CINXE.COM

Document Zbl 1545.93325 - zbMATH Open

<!doctype html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <title>Document Zbl 1545.93325 - zbMATH Open</title> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, minimum-scale=0.1, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta name="robots" content="noarchive, noindex"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <link href="https://static.zbmath.org/contrib/bootstrap/v3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen,print"> <link href="https://static.zbmath.org/contrib/bootstrap/v3.3.7/css/bootstrap-theme.min.css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen,print"> <link href="https://static.zbmath.org/contrib/bootstrap-lightbox/v0.7.0/bootstrap-lightbox.min.css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen,print"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static.zbmath.org/contrib/bootstrap-select/v1.13.14/css/bootstrap-select.min.css"> <link href="/static/css/smoothness/jquery-ui-1.10.1.custom.min.css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen"> <link href="/static/styles.css?v=20241024" rel="stylesheet" media="screen,print"> <link href="https://static.zbmath.org/zbMathJax/v0.1.38/zbmathjax.css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen,print"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/static/zbmath.ico"> <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "Organization", "url": "https://zbmath.org/", "logo": "https://zbmath.org/static/zbMATH.png" } </script> </head> <body> <div id="line"></div> <span id="clear" style="cursor: pointer;">&times;</span> <div id="page"> <div id="head"> <nav id="menu" class="navbar navbar-default"> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="navbar-header"> <button type="button" class="navbar-toggle collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#zbnav" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> </button> <a class="navbar-brand" href="#"> <img class="logo" src="/static/zbmath.gif" alt="zbMATH Open logo"> </a> </div> <div id="zbnav" class="collapse navbar-collapse"> <ul class="nav navbar-nav pages"> <li class="about"> <a href="/about/">About</a> </li> <li class="frequently-asked-questions"> <a href="/frequently-asked-questions/">FAQ</a> </li> <li class="general-help"> <a href="/general-help/">General Help</a> </li> <li class="reviewer-service"> <a href="https://zbmath.org/reviewer-service/" target="_self" >Reviewer Service</a> </li> <li> <a href="/tools-and-resources/">Tools &amp; Resources</a> </li> <li class="contact"> <a href="/contact/">Contact</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right prefs"> <li class="preferences dropdown"> <a data-toggle="dropdown" href="#">Preferences <i class="caret"></i></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu preferences"> <li> <form id="preferences" class="navbar-form" method="post" action="/preferences/" onsubmit="return confirm('This website uses cookies for the purposes of storing preference information on your device. Do you agree to this?\n\nPlease refer to our Privacy Policy to learn more about our use of cookies.')" > <input type="hidden" name="path" value="/?q=rf%3A7844237"> <span class=""> <label class="title">Search Form</label> <div class="form-group"> <input id="search-multi-line" type="radio" name="search" value="multi-line" checked> <label for="search-multi-line" class="radio">Multi-Line Search (default)</label> </div> <div class="form-group"> <input id="search-one-line" type="radio" name="search" value="one-line"> <label for="search-one-line" class="radio">One-Line Search</label> </div> </span> <span class="count"> <label class="title">Hits per Page</label> <div class="form-group"> <input id="count-10" type="radio" name="count" value="10"> <label for="count-10" class="radio">10</label> </div> <div class="form-group"> <input id="count-20" type="radio" name="count" value="20"> <label for="count-20" class="radio">20</label> </div> <div class="form-group"> <input id="count-50" type="radio" name="count" value="50"> <label for="count-50" class="radio">50</label> </div> <div class="form-group"> <input id="count-100" type="radio" name="count" value="100" checked> <label for="count-100" class="radio">100 (default)</label> </div> <div class="form-group"> <input id="count-200" type="radio" name="count" value="200"> <label for="count-200" class="radio">200</label> </div> </span> <span class="format"> <label class="title">Display Format</label> <div class="form-group"> <input id="format-mathjax" type="radio" name="format" value="mathjax" checked> <label for="format-mathjax" class="radio">MathJax (default)</label> </div> <div class="form-group"> <input id="format-amstex" type="radio" name="format" value="latex"> <label for="format-amstex" class="radio">LaTeX</label> </div> </span> <span class="ranking"> <label class="title">Documents Sorting</label> <div class="form-group"> <input id="documents-ranking-default" type="radio" name="documents_ranking" value="date" checked> <label for="documents-ranking-default" class="radio">Newest first (default)</label> </div> <div class="form-group"> <input id="documents-ranking-references" type="radio" name="documents_ranking" value="references"> <label for="documents-ranking-references" class="radio">Citations</label> </div> <div class="form-group"> <input id="documents-ranking-relevance" type="radio" name="documents_ranking" value="relevance"> <label for="documents-ranking-relevance" class="radio">Relevance</label> </div> </span> <span class="ranking"> <label class="title">Authors Sorting</label> <div class="form-group"> <input id="authors-ranking-default" type="radio" name="authors_ranking" value="alpha" checked> <label for="authors-ranking-default" class="radio">Alphabetically (default)</label> </div> <div class="form-group"> <input id="authors-ranking-references" type="radio" name="authors_ranking" value="references"> <label for="authors-ranking-references" class="radio">Citations</label> </div> </span> <span class="ranking"> <label class="title">Serials Sorting</label> <div class="form-group"> <input id="serials-ranking-default" type="radio" name="serials_ranking" value="alpha" checked> <label for="serials-ranking-default" class="radio">Alphabetically (default)</label> </div> <div class="form-group"> <input id="serials-ranking-references" type="radio" name="serials_ranking" value="references"> <label for="serials-ranking-references" class="radio">Citations</label> </div> </span> <span class="ranking"> <label class="title">Software Sorting</label> <div class="form-group"> <input id="software-ranking-default" type="radio" name="software_ranking" value="references" checked> <label for="software-ranking-default" class="radio">Citations (default)</label> </div> <div class="form-group"> <input id="software-ranking-alpha" type="radio" name="software_ranking" value="alpha"> <label for="software-ranking-alpha" class="radio">Alphabetically</label> </div> </span> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-default">OK</button> <div class="clearfix"> </form> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="tabs"> <h1 class="logo"> <a class="logo" href="/"> <img class="logo" src="/static/zbmath.gif" alt="zbMATH Open &mdash; the first resource for mathematics" > </a> </h1> <nav> <ul class="nav nav-tabs"> <li class="tab-documents active"> <a href="/">Documents</a> </li> <li class="tab-authors"> <a href="/authors/">Authors</a> </li> <li class="tab-serials"> <a href="/serials/">Serials</a> </li> <li class="tab-software"> <a href="/software/">Software</a> </li> <li class="tab-classification"> <a href="/classification/">Classification</a> </li> <li class="tab-formulae"> <a href="/formulae/">Formulæ</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> <div class="content-fixed"> <div class="content-formular"> <div style="display: none;"> <div class="row ml-0"id="multi-line-new-line" style="display: none;"> <div class="col-xs-12 form-inline multi-line"> <select class="form-control multi-line-field multi-line-selectpicker" name="ml-0-f" aria-label="field"> <option data-type="input" value="any" selected>Anywhere</option> <option data-type="input" value="au">Authors</option> <option data-type="input" value="ti">Title</option> <option data-type="input" value="py">Year</option> <option data-type="range" value="pyr">Year Range</option> <option data-type="input" value="cc">MSC</option> <option data-type="input" value="cc1">MSC Primary</option> <option data-type="input" value="so">Source / Journal</option> <option data-type="input" value="pu">Publisher</option> <option data-type="input" value="la">Language</option> <option data-type="input" value="ab">Summary / Review</option> <option data-type="input" value="rv">Reviewer</option> <option data-type="input" value="an">zbMATH ID</option> <option data-type="input" value="en">External ID</option> <option data-type="input" value="ut">Keywords</option> <option data-type="input" value="sw">Software</option> <option data-type="input" value="br">Biographic Ref</option> <option data-type="input" value="rft">Reference Text</option> <option data-type="multiselect-db" value="db">Database</option> <option data-divider="true"></option> <option data-function="remove-line" data-content='<span class="glyphicon glyphicon-minus" aria-hidden="true"></span> remove line' value="any">remove line</option> </select><input name="ml-0-v" class="form-control multi-line-value multi-line-input" type="text" value="" aria-label="value"><select class="form-control multi-line-operators multi-line-selectpicker" name="ml-0-op" aria-label="operator"> <option value="and" selected>AND</option> <option value="andnot">AND NOT</option> <option value="or">OR</option> </select></div> </div> <input name="ml-0-v" class="form-control multi-line-value multi-line-input" type="text" value="" aria-label="value" id="multi-line-type-input"> <span class="multi-line-value" id="multi-line-type-range"><span style="padding-left: 5px;">from</span> <input name="ml-0-v1" class="form-control multi-line-input" type="text" value="" aria-label="value"> until <input name="ml-0-v2" class="form-control multi-line-input" type="text" value="" aria-label="value"></span> <input name="ml-0-v" class="form-control multi-line-value multi-line-input" type="text" value="" aria-label="value" id="multi-line-type-input-la" placeholder="use name or ISO code"> <input name="ml-0-v" class="form-control multi-line-value multi-line-input" type="text" value="" aria-label="value" id="multi-line-type-input-rv" placeholder="enter name or zbMATH reviewer number"> <input name="ml-0-v" class="form-control multi-line-value multi-line-input" type="text" value="" aria-label="value" id="multi-line-type-input-an" placeholder="Zbl, JFM or ERAM number"> <input name="ml-0-v" class="form-control multi-line-value multi-line-input" type="text" value="" aria-label="value" id="multi-line-type-input-en" placeholder="e.g. DOI, ISBN, arXiv ID"> <input name="ml-0-v" class="form-control multi-line-value multi-line-input" type="text" value="" aria-label="value" id="multi-line-type-input-sw" placeholder="use * to find all documents using software"> <input name="ml-0-v" class="form-control multi-line-value multi-line-input" type="text" value="" aria-label="value" id="multi-line-type-input-br" placeholder="find documents about the life or work of a person"> <span class="multi-line-value" id="multi-line-type-multiselect-db"> <select class="multi-line-selectpicker" data-width="100%" multiple> <option value="zbl">Zbl</option> <option value="arxiv">arXiv</option> <option value="jfm">JFM</option> <option value="eram">ERAM</option> </select> <input type="hidden" class="multi-line-input" name="ml-0-v" value=""> </span> </div> <form name="documents" method="GET" action="/" autocomplete="off"> <div class="documents multi-line" style="display: none;"> <div class="forms"> <ul class="nav forms"> <li class="one-line"> <span tabindex="0" class="glyphicon glyphicon-question-sign" title="One-Line Search allows for free logical combinations of search fields" aria-label="One-Line Search allows for free logical combinations of search fields" data-placement="bottom"></span>&nbsp;<a style="display: inline-block;" href="#">One-Line Search <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-search"></span></a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> <div class="container-fluid"> <input type="hidden" id="multi-line-ml" name="ml" value="3"> <div id="multi-line-row-wrapper"> <div class="row ml-1"> <div class="col-xs-12 form-inline multi-line"> <select class="form-control multi-line-field multi-line-selectpicker" name="ml-1-f" aria-label="field"> <option data-type="input" value="any" selected>Anywhere</option> <option data-type="input" value="au">Authors</option> <option data-type="input" value="ti">Title</option> <option data-type="input" value="py">Year</option> <option data-type="range" value="pyr">Year Range</option> <option data-type="input" value="cc">MSC</option> <option data-type="input" value="cc1">MSC Primary</option> <option data-type="input" value="so">Source / Journal</option> <option data-type="input" value="pu">Publisher</option> <option data-type="input" value="la">Language</option> <option data-type="input" value="ab">Summary / Review</option> <option data-type="input" value="rv">Reviewer</option> <option data-type="input" value="an">zbMATH ID</option> <option data-type="input" value="en">External ID</option> <option data-type="input" value="ut">Keywords</option> <option data-type="input" value="sw">Software</option> <option data-type="input" value="br">Biographic Ref</option> <option data-type="input" value="rft">Reference Text</option> <option data-type="multiselect-db" value="db">Database</option> <option data-divider="true"></option> <option data-function="remove-line" data-content='<span class="glyphicon glyphicon-minus" aria-hidden="true"></span> remove line' value="any">remove line</option> </select><input name="ml-1-v" class="form-control multi-line-value multi-line-input" type="text" value="" aria-label="value"><select class="form-control multi-line-operators multi-line-selectpicker" name="ml-1-op" aria-label="operator"> <option value="and" selected>AND</option> <option value="andnot">AND NOT</option> <option value="or">OR</option> </select></div> </div> <div class="row ml-2"> <div class="col-xs-12 form-inline multi-line"> <select class="form-control multi-line-field multi-line-selectpicker" name="ml-2-f" aria-label="field"> <option data-type="input" value="any">Anywhere</option> <option data-type="input" value="au" selected>Authors</option> <option data-type="input" value="ti">Title</option> <option data-type="input" value="py">Year</option> <option data-type="range" value="pyr">Year Range</option> <option data-type="input" value="cc">MSC</option> <option data-type="input" value="cc1">MSC Primary</option> <option data-type="input" value="so">Source / Journal</option> <option data-type="input" value="pu">Publisher</option> <option data-type="input" value="la">Language</option> <option data-type="input" value="ab">Summary / Review</option> <option data-type="input" value="rv">Reviewer</option> <option data-type="input" value="an">zbMATH ID</option> <option data-type="input" value="en">External ID</option> <option data-type="input" value="ut">Keywords</option> <option data-type="input" value="sw">Software</option> <option data-type="input" value="br">Biographic Ref</option> <option data-type="input" value="rft">Reference Text</option> <option data-type="multiselect-db" value="db">Database</option> <option data-divider="true"></option> <option data-function="remove-line" data-content='<span class="glyphicon glyphicon-minus" aria-hidden="true"></span> remove line' value="any">remove line</option> </select><input name="ml-2-v" class="form-control multi-line-value multi-line-input" type="text" value="" aria-label="value"><select class="form-control multi-line-operators multi-line-selectpicker" name="ml-2-op" aria-label="operator"> <option value="and" selected>AND</option> <option value="andnot">AND NOT</option> <option value="or">OR</option> </select></div> </div> <div class="row ml-3"> <div class="col-xs-12 form-inline multi-line"> <select class="form-control multi-line-field multi-line-selectpicker" name="ml-3-f" aria-label="field"> <option data-type="input" value="any">Anywhere</option> <option data-type="input" value="au">Authors</option> <option data-type="input" value="ti" selected>Title</option> <option data-type="input" value="py">Year</option> <option data-type="range" value="pyr">Year Range</option> <option data-type="input" value="cc">MSC</option> <option data-type="input" value="cc1">MSC Primary</option> <option data-type="input" value="so">Source / Journal</option> <option data-type="input" value="pu">Publisher</option> <option data-type="input" value="la">Language</option> <option data-type="input" value="ab">Summary / Review</option> <option data-type="input" value="rv">Reviewer</option> <option data-type="input" value="an">zbMATH ID</option> <option data-type="input" value="en">External ID</option> <option data-type="input" value="ut">Keywords</option> <option data-type="input" value="sw">Software</option> <option data-type="input" value="br">Biographic Ref</option> <option data-type="input" value="rft">Reference Text</option> <option data-type="multiselect-db" value="db">Database</option> <option data-divider="true"></option> <option data-function="remove-line" data-content='<span class="glyphicon glyphicon-minus" aria-hidden="true"></span> remove line' value="any">remove line</option> </select><input name="ml-3-v" class="form-control multi-line-value multi-line-input" type="text" value="" aria-label="value"><div id="multi-line-plus"> <a href="#"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-plus" aria-hidden="true"></span> add line</a> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 form-inline"> <div class="form-group field checkboxes-wrapper" id="checkboxes-wrapper-test" style="visibility: hidden; position: fixed;"> <label>Document Type:</label> <div class="checkboxes"> <div class="slider"> <label title="search for Articles in Journals"> <input type="checkbox" class="form-control" value="j" checked> <span tabindex="0"><small></small></span> Journal Articles </label> </div> <div class="slider"> <label title="search for Articles in Conference Proceedings and Collected Volumes"> <input type="checkbox" class="form-control" value="a" checked> <span tabindex="0"><small></small></span> Collection Articles </label> </div> <div class="slider"> <label title="search for Monographs, Proceedings, Dissertations etc."> <input type="checkbox" class="form-control" value="b" checked> <span tabindex="0"><small></small></span> Books </label> </div> <div class="slider"> <label title="search for arXiv Preprints"> <input type="checkbox" class="form-control" value="p" checked> <span tabindex="0"><small></small></span> arXiv Preprints </label> </div> </div> </div> <div class="form-group field checkboxes-wrapper" id="checkboxes-wrapper-real"> <label>Document Type:</label> <div class="checkboxes"> <div class="slider"> <label for="dt-j" title="search for Articles in Journals"> <input type="checkbox" id="dt-j" name="dt" class="form-control" value="j" checked> <span tabindex="0"><small></small></span> Journal Articles </label> </div> <div class="slider"> <label for="dt-a" title="search for Articles in Conference Proceedings and Collected Volumes"> <input type="checkbox" id="dt-a" name="dt" class="form-control" value="a" checked> <span tabindex="0"><small></small></span> Collection Articles </label> </div> <div class="slider"> <label for="dt-b" title="search for Monographs, Proceedings, Dissertations etc."> <input type="checkbox" id="dt-b" name="dt" class="form-control" value="b" checked> <span tabindex="0"><small></small></span> Books </label> </div> <div class="slider"> <label for="dt-p" title="search for arXiv Preprints"> <input type="checkbox" id="dt-p" name="dt" class="form-control" value="p" checked> <span tabindex="0"><small></small></span> arXiv Preprints </label> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 buttons"> <a tabindex="0" class="btn btn-default clear-all">Reset all <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-remove"></span></a> <div class="submit"> <button class="btn btn-default search" type="submit">Search <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-search"></span></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </form> <form class="form-inline" name="documents" method="GET" action="/"> <div class="documents one-line" style="display: block;"> <div class="forms"> <ul class="nav forms"> <li class="multi-line"><a href="#">New Multi-Line Search <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-list"></span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="search-row" class="input-group box"> <span> <div id="search-field"> <input class="query form-control" type="text" name="q" value="rf:7844237" aria-label="Search for documents" placeholder="Search for documents" autocomplete="off"> </div> <div class="search-buttons input-group-btn"> <div class="btn-group"> <button class="btn btn-default search" type="submit"><span class="virtual">Search</span> <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-search" style="top: 2px;"></span></button> </div> </div> </span> <span> <div class="search-buttons input-group-btn"> <div class="btn-group"> <div class="btn-group fields"> <button class="btn btn-default dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">Fields <i class="caret"></i></button> <ul id="fields" class="dropdown-menu pull-right"> <li><a href="#"><span class="token item">any:</span><span>&nbsp;</span>anywhere (default)</a></li> <li><a href="#"><span class="token item">ab:</span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>review text</a></li> <li><a href="#"><span class="token item">an:</span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>zbmath id</a></li> <li><a href="#"><span class="token item">any:</span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>anywhere</a></li> <li><a href="#"><span class="token item">au:</span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>contributor name</a></li> <li><a href="#"><span class="token item">br:</span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>biographic reference name</a></li> <li><a href="#"><span class="token item">cc:</span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>msc title</a></li> <li><a href="#"><span class="token item">dt:</span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>document type</a></li> <li><a href="#"><span class="token item">doi:</span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>doi</a></li> <li><a href="#"><span class="token item">en:</span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>external id</a></li> <li><a href="#"><span class="token item">la:</span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>language</a></li> <li><a href="#"><span class="token item">pu:</span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>publisher</a></li> <li><a href="#"><span class="token item">py:</span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>year</a></li> <li><a href="#"><span class="token item">rv:</span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>reviewer name</a></li> <li><a href="#"><span class="token item">so:</span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>source</a></li> <li><a href="#"><span class="token item">sw:</span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>software name</a></li> <li><a href="#"><span class="token item">ti:</span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>title</a></li> <li><a href="#"><span class="token item">ut:</span><span>&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>keyword</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="btn-group operators"> <button class="btn btn-default dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">Operators <i class="caret"></i></button> <ul id="operators" class="dropdown-menu pull-right"> <li><a href="#"><span class="token">a&nbsp;<span class="item">&</span>&nbsp;b&nbsp;</span><span>&nbsp;</span>logical and (default)</a></li> <li><a href="#"><span class="token">a&nbsp;<span class="item">|</span>&nbsp;b&nbsp;</span><span>&nbsp;</span>logical or</a></li> <li><a href="#"><span class="token"><span class="item">!</span>ab&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span>&nbsp;</span>logical not</a></li> <li><a href="#"><span class="token">abc<span class="item">*</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span>&nbsp;</span>right wildcard</a></li> <li><a href="#"><span class="token"><span class="item">"</span>ab&nbsp;c<span class="item">"</span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>phrase</a></li> <li><a href="#"><span class="token"><span class="item">(</span>ab&nbsp;c<span class="item">)</span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>parentheses</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="special"> <ul class="nav help-button"> <li class="dropdown pull-right"> <a href="#">Help <i class="caret"></i></a> </li> </ul> </div> </span> </div> <div class="help"><h2>Examples</h2> <div id="help-terms" role="table"> <div class="help-item" role="row"> <span class="search-example" role="rowheader"><a href="/?q=Geometry">Geometry</a></span> <span class="search-explanation" role="cell" role="cell">Search for the term <em>Geometry</em> in <strong>any</strong> field. Queries are <strong>case-independent</strong>.</span> </div> <div class="help-item" role="row"> <span class="search-example" role="rowheader"><a href="/?q=Funct%2A">Funct*</a></span> <span class="search-explanation" role="cell"><strong>Wildcard</strong> queries are specified by <strong><u>*</u></strong> (e.g. <em>functions</em>, <em>functorial</em>, etc.). Otherwise the search is <strong>exact</strong>.</span> </div> <div class="help-item" role="row"> <span class="search-example" role="rowheader"><a href="/?q=%22Topological+group%22">"Topological group"</a></span> <span class="search-explanation" role="cell"><strong>Phrases</strong> (multi-words) should be set in <u>"</u>straight quotation marks<u>"</u>.</span> </div> <div class="help-item" role="row"> <span class="search-example" role="rowheader"><a href="/?q=au%3A+Bourbaki+%26+ti%3A+Algebra">au: Bourbaki &amp; ti: Algebra</a></span> <span class="search-explanation" role="cell">Search for <strong><u>au</u>thor</strong> and <strong><u>ti</u>tle</strong>. The <strong>and-operator &amp;</strong> is default and can be omitted.</span> </div> <div class="help-item" role="row"> <span class="search-example" role="rowheader"><a href="/?q=Chebyshev+%7C+Tschebyscheff">Chebyshev | Tschebyscheff</a></span> <span class="search-explanation" role="cell">The <strong>or-operator |</strong> allows to search for <em>Chebyshev</em> or <em>Tschebyscheff</em>.</span> </div> <div class="help-item" role="row"> <span class="search-example" role="rowheader"><a href="/?q=Quasi%2A+map%2A+py%3A+1989">Quasi* map* py: 1989</a></span> <span class="search-explanation" role="cell">The resulting documents have <strong><u>p</u>ublication <u>y</u>ear</strong> <em>1989</em>.</span> </div> <div class="help-item" role="row"> <span class="search-example" role="rowheader"><a href="/?q=so%3A+Eur%2A+J%2A+Mat%2A+Soc%2A+cc%3A+14">so: Eur* J* Mat* Soc* cc: 14</a></span> <span class="search-explanation" role="cell">Search for publications in a particular <strong><u>so</u>urce</strong> with a <strong>Mathematics Subject <u>C</u>lassification <u>c</u>ode (<u>cc</u>)</strong> in <em>14</em>.</span> </div> <div class="help-item" role="row"> <span class="search-example" role="rowheader"><a href="/?q=%22Partial+diff%2A+eq%2A%22+%21+elliptic">"Partial diff* eq*" ! elliptic</a></span> <span class="search-explanation" role="cell">The <strong>not</strong>-operator <strong>!</strong> eliminates all results containing the word <em>elliptic</em>.</span> </div> <div class="help-item" role="row"> <span class="search-example" role="rowheader"><a href="/?q=dt%3A+b+%26+au%3A+Hilbert">dt: b &amp; au: Hilbert</a></span> <span class="search-explanation" role="cell">The <strong><u>d</u>ocument <u>t</u>ype</strong> is set to books; alternatively: <u>j</u> for <strong>journal articles</strong>, <u>a</u> for <strong>book articles</strong>.</span> </div> <div class="help-item" role="row"> <span class="search-example" role="rowheader"><a href="/?q=py%3A+2000-2015+cc%3A+%2894A+%7C+11T%29">py: 2000-2015 cc: (94A | 11T)</a></span> <span class="search-explanation" role="cell">Number <strong>ranges</strong> are accepted. Terms can be grouped within <strong><u>(</u>parentheses<u>)</u></strong>.</span> </div> <div class="help-item" role="row"> <span class="search-example" role="rowheader"><a href="/?q=la%3A+chinese">la: chinese</a></span> <span class="search-explanation" role="cell">Find documents in a given <strong><u>la</u>nguage</strong>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-1">ISO 639-1</a> language codes can also be used.</span> </div> </div> <div id="help-fields"> <h2>Fields</h2> <table> <tr> <td class="nowrap padding" role="rowheader"><strong>any</strong></td> <td class="padding">anywhere</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="nowrap padding" role="rowheader"><strong>an</strong></td> <td class="padding">internal document identifier</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="nowrap padding" role="rowheader"><strong>au</strong></td> <td class="padding">author, editor</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="nowrap padding" role="rowheader"><strong>ai</strong></td> <td class="padding">internal author identifier</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="nowrap padding" role="rowheader"><strong>ti</strong></td> <td class="padding">title</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="nowrap padding" role="rowheader"><strong>la</strong></td> <td class="padding">language</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="nowrap padding" role="rowheader"><strong>so</strong></td> <td class="padding">source</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="nowrap padding" role="rowheader"><strong>ab</strong></td> <td class="padding">review, abstract</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="nowrap padding" role="rowheader"><strong>py</strong></td> <td class="padding">publication year</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="nowrap padding" role="rowheader"><strong>rv</strong></td> <td class="padding">reviewer</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="nowrap padding" role="rowheader"><strong>cc</strong></td> <td class="padding">MSC code</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="nowrap padding" role="rowheader"><strong>ut</strong></td> <td class="padding">uncontrolled term</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="nowrap padding" role="rowheader"><strong>dt</strong></td> <td class="padding" colspan="4">document type (<strong>j</strong>: journal article; <strong>b</strong>: book; <strong>a</strong>: book article)</td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="help-operators"> <h2>Operators</h2> <table> <tr> <td class="nowrap padding" role="rowheader">a <strong>&amp;</strong> b</td> <td class="padding">logic and</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="nowrap padding" role="rowheader">a <strong>|</strong> b</td> <td class="padding">logic or</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="nowrap padding" role="rowheader"><strong>!</strong>ab</td> <td class="padding">logic not</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="nowrap padding" role="rowheader">abc<strong>*</strong></td> <td class="padding">right wildcard</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="nowrap padding" role="rowheader"><strong>"</strong>ab c<strong>"</strong></td> <td class="padding">phrase</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="nowrap padding" role="rowheader"><strong>(</strong>ab c<strong>)</strong></td> <td class="padding">parentheses</td> </tr> </table> </div> <p> See also our <a href="/general-help/">General Help</a>. </p></div> </div> </form> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> <div class="content-shadow"></div> </div> </div> <div id="body"> <div id="main"> <div class="messages"> </div> <div id="documents"> <div class="content-main"> <div class="content-item"><div class="item"> <article> <div class="author"><a href="/authors/singh.vijay-kumar.1" title="Author Profile">Singh, Vijay Kumar</a>; <a href="/authors/kamal.shyam" title="Author Profile">Kamal, Shyam</a>; <a href="/authors/ghosh.sandip" title="Author Profile">Ghosh, Sandip</a></div> <h2 class="title"> <strong>Predefined-time adaptive backstepping control for a class of nonlinear dynamical systems with parametric uncertainties.</strong> <i>(English)</i> <a class="label nowrap" href="/1545.93325">Zbl 1545.93325</a> </h2> <div class="source"> <a href="/serials/1373" title="Journal Profile">Int. J. Adapt. Control Signal Process.</a> <a href="/?q=in%3A515776" title="Articles in this Issue">38, No. 4, 1242-1261 (2024)</a>. </div> <div class="abstract">Summary: In this article, we address the problem of achieving predefined-time control for a class of nonlinear dynamical systems with parameter uncertainties. We introduce an adaptive predefined-time control algorithm based on integrator backstepping for \(n\)th order nonlinear systems. Using Lyapunov&rsquo;s stability theory, we establish that the proposed predefined time control approach, combined with an adaptive law, ensures the boundedness of all signals within the closed-loop system. A notable advantage of our method is its potential to achieve convergence within a predetermined time frame. To validate our approach&rsquo;s efficacy, we present a practical example involving a 2 DOF helicopter, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.<br class="zbmathjax-paragraph">&copy; 2024 John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd.</div> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="classification"> <h3>MSC:</h3> <table><tr> <td> <a class="mono" href="/classification/?q=cc%3A93C40" title="MSC2020">93C40</a> </td> <td class="space"> Adaptive control/observation systems </td> </tr><tr> <td> <a class="mono" href="/classification/?q=cc%3A93C10" title="MSC2020">93C10</a> </td> <td class="space"> Nonlinear systems in control theory </td> </tr><tr> <td> <a class="mono" href="/classification/?q=cc%3A93B12" title="MSC2020">93B12</a> </td> <td class="space"> Variable structure systems </td> </tr><tr> <td> <a class="mono" href="/classification/?q=cc%3A93B51" title="MSC2020">93B51</a> </td> <td class="space"> Design techniques (robust design, computer-aided design, etc.) </td> </tr></table> </div><div class="keywords"> <h3>Keywords:</h3><a href="/?q=ut%3A2-DOF+helicopter">2-DOF helicopter</a>; <a href="/?q=ut%3Aadaptive+control">adaptive control</a>; <a href="/?q=ut%3Abackstepping+control">backstepping control</a>; <a href="/?q=ut%3Afinite-time+stabilization">finite-time stabilization</a>; <a href="/?q=ut%3Apredefined-time+stabilization">predefined-time stabilization</a></div> <!-- Modal used to show zbmath metadata in different output formats--> <div class="modal fade" id="metadataModal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="myModalLabel"> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">&times;</span></button> <h4 class="modal-title" id="myModalLabel">Cite</h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <div class="form-group"> <label for="select-output" class="control-label">Format</label> <select id="select-output" class="form-control" aria-label="Select Metadata format"></select> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="metadataText" class="control-label">Result</label> <textarea class="form-control" id="metadataText" rows="10" style="min-width: 100%;max-width: 100%"></textarea> </div> <div id="metadata-alert" class="alert alert-danger" role="alert" style="display: none;"> <!-- alert for connection errors etc --> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary" onclick="copyMetadata()">Copy to clipboard</button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-default" data-dismiss="modal">Close</button> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="functions clearfix"> <div class="function"> <!-- Button trigger metadata modal --> <a type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-xs pdf" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#metadataModal" data-itemtype="Zbl" data-itemname="Zbl 1545.93325" data-ciurl="/ci/07894952" data-biburl="/bibtex/07894952.bib" data-amsurl="/amsrefs/07894952.bib" data-xmlurl="/xml/07894952.xml" > Cite </a> <a class="btn btn-default btn-xs pdf" data-container="body" type="button" href="/pdf/07894952.pdf" title="Zbl 1545.93325 as PDF">Review PDF</a> </div> <div class="fulltexts"> <span class="fulltext">Full Text:</span> <a class="btn btn-default btn-xs" type="button" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/acs.3745" aria-label="DOI for “Predefined-time adaptive backstepping control for a class of nonlinear dynamical systems with parametric uncertainties”" title="10.1002/acs.3745">DOI</a> </div> <div class="sfx" style="float: right;"> </div> </div> <div class="references"> <h3>References:</h3> <table><tr> <td>[1]</td> <td class="space">Yang, Y.; Gao, W.; Modares, H.; Xu, CZ, Robust actor-critic learning for continuous‐time nonlinear systems with unmodeled dynamics, IEEE Trans Fuzzy Syst, 30, 6, 2101-2112, 2021</td> </tr><tr> <td>[2]</td> <td class="space">Fradkov, AL; Miroshnik, IV; Nikiforov, VO, Nonlinear and adaptive control of complex systems. 491, 2013, Springer Science &amp; Business Media</td> </tr><tr> <td>[3]</td> <td class="space">Krstić, M.; Kanellakopoulos, I.; Kokotović, P., Adaptive nonlinear control without overparametrization, Syst Control Lett, 19, 3, 177-185, 1992 &middot; <a href="/0763.93043" class="nowrap">Zbl 0763.93043</a></td> </tr><tr> <td>[4]</td> <td class="space">Yang, Y.; Tang, L.; Zou, W.; Ding, DW; Ahn, CK, A unified fixed‐time framework of adaptive fuzzy controller design for unmodeled dynamical systems with intermittent feedback, Inf Sci, 611, 628-648, 2022 &middot; <a href="/1533.93702" class="nowrap">Zbl 1533.93702</a></td> </tr><tr> <td>[5]</td> <td class="space">Jain, AK; Katiyar, A., Robust adaptive control design of nonlinear systems with input delay, Int J Adapt Control Signal Process, 2023 &middot; <a href="/1545.93111" class="nowrap">Zbl 1545.93111</a></td> </tr><tr> <td>[6]</td> <td class="space">Su, Q.; Quan, W.; Cai, G.; Li, J., An improved adaptive backstepping approach on static var compensator controller of nonlinear power systems, Int J Adapt Control Signal Process, 32, 5, 700-712, 2018 &middot; <a href="/1396.93074" class="nowrap">Zbl 1396.93074</a></td> </tr><tr> <td>[7]</td> <td class="space">Yang, Y.; Pan, Y.; Xu, CZ; Wunsch, DC, Hamiltonian‐driven adaptive dynamic programming with efficient experience replay, IEEE Trans Neural Networks Learn Syst, 2022</td> </tr><tr> <td>[8]</td> <td class="space">Kokotovic, PV, The joy of feedback: nonlinear and adaptive, IEEE Control Syst Mag, 12, 3, 7-17, 1992</td> </tr><tr> <td>[9]</td> <td class="space">Zou, Y., Adaptive backstepping trajectory tracking controller for a miniature helicopter, Int J Adapt Control Signal Process, 31, 5, 710-725, 2017 &middot; <a href="/1369.93324" class="nowrap">Zbl 1369.93324</a></td> </tr><tr> <td>[10]</td> <td class="space">Godhavn, JM; Fossen, TI; Berge, SP, Non‐linear and adaptive backstepping designs for tracking control of ships, Int J Adapt Control Signal Process, 12, 8, 649-670, 1998</td> </tr><tr> <td>[11]</td> <td class="space">Athans, M.; Falb, PL, Optimal control: an introduction to the theory and its applications, 1966, Courier Corporation</td> </tr><tr> <td>[12]</td> <td class="space">Wu, Y.; Yu, X.; Man, Z., Terminal sliding mode control design for uncertain dynamic systems, Syst Control Lett, 34, 5, 281-287, 1998 &middot; <a href="/0909.93005" class="nowrap">Zbl 0909.93005</a></td> </tr><tr> <td>[13]</td> <td class="space">Bhat, SP; Bernstein, DS, Continuous finite‐time stabilization of the translational and rotational double integrators, IEEE Trans Autom Control, 43, 5, 678-682, 1998 &middot; <a href="/0925.93821" class="nowrap">Zbl 0925.93821</a></td> </tr><tr> <td>[14]</td> <td class="space">Bhat, SP; Bernstein, DS, Finite‐time stability of continuous autonomous systems, SIAM J Control Optim, 38, 3, 751-766, 2000 &middot; <a href="/0945.34039" class="nowrap">Zbl 0945.34039</a></td> </tr><tr> <td>[15]</td> <td class="space">Hong, Y.; Wang, J.; Cheng, D., Adaptive finite‐time control of nonlinear systems with parametric uncertainty, IEEE Trans Autom Control, 51, 5, 858-862, 2006 &middot; <a href="/1366.93290" class="nowrap">Zbl 1366.93290</a></td> </tr><tr> <td>[16]</td> <td class="space">Huang, J.; Wen, C.; Wang, W.; Song, YD, Design of adaptive finite‐time controllers for nonlinear uncertain systems based on given transient specifications, Automatica, 69, 395-404, 2016 &middot; <a href="/1338.93186" class="nowrap">Zbl 1338.93186</a></td> </tr><tr> <td>[17]</td> <td class="space">Wang, F.; Zhang, X., Adaptive finite time control of nonlinear systems under time‐varying actuator failures, IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Syst, 49, 9, 1845-1852, 2018</td> </tr><tr> <td>[18]</td> <td class="space">Yu, J.; Shi, P.; Zhao, L., Finite‐time command filtered backstepping control for a class of nonlinear systems, Automatica, 92, 173-180, 2018 &middot; <a href="/1388.93047" class="nowrap">Zbl 1388.93047</a></td> </tr><tr> <td>[19]</td> <td class="space">Polyakov, A., Nonlinear feedback design for fixed‐time stabilization of linear control systems, IEEE Trans Autom Control, 57, 8, 2106-2110, 2011 &middot; <a href="/1369.93128" class="nowrap">Zbl 1369.93128</a></td> </tr><tr> <td>[20]</td> <td class="space">He, C.; Wu, J.; Dai, J.; Zhang, Z., Fixed‐time adaptive neural tracking control for a class of uncertain multi‐input and multi‐output nonlinear pure‐feedback systems, Int J Adapt Control Signal Process, 35, 2, 262-284, 2021 &middot; <a href="/1543.93085" class="nowrap">Zbl 1543.93085</a></td> </tr><tr> <td>[21]</td> <td class="space">Liang, Y.; Li, YX; Hou, Z., Adaptive fixed‐time tracking control for stochastic pure‐feedback nonlinear systems, Int J Adapt Control Signal Process, 35, 9, 1712-1731, 2021 &middot; <a href="/1543.93370" class="nowrap">Zbl 1543.93370</a></td> </tr><tr> <td>[22]</td> <td class="space">Zhang, X.; Tan, J.; Yao, Y.; Wu, J., Adaptive practical fixed‐time tracking control for uncertain non‐strict‐feedback systems with input delay and prescribed boundary constraints, Int J Adapt Control Signal Process, 36, 3, 653-669, 2022 &middot; <a href="/1545.93370" class="nowrap">Zbl 1545.93370</a></td> </tr><tr> <td>[23]</td> <td class="space">Chatterjee, K.; Singh, VK; Prasun, P.; Kamal, S.; Ghosh, S.; Dinh, TN, Fixed‐time event‐triggered control under denial‐of‐service attacks, Eur J Control, 69, 2022 &middot; <a href="/1507.93201" class="nowrap">Zbl 1507.93201</a></td> </tr><tr> <td>[24]</td> <td class="space">Sánchez‐Torres, JD; Gómez‐Gutiérrez, D.; López, E.; Loukianov, AG, A class of predefined‐time stable dynamical systems, IMA J Math Control Inf, 35, Supplement_1, i1-i29, 2018 &middot; <a href="/1402.93192" class="nowrap">Zbl 1402.93192</a></td> </tr><tr> <td>[25]</td> <td class="space">Jiménez‐Rodríguez, E.; Muñoz‐Vázquez, AJ; Sánchez‐Torres, JD; Defoort, M.; Loukianov, AG, A Lyapunov‐like characterization of predefined‐time stability, IEEE Trans Autom Control, 65, 11, 4922-4927, 2020 &middot; <a href="/1536.93760" class="nowrap">Zbl 1536.93760</a></td> </tr><tr> <td>[26]</td> <td class="space">Song, Y.; Wang, Y.; Holloway, J.; Krstic, M., Time‐varying feedback for regulation of normal‐form nonlinear systems in prescribed finite time, Automatica, 83, 243-251, 2017 &middot; <a href="/1373.93136" class="nowrap">Zbl 1373.93136</a></td> </tr><tr> <td>[27]</td> <td class="space">Singh, VK; Kamal, S., Prescribed‐time adaptive backstepping control of an uncertain nonlinear 2‐DOF helicopter, IEEE Trans Circuits Syst II Express Briefs, 2023</td> </tr><tr> <td>[28]</td> <td class="space">Hua, C.; Ning, P.; Li, K., Adaptive prescribed‐time control for a class of uncertain nonlinear systems, IEEE Trans Autom Control, 67, 11, 6159-6166, 2021 &middot; <a href="/1541.93185" class="nowrap">Zbl 1541.93185</a></td> </tr><tr> <td>[29]</td> <td class="space">Pal, AK; Kamal, S.; Nagar, SK; Bandyopadhyay, B.; Fridman, L., Design of controllers with arbitrary convergence time, Automatica, 112, 2020 &middot; <a href="/1430.93073" class="nowrap">Zbl 1430.93073</a></td> </tr><tr> <td>[30]</td> <td class="space">Singh, VK; Kamal, S.; Ghosh, S., Prescribed‐time constrained feedback control for an uncertain twin rotor helicopter, Aerosp Sci Technol, 140, 2023</td> </tr><tr> <td>[31]</td> <td class="space">Singh, B.; Pal, AK; Kamal, S.; Dinh, TN; Mazenc, F., Vector control lyapunov function based stabilization of nonlinear systems in predefined time, IEEE Trans Autom Control, 2023 &middot; <a href="/1546.93544" class="nowrap">Zbl 1546.93544</a></td> </tr><tr> <td>[32]</td> <td class="space">Pal, AK; Kamal, S.; Yu, X.; Nagar, SK; Bandyopadhyay, B., Free‐will arbitrary time terminal sliding mode control, IEEE Trans Circuits Syst II Express Briefs, 2022</td> </tr><tr> <td>[33]</td> <td class="space">Singh, VK; Kamal, S.; Ghosh, S.; Dinh, TN, Neuroadaptive prescribed‐time consensus of uncertain nonlinear multi‐agent systems, IEEE Trans Circuits Syst II Express Briefs, 2023</td> </tr><tr> <td>[34]</td> <td class="space">Pal, AK; Kamal, S.; Yu, X.; Nagar, SK; Xiong, X., Free‐will arbitrary time consensus for multiagent systems, IEEE Trans Cybern, 52, 6, 4636-4646, 2022</td> </tr><tr> <td>[35]</td> <td class="space">Bohner, M.; Guseinov, G., Improper integrals on time scales, Dyn Syst Appl, 12, 1/2, 45-66, 2003 &middot; <a href="/1058.39011" class="nowrap">Zbl 1058.39011</a></td> </tr><tr> <td>[36]</td> <td class="space">Li, YX; Yang, GH, Event‐triggered adaptive backstepping control for parametric strict‐feedback nonlinear systems, Int J Robust Nonlinear Control, 28, 3, 976-1000, 2018 &middot; <a href="/1390.93528" class="nowrap">Zbl 1390.93528</a></td> </tr></table> <div class="reference_disclaimer"> This reference list is based on information provided by the publisher or from digital mathematics libraries. Its items are heuristically matched to zbMATH identifiers and may contain data conversion errors. In some cases that data have been complemented/enhanced by data from zbMATH&nbsp;Open. This attempts to reflect the references listed in the original paper as accurately as possible without claiming completeness or a perfect matching. </div> </div></article> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </div> <div id="foot"><div class="copyright"> &copy; 2025 <a target="fiz" href="https://www.fiz-karlsruhe.de/en">FIZ Karlsruhe GmbH</a> <a href="/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a> <a href="/legal-notices/">Legal Notices</a> <a href="/terms-conditions/">Terms &amp; Conditions</a> <div class="info"> <ul class="nav"> <li class="mastodon"> <a href="https://mathstodon.xyz/@zbMATH" target="_blank" class="no-new-tab-icon"> <img src="/static/mastodon.png" title="zbMATH at Mathstodon (opens in new tab)" alt="Mastodon logo"> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix" style="height: 0px;"></div> </div> </div> <script src="https://static.zbmath.org/contrib/jquery/1.9.1/jquery.min.js"></script> <script src="https://static.zbmath.org/contrib/jquery-caret/1.5.2/jquery.caret.min.js"></script> <script src="/static/js/jquery-ui-1.10.1.custom.min.js"></script> <script src="https://static.zbmath.org/contrib/bootstrap/v3.3.7zb1/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script> <script src="https://static.zbmath.org/contrib/bootstrap-lightbox/v0.7.0/bootstrap-lightbox.min.js"></script> <script src="https://static.zbmath.org/contrib/retina/unknown/retina.js"></script> <script src="https://static.zbmath.org/contrib/bootstrap-select/v1.13.14/js/bootstrap-select.min.js"></script> <script> var SCRIPT_ROOT = ""; </script> <script src="/static/scripts.js?v=20240926"> </script> <script src="https://static.zbmath.org/contrib/mathjax/2.7.1/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML"></script> <script type="text/x-mathjax-config"> MathJax.Hub.Config({ "HTML-CSS": { preferredFont: "TeX", availableFonts: [ "STIX", "TeX" ], linebreaks: { automatic: true }, EqnChunk: (MathJax.Hub.Browser.isMobile ? 10 : 50) }, tex2jax: { processEscapes: true, ignoreClass: "tex2jax_ignore|dno" }, TeX: { Macros: { Aut: "\\operatorname{Aut}", Hom: "\\operatorname{Hom}" }, noUndefined: { attributes: { mathcolor: "#039", //"red", mathbackground: "white", //"#FFEEEE", mathsize: "90%" } } }, messageStyle: "none" }); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function() { $("#MathInput").stop(true, true).keyup(function() { $.ajax({ url: "/mwsq/", type: "POST", data: { query : $("#MathInput").val() }, dataType: "text" }) .done(function(xml) { $("#MathPreview").html(xml); $(window).resize(); }); }); var press = jQuery.Event("keyup"); press.ctrlKey = false; press.which = 40; $("#MathInput").trigger(press); }); </script> <div id="new_tab_icon" style="display: none">&nbsp;<span class="glyphicon glyphicon-new-window" aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="sr-only">(opens in new tab)</span></div> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10