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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1920s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1920s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>1920s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1920s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1930s:_Arab_armed_insurgency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1930s:_Arab_armed_insurgency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>1930s: Arab armed insurgency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1930s:_Arab_armed_insurgency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Arab_revolt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Arab_revolt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>The Arab revolt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Arab_revolt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partition_proposals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partition_proposals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Partition proposals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partition_proposals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Second World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Allied_and_Axis_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allied_and_Axis_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Allied and Axis activity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allied_and_Axis_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mobilisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobilisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Mobilisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobilisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Holocaust_and_immigration_quotas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Holocaust_and_immigration_quotas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>The Holocaust and immigration quotas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Holocaust_and_immigration_quotas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beginning_of_Zionist_insurgency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginning_of_Zionist_insurgency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Beginning of Zionist insurgency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginning_of_Zionist_insurgency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_Second_World_War:_Insurgency_and_the_Partition_Plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_Second_World_War:_Insurgency_and_the_Partition_Plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>After the Second World War: Insurgency and the Partition Plan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_Second_World_War:_Insurgency_and_the_Partition_Plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Termination_of_the_mandate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Termination_of_the_mandate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Termination of the mandate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Termination_of_the_mandate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Palestinian_Arab_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palestinian_Arab_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Palestinian Arab community</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palestinian_Arab_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Palestinian_Arab_leadership_and_national_aspirations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palestinian_Arab_leadership_and_national_aspirations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Palestinian Arab leadership and national aspirations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palestinian_Arab_leadership_and_national_aspirations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palestinian_Arab_journalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palestinian_Arab_journalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Palestinian Arab journalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palestinian_Arab_journalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Jewish community</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jewish_immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Jewish immigration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_national_home" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_national_home"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Jewish national home</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_national_home-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_ownership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_ownership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Land ownership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_ownership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Land_ownership_by_district" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_ownership_by_district"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Land ownership by district</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_ownership_by_district-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_ownership_by_corporation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_ownership_by_corporation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Land ownership by corporation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_ownership_by_corporation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_ownership_by_type" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_ownership_by_type"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Land ownership by type</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_ownership_by_type-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Mandatory_land_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Mandatory_land_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>List of Mandatory land laws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Mandatory_land_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_censuses_and_estimations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_censuses_and_estimations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>British censuses and estimations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_censuses_and_estimations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_district" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_district"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>By district</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_district-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Urban areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Government and institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_and_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mandatory Palestine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britse_mandaat_van_Palestina" title="Britse mandaat van Palestina – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Britse mandaat van Palestina" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_%C3%BE%C3%A6t_Brittisce_Gebodr%C4%ABce" title="Palestine þæt Brittisce Gebodrīce – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Palestine þæt Brittisce Gebodrīce" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86" title="الانتداب البريطاني على فلسطين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الانتداب البريطاني على فلسطين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatu_Brit%C3%A1nicu_de_Palestina" title="Mandatu Británicu de Palestina – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mandatu Británicu de Palestina" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C9%99l%C9%99stin_mandatl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Fələstin mandatlığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fələstin mandatlığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B4%DB%8C%DA%A9_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="بیرلشیک کراللیک فیلیسطین مانداسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیرلشیک کراللیک فیلیسطین مانداسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="কর্তৃত্বপ্রাপ্ত শক্তির অধীন ফিলিস্তিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কর্তৃত্বপ্রাপ্ত শক্তির অধীন ফিলিস্তিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%83_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Брытанскі мандат у Палесціне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Брытанскі мандат у Палесціне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%83_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Брытанскі мандат у Палестыне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Брытанскі мандат у Палестыне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Подмандатна Палестина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Подмандатна Палестина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestina_fiziadour" title="Palestina fiziadour – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Palestina fiziadour" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandat_brit%C3%A0nic_de_Palestina" title="Mandat britànic de Palestina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mandat britànic de Palestina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mand%C3%A1tn%C3%AD_Palestina" title="Mandátní Palestina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mandátní Palestina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palesteina_dan_Fandad" title="Palesteina dan Fandad – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Palesteina dan Fandad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatomr%C3%A5det_i_Pal%C3%A6stina" title="Mandatområdet i Palæstina – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mandatområdet i Palæstina" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lkerbundsmandat_f%C3%BCr_Pal%C3%A4stina" title="Völkerbundsmandat für Palästina – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Völkerbundsmandat für Palästina" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatoorne_Palestiina" title="Mandatoorne Palestiina – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mandatoorne Palestiina" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7_%CF%85%CF%80%CF%8C_%CE%92%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%95%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AE" title="Παλαιστίνη υπό Βρετανική Εντολή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παλαιστίνη υπό Βρετανική Εντολή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandato_brit%C3%A1nico_de_Palestina" title="Mandato británico de Palestina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mandato británico de Palestina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandata_Palestino" title="Mandata Palestino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mandata Palestino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinako_Britainiar_Mandatua" title="Palestinako Britainiar Mandatua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Palestinako Britainiar Mandatua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%86" title="قیمومت بریتانیا بر فلسطین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قیمومت بریتانیا بر فلسطین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_mandataire" title="Palestine mandataire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Palestine mandataire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Phalaist%C3%ADn_Shainordaitheach" title="An Phalaistín Shainordaitheach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Phalaistín Shainordaitheach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandato_brit%C3%A1nico_de_Palestina" title="Mandato británico de Palestina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mandato británico de Palestina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%94%EB%A0%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B8_%EC%9C%84%EC%9E%84%ED%86%B5%EC%B9%98%EB%A0%B9" title="팔레스타인 위임통치령 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="팔레스타인 위임통치령" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%B6%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Ենթամանդատային Պաղեստին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ենթամանդատային Պաղեստին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatna_Palestina" title="Mandatna Palestina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mandatna Palestina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandat_Palestina_(mandat)" title="Mandat Palestina (mandat) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mandat Palestina (mandat)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbo%C3%B0sstj%C3%B3rn_Breta_%C3%AD_Palest%C3%ADnu" title="Umboðsstjórn Breta í Palestínu – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Umboðsstjórn Breta í Palestínu" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandato_britannico_della_Palestina" title="Mandato britannico della Palestina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mandato britannico della Palestina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%98_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99" title="המנדט הבריטי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המנדט הבריטי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandhat_Inggris_ing_Palestina" title="Mandhat Inggris ing Palestina – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mandhat Inggris ing Palestina" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ұлыбритания мандатындағы Палестина – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ұлыбритания мандатындағы Палестина" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lielbrit%C4%81nijas_mand%C4%81tteritorija_Palest%C4%ABn%C4%81" title="Lielbritānijas mandātteritorija Palestīnā – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lielbritānijas mandātteritorija Palestīnā" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinos_mandatas" title="Palestinos mandatas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Palestinos mandatas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Британски мандат во Палестина – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Британски мандат во Палестина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestina_teo_ambany_fitantanan%27_ny_Britanika" title="Palestina teo ambany fitantanan' ny Britanika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Palestina teo ambany fitantanan' ny Britanika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BB" title="മാൻഡേറ്ററി പലസ്തീൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാൻഡേറ്ററി പലസ്തീൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86" title="الانتداب البريطانى على فلسطين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الانتداب البريطانى على فلسطين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestin_Bermandat" title="Palestin Bermandat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Palestin Bermandat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaatgebied_Palestina" title="Mandaatgebied Palestina – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mandaatgebied Palestina" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E5%A7%94%E4%BB%BB%E7%B5%B1%E6%B2%BB%E9%A0%98%E3%83%91%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%81%E3%83%8A" title="イギリス委任統治領パレスチナ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イギリス委任統治領パレスチナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinamandatet" title="Palestinamandatet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Palestinamandatet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinamandatet" title="Palestinamandatet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Palestinamandatet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandat_britanic_de_Palestina" title="Mandat britanic de Palestina – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mandat britanic de Palestina" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%86" title="مینیڈیٹری فلسطین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مینیڈیٹری فلسطین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%B1_%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%9A%D8%AA_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%90_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86" title="د برېتانيا تر چارسمبالښت لاندې فلسطين – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د برېتانيا تر چارسمبالښت لاندې فلسطين" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestyna_(mandat)" title="Palestyna (mandat) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Palestyna (mandat)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandato_Brit%C3%A2nico_da_Palestina" title="Mandato Britânico da Palestina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mandato Britânico da Palestina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatul_britanic_pentru_Palestina" title="Mandatul britanic pentru Palestina – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mandatul britanic pentru Palestina" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Подмандатная Палестина – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Подмандатная Палестина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandati_britanik_i_Palestin%C3%ABs" title="Mandati britanik i Palestinës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mandati britanik i Palestinës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mandatory Palestine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britsk%C3%BD_mand%C3%A1t_v_Palest%C3%ADne" title="Britský mandát v Palestíne – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Britský mandát v Palestíne" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britanski_mandat_za_Palestino" title="Britanski mandat za Palestino – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Britanski mandat za Palestino" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%95%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%84%DB%95%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1_%D9%81%DB%95%D9%84%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="فەرمانڕەوایی بەریتانیا لەسەر فەلەستین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فەرمانڕەوایی بەریتانیا لەسەر فەلەستین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Британски мандат над Палестином – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Британски мандат над Палестином" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatna_Palestina" title="Mandatna Palestina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mandatna Palestina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestiinan_brittil%C3%A4inen_mandaatti" title="Palestiinan brittiläinen mandaatti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Palestiinan brittiläinen mandaatti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittiska_Palestinamandatet" title="Brittiska Palestinamandatet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brittiska Palestinamandatet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="கட்டளைப் பலத்தீன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கட்டளைப் பலத்தீன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="ปาเลสไตน์ในอาณัติ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปาเลสไตน์ในอาณัติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filistin_Mandas%C4%B1" title="Filistin Mandası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Filistin Mandası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Підмандатна Палестина – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Підмандатна Палестина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%86" title="انتداب فلسطین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انتداب فلسطین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A3nh_th%E1%BB%95_%E1%BB%A6y_tr%E1%BB%8B_Palestine" title="Lãnh thổ Ủy trị Palestine – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lãnh thổ Ủy trị Palestine" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brits_Mandoat_Palestina" title="Brits Mandoat Palestina – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Brits Mandoat Palestina" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%90%D7%98" title="בריטישער מאנדאט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בריטישער מאנדאט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E8%A8%97%E7%AE%A1%E5%9C%B0" title="巴勒斯坦託管地 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="巴勒斯坦託管地" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E8%A8%97%E7%AE%A1%E5%9C%B0" title="巴勒斯坦託管地 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴勒斯坦託管地" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q193714#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the geopolitical entity. For the document granting Britain a mandate over both Palestine and the Emirate of Transjordan, see <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">Mandate for Palestine</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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.mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Palestine</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1920–1948</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Palestine"><img alt="Flag of Palestine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Flag of Mandatory Palestine">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Public_Seal_of_Mandatory_Palestine.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Public Seal[1] of Palestine"><img alt="Public Seal[1] of Palestine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Public_Seal_of_Mandatory_Palestine.png/85px-Public_Seal_of_Mandatory_Palestine.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Public_Seal_of_Mandatory_Palestine.png/128px-Public_Seal_of_Mandatory_Palestine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Public_Seal_of_Mandatory_Palestine.png/170px-Public_Seal_of_Mandatory_Palestine.png 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="444" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Public_Seal_of_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Public Seal of Mandatory Palestine">Public Seal</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_1946_with_major_cities_(in_English).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mandatory Palestine in 1946"><img alt="Mandatory Palestine in 1946" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Map_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_1946_with_major_cities_%28in_English%29.svg/250px-Map_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_1946_with_major_cities_%28in_English%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="465" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Map_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_1946_with_major_cities_%28in_English%29.svg/375px-Map_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_1946_with_major_cities_%28in_English%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Map_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_1946_with_major_cities_%28in_English%29.svg/500px-Map_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_1946_with_major_cities_%28in_English%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="1141" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Mandatory Palestine in 1946</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">Mandate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> faith</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian people">Palestinian</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioners_for_Palestine_and_Transjordan" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioners for Palestine and Transjordan">High Commissioner</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1920–1925 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Samuel,_1st_Viscount_Samuel" title="Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel">Sir Herbert L. Samuel</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1945–1948 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Cunningham" title="Alan Cunningham">Sir Alan Cunningham</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><wbr /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Parliamentary body of the Muslim community</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Muslim_Council" title="Supreme Muslim Council">Supreme Muslim Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Parliamentary body of the Jewish community</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Representatives_(Mandatory_Palestine)" title="Assembly of Representatives (Mandatory Palestine)">Assembly of Representatives</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap">Mandate assigned</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 April 1920</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Britain officially assumes control </div></th><td class="infobox-data">29 September 1923</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14 May 1948</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Palestine">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">25,585.3 km<sup>2</sup> (9,878.5 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-VillStat_1945_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VillStat_1945-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Palestine">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">757,182 (1922)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pound" title="Egyptian pound">Egyptian pound</a><br />(until 1927)<br /><a href="/wiki/Palestine_pound" title="Palestine pound">Palestine pound</a><br />(from 1927)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:PS" title="ISO 3166-2:PS">PS</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/France_and_United_Kingdom_flags.svg/20px-France_and_United_Kingdom_flags.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/France_and_United_Kingdom_flags.svg/30px-France_and_United_Kingdom_flags.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/France_and_United_Kingdom_flags.svg/40px-France_and_United_Kingdom_flags.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2241" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration" title="Occupied Enemy Territory Administration">Occupied Enemy Territory Administration</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/20px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/30px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/40px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Jordanian annexation of the West Bank">Jordanian annexation of the West Bank</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/All-Palestine_Protectorate" title="All-Palestine Protectorate">All-Palestine Protectorate</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Hejaz_%281920%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Hejaz_%281920%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Hejaz_%281920%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hejaz_%281920%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Hejaz_%281920%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hejaz_%281920%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a><br /><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mandatory Palestine</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a geopolitical entity that existed between 1920 and 1948 in the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">region of Palestine</a> under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">Mandate for Palestine</a>. </p><p>After an <a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab uprising</a> against the Ottoman Empire during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> in 1916, <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Expeditionary_Force" title="Egyptian Expeditionary Force">forces</a> drove <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman forces</a> out of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> had agreed in the <a href="/wiki/McMahon%E2%80%93Hussein_Correspondence" class="mw-redirect" title="McMahon–Hussein Correspondence">McMahon–Hussein Correspondence</a> that it would honour Arab independence in case of a revolt but, in the end, the United Kingdom and <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> divided what had been <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a>—an act of betrayal in the eyes of the Arabs. Another issue was the <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a> of 1917, in which Britain promised its support for the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Homeland_for_the_Jewish_people" title="Homeland for the Jewish people">Jewish "national home"</a> in Palestine. Mandatory Palestine was then established in 1920, and the British obtained a <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">Mandate for Palestine</a> from the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> in 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Mandate, the area saw successive waves of <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Jewish immigration</a> and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine">nationalist movements</a> in both the Jewish and Arab communities. Competing interests of the two populations led to the <a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine</a> and the 1944–1948 <a href="/wiki/Jewish_insurgency_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine">Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine</a> to divide the territory into two states, one Arab and one Jewish, was passed in November 1947. The <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a> ended with the territory of Mandatory Palestine divided among the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Israel">State of Israel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hashemite_Kingdom_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan">Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Jordanian annexation of the West Bank">annexed territory on the West Bank</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Kingdom of Egypt</a>, which established the "<a href="/wiki/All-Palestine_Protectorate" title="All-Palestine Protectorate">All-Palestine Protectorate</a>" in the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>. </p><p>Mandatory Palestine was designated as a <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate#Types_of_mandates" title="League of Nations mandate">Class A Mandate</a>, based on its social, political, and economic development. This classification was reserved for post-war mandates with the highest capacity for self-governance.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All Class A mandates other than mandatory Palestine had gained independence by 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_%22Palestine%22" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the name "Palestine"">Timeline of the name "Palestine"</a></div> <p>The name given to the Mandate's territory was "Palestine", in accordance with local Palestinian Arab and Ottoman usage<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi1997151–152_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi1997151–152-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Büssow_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Büssow-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with European tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mandate charter stipulated that Mandatory Palestine would have three official languages: English, Arabic and Hebrew. </p><p>In 1926, the British authorities formally decided to use the traditional Arabic equivalent to the English name, and its Hebrew transcription i.e. <i>Filasţīn</i> (فلسطين) and <i>Pālēśtīnā</i> (פּלשׂתינה) respectively. The Jewish leadership proposed that the proper Hebrew name should be <i>ʾĒrēts Yiśrāʾel</i> (ארץ ישׂראל, <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>). The final compromise was to append the initials of the Hebrew proposed name, <a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">Alef</a>-<a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">Yod</a>, within parenthesis (א״י) after <i>Pālēśtīnā</i> whenever the Mandate's name was mentioned in Hebrew in official documents.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Arab leadership saw this compromise as a violation of the mandate terms. Some Arab politicians suggested "<a href="/wiki/Southern_Syria" title="Southern Syria">Southern Syria</a>" (سوريا الجنوبية) as the Arabic name instead. The British authorities rejected this proposal; according to the Minutes of the Ninth Session of the League of Nations' <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Mandates_Commission_(Palestine)" title="Permanent Mandates Commission (Palestine)">Permanent Mandates Commission</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Colonel Symes explained that the country was described as "Palestine" by Europeans and as "Falestin" by the Arabs. The Hebrew name for the country was the designation "Land of Israel", and the Government, to meet Jewish wishes, had agreed that the word "Palestine" in Hebrew characters should be followed in all official documents by the initials which stood for that designation. As a set-off to this, certain of the Arab politicians suggested that the country should be called "Southern Syria" in order to emphasise its close relation with another Arab State.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The adjective "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mandatory#Adjective" class="extiw" title="wikt:mandatory">mandatory</a>" indicates that the entity's legal status derived from a <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>; it is not related to the word's more commonplace usage as a synonym for "compulsory" or "necessary".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the background to the creation of the mandate, see <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">Mandate for Palestine</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the period of Palestine's history between the fall of the Ottoman Empire in 1917–18 and the beginning of British civil administration in July 1920, see <a href="/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration" title="Occupied Enemy Territory Administration">Occupied Enemy Territory Administration</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1920s">1920s</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crowded_shops._Goods_are_stalled_in_the_street_and_men_are_sitting_down,_NINO_F_Scholten_Jaffa_01_076.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Crowded_shops._Goods_are_stalled_in_the_street_and_men_are_sitting_down%2C_NINO_F_Scholten_Jaffa_01_076.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-Crowded_shops._Goods_are_stalled_in_the_street_and_men_are_sitting_down%2C_NINO_F_Scholten_Jaffa_01_076.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Crowded_shops._Goods_are_stalled_in_the_street_and_men_are_sitting_down%2C_NINO_F_Scholten_Jaffa_01_076.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-Crowded_shops._Goods_are_stalled_in_the_street_and_men_are_sitting_down%2C_NINO_F_Scholten_Jaffa_01_076.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Crowded_shops._Goods_are_stalled_in_the_street_and_men_are_sitting_down%2C_NINO_F_Scholten_Jaffa_01_076.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-Crowded_shops._Goods_are_stalled_in_the_street_and_men_are_sitting_down%2C_NINO_F_Scholten_Jaffa_01_076.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8200" data-file-height="5986" /></a><figcaption>Palestinians in Jaffa in the 1920s</figcaption></figure><p>Following the arrival of the British, Arab inhabitants established <a href="/wiki/Muslim-Christian_Associations" title="Muslim-Christian Associations">Muslim-Christian Associations</a> in all of the major towns.<sup id="cite_ref-lapidus_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lapidus-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1919 they joined to hold the first <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Arab_Congress" title="Palestine Arab Congress">Palestine Arab Congress</a> in Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was aimed primarily at representative government and opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concurrently, the <a href="/wiki/Zionist_Commission" title="Zionist Commission">Zionist Commission</a> formed in March 1918 and actively promoted Zionist objectives in Palestine. On 19 April 1920, <a href="/wiki/1920_Assembly_of_Representatives_election" title="1920 Assembly of Representatives election">elections</a> took place for the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Representatives_(Mandate_Palestine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assembly of Representatives (Mandate Palestine)">Assembly of Representatives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Palestinian Jewish community</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1920, there was an <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tel_Hai" title="Battle of Tel Hai">attack</a> by Arabs on the Jewish village of <a href="/wiki/Tel_Hai" title="Tel Hai">Tel Hai</a>. In April, there was another <a href="/wiki/1920_Nebi_Musa_riots" title="1920 Nebi Musa riots">attack</a> on Jews, this time in Jerusalem. </p><p>In July 1920, a British civilian administration headed by a <a href="/wiki/High_Commissioners_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioners of Palestine">High Commissioner</a> replaced the military administration.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first High Commissioner, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Samuel,_1st_Viscount_Samuel" title="Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel">Sir Herbert Samuel</a>, a Zionist and a recent British cabinet minister, arrived in Palestine on 20 June 1920 to take up his appointment from 1 July. Samuel established his headquarters and <a href="/wiki/Official_residence" title="Official residence">official residence</a> in part of the <a href="/wiki/Augusta_Victoria_Hospital" title="Augusta Victoria Hospital">Augusta Victoria Hospital</a> complex on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Scopus" title="Mount Scopus">Mount Scopus</a> on what was then the northeastern edge of Jerusalem, a building that had been constructed for the Germans <i>circa</i> 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-Haaretz_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haaretz-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Damaged by an earthquake in 1927, this building served as the headquarters and official residence of the British High Commissioners until 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-Haaretz_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haaretz-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that year, a new, purpose-built headquarters and official residence for the High Commissioner was completed on what was then the southeastern edge of Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-Haaretz_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haaretz-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Armon_HaNetziv" class="mw-redirect" title="Armon HaNetziv">Armon HaNetziv</a></i> by the Jewish population, this building, located on the 'Hill of Evil Counsel' on the ridge of <a href="/wiki/Jabel_Mukaber" title="Jabel Mukaber">Jabel Mukaber</a>, remained in use as the headquarters and official residence of the British High Commissioners until the end of British rule in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-Haaretz_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haaretz-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_world_in_perplexity_(1918)_(14780310121).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/A_world_in_perplexity_%281918%29_%2814780310121%29.jpg/220px-A_world_in_perplexity_%281918%29_%2814780310121%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/A_world_in_perplexity_%281918%29_%2814780310121%29.jpg/330px-A_world_in_perplexity_%281918%29_%2814780310121%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/A_world_in_perplexity_%281918%29_%2814780310121%29.jpg/440px-A_world_in_perplexity_%281918%29_%2814780310121%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption>The formal transfer of Jerusalem to British rule, with a "native priest" reading the proclamation from the steps of the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_David" title="Tower of David">Tower of David</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuelarrival.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Samuelarrival.jpg/170px-Samuelarrival.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Samuelarrival.jpg/255px-Samuelarrival.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Samuelarrival.jpg/340px-Samuelarrival.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2715" data-file-height="3940" /></a><figcaption>The arrival of <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Samuel,_1st_Viscount_Samuel" title="Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel">Sir Herbert Samuel</a>. From left to right: <a href="/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence">T. E. Lawrence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_I_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah I of Jordan">Emir Abdullah</a>, Air Marshal <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Salmond" title="Geoffrey Salmond">Sir Geoffrey Salmond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wyndham_Deedes" title="Wyndham Deedes">Sir Wyndham Deedes</a> and others</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palestinian_delegation_1929.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Palestinian_delegation_1929.jpg/220px-Palestinian_delegation_1929.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Palestinian_delegation_1929.jpg/330px-Palestinian_delegation_1929.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Palestinian_delegation_1929.jpg/440px-Palestinian_delegation_1929.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5451" data-file-height="3854" /></a><figcaption>An Arab "protest gathering" in session, in the Rawdat el Maaref hall, 1929. From left to right : unknown – <a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husayni" class="mw-redirect" title="Amin al-Husayni">Amin al-Husayni</a> – <a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Husayni" title="Musa al-Husayni">Musa al-Husayni</a> – <a href="/wiki/Raghib_al-Nashashibi" title="Raghib al-Nashashibi">Raghib al-Nashashibi</a> – unknown</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the first actions of the newly installed civil administration was to begin granting <a href="/wiki/Concessions_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Concessions in Mandatory Palestine">concessions from the Mandatory government</a> over key economic assets. In 1921 the government granted <a href="/wiki/Pinhas_Rutenberg" title="Pinhas Rutenberg">Pinhas Rutenberg</a> – a Jewish entrepreneur – concessions for the production and distribution of electrical power. Rutenberg soon established an electric company whose shareholders were Zionist organisations, investors, and philanthropists. Palestinian-Arabs saw it as proof that the British intended to favour Zionism. The British administration claimed that electrification would enhance the economic development of the country as a whole, while at the same time securing their commitment to facilitate a Jewish National Home through economic – rather than political – means.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1921, following a disturbance between rival Jewish left-wing protestors and then attacks by Arabs on Jews, almost 100 died in <a href="/wiki/1921_Jaffa_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1921 Jaffa riots">rioting in Jaffa</a>. </p><p>High Commissioner Samuel tried to establish self-governing institutions in Palestine, as required by the mandate, but the Arab leadership refused to co-operate with any institution which included Jewish participation.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Kamil_al-Husayni" title="Kamil al-Husayni">Kamil al-Husayni</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mufti_of_Jerusalem" title="Grand Mufti of Jerusalem">Grand Mufti of Jerusalem</a>, died in March 1921, High Commissioner Samuel appointed his half-brother, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Amin_al-Husseini" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Amin al-Husseini">Mohammad Amin al-Husseini</a>, to the position. Amin al-Husseini, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Husayni" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Husayni">al-Husayni</a> clan of Jerusalem, was an <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab nationalist">Arab nationalist</a> and Muslim leader. As Grand Mufti, as well as in the other influential positions that he held during this period, al-Husseini played a key role in violent opposition to <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>. In 1922, al-Husseini was elected President of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Muslim_Council" title="Supreme Muslim Council">Supreme Muslim Council</a> which had been established by Samuel in December 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-Mattar2003_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mattar2003-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Council controlled the <a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">Waqf</a> funds, worth annually tens of thousands of pounds,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the orphan funds, worth annually about £50,000, as compared to the £600,000 in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Agency">Jewish Agency</a>'s annual budget.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, he controlled the <a href="/wiki/Shariah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shariah">Islamic</a> courts in Palestine. Among other functions, these courts had the power to appoint teachers and preachers. </p><p>The 1922 Palestine <a href="/wiki/Order_in_Council" title="Order in Council">Order in Council</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> established a Legislative Council, which was to consist of 23 members: 12 elected, 10 appointed, and the High Commissioner.<sup id="cite_ref-T1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the 12 elected members, eight were to be Muslim Arabs, two Christian Arabs, and two Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-A_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arabs protested against the distribution of the seats, arguing that as they constituted 88% of the population, having only 43% of the seats was unfair.<sup id="cite_ref-A_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/1923_Palestinian_Legislative_Council_election" title="1923 Palestinian Legislative Council election">Elections</a> took place in February and March 1923, but due to an Arab <a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">boycott</a>, the results were annulled and a 12-member Advisory Council was established.<sup id="cite_ref-T1_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/First_World_Congress_of_Jewish_Women" title="First World Congress of Jewish Women">First World Congress of Jewish Women</a> which was held in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Austria, 1923, it was decided that: "It appears, therefore, to be the duty of all Jews to co-operate in the social-economic reconstruction of Palestine and to assist in the settlement of Jews in that country."<sup id="cite_ref-jwa_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jwa-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1923, Britain provided the League of Nations with a report on the administration of Palestine for the period 1920–1922, which covered the period before the mandate.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1929, there were <a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">riots</a> in which 250 people died. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1930s:_Arab_armed_insurgency">1930s: Arab armed insurgency</h3></div> <p>In 1930, <a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">Sheikh</a> <a href="/wiki/Izz_ad-Din_al-Qassam" title="Izz ad-Din al-Qassam">Izz ad-Din al-Qassam</a> arrived in Palestine from Syria, then part of the French-ruled <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon</a>, and organised and established the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hand_(Mandatory_Palestine)" title="Black Hand (Mandatory Palestine)">Black Hand</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Zionist">anti-Zionist</a> and anti-British militant organisation. He recruited and arranged military training for peasants, and by 1935 he had enlisted between 200 and 800 men. They used bombs and firearms against Zionist settlers and vandalised settlers' orchards and British-built railway lines.<sup id="cite_ref-segev_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-segev-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1935, two of his men engaged in a firefight with a <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestine Police">Palestine Police</a> patrol hunting fruit thieves and a policeman was killed. Following the incident, British colonial police launched a search and surrounded al-Qassam in a cave near <a href="/wiki/Ya%27bad" title="Ya'bad">Ya'bad</a>. In the ensuing battle, al-Qassam was killed.<sup id="cite_ref-segev_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-segev-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Arab_revolt">The Arab revolt</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Resistance_of_Palestinian_men_and_women.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Resistance_of_Palestinian_men_and_women.png/220px-Resistance_of_Palestinian_men_and_women.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Resistance_of_Palestinian_men_and_women.png/330px-Resistance_of_Palestinian_men_and_women.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Resistance_of_Palestinian_men_and_women.png/440px-Resistance_of_Palestinian_men_and_women.png 2x" data-file-width="1820" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>Arab revolt against the British</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine</a></div> <p>The death of al-Qassam on 20 November 1935 generated widespread outrage in the Arab community. Huge crowds accompanied Qassam's body to his grave in <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>. A few months later, in April 1936, the Arab national <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strike</a> broke out. The strike lasted until October 1936, instigated by the Arab Higher Committee, headed by Amin al-Husseini. During the summer of that year, thousands of Jewish-farmed acres and orchards were destroyed. Jewish civilians were attacked and killed, and some Jewish communities, such as those in <a href="/wiki/Beisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Beisan">Beisan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27an" title="Beit She'an">Beit She'an</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>, fled to safer areas.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The violence abated for about a year while the British sent the <a href="/wiki/Peel_Commission" title="Peel Commission">Peel Commission</a> to investigate.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the first stages of the Arab Revolt, due to rivalry between the clans of al-Husseini and <a href="/wiki/Nashashibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nashashibi">Nashashibi</a> among the Palestinian Arabs, Raghib Nashashibi was forced to flee to Egypt after several assassination attempts ordered by Amin al-Husseini.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Arab rejection of the Peel Commission recommendation, the revolt resumed in autumn 1937. Over the next 18 months, the British lost <a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a> and Hebron. British forces, supported by 6,000 armed Jewish auxiliary police,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suppressed the widespread riots with overwhelming force. The British officer <a href="/wiki/Orde_Charles_Wingate" class="mw-redirect" title="Orde Charles Wingate">Charles Orde Wingate</a> (who supported a Zionist revival for religious reasons<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) organised <a href="/wiki/Special_Night_Squads" title="Special Night Squads">Special Night Squads</a> of British soldiers and Jewish volunteers such as <a href="/wiki/Yigal_Alon" class="mw-redirect" title="Yigal Alon">Yigal Alon</a>; these "scored significant successes against the Arab rebels in the lower Galilee and in the Jezreel valley"<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by conducting raids on Arab villages.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a>, a Jewish militia group, used violence also against Arab civilians as "retaliatory acts",<sup id="cite_ref-Irgun_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irgun-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irgun_attacks_during_the_1930s" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Irgun attacks during the 1930s">attacking marketplaces and buses</a>. </p><p>By the time the revolt concluded in March 1939, more than 5,000 Arabs, 400 Jews, and 200 British had been killed and at least 15,000 Arabs were wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-HistoryOfPalestinianRevolts_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistoryOfPalestinianRevolts-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In total, 10% of the adult Arab male population was killed, wounded, imprisoned, or exiled.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1936 to 1945, while establishing collaborative security arrangements with the Jewish Agency, the British confiscated 13,200 firearms from Arabs and 521 weapons from Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi1987845_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi1987845-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The attacks on the Jewish population by Arabs had three lasting effects: firstly, they led to the formation and development of Jewish underground militias, primarily the <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a>, which were to prove decisive in 1948. Secondly, it became clear that the two communities could not be reconciled, and the idea of partition was born. Thirdly, the British responded to Arab opposition with the <a href="/wiki/White_Paper_of_1939" title="White Paper of 1939">White Paper of 1939</a>, which severely restricted Jewish land purchase and immigration. However, with the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, even this reduced immigration quota was not reached. The White Paper policy itself radicalised segments of the Jewish population, who after the war would no longer cooperate with the British. </p><p>The revolt had also a negative effect on Palestinian Arab leadership, social cohesion, and military capabilities, and it contributed to the outcome of the 1948 War because "when the Palestinians faced their most fateful challenge in 1947–49, they were still suffering from the British repression of 1936–39, and were in effect without a unified leadership. Indeed, it might be argued that they were virtually without any leadership at all."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200128_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200128-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Partition_proposals">Partition proposals</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jewish_protest_demonstrations_against_Palestine_White_Paper,_May_18,_1939._King_George_Ave,_Jerusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jewish_protest_demonstrations_against_Palestine_White_Paper%2C_May_18%2C_1939._King_George_Ave%2C_Jerusalem.jpg/220px-Jewish_protest_demonstrations_against_Palestine_White_Paper%2C_May_18%2C_1939._King_George_Ave%2C_Jerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jewish_protest_demonstrations_against_Palestine_White_Paper%2C_May_18%2C_1939._King_George_Ave%2C_Jerusalem.jpg/330px-Jewish_protest_demonstrations_against_Palestine_White_Paper%2C_May_18%2C_1939._King_George_Ave%2C_Jerusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jewish_protest_demonstrations_against_Palestine_White_Paper%2C_May_18%2C_1939._King_George_Ave%2C_Jerusalem.jpg/440px-Jewish_protest_demonstrations_against_Palestine_White_Paper%2C_May_18%2C_1939._King_George_Ave%2C_Jerusalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3138" data-file-height="2227" /></a><figcaption>Jewish demonstration against White Paper in Jerusalem in 1939</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1937, the <a href="/wiki/Peel_Commission" title="Peel Commission">Peel Commission</a> proposed a partition between a small Jewish state, whose Arab population would have to be transferred, and an Arab state to be attached to the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Emirate of Transjordan</a>, this emirate also being part of the wider <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">Mandate for Palestine</a>. The proposal was rejected outright by the Arabs. The two main Jewish leaders, <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Weizmann" title="Chaim Weizmann">Chaim Weizmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a>, had convinced the <a href="/wiki/World_Zionist_Congress" title="World Zionist Congress">Zionist Congress</a> to equivocally approve the Peel recommendations as a basis for more negotiation.<sup id="cite_ref-Louis_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Louis-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morris66_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris66-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morris48_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris48-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/1937_Ben-Gurion_letter" title="1937 Ben-Gurion letter">a letter to his son in October 1937</a>, Ben-Gurion explained that partition would be a first step to "possession of the land as a whole".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Finkelstein208_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkelstein208-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same sentiment was recorded by Ben-Gurion on other occasions, such as at a meeting of the Jewish Agency executive in June 1938,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as by Chaim Weizmann.<sup id="cite_ref-Finkelstein208_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkelstein208-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1939" title="London Conference of 1939">London Conference</a> in February and March 1939, the British Government published a <a href="/wiki/1939_White_Paper" class="mw-redirect" title="1939 White Paper">White Paper</a> which proposed a limit to Jewish immigration from Europe, restrictions on Jewish land purchases, and a programme for creating an independent state to replace the Mandate within ten years. This was seen by the <i><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a></i> as betrayal of the mandatory terms, especially in light of the increasing persecution of Jews in Europe. In response, Zionists organised <i><a href="/wiki/Aliyah_Bet" title="Aliyah Bet">Aliyah Bet</a></i>, a programme of illegal immigration into Palestine. <a href="/wiki/Lehi_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lehi (group)">Lehi</a>, a small group of extremist Zionists, staged armed attacks on British authorities in Palestine. However, the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Agency">Jewish Agency</a>, which represented the mainstream Zionist leadership and most of the Jewish population, still hoped to persuade Britain to allow resumed Jewish immigration and cooperated with Britain during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Allied_and_Axis_activity">Allied and Axis activity</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:060_1942_-_Tom_Beazley%27s_mates_(l_to_r)_George_Dobner,_Norm_Grainger_%5E_Reg_Shephard_at_Tel-Aviv,_Pales.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/060_1942_-_Tom_Beazley%27s_mates_%28l_to_r%29_George_Dobner%2C_Norm_Grainger_%5E_Reg_Shephard_at_Tel-Aviv%2C_Pales.jpg/220px-060_1942_-_Tom_Beazley%27s_mates_%28l_to_r%29_George_Dobner%2C_Norm_Grainger_%5E_Reg_Shephard_at_Tel-Aviv%2C_Pales.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/060_1942_-_Tom_Beazley%27s_mates_%28l_to_r%29_George_Dobner%2C_Norm_Grainger_%5E_Reg_Shephard_at_Tel-Aviv%2C_Pales.jpg/330px-060_1942_-_Tom_Beazley%27s_mates_%28l_to_r%29_George_Dobner%2C_Norm_Grainger_%5E_Reg_Shephard_at_Tel-Aviv%2C_Pales.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/060_1942_-_Tom_Beazley%27s_mates_%28l_to_r%29_George_Dobner%2C_Norm_Grainger_%5E_Reg_Shephard_at_Tel-Aviv%2C_Pales.jpg/440px-060_1942_-_Tom_Beazley%27s_mates_%28l_to_r%29_George_Dobner%2C_Norm_Grainger_%5E_Reg_Shephard_at_Tel-Aviv%2C_Pales.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1774" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Australian soldiers in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> in 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>On 10 June 1940, during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> declared war on the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and sided with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. Within a month, the Italians <a href="/wiki/Italian_bombings_on_Palestine_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian bombings on Palestine in World War II">attacked Palestine from the air</a>, bombing <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> inflicting multiple casualties. </p><p>In 1942, there was a period of great concern for the <i><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a></i>, when the German forces of General <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Erwin Rommel</a> advanced east across <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> towards the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>, raising a fear that they would conquer Palestine. This period was referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/200_days_of_dread" title="200 days of dread">200 days of dread</a>". This event was the direct cause for the founding, with British support, of the <i><a href="/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach">Palmach</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – a highly trained regular unit belonging to <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a> (a paramilitary group composed mostly of reserves). </p><p>As in most of the Arab world, there was no unanimity amongst the Palestinian Arabs as to their position regarding the belligerents in the Second World War. A number of leaders and public figures saw an <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> victory as the likely outcome and a way of securing Palestine back from the Zionists and the British. Even though Arabs were not highly regarded by <a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazism and race">Nazi racial theory</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazis">Nazis</a> encouraged Arab support as a counter to British hegemony.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the anniversary of the Balfour Declaration in 1943, <i><a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Reichsführer-SS">Reichsführer-SS</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> and Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a> sent telegrams of support for the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mufti_of_Jerusalem" title="Grand Mufti of Jerusalem">Grand Mufti of Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Amin_al-Husseini" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Amin al-Husseini">Mohammad Amin al-Husseini</a>, to read out for a radio broadcast to a rally of supporters in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, as many as 12,000 Palestinian Arabs, with the endorsement of many prominent figures such as the mayors of <a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a> and media such as "Radio Palestine"<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the prominent <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>-based <i><a href="/wiki/Falastin" title="Falastin">Falastin</a></i> newspaper,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> volunteered to join and fight for the British, with many serving in units that also included Jews from Palestine. 120 Palestinian women also served as part of the <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_Territorial_Service" title="Auxiliary Territorial Service">Auxiliary Territorial Service</a>. However, this history has been less studied, as Israeli sources put more focus in studying the role played by Jewish soldiers. Meanwhile, Palestinian sources "were not eager to glorify the names of those who cooperated with Britain not so many years after the British put down the Arab Revolt of 1936-1939, and thereby indirectly helped the Jews establish a state."<sup id="cite_ref-Aderet_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aderet-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mobilisation">Mobilisation</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JB_HQ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bb/JB_HQ.jpg/220px-JB_HQ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/bb/JB_HQ.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="177" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Brigade" title="Jewish Brigade">Jewish Brigade</a> headquarters under the <a href="/wiki/Union_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Flag">Union Flag</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Israel" title="Flag of Israel">Jewish flag</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 3 July 1944, the British government consented to the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Brigade" title="Jewish Brigade">Jewish Brigade</a> within the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>, with hand-picked Jewish and also non-Jewish senior officers. On 20 September 1944, an official communiqué by the <a href="/wiki/War_Office" title="War Office">War Office</a> announced the formation of the Jewish Brigade Group of the British Army. The Jewish Brigade then was stationed in <a href="/wiki/Tarvisio" title="Tarvisio">Tarvisio</a>, near the border triangle of Italy, <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, and Austria, where it played a key role in the <a href="/wiki/Berihah" class="mw-redirect" title="Berihah">Berihah</a>'s efforts to help Jews escape Europe for Palestine, a role many of its members would continue after the brigade was disbanded. Among its projects was the education and care of the <a href="/wiki/Selvino_children" title="Selvino children">Selvino children</a>. Later, veterans of the Jewish Brigade were to play a major role in the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a> (IDF). </p><p>From the Palestine Regiment, two platoons, one Jewish, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_(United_Kingdom)" title="Brigadier (United Kingdom)">Brigadier</a> <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Benjamin" title="Ernest Benjamin">Ernest Benjamin</a>, and another Arab, were sent to join Allied forces on the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign (World War II)">Italian Front</a>, having taken part in the <a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">final offensive</a> there. </p><p>Besides Jews and Arabs from Palestine, in total by mid-1944 the British had assembled a multiethnic force consisting of volunteer European Jewish refugees (from German-occupied countries), <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemenite Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Abyssinian Jews</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Holocaust_and_immigration_quotas">The Holocaust and immigration quotas</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagana_Ship_-_Jewish_State_at_Haifa_Port_(1947).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Hagana_Ship_-_Jewish_State_at_Haifa_Port_%281947%29.jpg/220px-Hagana_Ship_-_Jewish_State_at_Haifa_Port_%281947%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Hagana_Ship_-_Jewish_State_at_Haifa_Port_%281947%29.jpg/330px-Hagana_Ship_-_Jewish_State_at_Haifa_Port_%281947%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Hagana_Ship_-_Jewish_State_at_Haifa_Port_%281947%29.jpg/440px-Hagana_Ship_-_Jewish_State_at_Haifa_Port_%281947%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption><i>Jewish State</i> ship, one of several Haganah ships that carried Jewish immigrants from Europe, mostly illegal, at the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Haifa" title="Port of Haifa">Haifa Port</a>, Mandatory Palestine, 1947<sup id="cite_ref-JIJI_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JIJI-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1939, as a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/White_Paper_of_1939" title="White Paper of 1939">White Paper of 1939</a>, the British reduced the number of immigrants allowed into Palestine. The <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> started shortly thereafter and once the 15,000 annual quota was exceeded, Jews fleeing <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> persecution were interned in detention camps or deported to places such as <a href="/wiki/British_Mauritius" title="British Mauritius">Mauritius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in 1939, a clandestine immigration effort called <i><a href="/wiki/Aliya_Bet" class="mw-redirect" title="Aliya Bet">Aliya Bet</a></i> was spearheaded by an organisation called <a href="/wiki/Mossad_LeAliyah_Bet" title="Mossad LeAliyah Bet">Mossad LeAliyah Bet</a>. Tens of thousands of European Jews escaped the Nazis in boats and small ships headed for Palestine. The British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> intercepted many of the vessels; others were unseaworthy and were wrecked; a <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a> bomb sunk the <a href="/wiki/SS_Patria_(1913)" title="SS Patria (1913)">SS <i>Patria</i></a>, killing 267 people; two other ships were sunk by <a href="/wiki/Shchuka-class_submarine" title="Shchuka-class submarine">Soviet submarines</a>: the motor <a href="/wiki/Schooner" title="Schooner">schooner</a> <a href="/wiki/MV_Struma" title="MV Struma"><i>Struma</i></a> was <a href="/wiki/Struma_disaster" title="Struma disaster">torpedoed and sunk</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> by a Soviet submarine in February 1942 with the loss of nearly 800 lives.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last refugee boats to try to reach Palestine during the war were the <i>Bulbul</i>, <a href="/wiki/MV_Mefk%C3%BCre" title="MV Mefküre"><i>Mefküre</i></a> and <i>Morina</i> in August 1944. A Soviet submarine sank the motor schooner <i>Mefküre</i> by torpedo and shellfire and machine-gunned survivors in the water,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> killing between 300 and 400 refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Illegal immigration resumed after the end of the Second World War, especially by the Haganah, who carried mostly illegal Jewish immigrants in the period 1945-47.<sup id="cite_ref-JIJI_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JIJI-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the war, 250,000 Jewish refugees were stranded in displaced persons (DP) camps in Europe. Despite the pressure of world opinion, in particular the repeated requests of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._President" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. President">U.S. President</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>, and the recommendations of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-American_Committee_of_Inquiry" title="Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry">Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry</a> that 100,000 Jews be immediately granted entry to Palestine, the British maintained the ban on immigration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beginning_of_Zionist_insurgency">Beginning of Zionist insurgency</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VE_day_Jerusalem_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/VE_day_Jerusalem_1945.jpg/220px-VE_day_Jerusalem_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/VE_day_Jerusalem_1945.jpg/330px-VE_day_Jerusalem_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/VE_day_Jerusalem_1945.jpg/440px-VE_day_Jerusalem_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4369" data-file-height="3163" /></a><figcaption>Jerusalem on <a href="/wiki/VE_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="VE Day">VE Day</a>, 8 May 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>The Jewish <a href="/wiki/Lehi_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lehi (group)">Lehi (Fighters for the Freedom of Israel)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun (National Military Organisation)</a> movements initiated <a href="/wiki/Jewish_insurgency_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish insurgency in Palestine">violent uprisings</a> against the British Mandate in the 1940s. On 6 November 1944, <a href="/wiki/Eliyahu_Hakim" title="Eliyahu Hakim">Eliyahu Hakim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eliyahu_Bet_Zuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Eliyahu Bet Zuri">Eliyahu Bet Zuri</a> (members of Lehi) assassinated <a href="/wiki/Walter_Edward_Guinness,_1st_Baron_Moyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Edward Guinness, 1st Baron Moyne">Lord Moyne</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>. Moyne was the British Minister of State for the Middle East and the assassination is said by some to have turned British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> against the Zionist cause. After the assassination of Lord Moyne, the <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a> kidnapped, interrogated, and turned over to the British many members of the Irgun ("<a href="/wiki/The_Hunting_Season" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hunting Season">The Hunting Season</a>"), and the Jewish Agency Executive decided on a series of measures against "terrorist organisations" in Palestine. Irgun ordered its members not to resist or retaliate with violence, so as to prevent a civil war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_Second_World_War:_Insurgency_and_the_Partition_Plan">After the Second World War: Insurgency and the Partition Plan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1947_UN_Partition_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="1947 UN Partition Plan">1947 UN Partition Plan</a> and <a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_Civil_War_in_Mandatory_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine</a></div> <p>The three main Jewish underground forces later united to form the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Resistance_Movement" title="Jewish Resistance Movement">Jewish Resistance Movement</a> and carry out several attacks and bombings against the British administration. In 1946, the Irgun blew up the <a href="/wiki/King_David_Hotel_bombing" title="King David Hotel bombing">King David Hotel</a> in Jerusalem, the southern wing of which was the headquarters of the British administration, killing 92 people. Following the bombing, the British Government began interning <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_British_camps_on_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in British camps on Cyprus">illegal Jewish immigrants in Cyprus</a>. In 1948, the Lehi assassinated <a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">Count</a> <a href="/wiki/Folke_Bernadotte" title="Folke Bernadotte">Bernadotte</a>, the UN mediator, in Jerusalem. <a href="/wiki/Yitzak_Shamir" class="mw-redirect" title="Yitzak Shamir">Yitzak Shamir</a>, a future <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel" title="Prime Minister of Israel">Prime Minister of Israel</a>, was one of the conspirators. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UN_Partition_Plan_For_Palestine_1947.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/UN_Partition_Plan_For_Palestine_1947.svg/170px-UN_Partition_Plan_For_Palestine_1947.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/UN_Partition_Plan_For_Palestine_1947.svg/255px-UN_Partition_Plan_For_Palestine_1947.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/UN_Partition_Plan_For_Palestine_1947.svg/340px-UN_Partition_Plan_For_Palestine_1947.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="1416" /></a><figcaption>The UN Partition Plan</figcaption></figure> <p>The negative publicity resulting from the situation in Palestine caused the Mandate to become widely unpopular in Britain itself and caused the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> to delay granting the British vital loans for reconstruction. The British <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> had promised before its election in 1945 to allow mass Jewish migration into Palestine but reneged on this promise once in office. Anti-British Jewish militancy increased, and the situation required the presence of over 100,000 British troops in the country. Following the Acre Prison Break and the retaliatory hanging of British sergeants by the Irgun, the British announced their desire to terminate the mandate and to withdraw by no later than the beginning of August 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-American_Committee_of_Inquiry" title="Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry">Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry</a> in 1946 was a joint attempt by Britain and the United States to agree on a policy regarding the admission of Jews to Palestine. In April, the Committee reported that its members had arrived at a unanimous decision. The Committee approved the American recommendation of the immediate acceptance of 100,000 Jewish refugees from Europe into Palestine. It also recommended that there be no Arab or Jewish state. The Committee stated that "in order to dispose, once and for all, of the exclusive claims of Jews and Arabs to Palestine, we regard it as essential that a clear statement of principle should be made that Jew shall not dominate Arab and Arab shall not dominate Jew in Palestine". U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> angered the British Government by issuing a statement supporting the 100,000 refugees but refusing to acknowledge the rest of the committee's findings. Britain had asked for U.S. assistance in implementing the recommendations. The <a href="/wiki/US_War_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="US War Department">US War Department</a> had said earlier that to assist Britain in maintaining order against an Arab revolt, an open-ended US commitment of 300,000 troops would be necessary. The immediate admission of 100,000 new Jewish immigrants would almost certainly have provoked an Arab uprising.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These events were the decisive factors that forced Britain to announce their desire to terminate the Palestine Mandate and place the Question of Palestine before the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the successor to the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>. The UN created <a href="/wiki/UNSCOP" class="mw-redirect" title="UNSCOP">UNSCOP</a> (the UN Special Committee on Palestine) on 15 May 1947, with representatives from 11 countries. UNSCOP conducted hearings and made a general survey of the situation in Palestine and issued its report on 31 August. Seven members (Canada, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, Guatemala, Netherlands, Peru, Sweden, and Uruguay) recommended the creation of independent Arab and Jewish states, with Jerusalem to be placed under <a href="/wiki/Corpus_separatum_(Jerusalem)" title="Corpus separatum (Jerusalem)">international administration</a>. Three members (India, Iran, and <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>) supported the creation of a single federal state containing both Jewish and Arab constituent states. Australia abstained.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 29 November 1947, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">the UN General Assembly, voting 33 to 13, with 10 abstentions, adopted a resolution</a> recommending the adoption and implementation of the <i>Plan of Partition with Economic Union</i> as Resolution 181 (II),<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while making some adjustments to the boundaries between the two states proposed by it. The division was to take effect on the date of British withdrawal. The partition plan required that the proposed states grant full civil rights to all people within their borders, regardless of race, religion or gender. The UN General Assembly is only granted the power to make recommendations; therefore, UNGAR 181 was not legally binding.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the US and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> supported the resolution. Haiti, Liberia, and the Philippines changed their votes at the last moment after concerted pressure from the US and from Zionist organisations.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The five members of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, who were voting members at the time, voted against the Plan. </p><p>The Jewish Agency, which was the Jewish state-in-formation, accepted the plan, and nearly all the Jews in Palestine rejoiced at the news. </p><p>The partition plan was rejected by the Palestinian Arab leadership and by most of the Arab population.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meeting in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> on November and December 1947, the Arab League then adopted a series of resolutions endorsing a military solution to the conflict. </p><p>Britain announced that it would accept the partition plan, but refused to enforce it, arguing it was not accepted by the Arabs. Britain also refused to share the administration of Palestine with the UN Palestine Commission during the transitional period. In September 1947, the British government announced that the Mandate for Palestine would end at midnight on 14 May 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sherman_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherman-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Jewish organisations also opposed the proposal. <a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a> announced, "The partition of the Homeland is illegal. It will never be recognised. The signature by institutions and individuals of the partition agreement is invalid. It will not bind the Jewish people. Jerusalem was and will forever be our capital. Eretz Israel will be restored to the people of Israel. All of it. And for ever."<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Termination_of_the_mandate">Termination of the mandate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/End_of_the_British_Mandate_for_Palestine" title="End of the British Mandate for Palestine">End of the British Mandate for Palestine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BritsLvHaifa3061948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/BritsLvHaifa3061948.jpg/220px-BritsLvHaifa3061948.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/BritsLvHaifa3061948.jpg/330px-BritsLvHaifa3061948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/BritsLvHaifa3061948.jpg/440px-BritsLvHaifa3061948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1532" /></a><figcaption>British troops leaving <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> in 1948</figcaption></figure> <p>When the United Kingdom announced the independence of the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Emirate of Transjordan</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan</a> in 1946, the final Assembly of the League of Nations and the General Assembly both adopted resolutions welcoming the news.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jewish Agency objected, claiming that Transjordan was an integral part of Palestine, and that according to Article 80 of the <a href="/wiki/UN_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Charter">UN Charter</a>, the Jewish people had a secured interest in its territory.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the General Assembly deliberations on Palestine, there were suggestions that it would be desirable to incorporate part of Transjordan's territory into the proposed Jewish state. A few days before the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Resolution_181" class="mw-redirect" title="Resolution 181">Resolution 181</a> (II) on 29 November 1947, US Secretary of State Marshall noted frequent references had been made by the Ad Hoc Committee regarding the desirability of the Jewish State having both the <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a> and an "outlet to the Red Sea and the Port of Aqaba".<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to John Snetsinger, Chaim Weizmann visited President Truman on 19 November 1947 and said it was imperative that the Negev and Port of Aqaba be within the Jewish state.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Truman telephoned the US delegation to the UN and told them he supported Weizmann's position.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Jordan_memorandum" title="Trans-Jordan memorandum">Trans-Jordan memorandum</a> excluded territories of the Emirate of Transjordan from any Jewish settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Immediately after the UN resolution, <a href="/wiki/1947-1948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="1947-1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">civil war</a> broke out between the Arab and Jewish communities, and British authority began to break down. On 16 December 1947, the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Police_Force" title="Palestine Police Force">Palestine Police Force</a> withdrew from the <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> area, home to more than half the Jewish population, and turned over responsibility for the maintenance of law and order to Jewish police.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the civil war raged on, British military forces gradually withdrew from Palestine, although they occasionally intervened in favour of either side. Many of these areas became war zones. The British maintained strong presences in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, even as Jerusalem came under siege by Arab forces and became the scene of fierce fighting, though the British occasionally intervened in the fighting, largely to secure their evacuation routes, including by proclaiming martial law and enforcing truces. The <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Police_Force" title="Palestine Police Force">Palestine Police Force</a> was largely inoperative, and government services such as social welfare, water supplies, and postal services were withdrawn. In March 1948, all British judges in Palestine were sent back to Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1948, the British withdrew from most of Haifa but retained an enclave in the port area to be used in the evacuation of British forces, and retained <a href="/wiki/Ramat_David_Airbase" title="Ramat David Airbase">RAF Ramat David</a>, an airbase close to Haifa, to cover their retreat, leaving behind a volunteer police force to maintain order. The city was quickly captured by the <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haifa_(1948)" title="Battle of Haifa (1948)">Battle of Haifa</a>. After the victory, British forces in Jerusalem announced that they had no intention of overseeing any local administration but also that they would not permit actions that would hamper the safe and orderly withdrawal of their forces; military courts would try anybody who interfered.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hansard_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hansard-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although by this time British authority in most of Palestine had broken down, with most of the country in the hands of Jews or Arabs, the British air and sea blockade of Palestine remained in place. Although Arab volunteers were able to cross the borders between Palestine and the surrounding Arab states to join the fighting, the British did not allow the regular armies of the surrounding Arab states to cross into Palestine. </p><p>The British had notified the UN of their intent to terminate the mandate not later than 1 August 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, early in 1948, the United Kingdom announced its firm intention to end its mandate in Palestine on 15 May. In response, President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> made a <a href="/wiki/Truman_trusteeship_proposal" class="mw-redirect" title="Truman trusteeship proposal">statement on 25 March proposing UN trusteeship rather than partition</a>, stating that "unfortunately, it has become clear that the partition plan cannot be carried out at this time by peaceful means... unless emergency action is taken, there will be no public authority in Palestine on that date capable of preserving law and order. Violence and bloodshed will descend upon the Holy Land. Large-scale fighting among the people of that country will be the inevitable result".<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">British Parliament</a> passed the necessary legislation to terminate the Mandate with the Palestine Bill, which received <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a> on 29 April 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-Northey_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Northey-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Letter_from_Eliahu_Epstein_to_Harry_S._Truman,_May_14,_1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Letter_from_Eliahu_Epstein_to_Harry_S._Truman%2C_May_14%2C_1948.jpg/220px-Letter_from_Eliahu_Epstein_to_Harry_S._Truman%2C_May_14%2C_1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Letter_from_Eliahu_Epstein_to_Harry_S._Truman%2C_May_14%2C_1948.jpg/330px-Letter_from_Eliahu_Epstein_to_Harry_S._Truman%2C_May_14%2C_1948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Letter_from_Eliahu_Epstein_to_Harry_S._Truman%2C_May_14%2C_1948.jpg/440px-Letter_from_Eliahu_Epstein_to_Harry_S._Truman%2C_May_14%2C_1948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>On the day of its proclamation, <a href="/wiki/Eliahu_Epstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Eliahu Epstein">Eliahu Epstein</a> wrote to <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> that the state had been proclaimed "within the frontiers approved by the General Assembly of the United Nations in its Resolution of November 29, 1947".</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_(GPO)_-_Hoisting_of_the_national_flag_during_a_special_ceremony_of_elementary_school_children.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Hoisting_of_the_national_flag_during_a_special_ceremony_of_elementary_school_children.jpg/200px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Hoisting_of_the_national_flag_during_a_special_ceremony_of_elementary_school_children.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Hoisting_of_the_national_flag_during_a_special_ceremony_of_elementary_school_children.jpg/300px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Hoisting_of_the_national_flag_during_a_special_ceremony_of_elementary_school_children.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Hoisting_of_the_national_flag_during_a_special_ceremony_of_elementary_school_children.jpg/400px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Hoisting_of_the_national_flag_during_a_special_ceremony_of_elementary_school_children.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2508" data-file-height="2508" /></a><figcaption>Hoisting of the Yishuv flag in Tel Aviv, 1 January 1948</figcaption></figure> <p>By 14 May 1948, the only British forces remaining in Palestine were in the Haifa area and in Jerusalem. On that same day, the British garrison in Jerusalem withdrew, and the last High Commissioner, <a href="/wiki/General_(United_Kingdom)" title="General (United Kingdom)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Cunningham" title="Alan Cunningham">Sir Alan Cunningham</a>, left the city for Haifa, where he was to leave the country by sea. The Jewish leadership, led by the future Prime Minister, David Ben-Gurion, <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_(Israel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of Independence (Israel)">declared the establishment</a> of a Jewish State in <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Eretz-Israel</a>, to be known as the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Israel">State of Israel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the afternoon of 14 May 1948 (5 Iyar 5708 in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a>), to come into effect at the moment of termination of the Mandate at midnight.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also on the 14th, the Provisional Government of Israel asked the US Government for recognition, on the frontiers specified in the UN Plan for Partition.<sup id="cite_ref-Epstein_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epstein-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States immediately replied, recognizing "the provisional government as the de facto authority".<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At midnight on 14/15 May 1948, the Mandate for Palestine expired, and the State of Israel came into being. The Palestine Government formally ceased to exist, the status of British forces still in the process of withdrawal from Haifa changed to occupiers of foreign territory, the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Police_Force" title="Palestine Police Force">Palestine Police Force</a> formally stood down and was disbanded, with the remaining personnel evacuated alongside British military forces, the British blockade of Palestine was lifted, and all those who had been <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Citizenship_Order,_1925" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian Citizenship Order, 1925">Palestinian citizens</a> ceased to be <a href="/wiki/British_protected_person" title="British protected person">British protected persons</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine_passport" title="Mandatory Palestine passport">Mandatory Palestine passports</a> no longer giving British protection.<sup id="cite_ref-hansard_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hansard-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> took place both before and after the end of the Mandate.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Khalidi_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khalidi-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the next few days, approximately 700 Lebanese, 1,876 Syrian, 4,000 Iraqi, and 2,800 Egyptian troops crossed over the borders into Palestine, starting the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 4,500 Transjordanian troops, commanded partly by 38 British officers who had resigned their commissions in the British Army only weeks earlier, including overall commander, General <a href="/wiki/John_Bagot_Glubb" title="John Bagot Glubb">John Bagot Glubb</a>, entered the <a href="/wiki/Corpus_separatum_(Jerusalem)" title="Corpus separatum (Jerusalem)"><i>corpus separatum</i> region encompassing Jerusalem and its environs</a> (in response to the Haganah's <a href="/wiki/Operation_Kilshon" title="Operation Kilshon">Operation Kilshon</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and moved into areas designated as part of the Arab state by the UN partition plan. The war, which was to last until 1949, would see Israel expand to encompass about 78% of the territory of the former British Mandate, with Transjordan seizing and subsequently annexing the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Kingdom of Egypt</a> seizing the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>. With the end of the Mandate, the remaining British troops in Israel were concentrated in an enclave in the Haifa port area, through which they were being withdrawn, and at RAF Ramat David, which was maintained to cover the withdrawal. The British handed over RAF Ramat David to the Israelis on 26 May and on 30 June, the last British troops were evacuated from Haifa. The British flag was lowered from the administrative building of the Port of Haifa and the Israeli flag was raised in its place, and the Haifa port area was formally handed over to the Israeli authorities in a ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> <p>The administration of the Mandate was officially under British Government Service however, the Peel Commission noted that it was unreliable, understaffed, and over-centralised and that racial antagonism between Jews and Arabs had begun affecting the whole Administration. The Jewish Agency and the Arab Higher Committee representing the Jews and the Arabs respectively, had grown to be parallel governments themselves, a case of <i>imperium in imperio</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palestinian_Arab_community">Palestinian Arab community</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee" title="Arab Higher Committee">Arab Higher Committee</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:325px;max-width:325px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:109px;max-width:109px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Mandate_Palestinian_passport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/British_Mandate_Palestinian_passport.jpg/107px-British_Mandate_Palestinian_passport.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/British_Mandate_Palestinian_passport.jpg/161px-British_Mandate_Palestinian_passport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/British_Mandate_Palestinian_passport.jpg/214px-British_Mandate_Palestinian_passport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="453" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Front cover</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2011-07-04_09.41.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/2011-07-04_09.41.jpg/210px-2011-07-04_09.41.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/2011-07-04_09.41.jpg/315px-2011-07-04_09.41.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/2011-07-04_09.41.jpg/420px-2011-07-04_09.41.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1801" data-file-height="1320" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Biographical pages</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Passports from the British Mandate era</div></div></div></div> <p>The resolution of the <a href="/wiki/San_Remo_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="San Remo Conference">San Remo Conference</a> contained a safeguarding clause for the existing rights of the non-Jewish communities. The conference accepted the terms of the Mandate with reference to Palestine, on the understanding that there was inserted in the memorandum a legal undertaking by the Mandatory Power that it would not involve the surrender of the rights hitherto enjoyed by the non-Jewish communities in Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The draft mandates for <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq" title="Mandatory Iraq">Mesopotamia</a> and Palestine, and all of the post-war peace treaties, contained clauses for the protection of religious groups and minorities. The mandates invoked the compulsory jurisdiction of the Permanent Court of International Justice in the event of any disputes.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Article 62 (LXII) of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin</a>, signed on 13 July 1878,<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dealt with religious freedom and <a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">civil and political rights</a> in all parts of the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The guarantees have frequently been referred to as "religious rights" or "minority rights". However, the guarantees included a prohibition against discrimination in civil and political matters. Difference of religion could not be alleged against any person as a ground for exclusion or incapacity in matters relating to the enjoyment of civil or political rights, admission to public employments, functions, and honours, or the exercise of the various professions and industries, "in any locality whatsoever". </p><p>A legal analysis performed by the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> (ICJ) noted that the <a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Covenant of the League of Nations">Covenant of the League of Nations</a> had provisionally recognised the communities of Palestine as independent nations. The mandate simply marked a transitory period, with the aim and object of leading the mandated territory to become an independent self-governing State.<sup id="cite_ref-Ormsby_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ormsby-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judge Higgins explained that the Palestinian people are entitled to their territory, to exercise <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>, and to have their own State."<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court said that specific guarantees regarding freedom of movement and access to the Holy Sites contained in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin</a> (1878) had been preserved under the terms of the Palestine Mandate and a chapter of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to historian <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Khalidi" title="Rashid Khalidi">Rashid Khalidi</a>, the mandate ignored the political rights of the Arabs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200632–33_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200632–33-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Arab leadership repeatedly pressed the British to grant them national and political rights, such as representative government, over Jewish national and political rights in the remaining 23% of the Mandate of Palestine which the British had set aside for a Jewish homeland. The Arabs reminded the British of <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">President Wilson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points" title="Fourteen Points">Fourteen Points</a> and British promises during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. The British, however, made acceptance of the terms of the mandate a precondition for any change in the constitutional position of the Arabs. A legislative council was proposed in <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Constitution of Mandatory Palestine">The Palestine Order in Council</a>, of 1922, which implemented the terms of the mandate. It stated that: "No Ordinance shall be passed which shall be in any way repugnant to or inconsistent with the provisions of the Mandate." For the Arabs, this decree was unacceptable, akin to "self murder".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200633–34_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200633–34-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the Arabs boycotted the <a href="/wiki/1923_Palestinian_Legislative_Council_election" title="1923 Palestinian Legislative Council election">elections to the Council</a> held in 1923, which were subsequently annulled.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the interwar period, the British rejected the principle of majority rule or any other measure that would give Arabs control of the government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200632,_36_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200632,_36-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The terms of the mandate required the establishment of self-governing institutions in both Palestine and Transjordan. In 1947, the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign Secretary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bevin" title="Ernest Bevin">Ernest Bevin</a>, admitted that, during the previous twenty-five years, the British had done their best to further the legitimate aspirations of the Jewish communities without prejudicing the interests of the Arabs, but had failed to "secure the development of self-governing institutions" in accordance with the terms of the Mandate.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Palestinian_Arab_leadership_and_national_aspirations">Palestinian Arab leadership and national aspirations</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian Nationalism">Palestinian Nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palestine_1930.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Palestine_1930.jpg/170px-Palestine_1930.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Palestine_1930.jpg/255px-Palestine_1930.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Palestine_1930.jpg/340px-Palestine_1930.jpg 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="811" /></a><figcaption>A 1930 protest in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> against the British Mandate by Arab women. The sign reads "No dialogue, no negotiations until termination of the Mandate."</figcaption></figure> <p>Under the British Mandate, the office of "Mufti of Jerusalem", traditionally limited in authority and geographical scope, was refashioned into that of "Grand Mufti of Palestine". Furthermore, a Supreme Muslim Council (SMC) was established and given various duties, such as the administration of <a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">religious endowments</a> and the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">religious judges</a> and local muftis. In Ottoman times, these duties had been fulfilled by the Imperial bureaucracy in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (<a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200663_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200663-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In dealings with the Palestinian Arabs, the British negotiated with the elite rather than the middle or lower classes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200652_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200652-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They chose <a href="/wiki/Hajj_Amin_al-Husseini" class="mw-redirect" title="Hajj Amin al-Husseini">Hajj Amin al-Husseini</a> to become Grand Mufti, although he was young and had received the fewest votes from Jerusalem's Islamic leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200656–57_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200656–57-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the mufti's rivals, <a href="/wiki/Raghib_al-Nashashibi" title="Raghib al-Nashashibi">Raghib Bey al-Nashashibi</a>, had already been appointed <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Jerusalem" title="Mayor of Jerusalem">Mayor of Jerusalem</a> in 1920, replacing <a href="/w/index.php?title=Musa_al-Husseini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musa al-Husseini (page does not exist)">Musa Kazim</a>, whom the British removed after the <a href="/wiki/1920_Palestine_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1920 Palestine riots">Nabi Musa riots of 1920</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200663,_69Segev2000127–144_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200663,_69Segev2000127–144-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during which he exhorted the crowd to give their blood for Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2001112_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2001112-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the entire Mandate period, but especially during the latter half, the rivalry between the mufti and al-Nashashibi dominated Palestinian politics. Khalidi ascribes the failure of the Palestinian leaders to enroll mass support to the fact that they had been part of the ruling elite and accustomed to their commands being obeyed; thus, the idea of mobilising the masses was unknown to them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200681_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200681-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> On the Husseini-Nashashibi rivalry, an editorial in the Arabic-language <i><a href="/wiki/Falastin" title="Falastin">Falastin</a></i> newspaper in the 1920s commented:<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The spirit of factionalism has penetrated most levels of society; one can see it among journalists, trainees, and the rank and file. If you ask anyone: who does he support? He will reply with pride, Husseini or Nashasibi, or ... he will start to pour out his wrath against the opposing camp in a most repulsive manner.</p></blockquote> <p>There had already been rioting and attacks on and massacres of Jews in <a href="/wiki/Jaffa_riots" title="Jaffa riots">1921</a> and <a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">1929</a>. During the 1930s, Palestinian Arab popular discontent with Jewish immigration grew. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, several factions of Palestinian society, especially from the younger generation, became impatient with the internecine divisions and ineffectiveness of the Palestinian elite and engaged in grass-roots anti-British and anti-Zionist activism, organised by groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Young_Men%27s_Muslim_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Men's Muslim Association">Young Men's Muslim Association</a>. There was also support for the radical nationalist <a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(Palestine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence Party (Palestine)">Independence Party</a> (<i>Hizb al-Istiqlal</i>), which called for a boycott of the British in the manner of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Movement#Salt_March_and_civil_disobedience" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Independence Movement">Indian Congress Party</a>. Some took to the hills to <a href="/wiki/Black_Hand_(Palestine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hand (Palestine)">fight the British and the Jews</a>. Most of these initiatives were contained and defeated by notables in the pay of the Mandatory Administration, particularly the mufti and his cousin <a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Husseini" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamal al-Husseini">Jamal al-Husseini</a>. A six-month general strike in 1936 marked the start of the great Arab Revolt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200687–90_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200687–90-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Palestinian_Arab_journalism">Palestinian Arab journalism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinian_journalism" title="History of Palestinian journalism">History of Palestinian journalism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_1936_caricature_published_in_the_Falastin_newspaper_on_Zionism_and_Palestine.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/A_1936_caricature_published_in_the_Falastin_newspaper_on_Zionism_and_Palestine.png/220px-A_1936_caricature_published_in_the_Falastin_newspaper_on_Zionism_and_Palestine.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/A_1936_caricature_published_in_the_Falastin_newspaper_on_Zionism_and_Palestine.png/330px-A_1936_caricature_published_in_the_Falastin_newspaper_on_Zionism_and_Palestine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/A_1936_caricature_published_in_the_Falastin_newspaper_on_Zionism_and_Palestine.png/440px-A_1936_caricature_published_in_the_Falastin_newspaper_on_Zionism_and_Palestine.png 2x" data-file-width="1099" data-file-height="898" /></a><figcaption>The Palestinian <a href="/wiki/Arab_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Christian">Arab Christian</a>-owned <i><a href="/wiki/Falastin" title="Falastin">Falastin</a></i> newspaper featuring a caricature on its 18 June 1936 edition showing Zionism as a crocodile under the protection of a British officer telling Palestinian Arabs: "don't be afraid!!! I will swallow you peacefully...."<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>After the Palestinian Arab press during the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman period</a> had been suppressed due to the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in 1914, only two of the three leading newspapers of the Ottoman era were reopened during the mandate period, <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Karmil_(newspaper)" title="Al-Karmil (newspaper)">Al-Karmil</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Falastin_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Falastin (newspaper)">Falastin</a></i>. During this period, the press became more diverse, and increasingly reflected different political factions and national consciousness. According to one survey in the mid 1930s, over 250 Arabic newspapers and 65 in other languages were circulating in Mandatory Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKominko2015384_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKominko2015384-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twenty newspapers were established in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, six in <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>, twelve in <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, and others in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tulkarem" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulkarem">Tulkarem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKominko2015384_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKominko2015384-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ottoman Press Law, which mandated licensing and the submission of translations to government authorities, was adopted by the British, but they rarely interfered until the <a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">1929 Palestine riots</a>, which saw violent confrontations between Arabs and Zionists, and led to a radicalization of Arab newspapers. One outspoken newspaper was established in <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a> called <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Difa" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Difa">Al-Difa'</a></i> (<i>The Defense</i>) in 1934, which was associated with <a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(Mandatory_Palestine)" title="Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine)">Hizb Al-Istiqlal</a> (The Independence Party).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKominko2015384_140-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKominko2015384-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Falastin</i> and <i>Al-Difa'</i> became the two most prominent dailies during the mandate period, and a rivalry developed between the two, which led to improvements in their quality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGormanMonciaud2018106_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGormanMonciaud2018106-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the editors and owners of newspapers were members of political organizations, and used their publications for mobilizing the public.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegan2018135,_137_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegan2018135,_137-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British authorities' attitude towards Palestinian press was initially tolerant, given they had assessed that their impact on public life was minimal, but restrictive measures were soon increasingly introduced. A new Publications Law was issued in 1933, which gave the British authorities the power to revoke publication permits, suspend newspapers, and punish journalists. Regulations were issued that further restricted freedom of the press. Many major publications were suspended for extended periods between 1937 and 1938, including <i>Falastin</i>, <i>Al-Difa</i>, and <i>Al-Liwa</i>. After the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, emergency laws were enacted and the British closed almost all the newspapers, with the exception of <i>Falastin</i> and <i>Al-Difa</i>, due to the moderation of their tone and the publishing of censored news.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKominko2015386-387_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKominko2015386-387-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_community">Jewish community</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Council" title="Jewish National Council">Jewish National Council</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">History of Zionism</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">History of Israel</a></div> <p>The conquest of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a> by British forces in 1917 found a mixed community in the region, with <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, the southern part of Ottoman Syria, containing a mixed population of Muslims, Christians, Jews and Druze. In this period, the Jewish community (<a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a>) in Palestine was composed of traditional Jewish communities in cities (the <i><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></i>), which had existed for centuries,<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the newly established agricultural Zionist communities (the <i>New Yishuv</i>), established since the 1870s. With the establishment of the Mandate, the Jewish community in Palestine formed the Zionist Commission to represent its interests. </p><p>In 1929, the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Agency for Palestine">Jewish Agency for Palestine</a> took over from the Zionist Commission its representative functions and administration of the Jewish community. During the Mandate period, the Jewish Agency was a quasi-governmental organisation that served the administrative needs of the Jewish community. Its leadership was elected by Jews from all over the world by proportional representation.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jewish Agency was charged with facilitating Jewish immigration to Palestine, land purchase and planning the general policies of the Zionist leadership. It ran schools and hospitals and formed the <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a>. The British authorities offered to create a similar <i>Arab Agency</i> but this offer was rejected by Arab leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to numerous Arab attacks on Jewish communities, the <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a>, a Jewish paramilitary organisation, was formed on 15 June 1920 to defend Jewish residents. Tensions led to widespread violent disturbances on several occasions, notably in 1921 (see <a href="/wiki/Jaffa_riots" title="Jaffa riots">Jaffa riots</a>), 1929 (primarily violent attacks by Arabs on Jews – see <a href="/wiki/1929_Hebron_massacre" title="1929 Hebron massacre">1929 Hebron massacre</a>) and 1936–1939. Beginning in 1936, Jewish groups such as <a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Etzel (Irgun)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stern_Gang" class="mw-redirect" title="Stern Gang">Lehi (Stern Gang)</a> conducted campaigns of violence against British military and Arab targets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jewish_immigration">Jewish immigration</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jewish_immigration_to_Mandatory_Palestine_(1920-1945).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Jewish_immigration_to_Mandatory_Palestine_%281920-1945%29.jpg/500px-Jewish_immigration_to_Mandatory_Palestine_%281920-1945%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Jewish_immigration_to_Mandatory_Palestine_%281920-1945%29.jpg/750px-Jewish_immigration_to_Mandatory_Palestine_%281920-1945%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Jewish_immigration_to_Mandatory_Palestine_%281920-1945%29.jpg/1000px-Jewish_immigration_to_Mandatory_Palestine_%281920-1945%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3742" data-file-height="1442" /></a><figcaption>Jewish immigration to Mandatory Palestine from 1920 to 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>During the Mandate, the Yishuv grew from one-sixth to almost one-third of the population. According to official records, 367,845 Jews and 33,304 non-Jews immigrated legally between 1920 and 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was estimated that another 50–60,000 Jews and a marginal number of Arabs, the latter mostly on a seasonal basis, immigrated illegally during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immigration accounted for most of the increase of Jewish population, while the non-Jewish population increase was largely natural.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the Jewish immigrants, in 1939 most had come from Germany and Czechoslovakia, but in 1940–1944 most came from Romania and Poland, with an additional 3,530 immigrants arriving from Yemen during the same period.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, Jewish immigration to Palestine met little opposition from the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian Arab">Palestinian Arabs</a>. However, as <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitism</a> grew in Europe during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Jewish immigration (mostly from Europe) to Palestine began to increase markedly. Combined with the growth of Arab nationalism in the region and increasing anti-Jewish sentiments the growth of the Jewish population created much Arab resentment. The British government placed limitations on Jewish immigration to Palestine. These quotas were controversial, particularly in the latter years of British rule, and both Arabs and Jews disliked the policy, each for their own reasons. </p><p>Jewish immigrants were to be afforded Palestinian citizenship: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Article 7. The Administration of Palestine shall be responsible for enacting a nationality law. There shall be included in this law provisions framed so as to facilitate the acquisition of Palestinian citizenship by Jews who take up their permanent residence in Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jewish_national_home">Jewish national home</h4></div> <p>In 1919, the general secretary (and future President) of the Zionist Organisation, Nahum Sokolow, published <i>History of Zionism (1600–1918)</i>. He also represented the Zionist Organisation at the Paris Peace Conference. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1023981488">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .rquote{width:auto!important;float:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: The object of Zionism is to establish for the Jewish people a home in Palestine secured by public law." title=""><p>Nahum Sokolow, History of Zionism<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>One of the objectives of British administration was to give effect to the <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a>, which was also set out in the preamble of the mandate, as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Whereas the Principal Allied Powers have also agreed that the Mandatory should be responsible for putting into effect the <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">declaration originally made on November 2nd, 1917</a>, by the Government of His Britannic Majesty, and adopted by the said Powers, in favour of the establishment in Palestine of a <a href="/wiki/National_home_for_the_Jewish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="National home for the Jewish people">national home for the Jewish people</a>, it being clearly understood that nothing should be done which might prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country.<sup id="cite_ref-Avalon_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avalon-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The United Nations Special Committee on Palestine said the Jewish National Home, which derived from the formulation of Zionist aspirations in the 1897 <a href="/wiki/Basle_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Basle program">Basle program</a> has provoked many discussions concerning its meaning, scope and legal character, especially since it had no known legal connotation and there are no precedents in international law for its interpretation. It was used in the Balfour Declaration and in the Mandate, both of which promised the establishment of a "Jewish National Home" without, however, defining its meaning. A statement on "British Policy in Palestine", issued on 3 June 1922 by the Colonial Office,<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> placed a restrictive construction upon the Balfour Declaration. The statement said the British government did not contemplate "the disappearance or subordination of the Arabic population, language or customs in Palestine" or "the imposition of Jewish nationality upon the inhabitants of Palestine as a whole", and made it clear that in the eyes of the mandatory Power, the Jewish National Home was to be founded in Palestine and not that Palestine as a whole was to be converted into a Jewish National Home. The Committee noted that the construction, which restricted considerably the scope of the National Home, was made prior to the confirmation of the Mandate by the Council of the League of Nations and was formally accepted at the time by the Executive of the Zionist Organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1930, Lord Passfield, the Secretary of State for the Colonies, had written a Cabinet Paper<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which said: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the Balfour Declaration there is no suggestion that the Jews should be accorded a special or favoured position in Palestine as compared with the Arab inhabitants of the country, or that the claims of Palestinians to enjoy self-government (subject to the rendering of administrative advice and assistance by a Mandatory as foreshadowed in Article XXII of the Covenant) should be curtailed in order to facilitate the establishment in Palestine of a National Home for the Jewish people." ... Zionist leaders have not concealed and do not conceal their opposition to the grant of any measure of self-government to the people of Palestine either now or for many years to come. Some of them even go so far as to claim that that provision of Article 2 of the Mandate constitutes a bar to compliance with the demand of the Arabs for any measure of self-government. In view of the provisions of Article XXII of the Covenant and of the promises made to the Arabs on several occasions that claim is inadmissible.</p></blockquote> <p>The League of Nations Permanent Mandates Commission took the position that the Mandate contained a dual obligation. In 1932 the Mandates Commission questioned the representative of the Mandatory on the demands made by the Arab population regarding the establishment of self-governing institutions, in accordance with various articles of the mandate, and in particular Article 2. The chairman noted that "under the terms of the same article, the mandatory Power had long since set up the Jewish National Home".<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1937, the <a href="/wiki/Peel_Commission" title="Peel Commission">Peel Commission</a>, a British Royal Commission headed by <a href="/wiki/William_Peel,_1st_Earl_Peel" title="William Peel, 1st Earl Peel">Earl Peel</a>, proposed solving the Arab–Jewish conflict by partitioning Palestine into two states. The two main Jewish leaders, <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Weizmann" title="Chaim Weizmann">Chaim Weizmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a>, had convinced the <a href="/wiki/World_Zionist_Congress" title="World Zionist Congress">Zionist Congress</a> to approve equivocally the Peel recommendations as a basis for more negotiation.<sup id="cite_ref-Louis_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Louis-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morris66_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris66-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morris48_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris48-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US Consul General at Jerusalem told the State Department that the Mufti had refused the principle of partition and declined to consider it. The Consul said that the <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_I_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah I of Jordan">Emir Abdullah</a> urged acceptance on the ground that realities must be faced, but wanted modification of the proposed boundaries and Arab administrations in the neutral enclave. The Consul also noted that Nashashibi sidestepped the principle, but was willing to negotiate for favourable modifications.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A collection of private correspondence published by David Ben Gurion contained a letter written in 1937 which explained that he was in favour of partition because he did not envision a partial Jewish state as the end of the process. Ben Gurion wrote "What we want is not that the country be united and whole, but that the united and whole country be Jewish." He explained that a first-class Jewish army would permit Zionists to settle in the rest of the country with or without the consent of the Arabs.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benny Morris said that both Chaim Weizmann and David Ben Gurion saw partition as a stepping stone to further expansion and the eventual takeover of the whole of Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former Israeli Foreign Minister and historian Schlomo Ben Ami writes that 1937 was the same year that the "Field Battalions" under Yitzhak Sadeh wrote the "Avner Plan", which anticipated and laid the groundwork for what would become in 1948, <a href="/wiki/Plan_Dalet" title="Plan Dalet">Plan D</a>. It envisioned going far beyond any boundaries contained in the existing partition proposals and planned the conquest of the Galilee, the West Bank, and Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1942, the <a href="/wiki/Biltmore_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Biltmore Program">Biltmore Program</a> was adopted as the platform of the World Zionist Organisation. It demanded "that Palestine be established as a Jewish Commonwealth". </p><p>In 1946 an Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry noted that the demand for a Jewish State went beyond the obligations of either the Balfour Declaration or the Mandate and had been expressly disowned by the Chairman of the Jewish Agency as recently as 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jewish Agency subsequently refused to accept the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Morrison-Grady_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Morrison-Grady Plan">Morrison-Grady Plan</a> as the basis for discussion. A spokesman for the agency, Eliahu Epstein, told the US State Department that the Agency could not attend the London conference if the Grady-Morrison proposal was on the agenda. He stated that the Agency was unwilling to be placed in a position where it might have to compromise between the Grady-Morrison proposals on the one hand and its own partition plan on the other. He stated that the Agency had accepted partition as the solution for Palestine which it favoured.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_ownership">Land ownership</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_land_purchase_in_Palestine" title="Jewish land purchase in Palestine">Jewish land purchase in Palestine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palestine_Land_ownership_by_sub-district_(1945).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Palestine_Land_ownership_by_sub-district_%281945%29.jpg/220px-Palestine_Land_ownership_by_sub-district_%281945%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="394" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Palestine_Land_ownership_by_sub-district_%281945%29.jpg/330px-Palestine_Land_ownership_by_sub-district_%281945%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Palestine_Land_ownership_by_sub-district_%281945%29.jpg/440px-Palestine_Land_ownership_by_sub-district_%281945%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2038" data-file-height="3651" /></a><figcaption>Map of Palestinian land ownership by sub-district (1945) originally published in the <a href="/wiki/Village_Statistics,_1945" title="Village Statistics, 1945">Village Statistics, 1945</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palestine_Index_to_Villages_and_Settlements,_showing_Land_in_Jewish_Possession_as_at_31.12.44.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Palestine_Index_to_Villages_and_Settlements%2C_showing_Land_in_Jewish_Possession_as_at_31.12.44.jpg/220px-Palestine_Index_to_Villages_and_Settlements%2C_showing_Land_in_Jewish_Possession_as_at_31.12.44.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Palestine_Index_to_Villages_and_Settlements%2C_showing_Land_in_Jewish_Possession_as_at_31.12.44.jpg/330px-Palestine_Index_to_Villages_and_Settlements%2C_showing_Land_in_Jewish_Possession_as_at_31.12.44.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Palestine_Index_to_Villages_and_Settlements%2C_showing_Land_in_Jewish_Possession_as_at_31.12.44.jpg/440px-Palestine_Index_to_Villages_and_Settlements%2C_showing_Land_in_Jewish_Possession_as_at_31.12.44.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="7022" /></a><figcaption>Palestinian index of villages and settlements, showing land in Jewish possession as of 31 December 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>After transition to the British rule, much of the agricultural land in Palestine (about one third of the whole territory) was still owned by the same landowners as under Ottoman rule, mostly powerful Arab clans and local Muslim sheikhs. Other lands had been held by foreign Christian organisations (most notably the Greek Orthodox Church), as well as Jewish private and Zionist organisations, and to lesser degree by small minorities of Baháʼís, Samaritans and Circassians. </p><p>As of 1931, the territory of the British Mandate of Palestine was 26,625,600 <a href="/wiki/Dunam" title="Dunam">dunams</a> (26,625.6 km<sup>2</sup>), of which 8,252,900 dunams (8,252.9 km<sup>2</sup>) or 33% were arable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein19844_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein19844-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Official statistics show that Jews privately and collectively owned 1,393,531 dunams (1,393.53 km<sup>2</sup>), or 5.23% of Palestine's total in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1984226_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1984226-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jewish owned agricultural land was largely located in the Galilee and along the coastal plain. Estimates of the total volume of land that Jews had purchased by 15 May 1948 are complicated by illegal and unregistered land transfers, as well as by the lack of data on land concessions from the Palestine administration after 31 March 1936. According to Avneri, Jews held 1,850,000 dunams (1,850 km<sup>2</sup>) of land in 1947, or 6.94% of the total.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvneri1984224_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvneri1984224-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stein gives the estimate of 2,000,000 dunams (2,000 km<sup>2</sup>) as of May 1948, or 7.51% of the total.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein19843–4,_247_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein19843–4,_247-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Fischbach, by 1948, Jews and Jewish companies owned 20% percent of all cultivable land in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischbach24_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischbach24-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Clifford A. Wright, by the end of the British Mandate period in 1948, Jewish farmers cultivated 425,450 dunams of land, while <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinian</a> farmers had 5,484,700 dunams of land under cultivation.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1945 UN estimate shows that Arab ownership of arable land was on average 68% of a district, ranging from 15% ownership in the Beer-Sheba district to 99% ownership in the Ramallah district. These data cannot be fully understood without comparing them to those of neighbouring countries: in Iraq, for instance, still in 1951 only 0.3 per cent of registered land (or 50 per cent of the total amount) was categorised as 'private property'.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Land_ownership_by_district">Land ownership by district</h4></div> <p>The following table shows the 1945 land ownership of mandatory Palestine by <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Districts of Mandatory Palestine">district</a>: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"> <caption>Land ownership of Palestine in 1945 by district </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>District</th> <th>Sub-district</th> <th>Arab-owned</th> <th>Jewish-owned</th> <th>Public / other </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Haifa </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Haifa_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Haifa Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine">Haifa</a></td> <td>42%</td> <td>35%</td> <td>23% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;" rowspan="5">Galilee </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Acre_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Acre Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine">Acre</a></td> <td>87%</td> <td>3%</td> <td>10% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Beisan_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Beisan Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine">Beisan</a></td> <td>44%</td> <td>34%</td> <td>22% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Nazareth_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Nazareth Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine">Nazareth</a></td> <td>52%</td> <td>28%</td> <td>20% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Safad_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Safad Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine">Safad</a></td> <td>68%</td> <td>18%</td> <td>14% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Tiberias_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Tiberias Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine">Tiberias</a></td> <td>51%</td> <td>38%</td> <td>11% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2">Lydda </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Jaffa_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Jaffa Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine">Jaffa</a></td> <td>47%</td> <td>39%</td> <td>14% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Ramle_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Ramle Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine">Ramle</a></td> <td>77%</td> <td>14%</td> <td>9% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;" rowspan="3">Samaria </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Jenin_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Jenin Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine">Jenin</a></td> <td>84%</td> <td><1%</td> <td>16% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a></td> <td>87%</td> <td><1%</td> <td>13% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Tulkarm_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Tulkarm Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine">Tulkarm</a></td> <td>78%</td> <td>17%</td> <td>5% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;" rowspan="3">Jerusalem </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Hebron_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Hebron Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine">Hebron</a></td> <td>96%</td> <td><1%</td> <td>4% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Jerusalem Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine">Jerusalem</a></td> <td>84%</td> <td>2%</td> <td>14% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a></td> <td>99%</td> <td><1%</td> <td>1% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2">Gaza </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Beersheba_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Beersheba Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine">Beersheba</a></td> <td>15%</td> <td><1%</td> <td>85% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Gaza Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine">Gaza</a></td> <td>75%</td> <td>4%</td> <td>21% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="background:#e9e9e9;font-size:90%;">Data from the Land Ownership of Palestine<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Land_ownership_by_corporation">Land ownership by corporation</h4></div> <p>The table below shows the land ownership of Palestine by large Jewish Corporations (in square kilometres) on 31 December 1945. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"> <caption>Land ownership of Palestine by large Jewish Corporations (in square kilometres) on 31 December 1945 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Corporations</th> <th>Area </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Fund" title="Jewish National Fund">JNF</a></td> <td>660.10 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Jewish_Colonisation_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestine Jewish Colonisation Association">PICA</a></td> <td>193.70 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Palestine Land Development Co. Ltd.</td> <td>9.70 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Hemnuta Ltd</td> <td>16.50 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Africa Palestine Investment Co. Ltd.</td> <td>9.90 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Bayside Land Corporation Ltd.</td> <td>8.50 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Palestine Kupat Am. Bank Ltd.</td> <td>8.40 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; font-weight:bold"> <td align="left">Total</td> <td>906.80 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="background:#e9e9e9;font-size:90%;">Data is from Survey of Palestine (vol. I, p. 245).<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AngloAmCom_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AngloAmCom-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Land_ownership_by_type">Land ownership by type</h4></div> <p>The land owned privately and collectively by Jews, Arabs and other non-Jews can be classified as urban, rural built-on, cultivable (farmed), and uncultivable. The following chart shows the ownership by Jews, Arabs and other non-Jews in each of the categories. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"> <caption>Land ownership of Palestine (in square kilometres) on 1 April 1943 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Category</th> <th>Arab / non-Jewish ownership</th> <th>Jewish ownership</th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Urban</td> <td>76.66</td> <td>70.11</td> <td>146.77 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Rural built-on</td> <td>36.85</td> <td>42.33</td> <td>79.18 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Cereal (taxable)</td> <td>5,503.18</td> <td>814.10</td> <td>6,317.29 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Cereal (not taxable)</td> <td>900.29</td> <td>51.05</td> <td>951.34 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Plantation</td> <td>1,079.79</td> <td>95.51</td> <td>1,175.30 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Citrus</td> <td>145.57</td> <td>141.19</td> <td>286.76 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Banana</td> <td>2.30</td> <td>1.43</td> <td>3.73 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Uncultivable</td> <td>16,925.81</td> <td>298.52</td> <td>17,224.33 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2; font-weight:bold"> <td align="left">Total </td> <td>24,670.46</td> <td>1,514.25</td> <td>26,184.70 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="background:#e9e9e9;font-size:90%;">Data is from Survey of Palestine (vol. II, p. 566).<sup id="cite_ref-AngloAmCom_175-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AngloAmCom-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 1946, Jewish ownership had increased to 1624 km<sup>2</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="List_of_Mandatory_land_laws">List of Mandatory land laws</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WhitePaper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/WhitePaper.jpg/140px-WhitePaper.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/WhitePaper.jpg/210px-WhitePaper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/WhitePaper.jpg/280px-WhitePaper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>Land classification as prescribed in 1940</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Land Transfer Ordinance of 1920</li> <li>1926 Correction of Land Registers Ordinance</li> <li>Land Settlement Ordinance of 1928</li> <li>Land Transfer Regulations of 1940</li></ul> <p>In February 1940, the British Government of Palestine promulgated the <i>Land Transfer Regulations</i> which divided Palestine into three regions with different restrictions on land sales applying to each. In Zone "A", which included the hill-country of Judea as a whole, certain areas in the <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a> sub-District, and in the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_District" title="Gaza District">Gaza District</a>, and the northern part of the <a href="/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba">Beersheba</a> sub-District, new agreements for sale of land other than to a Palestinian Arab were forbidden without the High Commissioner's permission. In Zone "B", which included the <a href="/wiki/Jezreel_Valley" title="Jezreel Valley">Jezreel Valley</a>, eastern Galilee, a parcel of coastal plain south of <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, a region northeast of the Gaza District, and the southern part of the Beersheba sub-District, sale of land by a Palestinian Arab was forbidden except to a Palestinian Arab with similar exceptions. In the "free zone", which consisted of Haifa Bay, the coastal plain from <a href="/wiki/Zikhron_Ya%27akov" title="Zikhron Ya'akov">Zikhron Ya'akov</a> to <a href="/wiki/Yibna" title="Yibna">Yibna</a>, and the neighborhood of Jerusalem, there were no restrictions. The reason given for the regulations was that the Mandatory was required to "ensur[e] that the rights and positions of other sections of the population are not prejudiced", and an assertion that "such transfers of land must be restricted if Arab cultivators are to maintain their existing standard of life and a considerable landless Arab population is not soon to be created"<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Palestine_(region)#British_Mandate_era" title="Demographic history of Palestine (region)">Demographic history of Palestine (region) § British Mandate era</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_censuses_and_estimations">British censuses and estimations</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crowded_street,_NINO_F_Scholten_Es_Salt_64.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Crowded_street%2C_NINO_F_Scholten_Es_Salt_64.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-Crowded_street%2C_NINO_F_Scholten_Es_Salt_64.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Crowded_street%2C_NINO_F_Scholten_Es_Salt_64.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-Crowded_street%2C_NINO_F_Scholten_Es_Salt_64.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Crowded_street%2C_NINO_F_Scholten_Es_Salt_64.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-Crowded_street%2C_NINO_F_Scholten_Es_Salt_64.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8602" data-file-height="6224" /></a><figcaption>Street in As-Salt in the 1920s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palestine_Distribution_of_Population_1947_UN_map_no_93(b).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Palestine_Distribution_of_Population_1947_UN_map_no_93%28b%29.jpeg/220px-Palestine_Distribution_of_Population_1947_UN_map_no_93%28b%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="401" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Palestine_Distribution_of_Population_1947_UN_map_no_93%28b%29.jpeg/330px-Palestine_Distribution_of_Population_1947_UN_map_no_93%28b%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Palestine_Distribution_of_Population_1947_UN_map_no_93%28b%29.jpeg/440px-Palestine_Distribution_of_Population_1947_UN_map_no_93%28b%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="1078" /></a><figcaption>Population distribution near the end of the Mandate</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1920, the majority of the approximately 750,000 people in this multi-ethnic region were <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>-speaking Muslims, including a <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> population (estimated at 103,331 at the time of the 1922 census<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba">Beersheba</a> area and the region south and east of it), as well as Jews (who accounted for some 11% of the total) and smaller groups of <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a>, Syrians, Sudanese, Somalis, <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a>, Egyptians, Copts, Greeks, and <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejazi Arabs</a>: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/First_British_census_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="First British census of Palestine">first census</a> of 1922 showed a population of 757,182, of whom 78% were Muslim, 11% Jewish and 10% Christian.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Second_British_census_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Second British census of Palestine">second census</a>, of 1931, gave a total population of 1,035,154 of whom 73.4% were Muslim, 16.9% Jewish and 8.6% Christian.</li></ul> <p>A discrepancy between the two censuses and records of births, deaths and immigration, led the authors of the second census to postulate the illegal immigration of about 9,000 Jews and 4,000 Arabs during the intervening years.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ymca_boys_jeru.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Ymca_boys_jeru.jpg/220px-Ymca_boys_jeru.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Ymca_boys_jeru.jpg/330px-Ymca_boys_jeru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Ymca_boys_jeru.jpg/440px-Ymca_boys_jeru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5754" data-file-height="4235" /></a><figcaption>Arab Christian Palestinian boys at the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_YMCA" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem YMCA">Jerusalem YMCA</a>, 1938</figcaption></figure> <p>There were no further censuses but statistics were maintained by counting births, deaths and migration. By the end of 1936 the total population was approximately 1,300,000, the Jews being estimated at 384,000. The Arabs had also increased their numbers rapidly, mainly as a result of the cessation of the <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Conscription in the Ottoman Empire">military conscription imposed on the country by the Ottoman Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Malaria_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Malaria in Mandatory Palestine">campaign against malaria</a> and a general improvement in health services. In absolute figures their increase exceeded that of the Jewish population, but proportionally, the latter had risen from 13 per cent of the total population at the census of 1922 to nearly 30 per cent at the end of 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some components such as illegal immigration could only be estimated approximately. The <a href="/wiki/White_Paper_of_1939" title="White Paper of 1939">White Paper of 1939</a>, which placed immigration restrictions on Jews, stated that the Jewish population "has risen to some 450,000" and was "approaching a third of the entire population of the country". In 1945, a demographic study showed that the population had grown to 1,764,520, comprising 1,061,270 Muslims, 553,600 Jews, 135,550 Christians and 14,100 people of other groups. </p> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Total</th> <th>Muslim</th> <th>Jewish</th> <th>Christian</th> <th>Other </th></tr> <tr> <th>1922 </th> <td>752,048</td> <td>589,177<br />(78%)</td> <td>83,790<br />(11%)</td> <td>71,464<br />(10%)</td> <td>7,617<br />(1%) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1931 </th> <td>1,036,339</td> <td>761,922<br />(74%)</td> <td>175,138<br />(17%)</td> <td>89,134<br />(9%)</td> <td>10,145<br />(1%) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1945 </th> <td>1,764,520</td> <td>1,061,270<br />(60%)</td> <td>553,600<br />(31%)</td> <td>135,550<br />(8%)</td> <td>14,100<br />(1%) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">Average compounded <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population<br />growth</a> rate per annum, 1922–1945 </td> <td>3.8%</td> <td>2.6%</td> <td>8.6%</td> <td>2.8%</td> <td>2.7% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_district">By district</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandatory_Palestine_-_Population_by_Municipality_(1945).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Mandatory_Palestine_-_Population_by_Municipality_%281945%29.svg/220px-Mandatory_Palestine_-_Population_by_Municipality_%281945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="389" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Mandatory_Palestine_-_Population_by_Municipality_%281945%29.svg/330px-Mandatory_Palestine_-_Population_by_Municipality_%281945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Mandatory_Palestine_-_Population_by_Municipality_%281945%29.svg/440px-Mandatory_Palestine_-_Population_by_Municipality_%281945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="906" /></a><figcaption>Map of the municipalities in Mandatory Palestine by population count (1945) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#A50021; color:white;"> </span> 150,000 and more</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D2152F; color:white;"> </span> 100,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E62735; color:black;"> </span> 50,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F53D3D; color:black;"> </span> 20,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F57856; color:black;"> </span> 10,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F5AC75; color:black;"> </span> 5,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F5D7BC; color:black;"> </span> 2,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F5D7BC; color:black;"> </span> 1,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FAE6DC; color:black;"> </span> 500</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFF6F3; color:black;"> </span> less than 500</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CCC0C0; color:black;"> </span> Nomadic regions in the <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a> desert</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The following table gives the religious demography of each of the 16 <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Districts of Mandatory Palestine">districts</a> of the Mandate in 1945. </p> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:right;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#e9e9e9;"> <th colspan="9" style="background:#e9e9e9;font-size:110%">Demography of Palestine in 1945 by district<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">District </th> <th rowspan="2">Sub-District </th> <th colspan="2">Muslim </th> <th colspan="2">Jewish </th> <th colspan="2">Christian </th> <th rowspan="2">Total </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number</th> <th style="text-align:right;">% </th> <th>Number</th> <th style="text-align:right;">% </th> <th>Number</th> <th style="text-align:right;">% </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Haifa </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Haifa_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Haifa Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine">Haifa</a> </td> <td>95,970</td> <td>38% </td> <td>119,020</td> <td>47% </td> <td>33,710</td> <td>13% </td> <td>253,450 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;" rowspan="5">Galilee </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Acre_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Acre Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine">Acre</a> </td> <td>51,130</td> <td>69% </td> <td>3,030</td> <td>4% </td> <td>11,800</td> <td>16% </td> <td>73,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Beisan_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Beisan Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine">Beisan</a> </td> <td>16,660</td> <td>67% </td> <td>7,590</td> <td>30% </td> <td>680</td> <td>3% </td> <td>24,950 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Nazareth_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Nazareth Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine">Nazareth</a> </td> <td>30,160</td> <td>60% </td> <td>7,980</td> <td>16% </td> <td>11,770</td> <td>24% </td> <td>49,910 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Safad_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Safad Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine">Safad</a> </td> <td>47,310</td> <td>83% </td> <td>7,170</td> <td>13% </td> <td>1,630</td> <td>3% </td> <td>56,970 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Tiberias_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Tiberias Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine">Tiberias</a> </td> <td>23,940</td> <td>58% </td> <td>13,640</td> <td>33% </td> <td>2,470</td> <td>6% </td> <td>41,470 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2">Lydda </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Jaffa_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Jaffa Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine">Jaffa</a> </td> <td>95,980</td> <td>24% </td> <td>295,160</td> <td>72% </td> <td>17,790</td> <td>4% </td> <td>409,290 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Ramle_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Ramle Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine">Ramle</a> </td> <td>95,590</td> <td>71% </td> <td>31,590</td> <td>24% </td> <td>5,840</td> <td>4% </td> <td>134,030 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;" rowspan="3">Samaria </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Jenin_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Jenin Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine">Jenin</a> </td> <td>60,000</td> <td>98% </td> <td>negligible</td> <td><1% </td> <td>1,210</td> <td>2% </td> <td>61,210 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a> </td> <td>92,810</td> <td>98% </td> <td>negligible</td> <td><1% </td> <td>1,560</td> <td>2% </td> <td>94,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Tulkarm_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Tulkarm Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine">Tulkarm</a> </td> <td>76,460</td> <td>82% </td> <td>16,180</td> <td>17% </td> <td>380</td> <td>1% </td> <td>93,220 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;" rowspan="3">Jerusalem </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Hebron_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Hebron Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine">Hebron</a> </td> <td>92,640</td> <td>99% </td> <td>300</td> <td><1% </td> <td>170</td> <td><1% </td> <td>93,120 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Jerusalem Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine">Jerusalem</a> </td> <td>104,460</td> <td>41% </td> <td>102,520</td> <td>40% </td> <td>46,130</td> <td>18% </td> <td>253,270 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a> </td> <td>40,520</td> <td>83% </td> <td>negligible</td> <td><1% </td> <td>8,410</td> <td>17% </td> <td>48,930 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gaza_District" title="Gaza District">Gaza</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Beersheba_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Beersheba Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine">Beersheba</a> </td> <td>6,270</td> <td>90% </td> <td>510</td> <td>7% </td> <td>210</td> <td>3% </td> <td>7,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Gaza Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine">Gaza</a> </td> <td>145,700</td> <td>97% </td> <td>3,540</td> <td>2% </td> <td>1,300</td> <td>1% </td> <td>150,540 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;" colspan="2">Total </td> <td>1,076,780</td> <td>58% </td> <td>608,230</td> <td>33% </td> <td>145,060</td> <td>9% </td> <td>1,845,560 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_areas">Urban areas</h3></div> <p>The table below shows the population of the municipal areas of Palestine in 1922, at the start of the mandate period, per the <a href="/wiki/1922_census_of_Palestine" title="1922 census of Palestine">1922 census of Palestine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Municipality</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Baha%27is" class="mw-redirect" title="Baha'is">Baha'is</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Shia_Muslims" title="Lebanese Shia Muslims">Metawilehs</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a></th> <th>TOTAL </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></b></td> <td>13413</td> <td>33971</td> <td>14699</td> <td>6</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>484</td> <td>5</td> <td><b>62578</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a></b></td> <td>20699</td> <td>20152</td> <td>6850</td> <td>0</td> <td>8</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td><b>47709</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a></b></td> <td>9377</td> <td>6230</td> <td>8863</td> <td>12</td> <td>0</td> <td>152</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td><b>24634</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a></b></td> <td>16722</td> <td>54</td> <td>701</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>3</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td><b>17480</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a></b></td> <td>16074</td> <td>430</td> <td>73</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td><b>16577</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a></b></td> <td>15238</td> <td>16</td> <td>544</td> <td>2</td> <td>147</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td><b>15947</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Safad" class="mw-redirect" title="Safad">Safad</a></b></td> <td>5431</td> <td>2986</td> <td>343</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td><b>8761</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Lydda" class="mw-redirect" title="Lydda">Lydda</a></b></td> <td>7166</td> <td>11</td> <td>926</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td><b>8103</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a></b></td> <td>2486</td> <td>53</td> <td>4885</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td><b>7424</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Ramleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramleh">Ramleh</a></b></td> <td>5837</td> <td>35</td> <td>1440</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td><b>7312</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a></b></td> <td>2096</td> <td>4427</td> <td>422</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>4</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td><b>6950</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a></b></td> <td>818</td> <td>2</td> <td>5838</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td><b>6658</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a></b></td> <td>4883</td> <td>78</td> <td>1344</td> <td>13</td> <td>0</td> <td>102</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td><b>6420</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Ashkelon" title="Ashkelon">Majdal</a></b></td> <td>5064</td> <td>0</td> <td>33</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td><b>5097</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Khan_Yunis" title="Khan Yunis">Khan Yunis</a></b></td> <td>3866</td> <td>1</td> <td>23</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td><b>3890</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Tulkarem" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulkarem">Tulkarem</a></b></td> <td>3109</td> <td>23</td> <td>208</td> <td>1</td> <td>8</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td><b>3350</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a></b></td> <td>125</td> <td>7</td> <td>2972</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td><b>3104</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Beit_Jala" title="Beit Jala">Beit Jala</a></b></td> <td>41</td> <td>0</td> <td>3060</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td><b>3101</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Jenin" title="Jenin">Jenin</a></b></td> <td>2307</td> <td>7</td> <td>108</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>212</td> <td>3</td> <td><b>2637</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba">Beersheba</a></b></td> <td>2012</td> <td>98</td> <td>235</td> <td>11</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td><b>2356</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Shefa-Amr" title="Shefa-Amr">Shefa-Amr</a></b></td> <td>623</td> <td>0</td> <td>1263</td> <td>402</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td><b>2288</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Beisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Beisan">Beisan</a></b></td> <td>1687</td> <td>41</td> <td>213</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td><b>1941</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>TOTAL</b></td> <td><b>139074</b></td> <td><b>68622</b></td> <td><b>55043</b></td> <td><b>449</b></td> <td><b>163</b></td> <td><b>259</b></td> <td><b>3</b></td> <td><b>696</b></td> <td><b>8</b></td> <td><b>264317</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_institutions">Government and institutions</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barclays_building_Jerusalem_1939.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Barclays_building_Jerusalem_1939.JPG/170px-Barclays_building_Jerusalem_1939.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Barclays_building_Jerusalem_1939.JPG/255px-Barclays_building_Jerusalem_1939.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Barclays_building_Jerusalem_1939.JPG/340px-Barclays_building_Jerusalem_1939.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1864" data-file-height="2610" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_City_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem City Hall">Jerusalem City Hall</a>, 1939</figcaption></figure> <p>Under the terms of the August 1922 Palestine Order in Council, the Mandate territory was divided into administrative regions known as <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Districts of Mandatory Palestine">districts</a> and were administered by the office of the <a href="/wiki/High_Commissioners_for_Palestine_and_Transjordan" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioners for Palestine and Transjordan">British High Commissioner for Palestine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Britain continued the <i><a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">millet</a></i> system of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> whereby all matters of a religious nature and personal status were within the jurisdiction of Muslim courts and the courts of other recognised religions, called <a href="/wiki/Confessional_community" title="Confessional community">confessional communities</a>. The High Commissioner established the Orthodox Rabbinate and retained a modified <i>millet</i> system which only recognised eleven religious communities: Muslims, Jews and nine Christian denominations (none of which were Christian Protestant churches). All those who were not members of these recognised communities were excluded from the <i>millet</i> arrangement. As a result, there was no possibility, for example, of marriages between confessional communities, and there were no civil marriages. Personal contacts between communities were nominal. </p><p>Apart from the Religious Courts, the judicial system was modelled on the British one, having a High Court with appellate jurisdiction and the power of review over the Central Court and the Central Criminal Court. The five consecutive Chief Justices were: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Haycraft" title="Thomas Haycraft">Sir Thomas Haycraft</a> (1921–1927)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELikhovski200664_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELikhovski200664-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_McDonnell" title="Michael McDonnell">Sir Michael McDonnell</a> (1927–1936)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELikhovski200664_185-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELikhovski200664-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Trusted" title="Harry Trusted">Sir Harry Trusted</a><sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1936–1941; knighted in 1938) (afterwards Chief Justice of the <a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated Malay States</a>, 1941)</li> <li>Frederick Gordon-Smith (1941–1944)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELikhovski200674_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELikhovski200674-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James_Fitzgerald_(jurist)" title="William James Fitzgerald (jurist)">Sir William Fitzgerald</a> (1944–1948)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELikhovski200675_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELikhovski200675-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The local newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/The_Palestine_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Palestine Post">The Palestine Post</a></i> was founded in 1932 by <a href="/wiki/Gershon_Agron" title="Gershon Agron">Gershon Agron</a>. In 1950, its name was changed to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a></i>. In 1923, <a href="/wiki/Pinhas_Rutenberg" title="Pinhas Rutenberg">Pinhas Rutenberg</a> founded the Palestine Electric Company (to become the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Electric_Corporation" title="Israel Electric Corporation">Israel Electric Corporation</a> in 1961). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Economy of Mandatory Palestine">Economy of Mandatory Palestine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:417px;max-width:417px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:95px;max-width:95px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palestine_stamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Palestine_stamp.jpg/93px-Palestine_stamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Palestine_stamp.jpg/140px-Palestine_stamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Palestine_stamp.jpg/186px-Palestine_stamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="580" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1927 Mandatory Palestine postage stamp</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:110px;max-width:110px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg/108px-%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg/162px-%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg/216px-%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="226" data-file-height="223" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1941 Mandatory Palestine coin</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:92px;max-width:92px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_palestine_10_mils.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Stamp_palestine_10_mils.jpg/90px-Stamp_palestine_10_mils.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Stamp_palestine_10_mils.jpg/135px-Stamp_palestine_10_mils.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Stamp_palestine_10_mils.jpg/180px-Stamp_palestine_10_mils.jpg 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="603" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1927 Mandatory Palestine revenue stamp</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mill_(British_Mandate_for_Palestine_currency,_1927).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Mill_%28British_Mandate_for_Palestine_currency%2C_1927%29.jpg/110px-Mill_%28British_Mandate_for_Palestine_currency%2C_1927%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Mill_%28British_Mandate_for_Palestine_currency%2C_1927%29.jpg/165px-Mill_%28British_Mandate_for_Palestine_currency%2C_1927%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Mill_%28British_Mandate_for_Palestine_currency%2C_1927%29.jpg/220px-Mill_%28British_Mandate_for_Palestine_currency%2C_1927%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1927 Mandatory Palestine coin</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">"<a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>" is shown in English, Arabic (<big>فلسطين</big>) and Hebrew; the latter includes the acronym <big>א״י</big> for <i><a href="/wiki/Eretz_Yisrael" class="mw-redirect" title="Eretz Yisrael">Eretz Yisrael</a></i> (Land of Israel).</div></div></div></div> <p>Between 1922 and 1947, the annual growth rate of the Jewish sector of the economy was 13.2%, mainly due to immigration and foreign capital, while that of the Arab was 6.5%. Per capita, these figures were 4.8% and 3.6% respectively. By 1936, Jews earned 2.6 times as much as Arabs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200613–14_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200613–14-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to Arabs in other countries, Palestinian Arabs earned slightly more.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200627_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200627-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Jaffa_Electric_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaffa Electric Company">Jaffa Electric Company</a> was founded in 1923 by <a href="/wiki/Pinhas_Rutenberg" title="Pinhas Rutenberg">Pinhas Rutenberg</a>, and was later absorbed into a newly created <a href="/wiki/Israel_Electric_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel Electric Company">Palestine Electric Corporation</a>; the <a href="/wiki/First_Jordan_Hydro-Electric_Power_House" title="First Jordan Hydro-Electric Power House">First Jordan Hydro-Electric Power House</a> was opened in 1933. <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Airways" title="Palestine Airways">Palestine Airways</a> was founded in 1934, <a href="/wiki/Angel_Bakeries" title="Angel Bakeries">Angel Bakeries</a> in 1927, and the <a href="/wiki/Tnuva" title="Tnuva">Tnuva</a> dairy in 1926. Electric current mainly flowed to Jewish industry, following it to its nestled locations in Tel Aviv and Haifa. Although Tel Aviv had by far more workshops and factories, the demand for electric power for industry was roughly the same for both cities by the early 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The country's largest industrial zone was in <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, where many housing projects were built for employees.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the scale of the UN <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> determined for around 1939, of 36 countries, Palestinian Jews were placed 15th, Palestinian Arabs 30th, Egypt 33rd and Turkey 35th.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200616_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200616-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jews in Palestine were mainly urban, 76.2% in 1942, while the Arabs were mainly rural, 68.3% in 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200617_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200617-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, Khalidi concludes that Palestinian Arab society, while overmatched by the <i><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a></i>, was as advanced as any other Arab society in the region and considerably more than several.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200629–30_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200629–30-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <p>Under the British Mandate, the country developed economically and culturally. In 1919, the Jewish community founded a centralised Hebrew school system, and the following year established the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Representatives_(Mandate_Palestine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assembly of Representatives (Mandate Palestine)">Assembly of Representatives</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Council" title="Jewish National Council">Jewish National Council</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Histadrut" title="Histadrut">Histadrut</a> labour federation. The <a href="/wiki/Technion" class="mw-redirect" title="Technion">Technion</a> university was founded in 1924, and the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a> in 1925. </p><p>There were several attempts by the Arab Palestinians to establish an Arab higher education institution, starting from the 1920s, but it did not materialise. Israeli historian <a href="/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9" title="Ilan Pappé">Ilan Pappé</a> attributed this to "Zionist pressure, British anti-Arab racism, and lack of resources." He added that "the colonial mentality of the British authorities who deemed the Palestinians yet another colonized people who had to be oppressed, while regarding the Zionist settlers as fellow colonialists, feared that such a university would enhance the Palestinian national movement."<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Literacy rates in 1932 were 86% for the Jews compared to 22% for the Palestinian Arabs, but Arab literacy rates steadily increased thereafter. By comparison, Palestinian Arab literacy rates were higher than those of Egypt and Turkey, but lower than in Lebanon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200614,_24_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200614,_24-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palestine-WW1-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="General Sir Edmund Allenby's final attacks of the Palestine Campaign gave Britain control of the area."><img alt="General Sir Edmund Allenby's final attacks of the Palestine Campaign gave Britain control of the area." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Palestine-WW1-3.jpg/83px-Palestine-WW1-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Palestine-WW1-3.jpg/125px-Palestine-WW1-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Palestine-WW1-3.jpg/166px-Palestine-WW1-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/General_(United_Kingdom)" title="General (United Kingdom)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Allenby,_1st_Viscount_Allenby" title="Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby">Sir Edmund Allenby</a>'s final attacks of the Palestine Campaign gave Britain control of the area.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Field_Marshal_Allenby_British_troops_Jerusalem_dec_11_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="General Allenby entering Jerusalem with British troops on 11 December 1917 (Allenby was later created a field marshal, in April 1919)"><img alt="General Allenby entering Jerusalem with British troops on 11 December 1917 (Allenby was later created a field marshal, in April 1919)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Field_Marshal_Allenby_British_troops_Jerusalem_dec_11_1917.jpg/104px-Field_Marshal_Allenby_British_troops_Jerusalem_dec_11_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Field_Marshal_Allenby_British_troops_Jerusalem_dec_11_1917.jpg/157px-Field_Marshal_Allenby_British_troops_Jerusalem_dec_11_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Field_Marshal_Allenby_British_troops_Jerusalem_dec_11_1917.jpg/209px-Field_Marshal_Allenby_British_troops_Jerusalem_dec_11_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">General Allenby entering <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> with British troops on 11 December 1917 (Allenby was later created a <a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Marshal (United Kingdom)">field marshal</a>, in April 1919)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Big_Gen_Watson_Mayor_Jerusalem_Dec_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brigadier-General Watson meeting with Hussein al-Husayni, the Mayor of Jerusalem, in December 1917"><img alt="Brigadier-General Watson meeting with Hussein al-Husayni, the Mayor of Jerusalem, in December 1917" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Big_Gen_Watson_Mayor_Jerusalem_Dec_1917.jpg/108px-Big_Gen_Watson_Mayor_Jerusalem_Dec_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Big_Gen_Watson_Mayor_Jerusalem_Dec_1917.jpg/162px-Big_Gen_Watson_Mayor_Jerusalem_Dec_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Big_Gen_Watson_Mayor_Jerusalem_Dec_1917.jpg/216px-Big_Gen_Watson_Mayor_Jerusalem_Dec_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_(United_Kingdom)#Historical_rank_of_brigadier-general" title="Brigadier (United Kingdom)">Brigadier-General</a> Watson meeting with <a href="/wiki/Hussein_al-Husayni" title="Hussein al-Husayni">Hussein al-Husayni</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Jerusalem" title="Mayor of Jerusalem">Mayor of Jerusalem</a>, in December 1917</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottoman_surrender_of_Jerusalem_restored.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The surrender of Jerusalem by the Ottomans to the British on 9 December 1917 following the Battle of Jerusalem"><img alt="The surrender of Jerusalem by the Ottomans to the British on 9 December 1917 following the Battle of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ottoman_surrender_of_Jerusalem_restored.jpg/92px-Ottoman_surrender_of_Jerusalem_restored.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ottoman_surrender_of_Jerusalem_restored.jpg/138px-Ottoman_surrender_of_Jerusalem_restored.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ottoman_surrender_of_Jerusalem_restored.jpg/184px-Ottoman_surrender_of_Jerusalem_restored.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2995" data-file-height="3913" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The surrender of Jerusalem by the Ottomans to the British on 9 December 1917 following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jerusalem_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jerusalem (1917)">Battle of Jerusalem</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GPO,_Jerusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Main post office, Jaffa Road, Jerusalem"><img alt="Main post office, Jaffa Road, Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/GPO%2C_Jerusalem.jpg/120px-GPO%2C_Jerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/GPO%2C_Jerusalem.jpg/180px-GPO%2C_Jerusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/GPO%2C_Jerusalem.jpg/240px-GPO%2C_Jerusalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="368" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Main post office, <a href="/wiki/Jaffa_Road" title="Jaffa Road">Jaffa Road</a>, Jerusalem</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rockefeller_Tower_Jerusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Palestine Archaeological Museum (PAM; known since 1967 as the Rockefeller Archaeological Museum), built in Jerusalem during the British Mandate"><img alt="The Palestine Archaeological Museum (PAM; known since 1967 as the Rockefeller Archaeological Museum), built in Jerusalem during the British Mandate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Rockefeller_Tower_Jerusalem.jpg/101px-Rockefeller_Tower_Jerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Rockefeller_Tower_Jerusalem.jpg/152px-Rockefeller_Tower_Jerusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Rockefeller_Tower_Jerusalem.jpg/203px-Rockefeller_Tower_Jerusalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1818" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Palestine Archaeological Museum (PAM; known since 1967 as the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Archaeological_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockefeller Archaeological Museum">Rockefeller Archaeological Museum</a>), built in Jerusalem during the British Mandate</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Post_Office_in_Yaffo.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Main post office, Jaffa"><img alt="Main post office, Jaffa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Central_Post_Office_in_Yaffo.JPG/120px-Central_Post_Office_in_Yaffo.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Central_Post_Office_in_Yaffo.JPG/180px-Central_Post_Office_in_Yaffo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Central_Post_Office_in_Yaffo.JPG/240px-Central_Post_Office_in_Yaffo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Main post office, <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anglo-Palestine_Bank.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Anglo-Palestine Bank"><img alt="The Anglo-Palestine Bank" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Anglo-Palestine_Bank.jpg/120px-Anglo-Palestine_Bank.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Anglo-Palestine_Bank.jpg/180px-Anglo-Palestine_Bank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Anglo-Palestine_Bank.jpg/240px-Anglo-Palestine_Bank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="777" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Palestine_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Palestine Bank">Anglo-Palestine Bank</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Wall_Jerusalem_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Western Wall, 1933"><img alt="The Western Wall, 1933" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Western_Wall_Jerusalem_1933.jpg/96px-Western_Wall_Jerusalem_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Western_Wall_Jerusalem_1933.jpg/143px-Western_Wall_Jerusalem_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Western_Wall_Jerusalem_1933.jpg/191px-Western_Wall_Jerusalem_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2570" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a>, 1933</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Mandate_tribunal_building.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Supreme Military Tribunal of the British Mandate, Kiryat Shmuel, Jerusalem"><img alt="Supreme Military Tribunal of the British Mandate, Kiryat Shmuel, Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/British_Mandate_tribunal_building.jpg/120px-British_Mandate_tribunal_building.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/British_Mandate_tribunal_building.jpg/180px-British_Mandate_tribunal_building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/British_Mandate_tribunal_building.jpg/240px-British_Mandate_tribunal_building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="563" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Supreme Military Tribunal of the British Mandate, <a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Shmuel,_Jerusalem" title="Kiryat Shmuel, Jerusalem">Kiryat Shmuel, Jerusalem</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_612_YMCA_%D7%99.%D7%9E.%D7%A7.%D7%90..JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="YMCA in Jerusalem, built during the British Mandate"><img alt="YMCA in Jerusalem, built during the British Mandate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/PikiWiki_Israel_612_YMCA_%D7%99.%D7%9E.%D7%A7.%D7%90..JPG/120px-PikiWiki_Israel_612_YMCA_%D7%99.%D7%9E.%D7%A7.%D7%90..JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/PikiWiki_Israel_612_YMCA_%D7%99.%D7%9E.%D7%A7.%D7%90..JPG/180px-PikiWiki_Israel_612_YMCA_%D7%99.%D7%9E.%D7%A7.%D7%90..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/PikiWiki_Israel_612_YMCA_%D7%99.%D7%9E.%D7%A7.%D7%90..JPG/240px-PikiWiki_Israel_612_YMCA_%D7%99.%D7%9E.%D7%A7.%D7%90..JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/YMCA" title="YMCA">YMCA</a> in Jerusalem, built during the British Mandate</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bevingrad2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Bevingrad" in Jerusalem, Russian Compound behind barbed wire"><img alt=""Bevingrad" in Jerusalem, Russian Compound behind barbed wire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bevingrad2.jpg/120px-Bevingrad2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bevingrad2.jpg/180px-Bevingrad2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bevingrad2.jpg/240px-Bevingrad2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="597" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Bevingrad" in Jerusalem, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Compound" title="Russian Compound">Russian Compound</a> behind barbed wire</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_mailbox_Jerusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mandate-era pillar box, Jerusalem"><img alt="Mandate-era pillar box, Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/British_mailbox_Jerusalem.jpg/90px-British_mailbox_Jerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/British_mailbox_Jerusalem.jpg/135px-British_mailbox_Jerusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/British_mailbox_Jerusalem.jpg/179px-British_mailbox_Jerusalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mandate-era <a href="/wiki/Pillar_box" title="Pillar box">pillar box</a>, Jerusalem</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palestine1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1941 currency coin"><img alt="1941 currency coin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Palestine1941.jpg/118px-Palestine1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Palestine1941.jpg/178px-Palestine1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Palestine1941.jpg/237px-Palestine1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="362" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1941 currency coin</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CurfewPalestine_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Movement and curfew pass, issued under the authority of the British Military Commander, East Palestine, 1946"><img alt="Movement and curfew pass, issued under the authority of the British Military Commander, East Palestine, 1946" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/CurfewPalestine_01.jpg/120px-CurfewPalestine_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/CurfewPalestine_01.jpg/180px-CurfewPalestine_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/CurfewPalestine_01.jpg/240px-CurfewPalestine_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1788" data-file-height="1196" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Movement and curfew pass, issued under the authority of the British Military Commander, East Palestine, 1946</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine_passport" title="Mandatory Palestine passport">Mandatory Palestine passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Citizenship_Order,_1925" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian Citizenship Order, 1925">Palestinian Citizenship Order, 1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinian_journalism" title="History of Palestinian journalism">History of Palestinian journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Palestine" title="History of agriculture in Palestine">History of agriculture in Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Command" title="Palestine Command">Palestine Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_pound" title="Palestine pound">Palestine pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioners_for_Palestine_and_Transjordan" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioners for Palestine and Transjordan">High Commissioners for Palestine and Transjordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Israeli Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_post_offices_in_the_British_Mandate_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of post offices in the British Mandate of Palestine">List of post offices in the British Mandate of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Palestine" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Palestine">Postage stamps and postal history of Palestine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">During its existence the territory was officially known simply as <i>Palestine</i>, but, in later years, a variety of other names and descriptors have been used, including <i>Mandatory</i> or <b>Mandate Palestine</b>, the <b>British Mandate of Palestine</b> and <b>British Palestine</b>. (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">فلسطين الانتدابية</span> <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Filasṭīn al-Intidābiyah</i></span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">פָּלֶשְׂתִּינָה (א״י)</span> <i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Pāleśtīnā (E.Y.)</i></span></i>, where "E.Y." indicates <i>’Eretz Yiśrā’ēl</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historian <a href="/wiki/Nur_Masalha" title="Nur Masalha">Nur Masalha</a> describes the "British preoccupation with Palestine" and the large increase in European books, articles, travelogues and geographical publications during the 18th and 19th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From Himmler: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The National Socialist movement of Greater Germany has, since its inception, inscribed upon its flag the fight against the world Jewry. It has therefore followed with particular sympathy the struggle of freedom-loving Arabs, especially in Palestine, against Jewish interlopers. In the recognition of this enemy and of the common struggle against it lies the firm foundation of the natural alliance that exists between the National Socialist Greater Germany and the freedom-loving Muslims of the whole world. In this spirit I am sending you on the anniversary of the infamous Balfour declaration my hearty greetings and wishes for the successful pursuit of your struggle until the final victory.</p></blockquote> From Ribbentrop: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I am sending my greetings to your eminence and to the participants of the meeting held today in the Reich capital under your chairmanship. Germany is linked to the Arab nation by old ties of friendship, and today we are united more than ever before. The elimination of the socalled Jewish national home and the liberation of all Arab countries from the oppression and exploitation of the Western powers is an unchangeable part of the Great German Reich policy. Let the hour not be far off when the Arab nation will be able to build its future and find unity in full independence.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, Radio Palestine broadcast the comments of an Egyptian writer who said, "The war is between the lofty and humane values represented by England and the forces of darkness represented by the Nazis."<sup id="cite_ref-Aderet_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aderet-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A British recruiting poster in Arabic, published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Falastin" title="Falastin">Falastin</a></i> newspaper in January 1942, read: "She couldn't stop thinking about contribution and sacrifice, she felt ongoing pride and exaltation of spirit – when she did what she saw as her sacred duty for her nation and its sons. When your country is crying out to you and asking for your service, when your country makes it plain that our Arab men need your love and support, and when your country reminds you of how cruel the enemy is – when your country is calling you, can you stand by and do nothing?"<sup id="cite_ref-Aderet_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aderet-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 50, at 1947 "Haj Amin al-Husseini went one better: he denounced also the minority report, which, in his view, legitimized the Jewish foothold in Palestine, a "partition in disguise", as he put it."; p. 66, at 1946 "The League demanded independence for Palestine as a "unitary" state, with an Arab majority and minority rights for the Jews. The AHC went one better and insisted that the proportion of Jews to Arabs in the unitary state should stand at one to six, meaning that only Jews who lived in Palestine before the British Mandate be eligible for citizenship"; p. 67, at 1947 "The League's Political Committee met in Sofar, Lebanon, on 16–19 September, and urged the Palestine Arabs to fight partition, which it called "aggression", "without mercy". The League promised them, in line with Bludan, assistance "in manpower, money and equipment" should the United Nations endorse partition."; p. 72, at Dec 1947 "The League vowed, in very general language, "to try to stymie the partition plan and prevent the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine,"<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Arabs rejected the United Nations Partition Plan so that any comment of theirs did not specifically concern the status of the Arab section of Palestine under partition but rather rejected the scheme in its entirety."<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalmintmuseum.org.uk/collection/seals/palestine-seal/">"Palestine seal"</a>. <i>www.royalmintmuseum.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.royalmintmuseum.org.uk&rft.atitle=Palestine+seal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalmintmuseum.org.uk%2Fcollection%2Fseals%2Fpalestine-seal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VillStat_1945-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VillStat_1945_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_Statistics1945" class="citation book cs1">Department of Statistics (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/books/NNL_ALEPH002249756/NLI"><i>Village Statistics, April, 1945</i></a>. Government of Palestine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Village+Statistics%2C+April%2C+1945&rft.pub=Government+of+Palestine&rft.date=1945&rft.au=Department+of+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nli.org.il%2Fen%2Fbooks%2FNNL_ALEPH002249756%2FNLI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span> Scan of the original document at the National Library of Israel.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecf.org.il/issues/issue/1087">1922 Census of Palestine</a>, retrieved 19 February 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131125014738/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/2FCA2C68106F11AB05256BCF007BF3CB">"League of Nations decision confirming the Principal Allied Powers' agreement on the territory of Palestine"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/2FCA2C68106F11AB05256BCF007BF3CB">the original</a> on 25 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=League+of+Nations+decision+confirming+the+Principal+Allied+Powers%27+agreement+on+the+territory+of+Palestine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funispal.un.org%2FUNISPAL.NSF%2F0%2F2FCA2C68106F11AB05256BCF007BF3CB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2004" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Matthew, ed. (2004). <i>Allenby in Palestine: The Middle East Correspondence of Field Marshal Viscount Allenby June 1917 – October 1919</i>. Army Records Society. Vol. 22. Phoenix Mill, Thrupp, Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-3841-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-3841-9"><bdi>978-0-7509-3841-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allenby+in+Palestine%3A+The+Middle+East+Correspondence+of+Field+Marshal+Viscount+Allenby+June+1917+%E2%80%93+October+1919&rft.place=Phoenix+Mill%2C+Thrupp%2C+Stroud%2C+Gloucestershire&rft.series=Army+Records+Society&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-3841-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span> Allenby to Robertson 25 January 1918 in Hughes 2004, p. 128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/leagcov.asp#art22">Article 22, The Covenant of the League of Nations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726080156/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/leagcov.asp#art22">Archived</a> 26 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and "Mandate for Palestine", <i>Encyclopaedia Judaica</i>, Vol. 11, p. 862, Keter Publishing House, Jerusalem, 1972</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion of 9 July 2004, 2004 International Court of Justice 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Victor Kattan. <i><b>From Coexistence to Conquest, International Law and the Origins of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1891–1949</b></i>. London, New York: Pluto Press, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNur_Masalha2018" class="citation book cs1">Nur Masalha (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H6K9AQAACAAJ"><i>Palestine: A Four Thousand Year History</i></a>. Zed. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78699-272-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78699-272-7"><bdi>978-1-78699-272-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine%3A+A+Four+Thousand+Year+History&rft.pub=Zed&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-78699-272-7&rft.au=Nur+Masalha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH6K9AQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span> Chapter 9: Being Palestine, becoming Palestine, p. 287: "the sense of continuity between the ancient, medieval and modern political geography and naming traditions of Palestine eventually came into play in the designation of the British Mandatory Government of Palestine". The preceding pages, p.259-287, document in detail the usage of the term Palestine by native Palestinians from the moment the printing press was introduced into the area in the late 19th century.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi1997151–152-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi1997151–152_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhalidi1997">Khalidi 1997</a>, pp. 151–152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Büssow-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Büssow_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBüssow2011" class="citation book cs1">Büssow, Johann (11 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=crPPX99rjYUC&pg=PA5"><i>Hamidian Palestine: Politics and Society in the District of Jerusalem 1872–1908</i></a>. BRILL. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20569-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20569-7"><bdi>978-90-04-20569-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamidian+Palestine%3A+Politics+and+Society+in+the+District+of+Jerusalem+1872%E2%80%931908&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2011-08-11&rft.isbn=978-90-04-20569-7&rft.aulast=B%C3%BCssow&rft.aufirst=Johann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcrPPX99rjYUC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">|The 1915 <i>Filastin Risalesi</i> ("Palestine Document") is a country survey of the <a href="/wiki/VIII_Corps_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="VIII Corps (Ottoman Empire)">VIII Corps</a> of the Ottoman Army, which identified Palestine as a region including the sanjaqs of Akka (the Galilee), the Sanjaq of Nablus, and the Sanjaq of Jerusalem (Kudus Sherif), see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palestine-studies.org/sites/default/files/jq-articles/48_Shifting_Ottoman_2.pdf">Ottoman Conceptions of Palestine-Part 2: Ethnography and Cartography, Salim Tamari</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327151335/http://palestine-studies.org/sites/default/files/jq-articles/48_Shifting_Ottoman_2.pdf">Archived</a> 27 March 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNur_Masalha2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nur_Masalha" title="Nur Masalha">Nur Masalha</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eNvVAQAACAAJ"><i>Palestine A Four Thousand year History</i></a>. Zed Books. pp. 242–245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78699-274-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78699-274-1"><bdi>978-1-78699-274-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine+A+Four+Thousand+year+History&rft.pages=242-245&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-78699-274-1&rft.au=Nur+Masalha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeNvVAQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaplan1994" class="citation journal cs1">Caplan, Neil (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-1913.1994.tb03587.x">"ZIONIST VISIONS OF PALESTINE, 1917–1936<sup>1</sup>"</a>. <i>The Muslim World</i>. <b>84</b> (1–2): 19–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-1913.1994.tb03587.x">10.1111/j.1478-1913.1994.tb03587.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Muslim+World&rft.atitle=ZIONIST+VISIONS+OF+PALESTINE%2C+1917%E2%80%931936%3Csup%3E1%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=19-35&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-1913.1994.tb03587.x&rft.aulast=Caplan&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-1913.1994.tb03587.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Storrs" title="Ronald Storrs">Ronald Storrs</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.501354"><i>Orientations,</i></a> Nicholson & Watson 1943 pp.383-384.|quote='When . .the first civil issue of Palestine stamps was being designed, strong pressure was exerted on the authorities to render Palestine, in the Hebrew title, by <i>Eretz Yisrael</i>, the Land of Israel, the ancient and traditional Jewish name. Jews have never called the country Palestine, which was indeed a Roman name etymologically akin to Philistia. .the Government was undoubtedly right in resisting a nomenclature intolerable to the vast majority of Palestinians, and in substituting the device, relatively inoffensive to all parties (though giving complete satisfaction to none), of adding to "Palestine" in Hebrew the two Hebrew initials (E.Y.).'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">League of Nations, Permanent Mandate Commission, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/0/1504FACC47EFBE05052565F0006B70BB">Minutes of the Ninth Session</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628180414/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/1504facc47efbe05052565f0006b70bb?OpenDocument">Archived</a> 2011-06-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Arab Grievances), Held at Geneva from 8 to 25 June 1926,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayman2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Rayman, Noah (29 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/3445003/mandatory-palestine/">"Mandatory Palestine: What It Was and Why It Matters"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200526042950/https://time.com/3445003/mandatory-palestine/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Mandatory+Palestine%3A+What+It+Was+and+Why+It+Matters&rft.date=2014-09-29&rft.aulast=Rayman&rft.aufirst=Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F3445003%2Fmandatory-palestine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lapidus-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lapidus_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ira M. Lapidus, <i>A History of Islamic Societies</i>, 2002: "The first were the nationalists, who in 1918 formed the first Muslim-Christian associations to protest against the Jewish national home" p.558</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tessler, <i>A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, Second Edition</i>, 2009: "An All-Palestine Congress, known also as the First Congress of the Muslim-Christian Societies, was organised by the MCA and convened in Jerusalem in February 1919." p.220-221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170925040044/http://content.ecf.org.il/files/M00661_FirstArabCongress1919ParisResolutionArabic.pdf">"First Arab Congress 1919 Paris Resolution (in Arabic)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ecf.org.il</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.ecf.org.il/files/M00661_FirstArabCongress1919ParisResolutionArabic.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ecf.org.il&rft.atitle=First+Arab+Congress+1919+Paris+Resolution+%28in+Arabic%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.ecf.org.il%2Ffiles%2FM00661_FirstArabCongress1919ParisResolutionArabic.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110617020548/http://www.palestinechronicle.com/view_article_details.php?id=14037">"Palestine Through History: A Chronology (I)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palestinechronicle.com/view_article_details.php?id=14037">the original</a> on 17 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Palestine+Through+History%3A+A+Chronology+%28I%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palestinechronicle.com%2Fview_article_details.php%3Fid%3D14037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span> The Palestine Chronicle</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140603191241/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/FB6DD3F0E9535815852572DD006CC607">"United Nations Maintenance Page"</a>. <i>unispal.un.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/FB6DD3F0E9535815852572DD006CC607">the original</a> on 3 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unispal.un.org&rft.atitle=United+Nations+Maintenance+Page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funispal.un.org%2FUNISPAL.NSF%2F0%2FFB6DD3F0E9535815852572DD006CC607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haaretz-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haaretz_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haaretz_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haaretz_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haaretz_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">'A Colonial Room With a View of Jerusalem' (<i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i>, 24 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/culture/2012-04-24/ty-article/a-colonial-room-with-a-view-of-Jerusalem/0000017f-deec-db22-a17f-fefd9e520000">https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/culture/2012-04-24/ty-article/a-colonial-room-with-a-view-of-Jerusalem/0000017f-deec-db22-a17f-fefd9e520000</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shamir, Ronen (2013) <i>Current Flow: The Electrification of Palestine</i> Stanford: Stanford University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caplan, Neil. <i>Palestine Jewry and the Arab Question, 1917 – 1925</i>. London and Totowa, NJ: F. Cass, 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3110-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3110-3">978-0-7146-3110-3</a>. pp. 148–161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mattar2003-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mattar2003_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattar2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Mattar" title="Philip Mattar">Mattar, Philip</a> (2003). "al-Husayni, Amin". In Mattar, Philip (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of the Palestinians</i> (Revised ed.). New York: Facts On File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5764-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5764-1"><bdi>978-0-8160-5764-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=al-Husayni%2C+Amin&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Palestinians&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-5764-1&rft.aulast=Mattar&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"It was not scholarly religious credentials that made Hajj Amin an attractive candidate for president of the SMC in the eyes of colonial officials. Rather, it was the combination of his being an effective nationalist activist and a member of one of Jerusalem's most respected notable families that made it advantageous to align his interests with those of the British administration and thereby keep him on a short tether." Weldon C. Matthews, <i>Confronting an Empire, Constructing a Nation: Arab Nationalists and Popular Politics in Mandate Palestine</i>, I.B.Tauris, 2006 pp. 31–32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For details see Yitzhak Reiter, <i>Islamic Endowments in Jerusalem under British Mandate</i>, Frank Cass, London Portland, Oregon, 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Excluding funds for land purchases. Sahar Huneidi, <i>A Broken Trust: Herbert Samuel, Zionism and the Palestinians 1920–1925</i>, I.B. Tauris, London and New York, 2001 p. 38. The 'Jewish Agency', mentioned in article 4 of the Mandate only became the official term in 1928. At the time the organisation was called the Palestine Zionist Executive.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140916132453/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/C7AAE196F41AA055052565F50054E656">"1922 Palestine Order in Council"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/C7AAE196F41AA055052565F50054E656">the original</a> on 16 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1922+Palestine+Order+in+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funispal.un.org%2FUNISPAL.NSF%2F0%2FC7AAE196F41AA055052565F50054E656&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-T1-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-T1_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-T1_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Palestine. The Constitution Suspended. Arab Boycott Of Elections. Back To British Rule" <i>The Times</i>, 30 May 1923, p. 14, Issue 43354</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.answers.com/topic/legislative-council-palestine">Legislative Council (Palestine)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181015060758/http://www.answers.com/topic/legislative-council-palestine">Archived</a> 15 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Answers.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jwa-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jwa_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLas,_Nelly" class="citation web cs1">Las, Nelly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/international-council-of-jewish-women">"International Council of Jewish Women"</a>. International Council of Jewish Women<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Council+of+Jewish+Women&rft.pub=International+Council+of+Jewish+Women&rft.au=Las%2C+Nelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjwa.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Farticle%2Finternational-council-of-jewish-women&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">League of Nations, <i>Official Journal</i>, October 1923, p. 1217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-segev-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-segev_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-segev_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSegev2000">Segev 2000</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onepalestinecomp00sege/page/360">360–362</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilbert1998">Gilbert 1998</a>, p. 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhalidi2006">Khalidi 2006</a>, pp. 87–90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2007" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Charles D. (2007). <i>Palestine and the Arab–Israeli Conflict: A History with Documents</i> (Sixth ed.). pp. 111–225.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine+and+the+Arab%E2%80%93Israeli+Conflict%3A+A+History+with+Documents&rft.pages=111-225&rft.edition=Sixth&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Charles+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilbert1998">Gilbert 1998</a>, p. 85: The <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Settlement_Police" title="Jewish Settlement Police">Jewish Settlement Police</a> were created and equipped with trucks and armoured cars by the British working with the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel" title="Jewish Agency for Israel">Jewish Agency</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"The Zionism of Orde", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140801015753/http://covenant.idc.ac.il/en/vol3/issue1/The_Zionism_of_Orde.html"><i>Covenant</i></a>, vol. 3, IDC, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.covenant.idc.ac.il/en/vol3/issue1/The_Zionism_of_Orde.html">the original</a> on 1 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2014</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Zionism+of+Orde&rft.btitle=Covenant&rft.pub=IDC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.covenant.idc.ac.il%2Fen%2Fvol3%2Fissue1%2FThe_Zionism_of_Orde.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack1991">Black 1991</a>, p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShapira1992">Shapira 1992</a>, pp. 247, 249, 350</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Irgun-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Irgun_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirestone,_Reuven2012" class="citation book cs1">Firestone, Reuven (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EHyqYbTM-dwC&q=Irgun+%22retaliatory+acts%22&pg=PA192"><i>Holy War in Judaism: The Fall and Rise of a Controversial Idea</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-986030-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-986030-2"><bdi>978-0-19-986030-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+War+in+Judaism%3A+The+Fall+and+Rise+of+a+Controversial+Idea&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-986030-2&rft.au=Firestone%2C+Reuven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEHyqYbTM-dwC%26q%3DIrgun%2B%2522retaliatory%2Bacts%2522%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HistoryOfPalestinianRevolts-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HistoryOfPalestinianRevolts_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051215061527/http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/9A489B74-6477-4E67-9C22-0F53A3CC9ADF.htm">"Aljazeera: The history of Palestinian revolts"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/9A489B74-6477-4E67-9C22-0F53A3CC9ADF.htm">the original</a> on 15 December 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aljazeera%3A+The+history+of+Palestinian+revolts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aljazeera.net%2FNR%2Fexeres%2F9A489B74-6477-4E67-9C22-0F53A3CC9ADF.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhalidi2001">Khalidi 2001</a>, p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi1987845-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi1987845_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhalidi1987">Khalidi 1987</a>, p. 845.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200128-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200128_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhalidi2001">Khalidi 2001</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Louis-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Louis_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Louis_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Louis, William Roger (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NQnpQNKeKKAC"><i>Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221128022458/https://books.google.com/books/about/Ends_of_British_Imperialism.html?id=NQnpQNKeKKAC&redir_esc=y">Archived</a> 28 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 391.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris66-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morris66_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris66_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris, Benny (2009). <i>One State, Two States: Resolving the Israel/Palestine Conflict</i>, p. 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris48-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morris48_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris48_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Morris, Benny</a> (2004) [1988]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C"><i>The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 11, 48, 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00967-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00967-6"><bdi>978-0-521-00967-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Palestinian+Refugee+Problem+Revisited&rft.pages=11%2C+48%2C+49&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00967-6&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuM_kFX6edX8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span> p. 11 "while the Zionist movement, after much agonising, accepted the principle of partition and the proposals as a basis for negotiation"; p. 49 "In the end, after bitter debate, the Congress equivocally approved—by a vote of 299 to 160—the Peel recommendations as a basis for further negotiation."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'Zionists Ready To Negotiate British Plan As Basis', <i>The Times</i> Thursday, 12 August 1937; p. 10; Issue 47761; col B.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eran, Oded (2002). "Arab-Israel Peacemaking." <i>The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East</i>. Ed. <a href="/wiki/Avraham_Sela" title="Avraham Sela">Avraham Sela</a>. New York: Continuum, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/B-G%20LetterTranslation.pdf">Letter from David Ben-Gurion to his son Amos, written 5 October 1937</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190512101840/http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/B-G%20LetterTranslation.pdf">Archived</a> 12 May 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Obtained from the Ben-Gurion Archives in Hebrew, and translated into English by the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Palestine_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Palestine Studies">Institute of Palestine Studies</a>, Beirut</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2011" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Morris, Benny</a> (2011), <i>Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–1998</i>, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, p. 138, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-78805-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-78805-4"><bdi>978-0-307-78805-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Righteous+Victims%3A+A+History+of+the+Zionist-Arab+Conflict%2C+1881%E2%80%931998&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-307-78805-4&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span> Quote: "No Zionist can forgo the smallest portion of the Land Of Israel. [A] Jewish state in part [of Palestine] is not an end, but a beginning ….. Our possession is important not only for itself … through this we increase our power, and every increase in power facilitates getting hold of the country in its entirety. Establishing a [small] state …. will serve as a very potent lever in our historical effort to redeem the whole country"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finkelstein208-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Finkelstein208_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finkelstein208_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelstein2005" class="citation cs2">Finkelstein, Norman (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xmi2Yw0QzN8C&pg=PA280"><i>Beyond Chutzpah: On the Misuse of Anti-semitism and the Abuse of History</i></a>, University of California Press, p. 280, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24598-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24598-3"><bdi>978-0-520-24598-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Chutzpah%3A+On+the+Misuse+of+Anti-semitism+and+the+Abuse+of+History&rft.pages=280&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24598-3&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXmi2Yw0QzN8C%26pg%3DPA280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quote from a meeting of the Jewish Agency executive in June 1938: "[I am] satisfied with part of the country, but on the basis of the assumption that after we build up a strong force following the establishment of the state, we will abolish the partition of the country and we will expand to the whole Land of Israel." in<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasalha1992" class="citation cs2">Masalha, Nur (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/expulsionofpales00masa/page/107"><i>Expulsion of the Palestinians: The Concept of "Transfer" in Zionist Political Thought, 1882–1948</i></a>, Inst for Palestine Studies, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/expulsionofpales00masa/page/107">107</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88728-235-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88728-235-5"><bdi>978-0-88728-235-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Expulsion+of+the+Palestinians%3A+The+Concept+of+%22Transfer%22+in+Zionist+Political+Thought%2C+1882%E2%80%931948&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Inst+for+Palestine+Studies&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-88728-235-5&rft.aulast=Masalha&rft.aufirst=Nur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexpulsionofpales00masa%2Fpage%2F107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span>; and <a href="#CITEREFSegev2000">Segev 2000</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onepalestinecomp00sege/page/403">403</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From a letter from Chaim Weizmann to <a href="/wiki/General_(United_Kingdom)" title="General (United Kingdom)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Grenfell_Wauchope" title="Arthur Grenfell Wauchope">Sir Arthur G. Wauchope</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_Commissioners_for_Palestine_and_Transjordan" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioners for Palestine and Transjordan">High Commissioner for Palestine</a>, while the Peel Commission was convening in 1937: "We shall spread in the whole country in the course of time ….. this is only an arrangement for the next 25 to 30 years." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasalha1992" class="citation cs2">Masalha, Nur (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/expulsionofpales00masa/page/62"><i>Expulsion of the Palestinians: The Concept of "Transfer" in Zionist Political Thought, 1882–1948</i></a>, Inst for Palestine Studies, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/expulsionofpales00masa/page/62">62</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88728-235-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88728-235-5"><bdi>978-0-88728-235-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Expulsion+of+the+Palestinians%3A+The+Concept+of+%22Transfer%22+in+Zionist+Political+Thought%2C+1882%E2%80%931948&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Inst+for+Palestine+Studies&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-88728-235-5&rft.aulast=Masalha&rft.aufirst=Nur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexpulsionofpales00masa%2Fpage%2F62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110921004629/http://www.isracast.com/article.aspx?ID=470&t=Why-Italian-Planes-Bombed-Tel-Aviv%3F">"Why Italian Planes Bombed Tel-Aviv?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isracast.com/article.aspx?ID=470&t=Why-Italian-Planes-Bombed-Tel-Aviv?">the original</a> on 21 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Italian+Planes+Bombed+Tel-Aviv%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isracast.com%2Farticle.aspx%3FID%3D470%26t%3DWhy-Italian-Planes-Bombed-Tel-Aviv%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historycentral.com/Israel/1941PalmachFormed.html">How the Palmach was formed</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191212162717/https://www.historycentral.com/Israel/1941PalmachFormed.html">Archived</a> 12 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (History Central)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Secret World War II documents released by the UK in July 2001, include documents on <a href="/wiki/Operation_ATLAS" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation ATLAS">Operation ATLAS</a> (See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/july2001.pdf">References: KV 2/400–402</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140402042324/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/july2001.pdf">Archived</a> 2 April 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. A German task force led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Wieland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Wieland (page does not exist)">Kurt Wieland</a> parachuted into Palestine in September 1944. This was one of the last German efforts in the region to attack the Jewish community in Palestine and undermine British rule by supplying local Arabs with cash, arms and sabotage equipment. The team was captured shortly after landing.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoshe_Pearlman1947" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Pearlman" title="Moshe Pearlman">Moshe Pearlman</a> (1947). <i>Mufti of Jerusalem; the story of Haj Amin el Husseini</i>. V. Gollancz. p. 50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mufti+of+Jerusalem%3B+the+story+of+Haj+Amin+el+Husseini&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=V.+Gollancz&rft.date=1947&rft.au=Moshe+Pearlman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRolf_Steininger2018" class="citation book cs1">Rolf Steininger (17 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wm58DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA55"><i>Germany and the Middle East: From Kaiser Wilhelm II to Angela Merkel</i></a>. Berghahn Books. pp. 55–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78920-039-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78920-039-3"><bdi>978-1-78920-039-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany+and+the+Middle+East%3A+From+Kaiser+Wilhelm+II+to+Angela+Merkel&rft.pages=55-&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2018-12-17&rft.isbn=978-1-78920-039-3&rft.au=Rolf+Steininger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWm58DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aderet-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aderet_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aderet_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aderet_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aderet, Ofer. "12,000 Palestinians Fought for U.K. in WWII alongside Jewish Volunteers, Historian Finds." Haaretz.com. Haaretz, May 31, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-historian-12-000-palestinians-fought-for-u-k-in-wwii-alongside-jewish-volunteers-1.7309369">Link</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220327131018/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-historian-12-000-palestinians-fought-for-u-k-in-wwii-alongside-jewish-volunteers-1.7309369">Archived</a> 27 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Corrigan, Gordon. <i>The Second World War</i> Thomas Dunne Books, 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-57709-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-57709-4">978-0-312-57709-4</a> p. 523, last paragraph</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JIJI-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JIJI_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JIJI_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4467083">"United States: British Collaboration on Illegal Immigration to Palestine, 1945-1947"</a>. <i>Miriam Joyce Haron</i>. JSTOR. 1980. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4467083">4467083</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Miriam+Joyce+Haron&rft.atitle=United+States%3A+British+Collaboration+on+Illegal+Immigration+to+Palestine%2C+1945-1947&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4467083%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4467083&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenk1994" class="citation book cs1">Lenk, RS (1994). <i>The Mauritius Affair, The Boat People of 1940–41</i>. London: R Lenk. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9518805-2-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9518805-2-4"><bdi>978-0-9518805-2-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mauritius+Affair%2C+The+Boat+People+of+1940%E2%80%9341&rft.place=London&rft.pub=R+Lenk&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-9518805-2-4&rft.aulast=Lenk&rft.aufirst=RS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAroni2002–2007" class="citation web cs1">Aroni, Samuel (2002–2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishgen.org/databases/holocaust/0140_Struma.html#P9">"Who Perished on the Struma And How Many?"</a>. JewishGen.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+Perished+on+the+Struma+And+How+Many%3F&rft.pub=JewishGen.org&rft.date=2002%2F2007&rft.aulast=Aroni&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishgen.org%2Fdatabases%2Fholocaust%2F0140_Struma.html%23P9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://flot.sevastopol.info/ship/podlodki/shya215.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Подводная лодка "Щ-215"</bdi></a>. <i>Черноморский Флот информационный ресурс</i> (in Russian). 2000–2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0+%22%D0%A9-215%22&rft.date=2000%2F2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fflot.sevastopol.info%2Fship%2Fpodlodki%2Fshya215.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wertheimer.info/family/GRAMPS/Haapalah/plc/2/7/bea98dbf1dc6d1a1772.html">"מפקורה SS Mefküre Mafkura Mefkura"</a>. <i>Haapalah Aliyah Bet Database</i>. 27 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haapalah+Aliyah+Bet+Database&rft.atitle=%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94+SS+Mefk%C3%BCre+Mafkura+Mefkura&rft.date=2011-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wertheimer.info%2Ffamily%2FGRAMPS%2FHaapalah%2Fplc%2F2%2F7%2Fbea98dbf1dc6d1a1772.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth Harris, <i> Attlee</i> (1982) pp 388–400.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard Adelman, "UNSCOP and the Partition Recommendation." (Centre for Refugee Studies, York University, 2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10315/2669/H+A+UNSCOP+and+the+Partition+Recommendation.PDF?sequence=1">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191219184223/https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10315/2669/H+A+UNSCOP+and+the+Partition+Recommendation.PDF?sequence=1">Archived</a> 19 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120524094913/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/7f0af2bd897689b785256c330061d253">"A/RES/181(II) of 29 November 1947"</a>. United Nations. 1947. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/7f0af2bd897689b785256c330061d253">the original</a> on 24 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A%2FRES%2F181%28II%29+of+29+November+1947&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=1947&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdomino.un.org%2Funispal.nsf%2F0%2F7f0af2bd897689b785256c330061d253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCathy_HartleyPaul_Cossali2004" class="citation book cs1">Cathy Hartley; Paul Cossali (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KvaNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA52"><i>Survey of Arab-Israeli Relations</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 52–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-35527-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-35527-2"><bdi>978-1-135-35527-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Survey+of+Arab-Israeli+Relations&rft.pages=52-53&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-135-35527-2&rft.au=Cathy+Hartley&rft.au=Paul+Cossali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKvaNAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article 11 of the United Nations Charter</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt1948" class="citation journal cs1">Roosevelt, Kermit (1948). "The Partition of Palestine: A lesson in pressure politics". <i>Middle East Journal</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 1–16. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4321940">4321940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Partition+of+Palestine%3A+A+lesson+in+pressure+politics&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-16&rft.date=1948&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4321940%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Kermit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnetsinger1974" class="citation book cs1">Snetsinger, John (1974). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trumanjewishvote0000snet"><i>Truman, the Jewish vote, and the creation of Israel</i></a></span>. Hoover Institution. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trumanjewishvote0000snet/page/66">66–67</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-3391-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-3391-3"><bdi>978-0-8179-3391-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truman%2C+the+Jewish+vote%2C+and+the+creation+of+Israel&rft.pages=66-67&rft.pub=Hoover+Institution&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-8179-3391-3&rft.aulast=Snetsinger&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrumanjewishvote0000snet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarsar2004" class="citation journal cs1">Sarsar, Saliba (2004). "The question of Palestine and United States behavior at the United Nations". <i>International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society</i>. <b>17</b> (3): 457–470. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FB%3AIJPS.0000019613.01593.5e">10.1023/B:IJPS.0000019613.01593.5e</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0891-4486">0891-4486</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143484109">143484109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Politics%2C+Culture+and+Society&rft.atitle=The+question+of+Palestine+and+United+States+behavior+at+the+United+Nations&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=457-470&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143484109%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0891-4486&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FB%3AIJPS.0000019613.01593.5e&rft.aulast=Sarsar&rft.aufirst=Saliba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris,_Benny2008" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Benny (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J5jtAAAAMAAJ"><i>1948: a history of the first Arab-Israeli war</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12696-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12696-9"><bdi>978-0-300-12696-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1948%3A+a+history+of+the+first+Arab-Israeli+war&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12696-9&rft.au=Morris%2C+Benny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ5jtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002103014/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/4ECBF3578B6149C50525657100507FAB">"UNITED NATIONS CONCILIATION COMMISSION FOR PALESTINE A/AC.25/W/19 30 July 1949: (Working paper prepared by the Secretariat)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/4ECBF3578B6149C50525657100507FAB">the original</a> on 2 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNITED+NATIONS+CONCILIATION+COMMISSION+FOR+PALESTINE+A%2FAC.25%2FW%2F19+30+July+1949%3A+%28Working+paper+prepared+by+the+Secretariat%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funispal.un.org%2FUNISPAL.NSF%2F0%2F4ECBF3578B6149C50525657100507FAB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://school.eb.com/eb/article-45071">"Palestine"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica Online School Edition, 2006. 15 May 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefan_Brooks2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Stefan Brooks (2008). "Palestine, British Mandate for". In Spencer C. Tucker (ed.). <i>The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict</i>. Vol. 3. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 770. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-842-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-842-2"><bdi>978-1-85109-842-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Palestine%2C+British+Mandate+for&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Arab-Israeli+Conflict&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=770&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-842-2&rft.au=Stefan+Brooks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sherman-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sherman_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._J._Sherman2001" class="citation book cs1">A. J. Sherman (2001). <i>Mandate Days: British Lives in Palestine, 1918–1948</i>. The Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6620-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6620-3"><bdi>978-0-8018-6620-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mandate+Days%3A+British+Lives+in+Palestine%2C+1918%E2%80%931948&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6620-3&rft.au=A.+J.+Sherman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenachem_Begin1977" class="citation web cs1">Menachem Begin (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/defense.html#_ednref37">"The Revolt"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Revolt&rft.date=1977&rft.au=Menachem+Begin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FHistory%2Fdefense.html%23_ednref37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i>Mandates, Dependencies and Trusteeship</i>, by H. Duncan Hall, Carnegie Endowment, 1948, pp. 266–267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100929150945/http://www.jpress.org.il/publications/PPost-en.asp">"The Mandate is Indivisble"</a>. <i>Historical Jewish Press, Tel Aviv University, Palestine Post</i>. 9 April 1946. p. 3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpress.org.il/publications/PPost-en.asp">the original</a> on 29 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+Jewish+Press%2C+Tel+Aviv+University%2C+Palestine+Post&rft.atitle=The+Mandate+is+Indivisble&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1946-04-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpress.org.il%2Fpublications%2FPPost-en.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=goto&id=FRUS.FRUS1947v05&isize=M&submit=Go+to+page&page=1255">"The Near East and Africa"</a>. <i>Foreign relations of the United States</i>. 1947. p. 1255.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+relations+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=The+Near+East+and+Africa&rft.pages=1255&rft.date=1947&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigicoll.library.wisc.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2FFRUS%2FFRUS-idx%3Ftype%3Dgoto%26id%3DFRUS.FRUS1947v05%26isize%3DM%26submit%3DGo%2Bto%2Bpage%26page%3D1255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnetsinger1974" class="citation book cs1">Snetsinger, John (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JAW2aHnkL4UC&pg=PA60"><i>Truman, the Jewish vote, and the creation of Israel</i></a>. Hoover Press. pp. 60–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-3391-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-3391-3"><bdi>978-0-8179-3391-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truman%2C+the+Jewish+vote%2C+and+the+creation+of+Israel&rft.pages=60-61&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-8179-3391-3&rft.aulast=Snetsinger&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJAW2aHnkL4UC%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=goto&id=FRUS.FRUS1947v05&isize=M&submit=Go+to+page&page=1271">"The Near East and Africa, Volume V (1947)"</a>. <i>United States Department of State, Foreign relations of the United States</i>. p. 1271.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State%2C+Foreign+relations+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=The+Near+East+and+Africa%2C+Volume+V+%281947%29&rft.pages=1271&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigicoll.library.wisc.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2FFRUS%2FFRUS-idx%3Ftype%3Dgoto%26id%3DFRUS.FRUS1947v05%26isize%3DM%26submit%3DGo%2Bto%2Bpage%26page%3D1271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ATQQ0FMS1FQC&pg=PA348"><i>The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945–1951</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221128023422/https://books.google.com/books?id=ATQQ0FMS1FQC&pg=PA348">Archived</a> 28 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 348. William Roger Louis, Clarendon Press, 1984</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jta.org/1947/12/16/archive/violence-ebbs-british-police-withdrawn-from-tel-aviv-and-its-environs">"Violence Ebbs; British Police Withdrawn from Tel Aviv and Its Environs – Jewish Telegraphic Agency"</a>. <i>www.jta.org</i>. 16 December 1947.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jta.org&rft.atitle=Violence+Ebbs%3B+British+Police+Withdrawn+from+Tel+Aviv+and+Its+Environs+%E2%80%93+Jewish+Telegraphic+Agency&rft.date=1947-12-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2F1947%2F12%2F16%2Farchive%2Fviolence-ebbs-british-police-withdrawn-from-tel-aviv-and-its-environs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_J_Cohen2014" class="citation book cs1">Michael J Cohen (24 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DLPpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA481"><i>Britain's Moment in Palestine: Retrospect and Perspectives, 1917–1948</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 481–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-91364-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-91364-1"><bdi>978-1-317-91364-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+Moment+in+Palestine%3A+Retrospect+and+Perspectives%2C+1917%E2%80%931948&rft.pages=481-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-02-24&rft.isbn=978-1-317-91364-1&rft.au=Michael+J+Cohen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDLPpAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jta.org/1948/04/23/archive/british-forces-in-jerusalem-alerter-following-haifa-victory-fear-haganah-raid-on-city">"British Forces in Jerusalem Alerter Following Haifa Victory; Fear Haganah Raid on City – Jewish Telegraphic Agency"</a>. <i>www.jta.org</i>. 23 April 1948.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jta.org&rft.atitle=British+Forces+in+Jerusalem+Alerter+Following+Haifa+Victory%3B+Fear+Haganah+Raid+on+City+%E2%80%93+Jewish+Telegraphic+Agency&rft.date=1948-04-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2F1948%2F04%2F23%2Farchive%2Fbritish-forces-in-jerusalem-alerter-following-haifa-victory-fear-haganah-raid-on-city&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hansard-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hansard_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hansard_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1948/mar/10/palestine-bill">"PALESTINE BILL"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. 10 March 1948.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.atitle=PALESTINE+BILL&rft.date=1948-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1948%2Fmar%2F10%2Fpalestine-bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herzog, Chaim and Gazit, Shlomo: <i>The Arab-Israeli Wars: War and Peace in the Middle East from the 1948 War of Independence to the Present</i>, p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090207194949/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/561c6ee353d740fb8525607d00581829/7f0af2bd897689b785256c330061d253%21OpenDocument">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'U.N. Resolution 181 (II). Future Government of Palestine, Part 1-A, Termination of Mandate, Partition and Independence"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/561c6ee353d740fb8525607d00581829/7f0af2bd897689b785256c330061d253%21OpenDocument">the original</a> on 7 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27U.N.+Resolution+181+%28II%29.+Future+Government+of+Palestine%2C+Part+1-A%2C+Termination+of+Mandate%2C+Partition+and+Independence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdomino.un.org%2Funispal.nsf%2F561c6ee353d740fb8525607d00581829%2F7f0af2bd897689b785256c330061d253%2521OpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/un/res181.htm">U.N. Resolution 181 (II). Future Government of Palestine, Part 1-A, Termination of Mandate, Partition and Independence</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061029150108/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/un/res181.htm">Archived</a> 29 October 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mideastweb.org/trusteeship.htm">"President Truman's Trusteeship Statement – 1948"</a>. <i>www.mideastweb.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mideastweb.org&rft.atitle=President+Truman%27s+Trusteeship+Statement+%E2%80%93+1948&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mideastweb.org%2Ftrusteeship.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Northey-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Northey_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorthey,_Ruth_(project_ed.)2013" class="citation book cs1">Northey, Ruth (project ed.) (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CXGuAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT127"><i>Whitaker's Britain</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-0305-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-0305-1"><bdi>978-1-4729-0305-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whitaker%27s+Britain&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4729-0305-1&rft.au=Northey%2C+Ruth+%28project+ed.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCXGuAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace+Process/Guide+to+the+Peace+Process/Declaration+of+Establishment+of+State+of+Israel.htm">"Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs: <i>Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel: 14 May 1948</i>: Retrieved 10 April 2012"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116103234/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace+Process/Guide+to+the+Peace+Process/Declaration+of+Establishment+of+State+of+Israel.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs%3A+Declaration+of+Establishment+of+State+of+Israel%3A+14+May+1948%3A+Retrieved+10+April+2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.il%2FMFA%2FPeace%2BProcess%2FGuide%2Bto%2Bthe%2BPeace%2BProcess%2FDeclaration%2Bof%2BEstablishment%2Bof%2BState%2Bof%2BIsrael.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bier, Aharon, & Slae, Bracha, <i>For the sake of Jerusalem</i>, Mazo Publishers, 2006, p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_(Israel)" class="extiw" title="s:Declaration of Independence (Israel)"><i>Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel</i></a>, 14 May 1948.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Sussmann1950" class="citation journal cs1">J. Sussmann (1950). "Law and Judicial Practice in Israel". <i>Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law</i>. <b>32</b>: 29–31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Comparative+Legislation+and+International+Law&rft.atitle=Law+and+Judicial+Practice+in+Israel&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=29-31&rft.date=1950&rft.au=J.+Sussmann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Epstein-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Epstein_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113183514/http://www.archives.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/BD240CA5-379D-4FAE-81A8-069902AD1E7F/0/Truman3.pdf">"Copy of telegram from Epstein to Shertok"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Government of Israel. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/BD240CA5-379D-4FAE-81A8-069902AD1E7F/0/Truman3.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Copy+of+telegram+from+Epstein+to+Shertok&rft.pub=Government+of+Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov.il%2FNR%2Frdonlyres%2FBD240CA5-379D-4FAE-81A8-069902AD1E7F%2F0%2FTruman3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=83">"Our Documents – Press Release Announcing U.S. Recognition of Israel (1948)"</a>. <i>www.ourdocuments.gov</i>. 9 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ourdocuments.gov&rft.atitle=Our+Documents+%E2%80%93+Press+Release+Announcing+U.S.+Recognition+of+Israel+%281948%29&rft.date=2021-04-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourdocuments.gov%2Fdoc.php%3Fflash%3Dtrue%26doc%3D83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jta.org/1948/03/26/archive/palestine-passports-cease-to-give-british-protection-after-may-govt-announces">"Palestine Passports Cease to Give British Protection After May Govt. Announces – Jewish Telegraphic Agency"</a>. <i>www.jta.org</i>. 26 March 1948.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jta.org&rft.atitle=Palestine+Passports+Cease+to+Give+British+Protection+After+May+Govt.+Announces+%E2%80%93+Jewish+Telegraphic+Agency&rft.date=1948-03-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2F1948%2F03%2F26%2Farchive%2Fpalestine-passports-cease-to-give-british-protection-after-may-govt-announces&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nur-eldeen_Masalha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur-eldeen Masalha">Masalha, Nur</a> (1992). "Expulsion of the Palestinians." Institute for Palestine Studies, this edition 2001, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khalidi-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Khalidi_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rashid (1997). p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bL9dfjYK2eMC&pg=PA21">21</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221128023459/https://books.google.com/books?id=bL9dfjYK2eMC&pg=PA21">Archived</a> 28 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "In 1948 half of Palestine's 1.4 million Arabs were uprooted from their homes and became refugees".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Appendix IX-B, 'The Arab Expeditionary Forces to Palestine, 15/5/48, Khalidi, 1971, p. 867.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bayliss, 1999, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen-Hattab2019" class="citation book cs1">Cohen-Hattab, Kobi (8 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pz_EDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA255"><i>Zionism's Maritime Revolution: The Yishuv's Hold on the Land of Israel's Sea and Shores, 1917–1948</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-063352-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-063352-8"><bdi>978-3-11-063352-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zionism%27s+Maritime+Revolution%3A+The+Yishuv%27s+Hold+on+the+Land+of+Israel%27s+Sea+and+Shores%2C+1917%E2%80%931948&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2019-07-08&rft.isbn=978-3-11-063352-8&rft.aulast=Cohen-Hattab&rft.aufirst=Kobi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPz_EDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-197740/">"Plan of partition - Summary of the UK Palestine Royal Commission (Peel Commission) report - League of Nations/Non-UN document"</a>. <i>un.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=un.org&rft.atitle=Plan+of+partition+-+Summary+of+the+UK+Palestine+Royal+Commission+%28Peel+Commission%29+report+-+League+of+Nations%2FNon-UN+document&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Funispal%2Fdocument%2Fauto-insert-197740%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=goto&id=FRUS.FRUS1919Parisv13&isize=M&submit=Go+to+page&page=94">"The Paris Peace Conference"</a>. 1919. p. 94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Paris+Peace+Conference&rft.pages=94&rft.date=1919&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigicoll.library.wisc.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2FFRUS%2FFRUS-idx%3Ftype%3Dgoto%26id%3DFRUS.FRUS1919Parisv13%26isize%3DM%26submit%3DGo%2Bto%2Bpage%26page%3D94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeague_of_Nations_Union1922" class="citation web cs1">League of Nations Union (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/summaryofworkofl00leagiala">"Summary of the work of the League of Nations, January 1920 – March 1922"</a>. London – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summary+of+the+work+of+the+League+of+Nations%2C+January+1920+%E2%80%93+March+1922&rft.pub=London&rft.date=1922&rft.au=League+of+Nations+Union&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsummaryofworkofl00leagiala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080608120300/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1878berlin.html">"Internet History Sourcebooks"</a>. <i>www.fordham.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1878berlin.html">the original</a> on 8 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fordham.edu&rft.atitle=Internet+History+Sourcebooks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fmod%2F1878berlin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Defending the Rights of Others, by Carol Fink, Cambridge University, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02994-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02994-0">978-0-521-02994-0</a>, p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ormsby-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ormsby_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the Statement of the Principal Accredited Representative, Hon. <a href="/wiki/William_Ormsby-Gore,_4th_Baron_Harlech" title="William Ormsby-Gore, 4th Baron Harlech">W. Ormsby-Gore</a>, C.330.M.222, Mandate for Palestine <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0145a8233e14d2b585256cbf005af141/fd05535118aef0de052565ed0065ddf7?OpenDocument">– Minutes of the Permanent Mandates Commission/League of Nations 32nd session, 18 August 1937</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110603232945/http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0145a8233e14d2b585256cbf005af141/fd05535118aef0de052565ed0065ddf7?OpenDocument">Archived</a> 3 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/131/1681.pdf">See the Judgment in "Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110112025712/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/131/1681.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-01-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (PDF)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See paragraphs 49, 70, and 129 of the International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion, Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/131/1671.pdf">PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100706021237/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/131/1671.pdf">Archived</a> 2010-07-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and PAUL J. I. M. DE WAART (2005). "International Court of Justice Firmly Walled in the Law of Power in the Israeli–Palestinian Peace Process." <i>Leiden Journal of International Law</i>, 18, pp. 467–487, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0922156505002839">10.1017/S0922156505002839</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200632–33-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200632–33_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhalidi2006">Khalidi 2006</a>, pp. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200633–34-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200633–34_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhalidi2006">Khalidi 2006</a>, pp. 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Palestine. The Constitution Suspended., Arab Boycott Of Elections., Back To British Rule" <i>The Times</i>, 30 May 1923, p. 14, Issue 43354</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200632,_36-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200632,_36_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhalidi2006">Khalidi 2006</a>, pp. 32, 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Foreign relations of the United States, 1947. The Near East and Africa Volume V, p. 1033</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200663-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200663_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhalidi2006">Khalidi 2006</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200652-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200652_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhalidi2006">Khalidi 2006</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200656–57-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200656–57_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhalidi2006">Khalidi 2006</a>, pp. 56–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200663,_69Segev2000127–144-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200663,_69Segev2000127–144_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhalidi2006">Khalidi 2006</a>, pp. 63, 69; <a href="#CITEREFSegev2000">Segev 2000</a>, pp. 127–144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2001112-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2001112_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris2001">Morris 2001</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200681-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200681_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhalidi2006">Khalidi 2006</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nlis/en/jrayed/Pages/Filastin.aspx">"Filastin"</a>. <i>National Library of Israel</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Library+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Filastin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.nli.org.il%2Fsites%2Fnlis%2Fen%2Fjrayed%2FPages%2FFilastin.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200687–90-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200687–90_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhalidi2006">Khalidi 2006</a>, pp. 87–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSufian2008" class="citation journal cs1">Sufian, Sandy (1 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/13805989">"Anatomy of the 1936–39 Revolt: Images of the Body in Political Cartoons of Mandatory Palestine"</a>. <i>Journal of Palestine Studies</i>. <b>37</b> (2): 23–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fjps.2008.37.2.23">10.1525/jps.2008.37.2.23</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Palestine+Studies&rft.atitle=Anatomy+of+the+1936%E2%80%9339+Revolt%3A+Images+of+the+Body+in+Political+Cartoons+of+Mandatory+Palestine&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=23-42&rft.date=2008-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fjps.2008.37.2.23&rft.aulast=Sufian&rft.aufirst=Sandy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F13805989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKominko2015384-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKominko2015384_140-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKominko2015384_140-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKominko2015384_140-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKominko2015">Kominko 2015</a>, p. 384.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGormanMonciaud2018106-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGormanMonciaud2018106_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGormanMonciaud2018">Gorman & Monciaud 2018</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERegan2018135,_137-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegan2018135,_137_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRegan2018">Regan 2018</a>, p. 135, 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKominko2015386-387-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKominko2015386-387_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKominko2015">Kominko 2015</a>, p. 386-387.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In June 1947, the British Mandate Government of Palestine had published the following statistics: "It is estimated that over a quarter of the Jewish population in Palestine are Sephardic Jews of whom some 60,000 were born of families resident in Palestine for centuries. The bulk of the Sephardic community, however, consists of oriental Jews emanating from Syria, Egypt, Persia, Iraq, Georgia, Bokhara and other Eastern countries. They are confined mainly to the larger towns ..." (From: <i>Supplement to Survey of Palestine – Notes compiled for the information of the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine – June 1947</i>, Gov. Printer Jerusalem, pp. 150–151)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060215200224/http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Home/About/History">"Jewish Agency History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Home/About/History">the original</a> on 15 February 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jewish+Agency+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishagency.org%2FJewishAgency%2FEnglish%2FHome%2FAbout%2FHistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Palestine Jewry and the Arab Question, 1917–1925</i>, by Caplan, Neil. London and Totowa, NJ: F. Cass, 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3110-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3110-3">978-0-7146-3110-3</a>. pp. 161–165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>A Survey of Palestine: Prepared in December 1945 and January 1946 for the Information of the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry</i>. Vol. 1. Palestine: Govt. printer. 1946. p. 185.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+Palestine%3A+Prepared+in+December+1945+and+January+1946+for+the+Information+of+the+Anglo-American+Committee+of+Inquiry&rft.place=Palestine&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Govt.+printer&rft.date=1946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>A Survey of Palestine: Prepared in December 1945 and January 1946 for the Information of the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry</i>. Vol. 1. Palestine: Govt. printer. 1946.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+Palestine%3A+Prepared+in+December+1945+and+January+1946+for+the+Information+of+the+Anglo-American+Committee+of+Inquiry&rft.place=Palestine&rft.pub=Govt.+printer&rft.date=1946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span> p. 210: "Arab illegal immigration is mainly ... casual, temporary and seasonal". pp. 212: "The conclusion is that Arab illegal immigration for the purpose of permanent settlement is insignificant".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._McCarthy1995" class="citation book cs1">J. McCarthy (1995). <i>The population of Palestine: population history and statistics of the late Ottoman period and the Mandate</i>. Princeton, N.J.: Darwin Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+population+of+Palestine%3A+population+history+and+statistics+of+the+late+Ottoman+period+and+the+Mandate&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Darwin+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.au=J.+McCarthy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Supplement to Survey of Palestine – Notes compiled for the information of the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine – June 1947</i>, Gov. Printer Jerusalem, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_B._Quigley2010" class="citation book cs1">John B. Quigley (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iTR3BQ0aJ6UC&pg=PA54"><i>The Statehood of Palestine: International Law in the Middle East Conflict</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15165-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15165-8"><bdi>978-0-521-15165-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Statehood+of+Palestine%3A+International+Law+in+the+Middle+East+Conflict&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-15165-8&rft.au=John+B.+Quigley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiTR3BQ0aJ6UC%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See History of Zionism (1600–1918), Volume I, Nahum Sokolow, 1919 Longmans, Green, and Company, London, pp. xxiv–xxv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Avalon-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Avalon_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/palmanda.asp">"The Avalon Project : The Palestine Mandate"</a>. <i>avalon.law.yale.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=avalon.law.yale.edu&rft.atitle=The+Avalon+Project+%3A+The+Palestine+Mandate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2F20th_century%2Fpalmanda.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/brwh1922.asp">"British White Paper of June 1922"</a>. <i>avalon.law.yale.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=avalon.law.yale.edu&rft.atitle=British+White+Paper+of+June+1922&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2F20th_century%2Fbrwh1922.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the report of the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine, UN Document A/364, 3 September 1947</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Memorandum by the Secretary of State for the Colonies, "Palestine: High Commissioners Views on Policy", March 1930, UK National Archives Cabinet Paper CAB/24/211, formerly C.P. 108 (30)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110810180913/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/B887C0FE3914081705256616005A499B">"PERMANENT MANDATES COMMISSION MINUTES OF THE TWENTY-SECOND SESSION"</a>. LEAGUE OF NATIONS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/B887C0FE3914081705256616005A499B">the original</a> on 10 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PERMANENT+MANDATES+COMMISSION+MINUTES+OF+THE+TWENTY-SECOND+SESSION&rft.pub=LEAGUE+OF+NATIONS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funispal.un.org%2FUNISPAL.NSF%2F0%2FB887C0FE3914081705256616005A499B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Partner to Partition: The Jewish Agency's Partition Plan in the Mandate Era</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Yossi_Katz_(geographer)" title="Yossi Katz (geographer)">Yossi Katz</a>, Routledge, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4846-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4846-0">978-0-7146-4846-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=goto&id=FRUS.FRUS1937v02&isize=M&submit=Go+to+page&page=894">"FRUS: Foreign relations of the United States diplomatic papers, 1937. The British Commonwealth, Europe, Near East and Africa: Palestine"</a>. <i>digicoll.library.wisc.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=digicoll.library.wisc.edu&rft.atitle=FRUS%3A+Foreign+relations+of+the+United+States+diplomatic+papers%2C+1937.+The+British+Commonwealth%2C+Europe%2C+Near+East+and+Africa%3A+Palestine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigicoll.library.wisc.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2FFRUS%2FFRUS-idx%3Ftype%3Dgoto%26id%3DFRUS.FRUS1937v02%26isize%3DM%26submit%3DGo%2Bto%2Bpage%26page%3D894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i>Letters to Paula and the Children</i>, David Ben Gurion, translated by Aubry Hodes, University of Pittsburgh Press, 1971 pp. 153–157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i>Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist–Arab Conflict, 1881–1999</i>, by Benny Morris, Knopf, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-42120-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-42120-7">978-0-679-42120-7</a>, p. 138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i>Scars of war, Wounds of Peace: The Israeli–Arab Tragedy</i>, by Shlomo Ben-Ami, Oxford University Press, USA, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518158-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518158-6">978-0-19-518158-6</a>, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/angch05.asp">"Avalon Project – Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry – Chapter V"</a>. <i>avalon.law.yale.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=avalon.law.yale.edu&rft.atitle=Avalon+Project+%E2%80%93+Anglo-American+Committee+of+Inquiry+%E2%80%93+Chapter+V&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2F20th_century%2Fangch05.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Foreign relations of the United States, 1946, The Near East and Africa Volume VII, pp. 692–693</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein19844-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein19844_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStein1984">Stein 1984</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Land Ownership in Palestine", CZA, KKL5/1878. The statistics were prepared by the Palestine Lands Department for the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, 1945, ISA, Box 3874/file 1. See <a href="#CITEREFKhalaf1991">Khalaf 1991</a>, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1984226-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein1984226_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStein1984">Stein 1984</a>, p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvneri1984224-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvneri1984224_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvneri1984">Avneri 1984</a>, p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein19843–4,_247-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein19843–4,_247_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStein1984">Stein 1984</a>, pp. 3–4, 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischbach24-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischbach24_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischbach,_Michael_R.2013" class="citation book cs1">Fischbach, Michael R. (13 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38xyBIqKgkwC"><i>Jewish Property Claims Against Arab Countries</i></a>. Columbia University Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51781-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51781-2"><bdi>978-0-231-51781-2</bdi></a>. <q>By 1948, after several decades of Jewish immigration, the Jewish population of Palestine had risen to about one third of the total, and Jews and Jewish companies owned 20 percent of all cultivable land in the country</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Property+Claims+Against+Arab+Countries&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013-08-13&rft.isbn=978-0-231-51781-2&rft.au=Fischbach%2C+Michael+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D38xyBIqKgkwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2015" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Clifford A. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t0CsCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA38"><i>Facts and Fables (RLE Israel and Palestine): The Arab-Israeli Conflict</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-44775-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-44775-7"><bdi>978-1-317-44775-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Facts+and+Fables+%28RLE+Israel+and+Palestine%29%3A+The+Arab-Israeli+Conflict&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-44775-7&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Clifford+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt0CsCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamel2014" class="citation journal cs1">Kamel, Lorenzo (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13530194.2013.878518">"Whose Land? Land Tenure in Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Palestine"</a>. <i>British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies</i>. <b>41</b> (2): 230–242. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13530194.2013.878518">10.1080/13530194.2013.878518</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153944896">153944896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Whose+Land%3F+Land+Tenure+in+Late+Nineteenth-+and+Early+Twentieth-Century+Palestine&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=230-242&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13530194.2013.878518&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153944896%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kamel&rft.aufirst=Lorenzo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1080%2F13530194.2013.878518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-196499/">Land Ownership of Palestine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240226095147/https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-196499/">Archived</a> 26 February 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Map prepared by the Government of Palestine on the instructions of the UN Ad Hoc Committee on the Palestine Question.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/A-Survey-of-Palestine/Story6686.html">Table 2 showing Holdings of Large Jewish Lands Owners as of December 31st, 1945, British Mandate: A Survey of Palestine: Volume I – Page 245. Chapter VIII: Land: Section 3., prepared by the British Mandate for the United Nations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210618235225/https://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/A-Survey-of-Palestine/Story6686.html">Archived</a> 18 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Survey of Palestine Retrieved 4 July 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AngloAmCom-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AngloAmCom_175-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AngloAmCom_175-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnglo-American_Committee_of_Inquiry_on_Jewish_Problems_in_Palestine_and_Europe,_J._V._W._Shaw,_General_Assembly,_Special_Committee_on_Palestine,_United_Nations1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-American_Committee_of_Inquiry" title="Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry">Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry on Jewish Problems in Palestine and Europe, J. V. W. Shaw, General Assembly, Special Committee on Palestine, United Nations</a> (1991). <i>A Survey of Palestine: Prepared in December, 1945 and January, 1946 for the Information of the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry</i>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Palestine_Studies" title="Institute for Palestine Studies">Institute for Palestine Studies</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88728-211-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88728-211-9"><bdi>978-0-88728-211-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+Palestine%3A+Prepared+in+December%2C+1945+and+January%2C+1946+for+the+Information+of+the+Anglo-American+Committee+of+Inquiry&rft.pub=Institute+for+Palestine+Studies&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-88728-211-9&rft.au=Anglo-American+Committee+of+Inquiry+on+Jewish+Problems+in+Palestine+and+Europe%2C+J.+V.+W.+Shaw%2C+General+Assembly%2C+Special+Committee+on+Palestine%2C+United+Nations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palestineremembered.com/Acre/Articles/Story1000.html">Ownership of land in Palestine, Share of Palestinan (sic) Arabs and Jews as of 1 April 1943, prepared by the British Mandate for the United Nations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180929194842/http://www.palestineremembered.com/Acre/Articles/Story1000.html">Archived</a> 29 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Survey of Palestine Retrieved 25 August 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>ibid</i>, Supplement p30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Survey of Palestine</i> (Prepared in December 1945 and January 1946 for the information of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-American_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-American Committee">Anglo-American Committee</a> of Inquiry), vol. 1, chapter VIII, section 7, Government Printer of Jerusalem, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/A-Survey-of-Palestine/Story6703.html">260–262</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170912192325/http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/A-Survey-of-Palestine/Story6703.html">Archived</a> 12 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zionism-israel.com/Palestine_Hope_Simpson_Report.htm">"Hope Simpson report, Chapter III"</a>. Zionism-israel.com. October 1930.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hope+Simpson+report%2C+Chapter+III&rft.pub=Zionism-israel.com&rft.date=1930-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zionism-israel.com%2FPalestine_Hope_Simpson_Report.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mills, E. <i>Census of Palestine, 1931</i> (UK government, 1932), Vol I, pp. 61–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150908182126/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/16B8C7CC809B7E5B8525694B0071F3BD">The Political History of Palestine under British Administration</a>, Memorandum to the United Nations Special Committee</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFprepared_in_December_1945_and_January_1946_for_the_information_of_the_Anglo-American_Committee_of_Inquiry.1991" class="citation book cs1">prepared in December 1945 and January 1946 for the information of the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry. (1991). <i>A Survey of Palestine: Prepared in December, 1945 and January, 1946 for the Information of the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry</i>. Vol. 1. Institute for Palestine Studies. pp. 12–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88728-211-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88728-211-9"><bdi>978-0-88728-211-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+Palestine%3A+Prepared+in+December%2C+1945+and+January%2C+1946+for+the+Information+of+the+Anglo-American+Committee+of+Inquiry&rft.pages=12-13&rft.pub=Institute+for+Palestine+Studies&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-88728-211-9&rft.au=prepared+in+December+1945+and+January+1946+for+the+information+of+the+Anglo-American+Committee+of+Inquiry.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/File:J._B._Barron,_ed._Palestine,_Report_and_General_Abstracts_of_the_Census_of_1922._Government_of_Palestine.djvu" title="File:J. B. Barron, ed. Palestine, Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.djvu">File:J. B. Barron, ed. Palestine, Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.djvu</a>, page 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/C7AAE196F41AA055052565F50054E656">The Palestine Order in Council, 10 August 1922, article 11</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140916132453/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/C7AAE196F41AA055052565F50054E656">Archived</a> 16 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: "The High Commissioner may, with the approval of a Secretary of State, by Proclamation divide Palestine into administrative divisions or districts in such manner and with such subdivisions as may be convenient for purposes of administration describing the boundaries thereof and assigning names thereto."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELikhovski200664-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELikhovski200664_185-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELikhovski200664_185-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLikhovski2006">Likhovski 2006</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jta.org/1936/10/27/archive/h-h-trusted-named-chief-justice-of-palestine">"H.h. Trusted Named Chief Justice of Palestine"</a>. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 27 October 1936<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=H.h.+Trusted+Named+Chief+Justice+of+Palestine&rft.pub=Jewish+Telegraphic+Agency&rft.date=1936-10-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2F1936%2F10%2F27%2Farchive%2Fh-h-trusted-named-chief-justice-of-palestine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELikhovski200674-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELikhovski200674_187-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLikhovski2006">Likhovski 2006</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELikhovski200675-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELikhovski200675_188-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLikhovski2006">Likhovski 2006</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200613–14-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200613–14_189-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhalidi2006">Khalidi 2006</a>, pp. 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200627-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200627_190-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhalidi2006">Khalidi 2006</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shamir, Ronen (2013). <i>Current Flow: The Electrification of Palestine</i>. Stanford: Stanford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoam_Dvir2012" class="citation news cs1">Noam Dvir (5 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/features/haifa-s-glass-house-transparent-but-still-an-israeli-mystery-1.422686">"Haifa's glass house transparent, but still an Israeli mystery"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Haifa%27s+glass+house+transparent%2C+but+still+an+Israeli+mystery&rft.date=2012-04-05&rft.au=Noam+Dvir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2Fhaifa-s-glass-house-transparent-but-still-an-israeli-mystery-1.422686&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200616-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200616_193-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhalidi2006">Khalidi 2006</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200617-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200617_194-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhalidi2006">Khalidi 2006</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200629–30-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200629–30_195-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhalidi2006">Khalidi 2006</a>, pp. 29–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.palestine-studies.org/sites/default/files/jq-articles/Why%20Only%20a%20Hebrew%20University.pdf">"Why Only a Hebrew University? The Tale of the Arab University in Mandatory Jerusalem"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Jerusalem Quarterly</i>. Institute for Palestine Studies. 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jerusalem+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Why+Only+a+Hebrew+University%3F+The+Tale+of+the+Arab+University+in+Mandatory+Jerusalem&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.palestine-studies.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fjq-articles%2FWhy%2520Only%2520a%2520Hebrew%2520University.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200614,_24-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200614,_24_197-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhalidi2006">Khalidi 2006</a>, pp. 14, 24.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAruri1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Naseer_Aruri" title="Naseer Aruri">Aruri, Naseer Hasan</a> (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GVaG4WGKj9MC"><i>Jordan: A Study in Political Development 1923–1965</i></a>. 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London: Deutsch. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-233-97069-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-233-97069-1"><bdi>978-0-233-97069-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palestine+Triangle%3A+the+Struggle+Between+the+British%2C+the+Jews+and+the+Arabs%2C+1935%E2%80%9348&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Deutsch&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-233-97069-1&rft.aulast=Bethell&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiger2004" class="citation book cs1">Biger, Gideon (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jC9MbKNh8GUC"><i>The Boundaries of Modern Palestine, 1840–1947</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5654-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5654-0"><bdi>978-0-7146-5654-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boundaries+of+Modern+Palestine%2C+1840%E2%80%931947&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5654-0&rft.aulast=Biger&rft.aufirst=Gideon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjC9MbKNh8GUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack1991" class="citation book cs1">Black, Ian (1991). <a href="/wiki/Israel%27s_Secret_Wars:_A_History_of_Israel%27s_Intelligence_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel's Secret Wars: A History of Israel's Intelligence Services"><i>Israel's Secret Wars: A History of Israel's Intelligence Services</i></a>. Morris, Benny. Grove Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-1159-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-1159-3"><bdi>978-0-8021-1159-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel%27s+Secret+Wars%3A+A+History+of+Israel%27s+Intelligence+Services&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-1159-3&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Eini2006" class="citation book cs1">El-Eini, Roza I.M. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ekQOAAAAQAAJ"><i>Mandated Landscape: British Imperial Rule in Palestine, 1929–1948</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5426-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5426-3"><bdi>978-0-7146-5426-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mandated+Landscape%3A+British+Imperial+Rule+in+Palestine%2C+1929%E2%80%931948&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5426-3&rft.aulast=El-Eini&rft.aufirst=Roza+I.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DekQOAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Gilbert, Martin</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wn6gAAAAMAAJ"><i>Israel: a history</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-40401-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-40401-3"><bdi>978-0-385-40401-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel%3A+a+history&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-385-40401-3&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWn6gAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGormanMonciaud2018" class="citation book cs1">Gorman, Anthony; Monciaud, Didier, eds. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xn18DwAAQBAJ"><i>The Press in the Middle East and North Africa</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-3064-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-3064-7"><bdi>978-1-4744-3064-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Press+in+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4744-3064-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxn18DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2004" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Matthew, ed. (2004). <i>Allenby in Palestine: The Middle East Correspondence of Field Marshal Viscount Allenby June 1917 – October 1919</i>. Army Records Society. Vol. 22. Phoenix Mill, Thrupp, Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-3841-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-3841-9"><bdi>978-0-7509-3841-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allenby+in+Palestine%3A+The+Middle+East+Correspondence+of+Field+Marshal+Viscount+Allenby+June+1917+%E2%80%93+October+1919&rft.place=Phoenix+Mill%2C+Thrupp%2C+Stroud%2C+Gloucestershire&rft.series=Army+Records+Society&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-3841-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Katz_(politician)" title="Shmuel Katz (politician)">Katz, Shmuel</a> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xp3MQavDxjIC"><i>Battleground: Fact and Fantasy in Palestine</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Bantam_Books" title="Bantam Books">Bantam Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-929093-13-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-929093-13-0"><bdi>978-0-929093-13-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battleground%3A+Fact+and+Fantasy+in+Palestine&rft.pub=Bantam+Books&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-929093-13-0&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Shmuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxp3MQavDxjIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalaf1991" class="citation book cs1">Khalaf, Issa (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nrc3EUh9cyUC"><i>Politics in Palestine: Arab Factionalism and Social Disintegration, 1939–1948</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0708-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0708-0"><bdi>978-0-7914-0708-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+in+Palestine%3A+Arab+Factionalism+and+Social+Disintegration%2C+1939%E2%80%931948&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-0708-0&rft.aulast=Khalaf&rft.aufirst=Issa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnrc3EUh9cyUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalidi1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Khalidi" title="Rashid Khalidi">Khalidi, Rashid</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bL9dfjYK2eMC"><i>Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness</i></a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10575-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10575-0"><bdi>978-0-231-10575-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestinian+Identity%3A+The+Construction+of+Modern+National+Consciousness&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-231-10575-0&rft.aulast=Khalidi&rft.aufirst=Rashid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbL9dfjYK2eMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalidi2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Khalidi" title="Rashid Khalidi">Khalidi, Rashid</a> (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ironcagestoryofp00khal"><i>The Iron Cage: The Story of the Palestinian Struggle for Statehood</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Press" title="Beacon Press">Beacon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-0308-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-0308-4"><bdi>978-0-8070-0308-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iron+Cage%3A+The+Story+of+the+Palestinian+Struggle+for+Statehood&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-0308-4&rft.aulast=Khalidi&rft.aufirst=Rashid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fironcagestoryofp00khal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalidi2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Khalidi" title="Rashid Khalidi">Khalidi, Rashid</a> (2007) [1st ed. 2001]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h3EOJGiBBpQC&pg=PR5">"The Palestinians and 1948: the underlying causes of failure"</a>. In Eugene L. Rogan & Avi Shlaim (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h3EOJGiBBpQC"><i>The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948</i></a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-69934-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-69934-1"><bdi>978-0-521-69934-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Palestinians+and+1948%3A+the+underlying+causes+of+failure&rft.btitle=The+War+for+Palestine%3A+Rewriting+the+History+of+1948&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-69934-1&rft.aulast=Khalidi&rft.aufirst=Rashid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh3EOJGiBBpQC%26pg%3DPR5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalidi1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walid_Khalidi" title="Walid Khalidi">Khalidi, Walid</a> (1987) [Original in 1971]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qSpIAAAAMAAJ"><i>From Haven to Conquest: Readings in Zionism and the Palestine Problem Until 1948</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Palestine_Studies" title="Institute for Palestine Studies">Institute for Palestine Studies</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88728-155-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88728-155-6"><bdi>978-0-88728-155-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Haven+to+Conquest%3A+Readings+in+Zionism+and+the+Palestine+Problem+Until+1948&rft.pub=Institute+for+Palestine+Studies&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-88728-155-6&rft.aulast=Khalidi&rft.aufirst=Walid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqSpIAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKominko2015" class="citation book cs1">Kominko, Maja (16 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ImO3BgAAQBAJ"><i>From Dust to Digital: Ten Years of the Endangered Archives Programme</i></a>. Open Book Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78374-062-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78374-062-8"><bdi>978-1-78374-062-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Dust+to+Digital%3A+Ten+Years+of+the+Endangered+Archives+Programme&rft.pub=Open+Book+Publishers&rft.date=2015-02-16&rft.isbn=978-1-78374-062-8&rft.aulast=Kominko&rft.aufirst=Maja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DImO3BgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLikhovski2006" class="citation book cs1">Likhovski, Assaf (8 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o2ifGc5oLCUC"><i>Law and Identity in Mandate Palestine</i></a>. Univ of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-7718-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-7718-0"><bdi>978-0-8078-7718-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+and+Identity+in+Mandate+Palestine&rft.pub=Univ+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2006-12-08&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-7718-0&rft.aulast=Likhovski&rft.aufirst=Assaf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do2ifGc5oLCUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis1969" class="citation journal cs1">Louis, Wm. Roger (1969). "The United Kingdom and the Beginning of the Mandates System, 1919–1922". <i>International Organization</i>. <b>23</b> (1): 73–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0020818300025534">10.1017/s0020818300025534</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154745632">154745632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Organization&rft.atitle=The+United+Kingdom+and+the+Beginning+of+the+Mandates+System%2C+1919%E2%80%931922&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73-96&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0020818300025534&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154745632%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Louis&rft.aufirst=Wm.+Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Morris, Benny</a> (2001) [1999]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZawVAQAACAAJ"><i>Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist–Arab Conflict, 1881–1999</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-74475-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-74475-7"><bdi>978-0-679-74475-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Righteous+Victims%3A+A+History+of+the+Zionist%E2%80%93Arab+Conflict%2C+1881%E2%80%931999&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-679-74475-7&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZawVAQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPappé1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9" title="Ilan Pappé">Pappé, Ilan</a> (15 August 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zAJZCKAwtPMC&pg=PR5">"Introduction"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zAJZCKAwtPMC"><i>The Making of the Arab–Israeli Conflict, 1947–1951</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/I.B.Tauris" class="mw-redirect" title="I.B.Tauris">I.B.Tauris</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-819-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-819-9"><bdi>978-1-85043-819-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Arab%E2%80%93Israeli+Conflict%2C+1947%E2%80%931951&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=1994-08-15&rft.isbn=978-1-85043-819-9&rft.aulast=Papp%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Ilan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzAJZCKAwtPMC%26pg%3DPR5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParis2003" class="citation book cs1">Paris, Timothy J. (2003). <i>Britain, the Hashemites and Arab Rule, 1920–1925: The Sherifian Solution</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5451-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5451-5"><bdi>978-0-7146-5451-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%2C+the+Hashemites+and+Arab+Rule%2C+1920%E2%80%931925%3A+The+Sherifian+Solution&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5451-5&rft.aulast=Paris&rft.aufirst=Timothy+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegan2018" class="citation book cs1">Regan, Bernard (30 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K595DwAAQBAJ"><i>The Balfour Declaration: Empire, the Mandate and Resistance in Palestine</i></a>. Verso Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78663-248-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78663-248-7"><bdi>978-1-78663-248-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balfour+Declaration%3A+Empire%2C+the+Mandate+and+Resistance+in+Palestine&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2018-10-30&rft.isbn=978-1-78663-248-7&rft.aulast=Regan&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK595DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegev2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Segev" title="Tom Segev">Segev, Tom</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onepalestinecomp00sege"><i>One Palestine, Complete: Jews and Arabs Under the British Mandate</i></a>. Translated by Watzman, Haim. London: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Holt_and_Company" title="Henry Holt and Company">Henry Holt and Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-4848-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-4848-3"><bdi>978-0-8050-4848-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Palestine%2C+Complete%3A+Jews+and+Arabs+Under+the+British+Mandate&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-4848-3&rft.aulast=Segev&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonepalestinecomp00sege&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapira1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anita_Shapira" title="Anita Shapira">Shapira, Anita</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h4K06WBjCrAC"><i>Land and Power: The Zionist Resort to Force, 1881–1948</i></a>. trans. William Templer. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506104-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506104-8"><bdi>978-0-19-506104-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+and+Power%3A+The+Zionist+Resort+to+Force%2C+1881%E2%80%931948&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-19-506104-8&rft.aulast=Shapira&rft.aufirst=Anita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh4K06WBjCrAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman1998" class="citation book cs1">Sherman, A. J. (1998). <i>Mandate Days: British Lives in Palestine, 1918–1948</i>. Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6620-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6620-3"><bdi>978-0-8018-6620-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mandate+Days%3A+British+Lives+in+Palestine%2C+1918%E2%80%931948&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6620-3&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_W._Stein" title="Kenneth W. Stein">Stein, Kenneth W.</a> (1987) [Original in 1984]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hpvnNILnO3kC"><i>The Land Question in Palestine, 1917–1939</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4178-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4178-5"><bdi>978-0-8078-4178-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Land+Question+in+Palestine%2C+1917%E2%80%931939&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-4178-5&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhpvnNILnO3kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVareilles2010" class="citation book cs1">Vareilles, Guillaume (2010). <i>Les frontières de la Palestine, 1914–1947</i>. Paris: L'Harmattan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-296-13621-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-296-13621-2"><bdi>978-2-296-13621-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+fronti%C3%A8res+de+la+Palestine%2C+1914%E2%80%931947&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=L%27Harmattan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-2-296-13621-2&rft.aulast=Vareilles&rft.aufirst=Guillaume&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar-Yosef2017" class="citation journal cs1">Bar-Yosef, Eitan (Spring–Summer 2017). "Bonding with the British: Colonial Nostalgia and the Idealization of Mandatory Palestine in Israeli Literature and Culture after 1967". <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Social_Studies" title="Jewish Social Studies">Jewish Social Studies</a></i>. <b>22</b> (3): 1–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2979%2Fjewisocistud.22.3.01">10.2979/jewisocistud.22.3.01</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-6704">0021-6704</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/jewisocistud.22.3.01">10.2979/jewisocistud.22.3.01</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Social+Studies&rft.atitle=Bonding+with+the+British%3A+Colonial+Nostalgia+and+the+Idealization+of+Mandatory+Palestine+in+Israeli+Literature+and+Culture+after+1967&rft.chron=spring%E2%80%93summer&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1-37&rft.date=2017&rft.issn=0021-6704&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.2979%2Fjewisocistud.22.3.01%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2979%2Fjewisocistud.22.3.01&rft.aulast=Bar-Yosef&rft.aufirst=Eitan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2014" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Michael Joseph (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CbLpAgAAQBAJ"><i>Britain's moment in Palestine: retrospect and perspectives, 1917-48</i></a>. Israeli history, politics and society. Abingdon, Oxon: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-72985-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-72985-7"><bdi>978-0-415-72985-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+moment+in+Palestine%3A+retrospect+and+perspectives%2C+1917-48&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon&rft.series=Israeli+history%2C+politics+and+society&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-415-72985-7&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Michael+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCbLpAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEini2006" class="citation book cs1">Eini, Roza I. M. el- (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1sCRAgAAQBAJ"><i>Mandated landscape: British imperial rule in Palestine, 1929-1948</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5426-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5426-3"><bdi>978-0-7146-5426-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mandated+landscape%3A+British+imperial+rule+in+Palestine%2C+1929-1948&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5426-3&rft.aulast=Eini&rft.aufirst=Roza+I.+M.+el-&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1sCRAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalnoor1995" class="citation book cs1">Galnoor, Itzhak (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/partitionofpales0000galn"><i>The partition of Palestine: decision crossroads in the Zionist movement</i></a></span>. SUNY series in Israeli studies. Albany, NY: <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2193-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2193-2"><bdi>978-0-7914-2193-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+partition+of+Palestine%3A+decision+crossroads+in+the+Zionist+movement&rft.place=Albany%2C+NY&rft.series=SUNY+series+in+Israeli+studies&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-2193-2&rft.aulast=Galnoor&rft.aufirst=Itzhak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpartitionofpales0000galn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanna1942" class="citation book cs1">Hanna, Paul Lamont (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015004891787&seq=1"><i>British policy in Palestine</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: American Council of Public Affairs. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3485546">3485546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+policy+in+Palestine&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=American+Council+of+Public+Affairs&rft.date=1942&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3485546&rft.aulast=Hanna&rft.aufirst=Paul+Lamont&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015004891787%26seq%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Harris_(journalist)" title="Kenneth Harris (journalist)">Harris, Kenneth</a> (1982). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/attlee0000harr"><i>Attlee</i></a></span>. London: <a href="/wiki/Weidenfeld_and_Nicolson" class="mw-redirect" title="Weidenfeld and Nicolson">Weidenfeld and Nicolson</a>. pp. 388–400. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-77993-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-77993-3"><bdi>978-0-297-77993-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Attlee&rft.place=London&rft.pages=388-400&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-297-77993-3&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fattlee0000harr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamel2014" class="citation journal cs1">Kamel, Lorenzo (April 2014). "Whose Land? 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Farnham: <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6808-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6808-4"><bdi>978-0-7546-6808-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%2C+Palestine+and+Empire%3A+the+mandate+years&rft.place=Farnham&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-6808-4&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Rory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHFyCQaonl68C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1990" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Kenneth O. 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"From "Both Banks of the Jordan" to the "Whole Land of Israel:" Ideological Change in Revisionist Zionism". <i><a href="/wiki/Israel_Studies" title="Israel Studies">Israel Studies</a></i>. <b>9</b> (1): 125–148. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1084-9513">1084-9513</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30245747">30245747</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Studies&rft.atitle=From+%22Both+Banks+of+the+Jordan%22+to+the+%22Whole+Land+of+Israel%3A%22+Ideological+Change+in+Revisionist+Zionism&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=125-148&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30245747%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1084-9513&rft.aulast=Shelef&rft.aufirst=Nadav+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinanoglou2009" class="citation journal cs1">Sinanoglou, Penny (March 2009). "British Plans for the Partition of Palestine, 1929-1938". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Historical_Journal" title="The Historical Journal">The Historical Journal</a></i>. <b>52</b> (1): 131–152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X08007346">10.1017/S0018246X08007346</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-246X">0018-246X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40264161">40264161</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=British+Plans+for+the+Partition+of+Palestine%2C+1929-1938&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=131-152&rft.date=2009-03&rft.issn=0018-246X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40264161%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X08007346&rft.aulast=Sinanoglou&rft.aufirst=Penny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1926" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Quincy_Wright" title="Quincy Wright">Wright, Quincy</a> (September 1926). "The Palestine Problem". <i><a href="/wiki/Political_Science_Quarterly" title="Political Science Quarterly">Political Science Quarterly</a></i>. <b>41</b> (3): 384–412. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2142128">10.2307/2142128</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-3195">0032-3195</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2142128">2142128</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Palestine+Problem&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=384-412&rft.date=1926-09&rft.issn=0032-3195&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2142128%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2142128&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Quincy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandatory+Palestine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mandatory_Palestine_topics" title="Template:Mandatory Palestine topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mandatory_Palestine_topics" title="Template talk:Mandatory Palestine topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mandatory_Palestine_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mandatory Palestine topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mandatory_Palestine_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mandatory Palestine</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Sinai and Palestine campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration" title="Occupied Enemy Territory Administration">Occupied Enemy Territory Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine">Intercommunal conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Survey_of_Palestine" title="Survey of Palestine">Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Districts of Mandatory Palestine">Districts</a></li> <li>Lakes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine (region)</a></li> <li>Rivers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">Mandate document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioners_for_Palestine_and_Transjordan" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioners for Palestine and Transjordan">High Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Representatives_(Mandatory_Palestine)" title="Assembly of Representatives (Mandatory Palestine)">Assembly of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Council" title="Jewish National Council">Jewish National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee" title="Arab Higher Committee">Arab Higher Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine_passport" title="Mandatory Palestine passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegart%27s_Wall" title="Tegart's Wall">Tegart's Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Flag of Mandatory Palestine">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Seal_of_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Public Seal of Mandatory Palestine">Seal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Security</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Command" title="Palestine Command">Palestine Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Police_Force" title="Palestine Police Force">Palestine Police Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Settlement_Police" title="Jewish Settlement Police">Jewish Settlement Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Supernumerary_Police" title="Jewish Supernumerary Police">Jewish Supernumerary Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Night_Squads" title="Special Night Squads">Special Night Squads</a></li> <li>During WWII <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Regiment" title="Palestine Regiment">Palestine Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Brigade" title="Jewish Brigade">Jewish Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Italian bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine">Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaffa_riots" title="Jaffa riots">Jaffa riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">1929 Palestine riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">Arab Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_insurgency_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine">Jewish insurgency</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Economy of Mandatory Palestine">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Airways" title="Palestine Airways">Palestine Airways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Leumi" title="Bank Leumi">Anglo-Palestine Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_pound" title="Palestine pound">Palestine pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_post_offices_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="List of post offices in Mandatory Palestine">List of post offices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League_boycott_of_Israel#Boycott_attempts_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Arab League boycott of Israel">Arab boycott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Antiquities_(Mandatory_Palestine)" title="Department of Antiquities (Mandatory Palestine)">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine_national_football_team" title="Mandatory Palestine national football team">Football</a></li> <li>Settlements <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">Kibbutz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshav" title="Moshav">Moshav</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Committee_of_Israel#History" title="Olympic Committee of Israel">Olympics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mandatory_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Mandatory Palestine">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Censuses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1922_census_of_Palestine" title="1922 census of Palestine">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_census_of_Palestine" title="1931 census of Palestine">1931</a></li></ul></li> <li>Immigration <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Palestine_(region)#The_question_of_late_Arab_and_Muslim_immigration_to_Palestine" title="Demographic history of Palestine (region)">Arab</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Negev_Bedouin#British_mandate_era" title="Negev Bedouin">Bedouin</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Jewish</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Third_Aliyah" title="Third Aliyah">1919-1923</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Aliyah" title="Fourth Aliyah">1924-1928</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Aliyah" title="Fifth Aliyah">1929-1939</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Aliyah_Bet" title="Aliyah Bet">clandestine</a></small></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Languages <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li>Religion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Christians" title="Palestinian Christians">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Palestine" title="Islam in Palestine">Islam</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Shia_villages_in_Palestine" title="Shia villages in Palestine">Shia</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv#During_the_British_Mandate" title="Yishuv">Judaism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mandatory_Palestine" title="Category:Mandatory Palestine">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_overseas_territories" title="Template talk:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Former <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and Current <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Legend</span></dt> <dd>Former territory</dd> <dd><b>Current territory</b></dd> <dd>*Current <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a></dd> <dd><sup>†</sup>Current member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></b> since 1960 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Corsican_Kingdom" title="Anglo-Corsican Kingdom">Corsica</a> 1794–1796</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></b> since 1713</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a> 1807–1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="United States of the Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> 1809–1864</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a> 1542–1800 <span style="font-size:85%;">(integrated into the UK)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Free State</a> 1921–1931</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup>Malta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Protectorate</a> 1800–1813</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Colony</a> 1813–1964</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Minorca</a> 1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basutoland" title="Basutoland">Basutoland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>) 1868–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>) 1884–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cameroons" title="British Cameroons">Cameroons</a><sup>13</sup> 1919–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> 1795–1803</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape of Good Hope</a> 1806–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Central_Africa_Protectorate" title="British Central Africa Protectorate">Central Africa</a> 1891–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa</a> 1895–1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Egypt</a> 1882–1922</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Gambia_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Gambia Colony and Protectorate">The Gambia</a> 1816–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>) 1874–1957</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya</a> 1920–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos_Colony" title="Lagos Colony">Lagos</a> 1862–1906</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madeira" title="History of Madeira">Madeira</a> 1807–1808</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Mauritius" title="British Mauritius">Mauritius</a> 1810–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a> 1856–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Coast_Protectorate" title="Niger Coast Protectorate">Niger Coast</a> 1884–1900</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Nigeria</a> 1914–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a><sup>15</sup> 1924–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a> 1891–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> 1903–1976</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate">Sierra Leone</a> 1792–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">Somaliland</a> 1884–1960</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> 1910–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="South-West Africa">South-West Africa</a><sup>12</sup> 1915–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a><sup>14</sup> 1923–1965 and 1979–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Swaziland">Swaziland</a> 1893–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Sudan</a> 1899–1956</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_Territory" title="Tanganyika Territory">Tanganyika</a><sup>13</sup> 1922–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda</a> 1890–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> 1890–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zululand</a> 1887–1897</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>12</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><sup>13</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. British Cameroons is now part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, while Tanganyika is part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.</li> <li><sup>14</sup><a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Self-governing</a> Southern Rhodesia <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">unilaterally declared independence</a> in 1965 (as <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>) and continued as an <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">unrecognised</a> state until the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a>. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.</li> <li><sup>15</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Colony" title="Aden Colony">Aden Colony</a> 1839–1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">Afghanistan</a> 1839–1842 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">Protectorate</a> 1879–1919</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">Bencoolen</a> 1685–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Island" title="Bangka Island">Banka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belitung" title="Belitung">Billiton</a> 1812–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a> 1757–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a> (protectorate) 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</a> 1874–1963</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></b> since 1965 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>)<sup>26</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</a> 1824–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei</a> 1888–1984</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a> 1795–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> 1841–1997</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a><sup>18</sup> 1858–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> 1811–1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhdom_of_Kuwait" title="Sheikhdom of Kuwait">Kuwait</a> 1918–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Labuan</a> 1848–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> 1819–1826 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated States</a> 1895–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated States</a> 1885–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Union</a> 1946–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation</a> 1948–1957</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_the_Maldives" title="Independence of the Maldives">Maldives</a> 1796–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">Manila and Cavite</a> 1762–1764</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a><sup>19</sup> 1920–1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman</a> 1891–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> 1882–1963 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a> 1781–1784 and 1795–1819</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Palestine</a><sup>19</sup> 1923–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Penang" title="History of Penang">Penang</a> 1786–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4n_S%C6%A1n_Island" title="Côn Sơn Island">Pulo Condore</a> 1702–1705</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> 1841–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Singapore</a> 1946–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">South Vietnam</a> 1945–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> 1826–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a> 1921–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a> 1892–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihaiwei_under_British_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Weihaiwei under British rule">Weihai</a> 1898–1930</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>18</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><sup>19</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Iraqi Treaty">Anglo-Iraqi Treaty</a></li> <li><sup>26</sup>Legitimacy of territorial establishment <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">disputed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></b> since 1650</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a> 1632–1860</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> 1860–1981</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bahamas" title="History of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a> 1670–1973</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a> 1624–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_Department" title="Bay Islands Department">Bay Islands</a> 1643–1860</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Honduras" title="British Honduras">Belize</a> 1871–1981</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></b> since 1619</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a> 16th c.–1880</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">British Columbia</a> 1858–1866 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">1866–1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> 1754–1820</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dominica" title="History of Dominica">Dominica</a> 1763–1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Grenada" title="History of Grenada">Grenada</a> 1762–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province</a> 1841–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Dominion</a> 1867–1931</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a> 1663–1712</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></b> since 1670</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a> 1818–1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a> 1701–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a> 1733–1776</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> 1655–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a> 1671–1816, 1833–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">MassachusettsBay</a> 1629–1691 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province</a>, 1691–1776</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a> 1632–1776</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></b> since 1632</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a> 1655–1860</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a> 1628–1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a> 1579</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Brunswick" title="History of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> 1784–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">New England</a> 1686–1689</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> 1680–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven</a> 1637–1662</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a> 1665–1674 and 1702–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a> 1664–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> 1583–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> 1859–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> 1713–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulet_affair_(1843)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulet affair (1843)">Paulet affair</a> 1843</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> 1763–1873</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> 1681–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</a> 1620–1691</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a> 1763–1791* <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_the_Queen_Charlotte_Islands" title="Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands">Queen Charlotte Islands</a> 1853–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> 1670–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands">Saint Croix</a> 1625–1650</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a> 1623–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="History of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> 1882–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> 1605–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> 1627–1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Colony" title="Saybrook Colony">Saybrook</a> 1635–1644</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen</a> 1862–1863</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> 1889–1962</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></b> since 1799</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> 1849–1866</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></b> since 1666</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> 1607–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_West_Florida" title="British West Florida">West Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a> 1958–1962 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Associated_States" title="West Indies Associated States">Associated States</a> 1967–1983</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Windward_Islands" title="British Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a> 1833–1960</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template talk:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">18th and 19th centuries</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">20th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">New South Wales</a> 1788–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Tasmania" title="Colony of Tasmania">Tasmania</a> 1803–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1807–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a><sup>21</sup> 1824–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Queensland" title="Colony of Queensland">Queensland</a> 1824–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Western Australia">Western Australia</a> 1829–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of South Australia">South Australia</a> 1836–1901</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="History of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></b> since 1838</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1841–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Australia" title="North Australia">North Australia</a> 1846–1847</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria" title="Colony of Victoria">Victoria</a> 1851–1901</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Fiji" title="Colony of Fiji">Fiji</a> 1874–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Western_Pacific_Territories" title="British Western Pacific Territories">Western Pacific Territories</a> 1877–1976</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Papua</a> 1884–1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_Federation" title="Cook Islands Federation">Cook Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1888–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Islands">Union Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1889–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Gilbert and Ellice Islands">Gilbert and Ellice Islands</a><sup>22</sup> 1892–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands" title="British Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> 1893–1978</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tonga" title="History of Tonga">Tonga</a> 1900–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Niue" title="History of Niue">Niue</a><sup>20</sup> 1900–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">Australia</a> 1901–1942</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1907–1947</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Western_Samoa_Trust_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Samoa Trust Territory">Samoa</a> 1914–1962</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nauru" title="History of Nauru">Nauru</a> 1919–1942 and 1945–1968</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>20</sup>Now part of the <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a></li> <li><sup>21</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><sup>22</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> and <sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_colony" title="Providence Island colony">Providence Island</a> 1631–1641</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willoughbyland" class="mw-redirect" title="Willoughbyland">Willoughbyland</a> 1651–1667</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">Saint Andrew and Providence Islands</a><sup>4</sup> 1670–1688</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">Guiana</a> 1831–1966</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1833</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>4</sup>Now a <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><sup>5</sup>Occupied by Argentina during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> of April–June 1982.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica_and_the_South_Atlantic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica and the South Atlantic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b> since 1833</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</a>)</span> 1841–1933</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a>)</span> 1841–1947</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></b><sup>24</sup> since 1908</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>25</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>23</sup>Since 2009 part of <b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></b>; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.</li> <li><sup>24</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic Treaty</a>.</li> <li><sup>25</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_flags_of_the_British_Empire_and_the_overseas_territories" title="Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories">Historical flags of the British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a> culture</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Empire" title="Category:British Empire">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193714#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121685684">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/172928598">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Palästina"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4044381-4">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12061574v">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12061574v">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mandatory Palestine (1920-1948)"><a 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alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-nhjg5","wgBackendResponseTime":194,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.685","walltime":"3.078","ppvisitednodes":{"value":19450,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":442684,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":32800,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":45,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":542799,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2572.520 1 -total"," 29.46% 757.870 2 Template:Reflist"," 14.48% 372.474 61 Template:Cite_book"," 10.87% 279.742 41 Template:Cite_web"," 8.88% 228.437 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 8.23% 211.718 32 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[\"CITEREFCohen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDepartment_of_Statistics1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEini2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEl-Eini2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinkelstein2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFirestone,_Reuven2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischbach,_Michael_R.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalnoor1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbert1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGormanMonciaud2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanna1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughes2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJ._McCarthy1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._Sussmann1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_B._Quigley2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamel2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKatz1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhalaf1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhalidi1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhalidi1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhalidi2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhalidi2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKominko2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLas,_Nelly\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeague_of_Nations_Union1922\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLenk1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLikhovski2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLouis1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasalha1992\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMattar2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenachem_Begin1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_J_Cohen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris,_Benny2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoshe_Pearlman1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoam_Dvir2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorthey,_Ruth_(project_ed.)2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNur_Masalha2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPappé1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParis2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRavndal2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRayman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRegan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRolf_Steininger2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoosevelt1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSargent1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarsar2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSegev2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShapira1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShelef2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherman1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinanoglou2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnetsinger1974\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFStefan_Brooks2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStein1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSufian2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVareilles2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright1926\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFprepared_in_December_1945_and_January_1946_for_the_information_of_the_Anglo-American_Committee_of_Inquiry.1991\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 7,\n [\"British overseas territories\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 61,\n [\"Cite encyclopaedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 41,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 5,\n [\"Coord missing\"] = 2,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Mandatory Palestine\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 7,\n [\"For\"] = 2,\n [\"Formatnum:10145\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:102520\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:103331\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:1035154\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:1036339\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:104460\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:1061270\"] = 2,\n [\"Formatnum:1076780\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:11770\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:11800\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:119020\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:1210\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:1300\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:13200\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:134030\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:135550\"] = 2,\n [\"Formatnum:13640\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:14100\"] = 2,\n [\"Formatnum:145060\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:145700\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:15000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:150540\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:1560\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:16180\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:1630\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:16660\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:175138\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:1764520\"] = 2,\n [\"Formatnum:17790\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:1845560\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:23940\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:2470\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:24950\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:253270\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:253450\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:295160\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:30160\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:3030\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:31590\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:33710\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:3540\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:40520\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:409290\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:41470\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:450000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:46130\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:47310\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:48930\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:49910\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:5000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:51130\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:553600\"] = 2,\n [\"Formatnum:56970\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:5840\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:589177\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:60000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:608230\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:61210\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:6270\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:7000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:71464\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:7170\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:73600\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:750000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:752048\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:757182\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:7590\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:7617\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:761922\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:76460\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:7980\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:83790\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:8410\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:89134\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:92640\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:92810\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:93120\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:93220\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:94600\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:95590\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:95970\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:95980\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 9,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 7,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Legend\"] = 11,\n [\"MV\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 7,\n [\"Mandatory Palestine topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 3,\n [\"Pp-extended\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rnd\"] = 35,\n [\"Rquote\"] = 1,\n [\"SS\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 32,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 3,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 2,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 21,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 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