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height: 1.5625em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="ఒక స్వేచ్ఛా విజ్ఞాన సర్వస్వం" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-te.svg" width="119" height="16" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%A3" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="వికీపీడియా లో వెతకండి [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>వెతుకు</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="వికీపీడియా‌లో వెతకండి" aria-label="వికీపీడియా‌లో వెతకండి" autocapitalize="sentences" title="వికీపీడియా లో వెతకండి [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="ప్రత్యేక:అన్వేషణ"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">వెతుకు</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="వ్యక్తిగత పరికరాలు"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page&#039;s font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_te.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=te" class=""><span>విరాళాలు</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%96%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%81&amp;returnto=%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D+%28%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A8+%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%29" title="మీరొక ఖాతాను సృష్టించుకొని, లాగినవడాన్ని ప్రోత్సహిస్తాం; అయితే, అది తప్పనిసరేమీ కాదు" class=""><span>ఖాతా సృష్టించుకోండి</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%82&amp;returnto=%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D+%28%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A8+%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%29" title="మిమ్మల్ని లాగినవమని ప్రోత్సహిస్తున్నాం; కానీ అది తప్పనిసరేమీ కాదు. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>లాగినవండి</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="More options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="వ్యక్తిగత పరికరాలు" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">వ్యక్తిగత పరికరాలు</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="వాడుకరి మెనూ" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_te.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=te"><span>విరాళాలు</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%96%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%81&amp;returnto=%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D+%28%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A8+%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%29" title="మీరొక ఖాతాను సృష్టించుకొని, లాగినవడాన్ని ప్రోత్సహిస్తాం; అయితే, అది తప్పనిసరేమీ కాదు"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>ఖాతా సృష్టించుకోండి</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%82&amp;returnto=%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D+%28%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A8+%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%29" title="మిమ్మల్ని లాగినవమని ప్రోత్సహిస్తున్నాం; కానీ అది తప్పనిసరేమీ కాదు. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>లాగినవండి</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81-%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="ఈ IP అడ్రసు నుండి చేసిన దిద్దుబాట్ల జాబితా [y]" accesskey="y"><span>మార్పుచేర్పులు</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9A" title="ఈ ఐపీ చిరునామా నుండి చేసిన మార్పుల గురించి చర్చ [n]" accesskey="n"><span>ఈ IP కి సంబంధించిన చర్చ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003Eఈ నోటీసును తొలగించు\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- CentralNotice --\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"localNotice\" data-nosnippet=\"\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"anonnotice\" lang=\"te\" 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#మూలాలు"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>మూలాలు</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-మూలాలు-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="విషయ సూచిక" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">గ్రూప్ (ఆవర్తన పట్టిక)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 భాషలు</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table) – ఇంగ్లీష్" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Group (periodic table)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ఇంగ్లీష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B9_(%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80)" title="समूह (आवर्त सारणी) – హిందీ" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="समूह (आवर्त सारणी)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="హిందీ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81_(%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88)" title="நெடுங்குழு (தனிம அட்டவணை) – తమిళము" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நெடுங்குழு (தனிம அட்டவணை)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="తమిళము" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D_(%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95)" title="ഗ്രൂപ്പ് (ആവർത്തനപ്പട്ടിക) – మలయాళం" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗ്രൂപ്പ് (ആവർത്തനപ്പട്ടിക)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="మలయాళం" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groep_(periodieke_tabel)" title="Groep (periodieke tabel) – ఆఫ్రికాన్స్" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Groep (periodieke tabel)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="ఆఫ్రికాన్స్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruppe_des_Periodensystems" title="Gruppe des Periodensystems – స్విస్ జర్మన్" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Gruppe des Periodensystems" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="స్విస్ జర్మన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_d%27a_tabla_periodica" title="Grupo d&#039;a tabla periodica – అరగోనిస్" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Grupo d&#039;a tabla periodica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="అరగోనిస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_(%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A)" title="مجموعة (جدول دوري) – అరబిక్" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجموعة (جدول دوري)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="అరబిక్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupu_de_la_tabla_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Grupu de la tabla periódica – ఆస్టూరియన్" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Grupu de la tabla periódica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="ఆస్టూరియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6vri_c%C9%99dv%C9%99l_qrupu" title="Dövri cədvəl qrupu – అజర్బైజాని" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dövri cədvəl qrupu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="అజర్బైజాని" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watek_(tab%C3%A9l_p%C3%A9riodik)" title="Watek (tabél périodik) – బాలినీస్" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Watek (tabél périodik)" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="బాలినీస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Група перыядычнай сістэмы – బెలారుషియన్" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Група перыядычнай сістэмы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="బెలారుషియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Група на периодичната система – బల్గేరియన్" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Група на периодичната система" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="బల్గేరియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF_(%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF)" title="শ্রেণি (পর্যায় সারণি) – బంగ్లా" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শ্রেণি (পর্যায় সারণি)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="బంగ్లా" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strollad_eus_an_daolenn_beriodek" title="Strollad eus an daolenn beriodek – బ్రెటన్" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Strollad eus an daolenn beriodek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="బ్రెటన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupa_periodnog_sistema_elemenata" title="Grupa periodnog sistema elemenata – బోస్నియన్" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Grupa periodnog sistema elemenata" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="బోస్నియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grup_de_la_taula_peri%C3%B2dica" title="Grup de la taula periòdica – కాటలాన్" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Grup de la taula periòdica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="కాటలాన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skupina_(periodick%C3%A1_tabulka)" title="Skupina (periodická tabulka) – చెక్" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Skupina (periodická tabulka)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="చెక్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C5%B5p_yn_y_tabl_cyfnodol" title="Grŵp yn y tabl cyfnodol – వెల్ష్" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Grŵp yn y tabl cyfnodol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="వెల్ష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruppe_(periodiske_system)" title="Gruppe (periodiske system) – డానిష్" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gruppe (periodiske system)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="డానిష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruppe_des_Periodensystems" title="Gruppe des Periodensystems – జర్మన్" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gruppe des Periodensystems" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="జర్మన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1_%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D_%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1" title="Ομάδα περιοδικού πίνακα – గ్రీక్" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ομάδα περιοδικού πίνακα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="గ్రీక్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_de_la_perioda_tabelo" title="Grupo de la perioda tabelo – ఎస్పెరాంటో" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Grupo de la perioda tabelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="ఎస్పెరాంటో" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_de_la_tabla_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Grupo de la tabla periódica – స్పానిష్" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grupo de la tabla periódica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="స్పానిష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taula_periodikoko_talde" title="Taula periodikoko talde – బాస్క్యూ" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Taula periodikoko talde" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="బాస్క్యూ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="گروه‌های جدول تناوبی – పర్షియన్" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گروه‌های جدول تناوبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="పర్షియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryhm%C3%A4_(jaksollinen_j%C3%A4rjestelm%C3%A4)" title="Ryhmä (jaksollinen järjestelmä) – ఫిన్నిష్" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ryhmä (jaksollinen järjestelmä)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ఫిన్నిష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupe_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Groupe du tableau périodique – ఫ్రెంచ్" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Groupe du tableau périodique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ఫ్రెంచ్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemyske_kloft" title="Gemyske kloft – పశ్చిమ ఫ్రిసియన్" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Gemyske kloft" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="పశ్చిమ ఫ్రిసియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%BApa%C3%AD_an_t%C3%A1bla_pheiriadaigh" title="Grúpaí an tábla pheiriadaigh – ఐరిష్" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Grúpaí an tábla pheiriadaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ఐరిష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_da_t%C3%A1boa_peri%C3%B3dica" title="Grupo da táboa periódica – గాలిషియన్" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Grupo da táboa periódica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="గాలిషియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possan_(y_taabyl_reiltagh)" title="Possan (y taabyl reiltagh) – మాంక్స్" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Possan (y taabyl reiltagh)" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="మాంక్స్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%94_(%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94)" title="קבוצה (כימיה) – హిబ్రూ" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קבוצה (כימיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="హిబ్రూ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skupina_periodnog_sustava" title="Skupina periodnog sustava – క్రొయేషియన్" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Skupina periodnog sustava" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="క్రొయేషియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB_%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A2" title="Պարբերական աղյուսակի խումբ – ఆర్మేనియన్" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պարբերական աղյուսակի խումբ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ఆర్మేనియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruppos_del_tabella_periodic" title="Gruppos del tabella periodic – ఇంటర్లింగ్వా" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Gruppos del tabella periodic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="ఇంటర్లింగ్వా" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodik" title="Golongan tabel periodik – ఇండోనేషియన్" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Golongan tabel periodik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="ఇండోనేషియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efnaflokkur" title="Efnaflokkur – ఐస్లాండిక్" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Efnaflokkur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ఐస్లాండిక్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruppo_della_tavola_periodica" title="Gruppo della tavola periodica – ఇటాలియన్" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gruppo della tavola periodica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ఇటాలియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E3%81%AE%E6%97%8F" title="元素の族 – జపనీస్" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="元素の族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="జపనీస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golongan_tab%C3%A8l_p%C3%A9riodik" title="Golongan tabèl périodik – జావనీస్" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Golongan tabèl périodik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="జావనీస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B1_(%EC%A3%BC%EA%B8%B0%EC%9C%A8%ED%91%9C)" title="족 (주기율표) – కొరియన్" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="족 (주기율표)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="కొరియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grex_(systema_periodicum)" title="Grex (systema periodicum) – లాటిన్" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Grex (systema periodicum)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="లాటిన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupp_de_la_taula_peri%C3%B2dica" title="Grupp de la taula periòdica – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Grupp de la taula periòdica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodisk%C4%81s_tabulas_grupa" title="Periodiskās tabulas grupa – లాట్వియన్" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Periodiskās tabulas grupa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="లాట్వియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%8Dp%C5%AB_ripanga_p%C5%ABmotu" title="Rōpū ripanga pūmotu – మావొరీ" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Rōpū ripanga pūmotu" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="మావొరీ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC)" title="Група (периоден систем) – మాసిడోనియన్" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Група (периоден систем)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="మాసిడోనియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8D%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Үелэх системийн бүлэг – మంగోలియన్" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Үелэх системийн бүлэг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="మంగోలియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumpulan_jadual_berkala" title="Kumpulan jadual berkala – మలయ్" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kumpulan jadual berkala" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="మలయ్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupp_(Chemie)" title="Grupp (Chemie) – లో జర్మన్" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Grupp (Chemie)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="లో జర్మన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groep_(periodiek_systeem)" title="Groep (periodiek systeem) – డచ్" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Groep (periodiek systeem)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="డచ్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruppene_i_periodesystemet" title="Gruppene i periodesystemet – నార్వేజియాన్ న్యోర్స్క్" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gruppene i periodesystemet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="నార్వేజియాన్ న్యోర్స్క్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodesystemets_grupper" title="Periodesystemets grupper – నార్వేజియన్ బొక్మాల్" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Periodesystemets grupper" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="నార్వేజియన్ బొక్మాల్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%80_(%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AD%9F_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%80)" title="ଶ୍ରେଣୀ (ପର୍ଯ୍ୟାୟ ସାରଣୀ) – ఒడియా" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଶ୍ରେଣୀ (ପର୍ଯ୍ୟାୟ ସାରଣୀ)" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="ఒడియా" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupa_uk%C5%82adu_okresowego" title="Grupa układu okresowego – పోలిష్" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Grupa układu okresowego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="పోలిష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_(qu%C3%ADmica)" title="Grupo (química) – పోర్చుగీస్" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grupo (química)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="పోర్చుగీస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grup%C4%83_(tabelul_periodic_al_elementelor)" title="Grupă (tabelul periodic al elementelor) – రోమేనియన్" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Grupă (tabelul periodic al elementelor)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="రోమేనియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Группа периодической системы – రష్యన్" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Группа периодической системы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="రష్యన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupa_periodnog_sistema" title="Grupa periodnog sistema – సేర్బో-క్రొయేషియన్" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Grupa periodnog sistema" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="సేర్బో-క్రొయేషియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Group (periodic table)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skupina_(periodick%C3%A1_tabu%C4%BEka)" title="Skupina (periodická tabuľka) – స్లోవక్" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Skupina (periodická tabuľka)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="స్లోవక్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skupina_periodnega_sistema" title="Skupina periodnega sistema – స్లోవేనియన్" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Skupina periodnega sistema" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="స్లోవేనియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C3%A1vkku_(r%C3%A1i%C4%91ul%C3%A2%C5%A1_vu%C3%A1h%C3%A1d%C3%A2h)" title="Juávkku (ráiđulâš vuáhádâh) – ఇనారి సామి" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Juávkku (ráiđulâš vuáhádâh)" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="ఇనారి సామి" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupet_e_sistemit_periodik" title="Grupet e sistemit periodik – అల్బేనియన్" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Grupet e sistemit periodik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="అల్బేనియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC)" title="Група (периодни систем) – సెర్బియన్" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Група (периодни систем)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="సెర్బియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golongan_tab%C3%A9l_periodik" title="Golongan tabél periodik – సండానీస్" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Golongan tabél periodik" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="సండానీస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodiska_systemets_grupper" title="Periodiska systemets grupper – స్వీడిష్" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Periodiska systemets grupper" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="స్వీడిష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88_(%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8)" title="หมู่ (ตารางธาตุ) – థాయ్" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หมู่ (ตารางธาตุ)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="థాయ్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grup_(periyodik_tablo)" title="Grup (periyodik tablo) – టర్కిష్" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Grup (periyodik tablo)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="టర్కిష్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Група періодичної системи – ఉక్రెయినియన్" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Група періодичної системи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ఉక్రెయినియన్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%81_(%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84)" title="گروہ (دوری جدول) – ఉర్దూ" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گروہ (دوری جدول)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ఉర్దూ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_(b%E1%BA%A3ng_tu%E1%BA%A7n_ho%C3%A0n)" title="Nhóm (bảng tuần hoàn) – వియత్నామీస్" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhóm (bảng tuần hoàn)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="వియత్నామీస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groep_(periodieke_tabelle)" title="Groep (periodieke tabelle) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Groep (periodieke tabelle)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_(taramdan_peryodika)" title="Grupo (taramdan peryodika) – వారే" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Grupo (taramdan peryodika)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="వారే" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%8F%EF%BC%88%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%EF%BC%89" title="族（化学） – వు చైనీస్" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="族（化学）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="వు చైనీస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%8F_(%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6)" title="族 (化学) – చైనీస్" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="族 (化学)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="చైనీస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C3%A2n-s%C3%B2%CD%98_%C3%AA_cho%CC%8Dk" title="Goân-sò͘ ê cho̍k – మిన్ నాన్ చైనీస్" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Goân-sò͘ ê cho̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="మిన్ నాన్ చైనీస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%8F_(%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8)" title="族 (元素週期表) – కాంటనీస్" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="族 (元素週期表)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="కాంటనీస్" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Simple_Periodic_Table_Chart-blocks.svg/220px-Simple_Periodic_Table_Chart-blocks.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Simple_Periodic_Table_Chart-blocks.svg/330px-Simple_Periodic_Table_Chart-blocks.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Simple_Periodic_Table_Chart-blocks.svg/440px-Simple_Periodic_Table_Chart-blocks.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1205" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption> మూలకాల యొక్క <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95" title="ఆవర్తన పట్టిక">ఆవర్తన పట్టికలో</a>, ప్రతి సంఖ్యా నిలువు వరుస <i>గ్రూపు</i> .</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" class="mw-redirect" title="రసాయన శాస్త్రము">రసాయన శాస్త్రంలో</a>, <b>గ్రూపు</b> (<b>కుటుంబం</b> <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> అని కూడా పిలుస్తారు) అనేది <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="మూలకము">రసాయన మూలకాల</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95" title="ఆవర్తన పట్టిక">ఆవర్తన పట్టికలోని</a> మూలకాల యొక్క నిలువు వరుస. ఆవర్తన పట్టికలో 18 సంఖ్యా గ్రూపులు ఉన్నాయి; <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D_(%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95)" title="బ్లాక్ (ఆవర్తన పట్టిక)">f-బ్లాక్</a> నిలువు వరుసలకు (2, 3 గ్రూపుల మధ్య) సంఖ్యలు ఇవ్వలేదు. గ్రూపులోని మూలకాలు వాటి పరమాణువుల బయటి ఎలక్ట్రాన్ షెల్‌ల భౌతిక లేదా రసాయన లక్షణాలను కలిగి ఉంటాయి. ఎందుకంటే చాలా రసాయన లక్షణాలు బయటి ఎలక్ట్రాన్ యొక్క కక్ష్య స్థానంపై ఆధారపడి ఉంటాయి. </p><p>గ్రూపులకు సంఖ్యలివ్వడంలో మూడు వ్యవస్థలు ఉన్నాయి; ఉపయోగించిన వ్యవస్థపై ఆధారపడి ఒకే సంఖ్యను వేర్వేరు గ్రూపులకు కేటాయించవచ్చు. "గ్రూప్ 1" నుండి "గ్రూప్ 18" వరకు ఉన్న ఆధునిక నంబరింగ్ వ్యవస్థను 1990 నుండి ఇంటర్నేషనల్ యూనియన్ ఆఫ్ ప్యూర్ అండ్ అప్లైడ్ కెమిస్ట్రీ (IUPAC) సిఫార్సు చేసింది. ఇది కెమికల్ అబ్‌స్ట్రాక్ట్ సర్వీస్ (CAS), IUPAC లు 1990కి ముందు ఉపయోగించిన రెండు పాత అననుకూల నామకరణ పథకాల స్థానంలో వచ్చింది. పద్దెనిమిది గ్రూపుల వ్యవస్థను సాధారణంగా కెమిస్ట్రీ కమ్యూనిటీ ఆమోదించింది. అయితే అనేక అంశాల సభ్యత్వం గురించి కొంత భిన్నాభిప్రాయాలు ఉన్నాయి. భిన్నాభిప్రాయాలు ఎక్కువగా మూలకాలు సంఖ్య 1, 2 ( <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="హైడ్రోజన్">హైడ్రోజన్</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="హీలియం">హీలియం</a> ), అలాగే <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D_(%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95)" title="బ్లాక్ (ఆవర్తన పట్టిక)">అంతర్గత పరివర్తన లోహాలకు</a> సంబంధించి ఉన్నాయి. </p><p>గ్రూపులను వాటి అగ్ర మూలకాన్ని ఉపయోగించి కూడా గుర్తించబడవచ్చు. నిర్దిష్ట పేరును కలిగి ఉండవచ్చు. ఉదాహరణకు, గ్రూపు 16ని "ఆక్సిజన్ గ్రూపు" అని, " చాల్కోజెన్లు " అనీ వర్ణించారు. దీనికి ఒక మినహాయింపు "ఐరన్ గ్రూప్ ", ఇది సాధారణంగా "గ్రూప్ 8 "ని సూచిస్తుంది, కానీ రసాయన శాస్త్రంలో <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="ఇనుము">ఐరన్</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D" title="కోబాల్ట్">కోబాల్ట్</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="నికెల్">నికెల్</a> లేదా సారూప్య రసాయన లక్షణాలతో కూడిన కొన్ని ఇతర మూలకాలు అని కూడా అర్ధం రావచ్చు. <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%96%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B3_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="ఖగోళ భౌతికశాస్త్రం">ఖగోళ భౌతికశాస్త్రం</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="కేంద్రక భౌతికశాస్త్రం">అణు భౌతిక శాస్త్రంలో</a> ఇది సాధారణంగా <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="ఇనుము">ఇనుము</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D" title="కోబాల్ట్">కోబాల్ట్</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="నికెల్">నికెల్</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="క్రోమియం">క్రోమియం</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="మేంగనీస్">మాంగనీస్</a> లను సూచిస్తుంది . </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="గ్రూపు_పేర్లు"><span id=".E0.B0.97.E0.B1.8D.E0.B0.B0.E0.B1.82.E0.B0.AA.E0.B1.81_.E0.B0.AA.E0.B1.87.E0.B0.B0.E0.B1.8D.E0.B0.B2.E0.B1.81"></span>గ్రూపు పేర్లు</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D_(%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="విభాగాన్ని మార్చు: గ్రూపు పేర్లు"><span>మార్చు</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th>కొత్త IUPAC<br /> పేరు </th> <th>పాత<br />IUPAC<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2615630">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(Europe)</span> </th> <th>CAS<br />పేరు<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2615630"><span class="nobold">(U.S.)</span> </th> <th>పేరు మూలకం ద్వారా </th> <th>IUPAC<br />సిఫార్సు చేయబడింది అల్పమైన పేరు </th> <th>ఇతర అల్పమైన పేరు </th></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">01&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext"><a href="#Group_1">Group 1</a></span> </td> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">1A&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext">IA</span> </td> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">1A&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext">IA</span> </td> <td>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="లిథియం">లిథియం</a> కుటుంబం </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="హైడ్రోజన్">హైడ్రోజన్</a>, <p><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0_%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="క్షార లోహము">క్షార లోహాలు</a> * </p> </td> <td style="text-align:left"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">02&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D_2_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" class="mw-redirect" title="గ్రూప్ 2 మూలకం">గ్రూప్ 2</a></span> </td> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">2A&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext">IIA</span> </td> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">2A&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext">IIA</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="బెరీలియం">బెరీలియం</a> కుటుంబం </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="క్షారమృత్తిక లోహము">క్షార మృత్తిక లోహాలు</a> * </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">03&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 3 element">Group 3</a></span> </td> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">3A&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext">IIIA</span> </td> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">3B&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext">IIIB</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="స్కాండియం">స్కాండియం</a> కుటుంబం </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">04&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 4 element">Group 4</a></span> </td> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">4A&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext">IVA</span> </td> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">4B&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext">IVB</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="టైటానియం">టైటానియం</a> కుటుంబం </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">05&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 5 element">Group 5</a></span> </td> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">5A&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext">VA</span> </td> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">5A&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext">VB</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="వెనేడియం">వనాడియం</a> కుటుంబం </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">06&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 6 element">Group 6</a></span> </td> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">6A&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext">VIA</span> </td> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">6B&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext">VIB</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="క్రోమియం">క్రోమియం</a> కుటుంబం </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">07&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 7 element">Group 7</a></span> </td> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">7A&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext">VIIA</span> </td> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">7B&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext">VIIB</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="మేంగనీస్">మాంగనీస్</a> కుటుంబం </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">08&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 8 element">Group 8</a></span> </td> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">80&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext">VIII</span> </td> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">8B1&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext">VIIIB</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="ఇనుము">ఇనుప</a> కుటుంబం </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">09&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 9 element">Group 9</a></span> </td> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">81&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext">VIII</span> </td> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">8B2&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext">VIIIB</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D" title="కోబాల్ట్">కోబాల్ట్</a> కుటుంబం </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">10&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 10 element">Group 10</a></span> </td> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">82&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext">VIII</span> </td> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">8B3&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext">VIIIB</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="నికెల్">నికెల్</a> కుటుంబం </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">11&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 11 element">Group 11</a></span> </td> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">1B&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext">IB</span> </td> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">1B&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext">IB</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BF" title="రాగి">రాగి</a> కుటుంబం </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center">నాణేల లోహాలు </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">12&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 12 element">Group 12</a></span> </td> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">2B&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext">IIB</span> </td> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">2B&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext">IIB</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="తుత్తునాగము">జింక్</a> కుటుంబం </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">13&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Group_13_element&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Group 13 element (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Group 13</a></span> </td> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">3B&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext">IIIB</span> </td> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">3B&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext">IIIA</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="బోరాన్">బోరాన్</a> కుటుంబం </td> <td> </td> <td>గ్రీకు <i>ట్రై</i> (మూడు, III) <sup id="cite_ref-pentel_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pentel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> నుండి <i>ప్రయత్నాలు</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">14&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext"><a href="/wiki/Group_14_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 14 element">Group 14</a></span> </td> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">4B&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext">IVB</span> </td> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">4A&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext">IVA</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="కార్బన్">కార్బన్</a> కుటుంబం </td> <td> </td> <td>గ్రీకు <i>టెట్రా</i> నుండి <i>టెట్రెల్స్</i> (నాలుగు, IV) <sup id="cite_ref-crystal_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crystal-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-pentel_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pentel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">15&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Group_15_element&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Group 15 element (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Group 15</a></span> </td> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">5B&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext">VB</span> </td> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">5A&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext">VA</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF" title="నత్రజని">నైట్రోజన్</a> కుటుంబం </td> <td>నిక్టోజెన్లు * </td> <td>గ్రీక్ <i>పెంటా</i> (ఐదు, V) నుండి <i>పెంటల్స్</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">16&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Group_16_element&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Group 16 element (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Group 16</a></span> </td> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">6B&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext">VIB</span> </td> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">6A&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext">VIA</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఆక్సిజన్">ఆక్సిజన్</a> కుటుంబం </td> <td>చాల్కోజెన్లు * </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">17&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Group_17_element&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Group 17 element (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Group 17</a></span> </td> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">7B&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext">VIIB</span> </td> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">7A&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext">VIIA</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఫ్లోరిన్">ఫ్లోరిన్</a> కుటుంబం </td> <td>హాలోజన్లు * </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">18&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Group_18_element&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Group 18 element (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">Group 18</a></span> </td> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">00&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext">0</span> </td> <td><span style="display:none;" class="sortkey">8A&#32;!</span><span class="sorttext">VIIIA</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Helium" class="mw-redirect" title="Helium">helium</a></span> కుటుంబం<br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neon" class="mw-redirect" title="Neon">neon</a> family</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%81" title="ఉత్కృష్ట వాయువు">ఉత్కృష్ట వాయువులు</a> * </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>విస్తృత ఆమోదం పొందని కొన్ని ఇతర పేర్లు కూడా ప్రతిపాదించి, వాడినవి ఉన్నాయి </p> <ul><li>సమూహం 12 ను "అస్థిర లోహాలు"; <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>సమూహం 13 ను "ఐకోసాజెన్స్";</li> <li>"క్రిస్టలోజెన్స్", <sup id="cite_ref-crystal_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crystal-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> "అడమాంటోజెన్స్", <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> "మెరిలైడ్స్"&#160;గ్రూపు 14&#160;;</li> <li>సమూహం 18 ను "ఏరోజెన్లు". <sup id="cite_ref-pentel_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pentel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="మూలాలు"><span id=".E0.B0.AE.E0.B1.82.E0.B0.B2.E0.B0.BE.E0.B0.B2.E0.B1.81"></span>మూలాలు</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D_(%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="విభాగాన్ని మార్చు: మూలాలు"><span>మార్చు</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4300226">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190406105358/https://www.shmoop.com/periodic-table/terms.html">"The Periodic Table Terms"</a>. <i>www.shmoop.com</i> (in ఇంగ్లీష్). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shmoop.com/periodic-table/terms.html">the original</a> on 2019-04-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.shmoop.com&amp;rft.atitle=The+Periodic+Table+Terms&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shmoop.com%2Fperiodic-table%2Fterms.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D+%28%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A8+%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pentel-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-pentel_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-pentel_2-1">2.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-pentel_2-2">2.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Inorganic Reactions in Water</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Inorganic+Reactions+in+Water&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D+%28%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A8+%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%29" class="Z3988"></span><cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRich2007">Rich, Ronald (2007). <i>Inorganic Reactions in Water</i>. Springer. pp.&#160;307, 327, 363, 475. <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%90%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AB%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="డిజిటల్ ఆబ్జెక్ట్ ఐడెంటిఫయర్">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73962-3" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1007/978-3-540-73962-3">10.1007/978-3-540-73962-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%90%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఐఎస్‌బిఎన్">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95:%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81/9783540739616" title="ప్రత్యేక:పుస్తకమూలాలు/9783540739616"><bdi>9783540739616</bdi></a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crystal-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-crystal_3-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-crystal_3-1">3.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">.&#32;"<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317583451">Fabrication of g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub> composite and its visible-light photocatalytic capability for ciprofloxacin degradation</a></i>".<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLiuLuSuWang2019">Liu, Ning; Lu, Na; Su, Yan; Wang, Pu; Quan, Xie (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317583451">"Fabrication of g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub> composite and its visible-light photocatalytic capability for ciprofloxacin degradation"</a>. <i>Separation and Purification Technology</i>. <b>211</b>: 782–789. <a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%90%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AB%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="డిజిటల్ ఆబ్జెక్ట్ ఐడెంటిఫయర్">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2018.10.027" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2018.10.027">10.1016/j.seppur.2018.10.027</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=S2CID_(%E0%B0%90%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="S2CID (ఐడెంటిఫైయర్) (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:104746665">104746665</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4342780"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glosbe.com/en/en/volatile%20metal">"volatile metal"</a>. <i>Glosbe</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Glosbe&amp;rft.atitle=volatile+metal&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglosbe.com%2Fen%2Fen%2Fvolatile%2520metal&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fte.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D+%28%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A8+%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B8:Cite_web" title="మూస:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: url-status (<a href="/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%82:CS1_maint:_url-status" title="వర్గం:CS1 maint: url-status">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_B._Jensen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="William B. Jensen (పేజీ ఉనికిలో లేదు)">William B. Jensen</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.che.uc.edu/jensen/w.%20b.%20jensen/reprints/081.%20Periodic%20Table.pdf">The Periodic Law and Table</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201110113324/http://www.che.uc.edu/jensen/w.%20b.%20jensen/reprints/081.%20Periodic%20Table.pdf">Archived</a> 2020-11-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐78f4c97c5d‐7phmk Cached time: 20241129012120 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.153 seconds Real time usage: 0.299 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 894/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 12024/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1338/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 15610/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.065/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2979528/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 144.411 1 -total 84.83% 122.506 1 మూస:Reflist 56.47% 81.549 2 మూస:Cite_web 8.35% 12.060 1 మూస:Webarchive 5.73% 8.282 2 మూస:Nobold 5.25% 7.575 1 మూస:Citebook 2.95% 4.260 2 మూస:No_wrap 2.51% 3.631 54 మూస:Sort 2.10% 3.037 1 మూస:Cite_paper 1.06% 1.526 1 మూస:Main_other --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key tewiki:pcache:359959:|#|:idhash:canonical and timestamp 20241129012120 and revision id 4364309. 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