventions that kept constantly changing the face of earth in a pace unprecedented ever before, human self-knowledge gained new experiences and developed as much towards more rational approach as it also became more and more self-conscious of the man’s irrationality, and inner vulnerability. Nietzsche’s overman is an illustration of the exhaustion of the idea of man’s self-mastering and self-improvement that had been actually first exposed by Pico della Mirandola already in the 15th Century; the more the German philosopher attempted at reshaping the concept of the super-human, the more it entangled in an infinite complexity that resulted finally in a deconstruction of the very idea of super-human (as “Thus spoke Zaratustra”, to give an example, has no ultimate sense). Modern era, with its original promise of emancipation and individual prosperity for all human beings on earth, a promise that could not have been ever made by any other age, ultimately led to the anthropological catastrophe of the 20th Century, an event that still defines our late- or post-modern self-understanding as humans. The essay ends with an attempt at depicting the condition of humanity now, in the beginning of the 21st Century, especially by reference to the contemporary status of subjectivity and self-knowledge. We live in the post-modern graveyard of the modern ideas – e.g. Man, Reason, Subject, etc. – a landscape in which the old known uncertainty of the future was replaced by a newly recognized certainly worse tomorrow. Still however some individuals have the opportunity to long for being themselves and knowing themselves, however this longing might seem elusive, wishful, privileged and unimportant. How can one ask the question “Who am I” in an age when this seems perhaps particularly old-fashioned, based on questionable premises, and also an elitist luxury? How can one not ask this question – and also its derivatives like “what do I want?”, “what is best for me?”, “where am I going?”. Some of us still feel that we have a moral right to ask these questions, that is to self-knowledge which seems something universally needed, even if the contemporary course of world events, with its constantly growing obscurity, is still more cruelly disavowing all sorts of pretence that hide behind anybody’s striving for deeper self-awareness. The feelings of alienation, humiliation, diminishment and anonymity are experiences that almost inevitably in most cases accompany the exercise of an introvert egocentricism and self-contemplation (that first word being already charged in everyday use shall be re-read by the reader to mean something neutral, self-orientation of thought) – the exercise that ceaselessly oscillates between guilt (of “narcissism”) and an even worse than guilt feeling of a certain powerlessness and idiocy of such an activity (by many not recognized to be an activity at all). In such conditions the ancient motto “Know Thyself” may seem a noble but ridiculous anachronism, however the whole essay is trying most sincerely, even if provocatively, to defend it as the most human of activities.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Rise and Fall of Modern Man","attachmentId":120822183,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/58080670/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Modern_Man","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/58080670/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Modern_Man"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":64424161,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":64424161,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_64424161" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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