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The Formative is the third of five stages defined by [[Gordon Willey]] and [[Philip Phillips (archaeologist)|Philip Phillips]] in their 1958 book ''Method and Theory in American Archaeology''.<ref>{{cite book |author=Willey, Gordon R. |year=1989 |chapter=Gordon Willey |title=The Pastmasters: Eleven Modern Pioneers of Archaeology: V. Gordon Childe, Stuart Piggott, Charles Phillips, Christopher Hawkes, Seton Lloyd, Robert J. Braidwood, Gordon R. Willey, C.J. Becker, Sigfried J. De Laet, J. Desmond Clark, D.J. Mulvaney |editor=[[Glyn Edmund Daniel]] and [[Christopher Chippindale]] |location=New York |publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] |isbn=0-500-05051-1 |oclc=19750309}}</ref> Cultures of the Formative Stage are supposed to possess the technologies of [[pottery]], [[weaving]], and developed [[food production]]; normally they are very largely reliant on [[agriculture]]. Social organization is supposed to involve permanent towns and villages, as well as the first ceremonial centers. Ideologically, an early priestly class or [[theocracy]] is often present or in development.<ref>Gordon R. Willey and Philip Phillips (1957). ''Method and Theory in American Archaeology''. University of Chicago Press. {{ISBN|978-0-226-89888-9}}.</ref> Sometimes also referred to as the "Pre-Classic stage", it followed the [[Archaic stage]] and was superseded by the [[Classic stage]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Method and Theory in American Archaeology |url=https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6136197 |work=[[Gordon Willey]] and [[Philip Phillips (archaeologist)|Philip Phillips]] |publisher=University of Chicago |year=1958 |format= |access-date= |archive-date=2012-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628025551/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6136197 |url-status=dead }}</ref> # The [[Lithic stage]] # The [[Archaic period (North America)|Archaic stage]] # The '''Formative stage''' # The [[Classic stage]] # The [[Post-Classic stage]] The dates, and the characteristics of the period called "Formative" vary considerably between different parts of the Americas. The typical broad use of the terms is as follows below. ==North America== In the classification of [[List of archaeological periods (North America)|North American chronology]], the Formative Stage or "Neo-Indian period" is a term applied to theoretical North American [[culture]]s that existed between 1000 BC and 500 AD. There are alternative classification systems, and this ranking would overlap what others classify as the [[Woodland period]] cultures. The Formative, Classic and post-Classic stages are sometimes incorporated together as the Post-archaic period, which runs from 1000 BC to the present. Sites and cultures include: [[Adena culture|Adena]], [[Old Copper Complex|Old Copper]], [[Oasisamerica]], [[Woodland period|Woodland]], [[Fort Ancient]], [[Hopewell tradition]] and [[Mississippian culture]]s. ==Meso-America== [[File:Zapotec Ceramic Censer, Monte Alban II.jpg|thumb|Zapotec art. ]] In [[List of archaeological periods (Mesoamerica)|Mesoamerican chronology]] the Preclassic or Formative runs from about 2000 BC to 250 AD, covering all the [[Olmec culture]], and the early stages of the [[Maya culture]] and [[Zapotec civilization]]. ==South America== In the [[periodization of pre-Columbian Peru]] the Formative Period divides into 1) the Initial Period, from 1800 BC&nbsp;– 900 BC (sites & cultures: [[Chiripa culture|Early Chiripa]], [[Kotosh culture]], [[Cupisnique]], [[Las Haldas]], [[Sechin Alto]]), and 2) the Early Horizon or Formative Period, 900 BC – 200 BC, ([[Chavín culture|Chavín]], [[Chiripa culture|Late Chiripa]], [[Paracas culture|Paracas]], [[Chankillo]]). ==See also== *[[:Category:Archaeology in the Americas]] *[[Mound Builders]] *[[Southeastern Ceremonial Complex]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== *{{Commonscatinline|Formative period in the Americas}} {{Pre-Columbian}} {{Pre-Columbian North America}} {{Indigenous peoples of the Americas}} {{Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Formative Stage}} [[Category:Formative period in the Americas| ]] [[Category:1958 introductions]] [[Category:1950s neologisms]] [[Category:Archaeological cultures of North America|+3]] [[Category:Pre-Columbian cultures|+3]] [[Category:2nd millennium BC]] [[Category:1st millennium BC]] [[Category:1st century]] [[Category:20th-century BC establishments]] [[Category:5th-century disestablishments]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" 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cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>Add languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon 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