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class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Mount Rainier</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Mount_Rainier" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Mount+Rainier" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Rainier&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the volcano in Washington state. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mount Rainier (disambiguation)">Mount Rainier (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the nearby city named after the volcano, see <a href="/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington" title="Tacoma, Washington">Tacoma, Washington</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Mount Rainier<a href="#cite_note-9">[note 1]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/reɪˈnɪər/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">ray-NEER</a>), also known as Tahoma, is a large active <a href="/wiki/Stratovolcano" title="Stratovolcano">stratovolcano</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Range" title="Cascade Range">Cascade Range</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> in the United States. The mountain is located in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier_National_Park" title="Mount Rainier National Park">Mount Rainier National Park</a> about 59 miles (95 km) south-southeast of <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> With an officially recognized<a href="#cite_note-13">[note 2]</a> summit elevation of 14,410 ft (4,392 m) at the Columbia Crest,<a href="#cite_note-NPS-Icon-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-USGS-Volcanoes-14">[12]</a> it is the highest mountain in the U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, the most <a href="/wiki/Topographic_prominence" title="Topographic prominence">topographically prominent</a> mountain in the <a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">contiguous United States</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NGeo-Bisharat-2">[2]</a> and the tallest in the <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Volcanic_Arc" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascade Volcanic Arc">Cascade Volcanic Arc</a>. <table class="infobox vcard" style="width:24.5em; line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Mount Rainier</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader nickname">Tahoma</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rainier20200906.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Rainier20200906.jpg/272px-Rainier20200906.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Rainier20200906.jpg/408px-Rainier20200906.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Rainier20200906.jpg/544px-Rainier20200906.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5611" data-file-height="3741"></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding: 0.2em 0em;">Mount Rainier's northwestern slope viewed aerially just before sunset on September 6, 2020</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Highest point</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Summit" title="Summit">Elevation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">14,410 ft (4,392 m)<a href="/wiki/Sea_Level_Datum_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea Level Datum of 1929"> NGVD 29</a><a href="#cite_note-NPS-Icon-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Topographic_prominence" title="Topographic prominence">Prominence</a></th><td class="infobox-data">13,210 ft (4,030 m)<a href="#cite_note-NGeo-Bisharat-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Topographic_isolation" title="Topographic isolation">Isolation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">731 mi (1,176 km)<a href="#cite_note-PB-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains" title="Lists of mountains">Listing</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peaks_by_prominence" class="mw-redirect" title="List of peaks by prominence">World most prominent peaks</a> 21st</li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_most_prominent_summits_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the most prominent summits of North America">North America prominent peaks</a> 4th</li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_most_isolated_major_summits_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the most isolated major summits of North America">North America isolated peaks</a> 7th</li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_highest_major_summits_of_the_United_States" title="List of the highest major summits of the United States">U.S. highest major peaks</a> 17th</li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_elevation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. states by elevation">U.S. state high point</a> 4th</li><li><a href="/wiki/Decade_Volcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Decade Volcano">Decade Volcano</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Rainier&params=46_51_6_N_121_45_37_W_type:mountain_region:US-WA_scale:100000">46°51′6″N 121°45′37″W / 46.85167°N 121.76028°W / 46.85167; -121.76028</a><a href="#cite_note-USGS_profile-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-PB-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Naming</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">Etymology</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Rainier_(Royal_Navy_officer,_born_1741)" title="Peter Rainier (Royal Navy officer, born 1741)">Peter Rainier</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Geography</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:272px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:272px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:272px"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Washington_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mount Rainier is located in Washington (state)"><img alt="Mount Rainier is located in Washington (state)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/USA_Washington_relief_location_map.jpg/272px-USA_Washington_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/USA_Washington_relief_location_map.jpg/408px-USA_Washington_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/USA_Washington_relief_location_map.jpg/544px-USA_Washington_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1421" data-file-height="1000"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:60.214%;left:39.033%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-8px;top:-8px"><img alt="Mount Rainier" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/16px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/24px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/32px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="240"></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:9px"><div>Mount Rainier</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">State</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">County</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Pierce_County,_Washington" title="Pierce County, Washington">Pierce County</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Protected area</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier_National_Park" title="Mount Rainier National Park">Mount Rainier National Park</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">Parent range</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Cascade_Range" title="Cascade Range">Cascade Range</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Topographic_map" title="Topographic map">Topo map</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">USGS</a> Mount Rainier West</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Geology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geological_time_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological time scale">Rock age</a></th><td class="infobox-data">500,000 years</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_types" title="List of mountain types">Mountain type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stratovolcano" title="Stratovolcano">Stratovolcano</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">Volcanic arc</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cascade_Volcanoes" title="Cascade Volcanoes">Cascade Volcanic Arc</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Climbing</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/First_ascent" title="First ascent">First ascent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1870 by <a href="/wiki/Hazard_Stevens" title="Hazard Stevens">Hazard Stevens</a> and <a href="/wiki/P._B._Van_Trump" title="P. B. Van Trump">P. B. Van Trump</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Normal_route" title="Normal route">Easiest route</a></th><td class="infobox-data">rock/ice climb via Disappointment Cleaver</td></tr></tbody></table> Due to its high probability of an eruption in the near future and proximity to a <a href="/wiki/Seattle_metropolitan_area" title="Seattle metropolitan area">major urban area</a>, Mount Rainier is considered one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the world, and it is on the <a href="/wiki/Decade_Volcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Decade Volcano">Decade Volcano</a> list.<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> The large amount of glacial ice means that Mount Rainier could produce massive <a href="/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar">lahars</a> that could threaten the entire <a href="/wiki/Puyallup_River" title="Puyallup River">Puyallup River</a> valley and other river valleys draining Mount Rainier, including the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_River" title="Carbon River">Carbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_River_(Puyallup_River)" title="White River (Puyallup River)">White</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nisqually_River" title="Nisqually River">Nisqually</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cowlitz_River" title="Cowlitz River">Cowlitz</a> (above <a href="/wiki/Riffe_Lake" title="Riffe Lake">Riffe Lake</a>).<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>'s 2008 report, "about 80,000 people and their homes are at risk in Mount Rainier's lahar-hazard zones."<a href="#cite_note-Driedger-17">[15]</a> Between 1950 and 2018, 439,460 people climbed Mount Rainier.<a href="#cite_note-14_June_2022-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> Approximately 84 people died in mountaineering accidents on Mount Rainier from 1947 to 2018.<a href="#cite_note-14_June_2022-18">[16]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Name">1 Name</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Geographical_setting">2 Geographical setting</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Subsidiary_peaks">2.1 Subsidiary peaks</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Height_of_the_mountain">2.2 Height of the mountain</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Geology">3 Geology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Modern_activity_and_threat">3.1 Modern activity and threat</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Seismic_background">3.2 Seismic background</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Glaciers">3.3 Glaciers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#History">4 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Climbing">5 Climbing</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Climbing_routes">5.1 Climbing routes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Dangers_and_accidents">5.2 Dangers and accidents</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Outdoor_recreation">6 Outdoor recreation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Climate">7 Climate</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Ecology">8 Ecology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Flora">8.1 Flora</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Fauna">8.2 Fauna</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#See_also">9 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Notes">10 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#References">11 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#External_links">12 External links</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#University_of_Washington_libraries_and_digital_collections">12.1 University of Washington libraries and digital collections</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Rainier&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mt_Rainier_from_ISS_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mt_Rainier_from_ISS_2018.jpg/220px-Mt_Rainier_from_ISS_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mt_Rainier_from_ISS_2018.jpg/220px-Mt_Rainier_from_ISS_2018.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mt_Rainier_from_ISS_2018.jpg/330px-Mt_Rainier_from_ISS_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mt_Rainier_from_ISS_2018.jpg/440px-Mt_Rainier_from_ISS_2018.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Mount Rainier seen from the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></figcaption></figure>The many <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a> who have lived near Mount Rainier for millennia have many names for the mountain in their <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">various languages</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boeing_767_over_Mount_Rainier,_circa_1980s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="[[N767BA|Boeing 767#767-200]], the first 767 built (the prototype), in flight over Mount Rainier, circa 1980s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Boeing_767_over_Mount_Rainier%2C_circa_1980s.jpg/220px-Boeing_767_over_Mount_Rainier%2C_circa_1980s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2953" data-file-height="1967"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Boeing_767_over_Mount_Rainier%2C_circa_1980s.jpg/220px-Boeing_767_over_Mount_Rainier%2C_circa_1980s.jpg" data-alt="[[N767BA|Boeing 767#767-200]], the first 767 built (the prototype), in flight over Mount Rainier, circa 1980s" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Boeing_767_over_Mount_Rainier%2C_circa_1980s.jpg/330px-Boeing_767_over_Mount_Rainier%2C_circa_1980s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Boeing_767_over_Mount_Rainier%2C_circa_1980s.jpg/440px-Boeing_767_over_Mount_Rainier%2C_circa_1980s.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> The <a href="/wiki/N767BA" title="N767BA">Boeing N767BA</a> flying near Mount Rainier</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Lushootseed" title="Lushootseed">Lushootseed</a> speakers have several names for Mount Rainier, including xʷaq̓ʷ and təqʷubəʔ.<a href="#cite_note-lut_pronunciation-20">[note 3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tulalip_Place_Names2-5">[5]</a> xʷaq̓ʷ means "sky wiper" or "one who touches the sky" in English.<a href="#cite_note-Tulalip_Place_Names2-5">[5]</a> The word təqʷubəʔ means "snow-covered mountain".<a href="#cite_note-Tulalip_Place_Names2-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bright2-6">[6]</a> təqʷubəʔ has been anglicized in many ways, including 'Tacoma' and 'Tacobet'.<a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cowlitz_language" title="Cowlitz language">Cowlitz</a> speakers call the mountain təx̣ʷúma or təqʷúmen.<a href="#cite_note-CowlitzDic-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sahaptin_language" title="Sahaptin language">Sahaptin</a> speakers call the mountain Tax̱úma, which is borrowed from Cowlitz.<a href="#cite_note-Beavert2009-8">[8]</a> Another anglicized name is Pooskaus.<a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/George_Vancouver" title="George Vancouver">George Vancouver</a> named Mount Rainier in honor of his friend, Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Peter_Rainier_(Royal_Navy_officer,_born_1741)" title="Peter Rainier (Royal Navy officer, born 1741)">Peter Rainier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-npsNatureNotes-23">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Lewis_and_Clark%27s_Track,_Across_the_Western_Portion_of_North_America,_published_1814.jpg" title="File:Map of Lewis and Clark's Track, Across the Western Portion of North America, published 1814.jpg">map of the Lewis and Clark expedition</a> of 1804–1806 refers to it as "Mt. Regniere". Although Rainier had been considered the official name of the mountain, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Winthrop" title="Theodore Winthrop">Theodore Winthrop</a> referred to the mountain as "Tacoma" in his posthumously published 1862 travel book The Canoe and the Saddle. For a time, both names were used interchangeably, although residents of the nearby city of <a href="/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington" title="Tacoma, Washington">Tacoma</a> preferred Mount Tacoma.<a href="#cite_note-Catton-24">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Winthrop-25">[22]</a> In 1890, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names" title="United States Board on Geographic Names">United States Board on Geographic Names</a> declared that the mountain would be known as Rainier.<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> Following this in 1897, the Pacific Forest Reserve became the <a href="/wiki/Rainier_National_Forest" title="Rainier National Forest">Mount Rainier Forest Reserve</a>, and the national park was established three years later. Despite this, there was still a movement to change the mountain's name to Tacoma and Congress was still considering a resolution to change the name as late as 1924.<a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Geographical_setting">Geographical setting</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Rainier&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geographical setting" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rainier_Aerial_West_Close_Washington_Mar23_R16_07149.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Rainier_Aerial_West_Close_Washington_Mar23_R16_07149.jpg/220px-Rainier_Aerial_West_Close_Washington_Mar23_R16_07149.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Rainier_Aerial_West_Close_Washington_Mar23_R16_07149.jpg/220px-Rainier_Aerial_West_Close_Washington_Mar23_R16_07149.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Rainier_Aerial_West_Close_Washington_Mar23_R16_07149.jpg/330px-Rainier_Aerial_West_Close_Washington_Mar23_R16_07149.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Rainier_Aerial_West_Close_Washington_Mar23_R16_07149.jpg/440px-Rainier_Aerial_West_Close_Washington_Mar23_R16_07149.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>West face of Mount Rainier from an aircraft</figcaption></figure> Mount Rainier is the tallest mountain in Washington and the Cascade Range. This peak is located southeast of Tacoma, approximately 60 miles (97 km) south-southeast of Seattle.<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a> Mount Rainier has a <a href="/wiki/Topographic_prominence" title="Topographic prominence">topographic prominence</a> of 13,210 ft (4,026 m).<a href="#cite_note-NGeo-Bisharat-2">[2]</a> On clear days it dominates the southeastern horizon in most of the <a href="/wiki/Seattle_metropolitan_area" title="Seattle metropolitan area">Seattle-Tacoma metropolitan area</a> to such an extent that locals sometimes refer to it simply as "the Mountain".<a href="#cite_note-barcott-31">[28]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] On days of exceptional clarity, it can also be seen from as far away as <a href="/wiki/Corvallis,_Oregon" title="Corvallis, Oregon">Corvallis, Oregon</a> (at <a href="/wiki/Marys_Peak" title="Marys Peak">Marys Peak</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria, British Columbia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] With 26 major <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a><a href="#cite_note-cvo-glacier-33">[30]</a> and 36 sq mi (93 km2) of permanent <a href="/wiki/Snowfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Snowfield">snowfields</a> and glaciers,<a href="#cite_note-Driedger-glacier-34">[31]</a> Mount Rainier is the most heavily <a href="/wiki/Glaciated" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciated">glaciated</a> peak in the lower 48 states. The summit is topped by two <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_crater" title="Volcanic crater">volcanic craters</a>, each more than 1,000 ft (300 m) in diameter, with the larger east crater overlapping the west crater. <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal (geology)">Geothermal</a> heat from the <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcano</a> keeps areas of both crater rims free of snow and ice, and has formed the world's largest volcanic <a href="/wiki/Glacier_cave" title="Glacier cave">glacier cave</a> network within the ice-filled craters,<a href="#cite_note-Zimbelman2000-35">[32]</a> with nearly 2 mi (3.2 km) of passages.<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> A small <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_crater_lake" title="Volcanic crater lake">crater lake</a> about 130 by 30 ft (39.6 by 9.1 m) in size and 16 ft (5 m) deep, the highest in North America with a surface elevation of 14,203 ft (4,329 m), occupies the lowest portion of the west crater below more than 100 ft (30 m) of ice and is accessible only via the caves.<a href="#cite_note-Kiver1971-37">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kiver1975-38">[35]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Carbon_River" title="Carbon River">Carbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puyallup_River" title="Puyallup River">Puyallup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mowich_River" title="Mowich River">Mowich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nisqually_River" title="Nisqually River">Nisqually</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cowlitz_River" title="Cowlitz River">Cowlitz Rivers</a> begin at eponymous glaciers of Mount Rainier. The sources of the <a href="/wiki/White_River_(Washington)" class="mw-redirect" title="White River (Washington)">White River</a> are <a href="/wiki/Winthrop_Glacier" title="Winthrop Glacier">Winthrop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emmons_Glacier" title="Emmons Glacier">Emmons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fryingpan_Glacier" title="Fryingpan Glacier">Fryingpan Glaciers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> The White, Carbon, and Mowich join the Puyallup River, which discharges into <a href="/wiki/Commencement_Bay" title="Commencement Bay">Commencement Bay</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington" title="Tacoma, Washington">Tacoma</a>; the Nisqually empties into Puget Sound east of <a href="/wiki/Lacey,_Washington" title="Lacey, Washington">Lacey</a>; and the Cowlitz joins the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a> between <a href="/wiki/Kelso,_Washington" title="Kelso, Washington">Kelso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Longview,_Washington" title="Longview, Washington">Longview</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:648px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Rainier_5845s.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A panorama of the northeast face of Mount Rainier"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Mount_Rainier_5845s.JPG/640px-Mount_Rainier_5845s.JPG" decoding="async" width="640" height="187" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="10016" data-file-height="2928"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 640px;height: 187px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Mount_Rainier_5845s.JPG/640px-Mount_Rainier_5845s.JPG" data-alt="" data-width="640" data-height="187" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Mount_Rainier_5845s.JPG/960px-Mount_Rainier_5845s.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Mount_Rainier_5845s.JPG/1280px-Mount_Rainier_5845s.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Rainier_5845s.JPG" title="File:Mount Rainier 5845s.JPG"> </a></div>A panorama of the northeast face of Mount Rainier</div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsidiary_peaks">Subsidiary peaks</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Rainier&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Subsidiary peaks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Rainier_22925.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Mount_Rainier_22925.JPG/220px-Mount_Rainier_22925.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Mount_Rainier_22925.JPG/220px-Mount_Rainier_22925.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Mount_Rainier_22925.JPG/330px-Mount_Rainier_22925.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Mount_Rainier_22925.JPG/440px-Mount_Rainier_22925.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Little_Tahoma_Peak" title="Little Tahoma Peak">Little Tahoma Peak</a> to the left of Mount Rainier, from <a href="/wiki/Panhandle_Gap" title="Panhandle Gap">Panhandle Gap</a></figcaption></figure> The broad top of Mount Rainier contains three named summits. The highest of these named summits is known as the Columbia Crest. The second highest summit is Point Success, 14,158 ft (4,315 m), at the southern edge of the summit plateau, atop the ridge known as Success Cleaver. It has a <a href="/wiki/Topographic_prominence" title="Topographic prominence">topographic prominence</a> of about 138 ft (42 m), so it is not considered a separate peak. The lowest of the three summits is Liberty Cap, 14,112 ft (4,301 m), at the northwestern edge, which overlooks Liberty Ridge, the Sunset Amphitheater, and the dramatic <a href="/wiki/Willis_Wall" title="Willis Wall">Willis Wall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> High on the eastern flank of Mount Rainier is a peak known as <a href="/wiki/Little_Tahoma_Peak" title="Little Tahoma Peak">Little Tahoma Peak</a>, 11,138 ft (3,395 m), an eroded remnant of the earlier, much higher, Mount Rainier. It has a prominence of 858 ft (262 m), and it is almost never climbed in direct conjunction with Columbia Crest, so it is usually considered a separate peak. If considered separately from Mount Rainier, Little Tahoma Peak would be the third highest mountain peak in Washington.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Height_of_the_mountain">Height of the mountain</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Rainier&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Height of the mountain" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> cite Mount Rainier's elevation at the Columbia Crest as 14,410 ft (4,392 m).<a href="#cite_note-NPS-Icon-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-USGS-Volcanoes-14">[12]</a> This value was taken in 1956, but was added to the <a href="/wiki/National_Geodetic_Vertical_Datum_of_1929" title="National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929">National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Signani-42">[39]</a> Another commonly accepted measurement of the mountain is 14,411 ft (4,392 m) which comes from the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Vertical_Datum_of_1988" title="North American Vertical Datum of 1988">National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1988</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Signani-42">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Rainier&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Rainier_Hazard_Map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Mount_Rainier_Hazard_Map-en.svg/170px-Mount_Rainier_Hazard_Map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="203" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1059" data-file-height="1266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 203px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Mount_Rainier_Hazard_Map-en.svg/170px-Mount_Rainier_Hazard_Map-en.svg.png" data-width="170" data-height="203" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Mount_Rainier_Hazard_Map-en.svg/255px-Mount_Rainier_Hazard_Map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Mount_Rainier_Hazard_Map-en.svg/340px-Mount_Rainier_Hazard_Map-en.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Hazard map</figcaption></figure> Mount Rainier is a stratovolcano in the <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Volcanic_Arc" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascade Volcanic Arc">Cascade Volcanic Arc</a> that consists of <a href="/wiki/Lava_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Lava flow">lava flows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Debris_flow" title="Debris flow">debris flows</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_rock" title="Pyroclastic rock">pyroclastic</a> ejecta and flows. Its early <a href="/wiki/Volcanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic">volcanic</a> deposits are estimated at more than 840,000 years old and are part of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lily_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lily Formation (page does not exist)">Lily Formation</a> (about 2.9 million to 840,000 years ago). The early deposits formed a "proto-Rainier" or an ancestral cone prior to the present-day cone.<a href="#cite_note-Wood-44">[41]</a> The present cone is more than 500,000 years old.<a href="#cite_note-sisson-45">[42]</a> The volcano is highly eroded, with glaciers on its slopes, and appears to be made mostly of <a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">andesite</a>. Rainier likely once stood even higher than today at about 16,000 ft (4,900 m) before a major debris <a href="/wiki/Avalanche" title="Avalanche">avalanche</a> and the resulting <a href="/wiki/Osceola_Mudflow" title="Osceola Mudflow">Osceola Mudflow</a> approximately 5,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> In the past, Rainier has had large debris avalanches, and has also produced enormous lahars (<a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Mudflow" title="Mudflow">mudflows</a>), due to the large amount of glacial ice present. Its lahars have reached all the way to <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a>, a distance of more than 30 mi (48 km). Around 5,000 years ago, a large chunk of the volcano slid away and that debris avalanche helped to produce the massive Osceola Mudflow, which went all the way to the site of present-day Tacoma and south Seattle.<a href="#cite_note-parchman-47">[44]</a> This massive avalanche of rock and ice removed the top 1,600 ft (500 m) of Rainier, bringing its height down to around 14,100 ft (4,300 m). About 530 to 550 years ago, the <a href="/wiki/Electron_Mudflow" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron Mudflow">Electron Mudflow</a> occurred, although this was not as large-scale as the Osceola Mudflow.<a href="#cite_note-Crandall-48">[45]</a> After the major collapse approximately 5,000 years ago, subsequent eruptions of lava and <a href="/wiki/Tephra" title="Tephra">tephra</a> built up the modern summit cone until about as recently as 1,000 years ago. As many as 11 <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> tephra layers have been found.<a href="#cite_note-Wood-44">[41]</a> Soils on Mount Rainier are mostly gravelly ashy sandy loams developed from colluvium or glacial till mixed with volcanic tephra. Under forest cover their profiles usually have the banded appearance of a classic <a href="/wiki/Podzol" title="Podzol">podzol</a> but the E horizon is darker than usual. Under meadows a thick dark A horizon usually forms the topsoil.<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_activity_and_threat">Modern activity and threat</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Rainier&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern activity and threat" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Rainier_summit_July_2024.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mount_Rainier_summit_July_2024.jpeg/220px-Mount_Rainier_summit_July_2024.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mount_Rainier_summit_July_2024.jpeg/220px-Mount_Rainier_summit_July_2024.jpeg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mount_Rainier_summit_July_2024.jpeg/330px-Mount_Rainier_summit_July_2024.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mount_Rainier_summit_July_2024.jpeg/440px-Mount_Rainier_summit_July_2024.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The summit of Mount Rainier showing summit calderas and the mountain's glaciers.</figcaption></figure> The most recent recorded volcanic activity was between 1820 and 1854, but many eyewitnesses reported eruptive activity in 1858, 1870, 1879, 1882, and 1894 as well.<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> Additionally, the Smithsonian Institution's volcanism project records the last <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_eruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic eruption">volcanic eruption</a> as 1450 CE.<a href="#cite_note-SI-51">[48]</a> Seismic monitors have been placed in Mount Rainier National Park and on the mountain itself to monitor activity.<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> An eruption could be deadly for all living in areas within the immediate vicinity of the volcano and effects from an eruption could be noticed from <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver, British Columbia</a> to <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> because of the massive amounts of ash blasting out of the volcano into the atmosphere. Mount Rainier is located in an area that itself is part of the eastern rim of the <a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Pacific Ring of Fire</a>. This includes mountains and calderas like <a href="/wiki/Mount_Shasta" title="Mount Shasta">Mount Shasta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lassen_Peak" title="Lassen Peak">Lassen Peak</a> in California, <a href="/wiki/Crater_Lake" title="Crater Lake">Crater Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(Oregon)" title="Three Sisters (Oregon)">Three Sisters</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hood" title="Mount Hood">Mount Hood</a> in Oregon, <a href="/wiki/Mount_St._Helens" title="Mount St. Helens">Mount St. Helens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Adams_(Washington)" title="Mount Adams (Washington)">Mount Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glacier_Peak" title="Glacier Peak">Glacier Peak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Baker" title="Mount Baker">Mount Baker</a> in Washington, and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Cayley" title="Mount Cayley">Mount Cayley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Garibaldi" title="Mount Garibaldi">Mount Garibaldi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silverthrone_Caldera" title="Silverthrone Caldera">Silverthrone Caldera</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Meager_massif" title="Mount Meager massif">Mount Meager</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>. Many of the above are dormant, but could return to activity, and scientists on both sides of the border gather research of the past eruptions of each in order to predict how mountains in this arc will behave and what they are capable of in the future, including Mount Rainier.<a href="#cite_note-Wired_201505-54">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> Of these, two have erupted since the beginning of the twentieth century: Lassen in 1915 and St. Helens in 1980 and 2004. However, past eruptions in this volcanic arc have multiple examples of <a href="/wiki/Sub-plinian_eruptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-plinian eruptions">sub-plinian eruptions</a> or higher: Crater Lake's last eruption as Mount Mazama was large enough to cause its cone to collapse,<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> and Mount Rainier's closest neighbor, Mount St. Helens, produced the largest recorded eruption in the continental United States when it erupted in 1980. Statistics place the likelihood of a major eruption in the Cascade Range at 2–3 per century.<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volcano_evacuation_route_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Volcano_evacuation_route_sign.jpg/170px-Volcano_evacuation_route_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1066"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Volcano_evacuation_route_sign.jpg/170px-Volcano_evacuation_route_sign.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Volcano_evacuation_route_sign.jpg/255px-Volcano_evacuation_route_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Volcano_evacuation_route_sign.jpg/340px-Volcano_evacuation_route_sign.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>One of many <a href="/wiki/Emergency_evacuation" title="Emergency evacuation">emergency evacuation</a> route signs in case of volcanic <a href="/wiki/Eruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Eruption">eruption</a> or lahar around Mount Rainier</figcaption></figure> Mount Rainier is listed as a <a href="/wiki/Decade_Volcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Decade Volcano">Decade Volcano</a>, or one of the 16 volcanoes on Earth with the greatest likelihood of causing loss of life and property if eruptive activity resumes.<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> If Mount Rainier were to erupt as powerfully as Mount St. Helens did in its May 18, 1980 eruption, the effect would be cumulatively greater, because of the far more massive amounts of glacial ice locked on the <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcano</a> compared to Mount St. Helens,<a href="#cite_note-Crandall-48">[45]</a> the vastly more heavily populated areas surrounding Rainier, and the fact that Mount Rainier is almost twice the size of St. Helens.<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> Lahars from Rainier pose the most risk to life and property,<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> as many communities lie atop older lahar deposits. According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> (USGS), about 150,000 people live on top of old lahar deposits of Rainier.<a href="#cite_note-Driedger-17">[15]</a> Not only is there much ice atop the volcano, the volcano is also slowly being weakened by hydrothermal activity. According to Geoff Clayton, a geologist with a Washington State Geology firm, RH2 Engineering, a repeat of the 5000-year-old <a href="/wiki/Osceola_Mudflow" title="Osceola Mudflow">Osceola Mudflow</a> would destroy <a href="/wiki/Enumclaw,_Washington" title="Enumclaw, Washington">Enumclaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orting,_Washington" title="Orting, Washington">Orting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent,_Washington" title="Kent, Washington">Kent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auburn,_Washington" title="Auburn, Washington">Auburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puyallup,_Washington" title="Puyallup, Washington">Puyallup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumner,_Washington" title="Sumner, Washington">Sumner</a> and all of <a href="/wiki/Renton,_Washington" title="Renton, Washington">Renton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-parchman-47">[44]</a> Such a mudflow might also reach down the <a href="/wiki/Duwamish_River" title="Duwamish River">Duwamish</a> estuary and destroy parts of <a href="/wiki/Downtown,_Seattle,_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Downtown, Seattle, Washington">downtown Seattle</a>, and cause <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunamis</a> in Puget Sound and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Washington" title="Lake Washington">Lake Washington</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AL-61">[58]</a> Rainier is also capable of producing <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow" title="Pyroclastic flow">pyroclastic flows</a> and expelling lava.<a href="#cite_note-AL-61">[58]</a> A 2012 <a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Department_of_Natural_Resources" title="Washington State Department of Natural Resources">Washington State Department of Natural Resources</a> estimate showed that a significant lahar could cause up to $40 billion in damage downriver.<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> According to Kevin Scott, a scientist with the USGS: <blockquote>A home built in any of the probabilistically defined inundation areas on the new maps is more likely to be damaged or destroyed by a lahar than by fire... For example, a home built in an area that would be inundated every 100 years, on the average, is 27 times more likely to be damaged or destroyed by a flow than by fire. People know the danger of fire, so they buy fire insurance and they have smoke alarms, but most people are not aware of the risks of lahars, and few have applicable flood insurance.<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> </blockquote> The volcanic risk is somewhat mitigated by lahar warning sirens and escape route signs in <a href="/wiki/Pierce_County,_Washington" title="Pierce County, Washington">Pierce County</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier_Volcano_Lahar_Warning_System" title="Mount Rainier Volcano Lahar Warning System">Mount Rainier Volcano Lahar Warning System</a>, which was implemented by the <a href="/wiki/USGS" class="mw-redirect" title="USGS">USGS</a> in 1998, and has been maintained by Pierce County since.<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> The more populous <a href="/wiki/King_County,_Washington" title="King County, Washington">King County</a> is also in the lahar area, but has no zoning restrictions due to volcanic hazard.<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> More recently (since 2001) funding from the federal government for lahar protection in the area has dried up, leading local authorities in at-risk cities like Orting to fear a disaster similar to the <a href="/wiki/Armero_tragedy" title="Armero tragedy">Armero tragedy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> To prevent against such tragedies, authorities downriver from Rainier have conducted annual large-scale evacuation exercises in cooperation iwth local school districts. The 2024 drill included 45,000 students and staff from the <a href="/wiki/Puyallup_School_District" title="Puyallup School District">Puyallup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumner%E2%80%93Bonney_Lake_School_District" title="Sumner–Bonney Lake School District">Sumner–Bonney Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orting,_Washington" title="Orting, Washington">Orting</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=White_River_School_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="White River School District (page does not exist)">White River</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carbonado_School_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonado School District">Carbonado</a> School Districts.<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> During the exercise, emergency operations centers in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Puyallup,_Washington" title="Puyallup, Washington">Puyallup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonney_Lake,_Washington" title="Bonney Lake, Washington">Bonney Lake</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buckley,_Washington" title="Buckley, Washington">Buckley</a> were activated to help the movement of school students and staff.<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seismic_background">Seismic background</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Rainier&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Seismic background" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Typically, up to five earthquakes are recorded monthly near the summit. Swarms of five to ten shallow earthquakes over two or three days take place from time to time, predominantly in the region of 13,000 feet (4 km) below the summit. These earthquakes are thought to be caused by the circulation of hot fluids beneath Mount Rainier. Presumably, hot springs and steam vents within Mount Rainier National Park are generated by such fluids.<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> Seismic swarms (not initiated with a mainshock) are common features at volcanoes, and are rarely associated with eruptive activity. Rainier has had several such swarms; there were days-long swarms in 2002, 2004, and 2007, two of which (2002 and 2004) included M 3.2 earthquakes. A 2009 swarm produced the largest number of events of any swarm at Rainier since seismic monitoring began over two decades earlier.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> Further swarms were observed in 2011 and 2021.<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glaciers">Glaciers</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Rainier&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Glaciers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Rainier_3D_version_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mount_Rainier_3D_version_1.JPG/220px-Mount_Rainier_3D_version_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="786"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mount_Rainier_3D_version_1.JPG/220px-Mount_Rainier_3D_version_1.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mount_Rainier_3D_version_1.JPG/330px-Mount_Rainier_3D_version_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mount_Rainier_3D_version_1.JPG/440px-Mount_Rainier_3D_version_1.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Three-dimensional representation of Mount Rainier</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nisqually_Glacier_0902.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Nisqually_Glacier_0902.JPG/220px-Nisqually_Glacier_0902.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Nisqually_Glacier_0902.JPG/220px-Nisqually_Glacier_0902.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Nisqually_Glacier_0902.JPG/330px-Nisqually_Glacier_0902.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Nisqually_Glacier_0902.JPG/440px-Nisqually_Glacier_0902.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nisqually_Glacier" title="Nisqually Glacier">Nisqually Glacier</a> is seen clearly from the southeast of the mountain.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">Glaciers</a> are among the most conspicuous and dynamic geologic features on Mount Rainier. They erode the volcanic cone and are important sources of streamflow for several rivers, including some that provide water for <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric power">hydroelectric power</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>. Together with perennial snow patches, the 29 named glacial features cover about 30.41 square miles (78.8 km2) of the mountain's surface in 2015 and have an estimated volume of about 0.69 cubic miles (2.9 km3).<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-NRR%E2%80%942017/1472-75">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-cvo-glacier-33">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Driedger-glacier-34">[31]</a> Glaciers flow under the influence of gravity by the combined action of sliding over the rock on which they lie and by <a href="/wiki/Deformation_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deformation (mechanics)">deformation</a>, the gradual displacement between and within individual ice crystals. Maximum speeds occur near the surface and along the centerline of the glacier. During May 1970, <a href="/wiki/Nisqually_Glacier" title="Nisqually Glacier">Nisqually Glacier</a> was measured moving as fast as 29 inches (74 cm) per day. Flow rates are generally greater in summer than in winter, probably due to the presence of large quantities of meltwater at the glacier base.<a href="#cite_note-Driedger-glacier-34">[31]</a> The size of glaciers on Mount Rainier has fluctuated significantly in the past. For example, during the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">last ice age</a>, from about 25,000 to about 15,000 years ago, glaciers covered most of the area now within the boundaries of Mount Rainier National Park and extended to the perimeter of the present Puget Sound Basin.<a href="#cite_note-Driedger-glacier-34">[31]</a> Between the 14th century and 1850, many of the glaciers on Mount Rainier advanced to their farthest extent downvalley since the last ice age. Many advances of this sort occurred worldwide during this time period known to geologists as the <a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a>. During the Little Ice Age, the Nisqually Glacier advanced to a position 650 to 800 ft (200 to 240 m) downvalley from the site of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glacier_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glacier Bridge (page does not exist)">Glacier Bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tahoma_Glacier" title="Tahoma Glacier">Tahoma</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Tahoma_Glacier" title="South Tahoma Glacier">South Tahoma Glaciers</a> merged at the base of Glacier Island, and the terminus of <a href="/wiki/Emmons_Glacier" title="Emmons Glacier">Emmons Glacier</a> reached within 1.2 mi (1.9 km) of the White River Campground.<a href="#cite_note-Driedger-glacier-34">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Mowich_Glacier_exposure.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/North_Mowich_Glacier_exposure.jpeg/220px-North_Mowich_Glacier_exposure.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2873" data-file-height="1616"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/North_Mowich_Glacier_exposure.jpeg/220px-North_Mowich_Glacier_exposure.jpeg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/North_Mowich_Glacier_exposure.jpeg/330px-North_Mowich_Glacier_exposure.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/North_Mowich_Glacier_exposure.jpeg/440px-North_Mowich_Glacier_exposure.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The rocky area left behind after the retreat of the <a href="/wiki/North_Mowich_Glacier" title="North Mowich Glacier">North Mowich Glacier</a> seen in July 2024.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">Retreat of the Little Ice Age glaciers</a> was slow until about 1920 when retreat became more rapid. The <a href="/wiki/Williwakas_Glacier" title="Williwakas Glacier">Williwakas Glacier</a> was noted as extinct during the 1930s. Between the height of the Little Ice Age and 1950, Mount Rainier's glaciers lost about one-quarter of their length. Beginning in 1950 and continuing through the early 1980s, however, many of the major glaciers advanced in response to relatively cooler temperatures of the mid-century. The glaciers and snowfields of Mount Rainier also lost volume during this time, except for the Frying Pan and Emmons glaciers on the east flank and the small near-peak snowfields; the greatest volume loss was concentrated from ~1750 m (north) to ~2250 m (south) elevation. The largest single volume loss is from the Carbon Glacier, although it is to the north, due to its huge area at <2000 m elevation.<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Carbon_Glacier" title="Carbon Glacier">Carbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cowlitz_Glacier" title="Cowlitz Glacier">Cowlitz</a>, Emmons, and Nisqually Glaciers advanced during the late 1970s and early 1980s as a result of high snowfalls during the 1960s and 1970s. Since the early-1980s, however, many glaciers have been thinning and retreating and some advances have slowed.<a href="#cite_note-Driedger-glacier-34">[31]</a> In a study using data from 2021, National Park Service scientists removed Stevens Glacier from its inventory of Mount Rainier glaciers due to its dwindling size and lack of evidence that it was moving.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-Glaciers-77">[74]</a> Using satellite data in 2022, researchers at <a href="/wiki/Nichols_College" title="Nichols College">Nichols College</a> determined that both <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_Glacier" title="Pyramid Glacier">Pyramid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Van_Trump_Glacier" title="Van Trump Glacier">Van Trump</a> glaciers had also ceased to exist with only fragments of ice remaining.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-Glaciers-77">[74]</a> A significant decline had been noted between 2015 and 2022.<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> The glaciers on Mount Rainier can generate mudflows through <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6kulhlaup" title="Jökulhlaup">glacial outburst floods</a> not associated with an eruption. The South Tahoma Glacier generated 30 floods in the 1980s and early 1990s, and again in August 2015.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Rainier&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:MountTahoma.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/MountTahoma.JPG/220px-MountTahoma.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1271" data-file-height="886"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/MountTahoma.JPG/220px-MountTahoma.JPG" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/MountTahoma.JPG/330px-MountTahoma.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/MountTahoma.JPG/440px-MountTahoma.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Artist rendering of Mount Tacoma from <a href="/wiki/Commencement_Bay" title="Commencement Bay">Commencement Bay</a>, 1888.<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Rainier_over_Tacoma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Mount_Rainier_over_Tacoma.jpg/220px-Mount_Rainier_over_Tacoma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2991" data-file-height="1995"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Mount_Rainier_over_Tacoma.jpg/220px-Mount_Rainier_over_Tacoma.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Mount_Rainier_over_Tacoma.jpg/330px-Mount_Rainier_over_Tacoma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Mount_Rainier_over_Tacoma.jpg/440px-Mount_Rainier_over_Tacoma.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Viewed from the northwest (<a href="/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington" title="Tacoma, Washington">Tacoma</a>), Liberty Cap is the apparent summit with Mowich Face below.<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a></div></div></div></div></div> For thousands of years, the area surrounding Mount Rainier has been inhabited by several <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples</a>, who traditionally <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunted and gathered</a> animals and plants in Mount Rainier's forests and high elevation meadows. These peoples and their modern-day descendants are represented today by the members of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">federally-recognized tribes</a> which surround the mountain, including the <a href="/wiki/Nisqually_Indian_Tribe_of_the_Nisqually_Reservation" title="Nisqually Indian Tribe of the Nisqually Reservation">Nisqually Indian Tribe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cowlitz_Indian_Tribe" title="Cowlitz Indian Tribe">Cowlitz Indian Tribe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Confederated_Tribes_and_Bands_of_the_Yakama_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation">Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Puyallup_Tribe_of_Indians" title="Puyallup Tribe of Indians">Puyallup Tribe of Indians</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Muckleshoot_Indian_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Muckleshoot Indian Tribe">Muckleshoot Indian Tribe</a>, among others in the area.<a href="#cite_note-Archaeology_1-82">[79]</a> The archaeological record of human use of the mountain dates to over 8,500 years before present (BP). Sites related to seasonal use of Mount Rainier and its landscapes are reflected in chipped stone tool remains and settings suggesting functionally varied uses including task-specific sites, rockshelters, travel stops, and long-term base camps. Their distribution on the mountain suggest primary use of subalpine meadows and low alpine habitats that provided relatively high resource abundance during the short summer season.<a href="#cite_note-Archaeology_2-83">[80]</a> Evidence suggests that there existed a tradition of Native Americans setting fire to areas of the region each year as a way to encourage meadow development.<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> The first Europeans to reach the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> were the <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> who arrived by sea in 1774 led by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_P%C3%A9rez_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Juan José Pérez Hernández">Juan Perez</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NPS-Rensch-85">[82]</a> The next year, under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Juan_Francisco_de_la_Bodega_y_Quadra" title="Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra">Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra</a>, a boat was sent ashore to <a href="/wiki/Destruction_Island" title="Destruction Island">Destruction island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NPS-Rensch-85">[82]</a> Upon landing, the crew was attacked and killed by the local indigenous population.<a href="#cite_note-NPS-Rensch-85">[82]</a> Although attempts were made in 1792 to create a permanent Spanish settlement at <a href="/wiki/Neah_Bay,_Washington" title="Neah Bay, Washington">Neah Bay</a>, the project was unsuccessful and by 1795, Spain had given up on the region.<a href="#cite_note-NPS-Rensch-85">[82]</a> Although not documented anywhere, it is likely that Spanish sailors first observed Mount Rainier while sailing in the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Juan_de_Fuca" title="Strait of Juan de Fuca">Strait of Juan de Fuca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NPS-Rensch-85">[82]</a> Upon reaching what would become California in 1579, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Sir Francis Drake</a> claimed the entire northwest coast of North America for <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NPS-Rensch-85">[82]</a> This claim to the coast of the Pacific Northwest was not further explored until in 1778 <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">Captain James Cook</a> sailed the coastline of modern-day Washington and British Columbia, stimulating a subsequent increase in English ships coming to the area as part of the <a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">fur trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NPS-Rensch-85">[82]</a> On July 22, 1793, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(explorer)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)">Sir Alexander Mackenzie</a> of the British <a href="/wiki/North_West_Company" title="North West Company">Northwest Fur Company</a> reached the Pacific Ocean via overland route that crossed the Rocky Mountains.<a href="#cite_note-NPS-Rensch-85">[82]</a> The first American, <a href="/wiki/John_Ledyard" title="John Ledyard">John Ledyard</a>, reached the region aboard Captain Cook's ship in 1778.<a href="#cite_note-NPS-Rensch-85">[82]</a> By 1787, six Americans from Boston formed a company which began trading along the northwest coast.<a href="#cite_note-NPS-Rensch-85">[82]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark</a> overland expedition reached the northwest coast in 1805 and observed Mount Rainier for the first time in the Spring of 1806.<a href="#cite_note-NPS-Rensch-85">[82]</a> The first documented sighting of Mt. Rainier by a European was by the crew of <a href="/wiki/George_Vancouver" title="George Vancouver">Captain George Vancouver</a> on May 7, 1792, during the <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Expedition" title="Vancouver Expedition">Vancouver Expedition</a> (1790–1795).<a href="#cite_note-NPS-Rensch-85">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haines-86">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-npsNatureNotes-23">[20]</a> On May 8, 1792, Vancouver gave the name of Mt. Rainier to the observed peak in homage to Vancouver's friend <a href="/wiki/Peter_Rainier_(Royal_Navy_officer,_born_1741)" title="Peter Rainier (Royal Navy officer, born 1741)">Rear Admiral Peter Rainier</a>. At the outset of the 19th century, the region where Mt. Rainier was located was claimed by Spain, the U.S., Russia, and Great Britain, with most claims being based on instances of early naval exploration of the region's coast.<a href="#cite_note-NPS-Rensch-85">[82]</a> Spain relinquished all remaining claims to the Pacific Northwest that had not already been handed over with the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a> in 1819 with the <a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">purchase and cession of Florida</a> by the United States.<a href="#cite_note-NPS-Rensch-85">[82]</a> In 1824, Russia ceded all land claims south of <a href="/wiki/Parallel_54%C2%B040%E2%80%B2_north" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel 54°40′ north">parallel 54°40′ north</a> to the United States as part of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-American_Treaty_of_1824" title="Russo-American Treaty of 1824">Russo-American Treaty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NPS-Rensch-85">[82]</a> In 1818, the United States and the United Kingdom signed a treaty, agreeing upon the joint settlement and occupation of the Oregon country which consisted of the territory north of <a href="/wiki/42nd_parallel_north" title="42nd parallel north">42°N latitude</a>, south of <a href="/wiki/Parallel_54%C2%B040%27_north" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel 54°40' north">54°40′N latitude</a>, and west of the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NPS-Rensch-85">[82]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Treaty" title="Oregon Treaty">1846 Oregon Treaty</a> between the United States and United Kingdom set new borders between British and American territory along today's <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">approximate borders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NPS-Rensch-85">[82]</a> In 1853, the land between the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia river</a> and the border with <a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1763%E2%80%931867)" title="History of Canada (1763–1867)">British Canada</a> was organized into the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Territory" title="Washington Territory">Washington Territory</a>, which was the administrative status of the region at the time of the first successful ascent of Mount Rainier.<a href="#cite_note-NPS-Rensch-85">[82]</a> In 1833, <a href="/wiki/William_Fraser_Tolmie" title="William Fraser Tolmie">William Fraser Tolmie</a> explored the area looking for medicinal plants. <a href="/wiki/Hazard_Stevens" title="Hazard Stevens">Hazard Stevens</a> and <a href="/wiki/P._B._Van_Trump" title="P. B. Van Trump">P. B. Van Trump</a> received a hero's welcome in the streets of <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Washington" title="Olympia, Washington">Olympia</a> after their <a href="/wiki/The_first_ascent_of_Mount_Rainier" class="mw-redirect" title="The first ascent of Mount Rainier">successful summit climb in 1870</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Haines-86">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-UofOLibraries-87">[84]</a> The first female ascent was made in 1890 by <a href="/wiki/Fay_Fuller" title="Fay Fuller">Fay Fuller</a>, accompanied by Van Trump and three other teammates.<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> Descending from the summit in 1883, James Longmire discovered a mineral spring; this ultimately led to his establishment of a spa and hotel, drawing other visitors to the area to seek the benefits of the spring.<a href="#cite_note-General_History-89">[86]</a> Later, the headquarters of the national park would be established at Longmire, until flooding caused them to be relocated to Ashford.<a href="#cite_note-Longmire-90">[87]</a> The area also became the site of features like a museum, a post office, and a gas station, with additions like a library and a gift shop soon following; many of these buildings were ultimately nominated to the national historic register of historic places.<a href="#cite_note-Longmire-90">[87]</a> Longmire remains the second most popular place in the park.<a href="#cite_note-Longmire-90">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-History_-_McIntyre-91">[88]</a> In 1924, a publication from the park described the area: <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Rainier_sunset.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Mount_Rainier_sunset.jpg/220px-Mount_Rainier_sunset.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1132"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 83px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Mount_Rainier_sunset.jpg/220px-Mount_Rainier_sunset.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="83" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Mount_Rainier_sunset.jpg/330px-Mount_Rainier_sunset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Mount_Rainier_sunset.jpg/440px-Mount_Rainier_sunset.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Mount Rainier sunset</figcaption></figure> <blockquote>"A feature at Longmire Springs of great interest to everyone is the group of mineral springs in the little flat to the west of National Park Inn. There are some forty distinct springs, a half dozen of which are easily reached from the road. An analysis of the waters show that they all contain about the smae [sic] mineral salts but in slightly differing proportions. All the water is highly carbonated and would be classed as extremely "hard". Certain springs contain larger amounts of soda, iron and sulphur, giving them a distinct taste and color."<a href="#cite_note-Schmoe-92">[89]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/John_Muir" title="John Muir">John Muir</a> climbed Mount Rainier in 1888, and although he enjoyed the view, he conceded that it was best appreciated from below. Muir was one of many who advocated protecting the mountain. In 1893, the area was set aside as part of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Forest_Reserve" title="Pacific Forest Reserve">Pacific Forest Reserve</a> in order to protect its physical and economic resources, primarily timber and <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">watersheds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> Citing the need to also protect scenery and provide for public enjoyment, railroads and local businesses urged the creation of a national park in hopes of increased tourism. On March 2, 1899, President <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> established Mount Rainier National Park as America's fifth <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national park</a>. Congress dedicated the new park "for the benefit and enjoyment of the people"<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> and "... for the preservation from injury or spoliation of all timber, <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> deposits, natural curiosities, or wonders within said park, and their retention in their natural condition."<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> On June 24, 1947, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arnold" title="Kenneth Arnold">Kenneth Arnold</a> reported seeing a <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arnold_UFO_sighting" title="Kenneth Arnold UFO sighting">formation of nine unidentified flying objects</a> over Mount Rainier. His description led to the term "<a href="/wiki/Flying_saucers" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying saucers">flying saucers</a>".<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> In 1998, the United States Geological Survey began putting together the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier_Volcano_Lahar_Warning_System" title="Mount Rainier Volcano Lahar Warning System">Mount Rainier Volcano Lahar Warning System</a> to assist in the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_evacuation" title="Emergency evacuation">emergency evacuation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Puyallup_River" title="Puyallup River">Puyallup River</a> valley in the event of a catastrophic debris flow. It is now run by the <a href="/wiki/Pierce_County,_Washington" title="Pierce County, Washington">Pierce County</a> Department of Emergency Management. Tacoma, at the mouth of the Puyallup, is only 37 mi (60 km) west of Rainier, and moderately sized towns such as Puyallup and Orting are only 27 and 20 mi (43 and 32 km) away, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> Mount Rainier appears on four distinct United States <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">postage stamp</a> issues. In 1934, it was the 3-cent issue in a series of National Park stamps, and was also shown on a <a href="/wiki/Souvenir_sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Souvenir sheet">souvenir sheet</a> issued for a philatelic convention. The following year, in 1935, both of these were reprinted by <a href="/wiki/Postmaster_General" title="Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a> <a href="/wiki/James_A._Farley" class="mw-redirect" title="James A. Farley">James A. Farley</a> as special issues given to officials and friends. Because of complaints by the public, "Farley's Follies" were reproduced in large numbers. The second stamp issue is easy to tell from the original because it is <a href="/wiki/Imperforate" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperforate">imperforate</a>. Both stamps and souvenir sheets are widely available.<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> The Washington <a href="/wiki/50_State_Quarters" class="mw-redirect" title="50 State Quarters">state quarter</a>, which was released on April 11, 2007, features Mount Rainier and a <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-seattletimes-2007-04-12-100">[97]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Climbing">Climbing</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Rainier&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Climbing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M_Rainier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/M_Rainier.jpg/170px-M_Rainier.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/M_Rainier.jpg/170px-M_Rainier.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/M_Rainier.jpg/255px-M_Rainier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/M_Rainier.jpg/340px-M_Rainier.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Climbers on <a href="/wiki/Ingraham_Glacier" title="Ingraham Glacier">Ingraham Glacier</a>, above <a href="/wiki/Little_Tahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Tahoma">Little Tahoma</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Mountain_climbing" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain climbing">Mountain climbing</a> on Mount Rainier is difficult, involving traversing the largest glaciers in the U.S. south of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>. Most climbers require two to three days to reach the summit, with a success rate of approximately 50%, with weather and physical conditioning of the climbers being the most common reasons for failure. About 10,000 to 11,000 people attempt the climb each year, making it one of the most popular in the world.<a href="#cite_note-SeattleTimes_2014-101">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-nps-cl_stats-102">[99]</a> Approximately 90 percent of summit attempts use routes from <a href="/wiki/Camp_Muir" title="Camp Muir">Camp Muir</a> on the southeast flank,<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> and most of the rest ascend <a href="/wiki/Emmons_Glacier" title="Emmons Glacier">Emmons Glacier</a> via Camp Schurman on the northeast.<a href="#cite_note-NPS-Climbing-Pass-104">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climbing_routes">Climbing routes</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Rainier&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Climbing routes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camp_Muir_Mt_Rainier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Camp_Muir_Mt_Rainier.jpg/220px-Camp_Muir_Mt_Rainier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Camp_Muir_Mt_Rainier.jpg/220px-Camp_Muir_Mt_Rainier.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Camp_Muir_Mt_Rainier.jpg/330px-Camp_Muir_Mt_Rainier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Camp_Muir_Mt_Rainier.jpg/440px-Camp_Muir_Mt_Rainier.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Camp Muir is commonly used by those attempting to summit Mount Rainier</figcaption></figure> All climbing routes on Mount Rainier require climbers to possess some level of technical climbing skill. This includes ascending and descending the mountain with the use of technical climbing equipment such as crampons, ice axes, harnesses, and ropes. Difficulty and technical challenge of climbing Mount Rainier can vary widely between climbing routes. Routes are graded in <a href="/wiki/National_Climbing_Classification_System" class="mw-redirect" title="National Climbing Classification System">NCCS</a> Alpine Climbing format. The <a href="/wiki/Normal_route" title="Normal route">normal route</a> to the summit of Mount Rainier is the Disappointment Cleaver Route, <a href="/wiki/Yosemite_Decimal_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Yosemite Decimal System">YDS</a> grade II-III. As climbers on this route have access to the permanently established <a href="/wiki/Camp_Muir" title="Camp Muir">Camp Muir</a>, it sees the significant majority of climbing traffic on the mountain. This route is also the most common commercially guided route. The term "cleaver" is used in the context of a rock ridge that separates two glaciers. The reason for naming this cleaver a "disappointment" is unrecorded, but it is thought to be due to climbers reaching it only to recognize their inability to reach the summit.<a href="#cite_note-NPS_DC_Route-105">[102]</a> An alternative route to the Disappointment Cleaver is the Ingraham Glacier Direct Route, grade II, and is often used when the Disappointment Cleaver route cannot be climbed due to poor route conditions. The Emmons Glacier Route, grade II, is an alternative to the Disappointment Cleaver route and poses a lower technical challenge to climbers. The climbers on the route can make use of Camp Schurman (9,500 ft), a glacial camp site. Camp Schurman is equipped with a solar toilet and a ranger hut.<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> The Liberty Ridge Route, grade IV, is a considerably more challenging and objectively dangerous route than the normal route to the summit.<a href="#cite_note-SeattleTimes_2014-101">[98]</a> It runs up the center of the north face of Mount Rainier and crosses the very active Carbon Glacier. First climbed by Ome Daiber, Arnie Campbell and Jim Burrow in 1935, it is listed as one of the <a href="/wiki/Fifty_Classic_Climbs_of_North_America" title="Fifty Classic Climbs of North America">Fifty Classic Climbs of North America</a> by <a href="/wiki/Steve_Roper" title="Steve Roper">Steve Roper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allen_Steck" title="Allen Steck">Allen Steck</a>. This route only accounts for approximately 2% of climbers on the mountain, but approximately 25% of its deaths.<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dangers_and_accidents">Dangers and accidents</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Rainier&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Dangers and accidents" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> About two mountaineering deaths each year occur because of rock and ice fall, avalanche, falls, and hypothermia. These incidents are often associated with exposure to very high altitude, fatigue, dehydration, and/or poor weather.<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> 89 deaths on Mount Rainier have been reported from 1897 to 2011.<a href="#cite_note-SeattleTimes_2014-101">[98]</a> Approximately 7 percent of mountaineering deaths and 6 percent of mountaineering accidents in the United States are attributed to Mount Rainier.<a href="#cite_note-14_June_2022-18">[16]</a> The first known climbing death on Mount Rainier was Edgar McClure, a professor of chemistry at the University of Oregon, on July 27, 1897. During the descent in darkness, McClure stepped over the edge of the rock and slid to his death on a rocky outcrop. The spot is now known as McClure Rock.<a href="#cite_note-haines-109">[106]</a> The worst mountaineering accident on Mount Rainier occurred in 1981, when ten clients and a guide died in an avalanche/ice fall on the <a href="/wiki/Ingraham_Glacier" title="Ingraham Glacier">Ingraham Glacier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hatcher-110">[107]</a> This was the largest number of fatalities on Mount Rainier in a single incident since 32 people were killed in a 1946 plane crash on the South Tahoma Glacier.<a href="#cite_note-historylink-111">[108]</a> In one of the worst disasters on the mountain in over thirty years, six climbers—two guides, and four clients—were killed on May 31, 2014, after the climbers fell 3,300 feet (1,000 m) while attempting the summit via the Liberty Ridge climbing route. Low-flying search helicopters pinged the signals from the avalanche beacons worn by the climbers, and officials concluded that there was no possible chance of survival. Searchers found tents and clothes along with rock and ice strewn across a debris field on the Carbon Glacier at 9,500 ft (2,900 m), possible evidence for a slide or avalanche in the vicinity where the team went missing, though the exact cause of the accident is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-SeattleTimes_2014-101">[98]</a> The bodies of three of the client climbers were spotted on August 7, 2014, during a training flight and subsequently recovered on August 19. The bodies of the fourth client climber and two guides were never found.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Outdoor_recreation">Outdoor recreation</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Rainier&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Outdoor recreation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> In addition to climbing, <a href="/wiki/Hiking" title="Hiking">hiking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Backcountry_skiing" title="Backcountry skiing">backcountry skiing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Camping" title="Camping">camping</a> are popular activities in the park. <a href="/wiki/Hiking_trail" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiking trail">Hiking trails</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Wonderland_Trail" title="Wonderland Trail">Wonderland Trail</a>—a 93-mile (150 km) circumnavigation of the peak, provide access to the backcountry. Popular for <a href="/wiki/Winter_sports" title="Winter sports">winter sports</a> include <a href="/wiki/Snowshoe" title="Snowshoe">snowshoeing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing" title="Cross-country skiing">cross-country skiing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Rainier&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Climate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> The summit of Mount Rainier has an <a href="/wiki/Ice_cap_climate" title="Ice cap climate">ice cap climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>: EF) <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:60%; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Mount Rainier Summit, 1991–2020 normals </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #8A8AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2 (−17.1) </td> <td style="background: #8E8EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4 (−16.4) </td> <td style="background: #9393FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1 (−15.5) </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 (−13.3) </td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7 (−8.5) </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.3 (−5.4) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.2 (−0.4) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.5 (0.3) </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0 (−4.4) </td> <td style="background: #B5B5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4 (−9.2) </td> <td style="background: #9494FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 (−15.2) </td> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 (−17.7) </td> <td style="background: #AFAFFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.6 (−10.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #6868FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.0 (−23.3) </td> <td style="background: #6767FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−10.5 (−23.6) </td> <td style="background: #6B6BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.0 (−22.8) </td> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.1 (−21.2) </td> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7 (−17.4) </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 (−15.0) </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2 (−11.6) </td> <td style="background: #AAAAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1 (−11.1) </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 (−13.4) </td> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 (−17.2) </td> <td style="background: #7070FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.4 (−21.9) </td> <td style="background: #6464FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−11.4 (−24.1) </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−1.4 (−18.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> inches (mm) </th> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.09 (358) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">11.49 (292) </td> <td style="background: #004F00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">11.38 (289) </td> <td style="background: #00F600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.73 (171) </td> <td style="background: #75FF75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.62 (92) </td> <td style="background: #86FF86; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.08 (78) </td> <td style="background: #D3FFD3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.13 (29) </td> <td style="background: #CDFFCD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.30 (33) </td> <td style="background: #89FF89; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.01 (76) </td> <td style="background: #00DE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.61 (193) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.89 (327) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.60 (345) </td> <td style="background: #00DD00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">89.93 (2,284) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #7878FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.8 (−20.4) </td> <td style="background: #6C6CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.7 (−22.6) </td> <td style="background: #6B6BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.0 (−22.8) </td> <td style="background: #6F6FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.6 (−22.0) </td> <td style="background: #8080FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.0 (−18.9) </td> <td style="background: #9090FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4 (−15.9) </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 (−13.3) </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 (−13.4) </td> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3 (−14.8) </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8 (−16.8) </td> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.0 (−20.0) </td> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.0 (−21.1) </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−1.3 (−18.5) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: PRISM Climate Group<a href="#cite_note-prism-115">[112]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:60%; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Camp Muir, Washington (10,110 ft), (2014–2022 normals and extremes) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.9 (8.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.5 (9.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.0 (8.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.1 (15.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.9 (12.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.5 (19.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.8 (19.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.6 (20.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.3 (17.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.0 (13.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.3 (10.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.7 (8.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">68.6 (20.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.2 (−4.9) </td> <td style="background: #C8C8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0 (−5.6) </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8 (−5.1) </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.9 (−2.8) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.1 (1.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.5 (4.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.0 (8.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.0 (10.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.1 (5.6) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.8 (1.6) </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.2 (−3.2) </td> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1 (−6.1) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">32.7 (0.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7 (−7.9) </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3 (−9.3) </td> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.4 (−8.7) </td> <td style="background: #C2C2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0 (−6.7) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4 (−2.0) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.8 (1.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.8 (6.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.4 (6.9) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.7 (2.6) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.2 (−1.6) </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5 (−6.4) </td> <td style="background: #B3B3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.1 (−9.4) </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">26.8 (−2.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #ACACFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6 (−10.8) </td> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 (−12.8) </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 (−11.8) </td> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3 (−9.8) </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1 (−4.9) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.6 (−1.3) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.5 (3.6) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.7 (4.3) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.9 (−0.1) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.8 (−4.6) </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.8 (−9.6) </td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 (−12.5) </td> <td style="background: #C7C7FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">21.5 (−5.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #6565FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−11.2 (−24.0) </td> <td style="background: #6464FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−11.6 (−24.2) </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.3 (−20.2) </td> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.2 (−21.2) </td> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7 (−17.4) </td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0 (−15.6) </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3 (−7.1) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.8 (−4.6) </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4 (−13.7) </td> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5 (−17.5) </td> <td style="background: #7B7BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.8 (−19.9) </td> <td style="background: #5B5BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−14.4 (−25.8) </td> <td style="background: #5B5BFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−14.4 (−25.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000E9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000F3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000F4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.3 </td> <td style="background: #0C0CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63.5 </td> <td style="background: #0D0DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63.2 </td> <td style="background: #2E2EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">54.4 </td> <td style="background: #5C5CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.5 </td> <td style="background: #5A5AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.0 </td> <td style="background: #2F2FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">54.2 </td> <td style="background: #1010FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">62.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000EC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000E8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72.5 </td> <td style="background: #1313FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">61.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: NWAC<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Rainier&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ecology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> Mount Rainier's protected status as a national park protects its <a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">primeval</a> <a href="/wiki/Cascades_(ecoregion)" title="Cascades (ecoregion)">Cascade ecosystem</a>, providing a stable <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a> for many <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> in the region, including <a href="/wiki/Endemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic">endemic</a> <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> that are unique to the area, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cascade_red_fox" title="Cascade red fox">Cascade red fox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pedicularis_rainierensis" title="Pedicularis rainierensis">Mount Rainier lousewort</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Special_place-117">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carnivores-118">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lousewort-119">[116]</a> The ecosystem on the mountain is very <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">diverse</a>, owing to the climate found at different elevations.<a href="#cite_note-Animals-120">[117]</a> Scientists track the distinct species found in the <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forest</a> zone, the <a href="/wiki/Subalpine" class="mw-redirect" title="Subalpine">subalpine</a> zone, and the <a href="/wiki/Montane_ecosystems#Alpine_grasslands_and_tundra" title="Montane ecosystems">alpine</a> zone.<a href="#cite_note-Plants-121">[118]</a> They have discovered more than one thousand species of <a href="/wiki/Plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Plants">plants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Plants-121">[118]</a> The mountain is also home to 65 species of <a href="/wiki/Mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals">mammals</a>, 5 <a href="/wiki/Reptiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Reptiles">reptiles</a>, 182 <a href="/wiki/Birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds">birds</a>, 14 <a href="/wiki/Amphibians" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibians">amphibians</a>, and 14 species of native <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, in addition to an innumerable amount of <a href="/wiki/Invertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Invertebrates">invertebrates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Animals-120">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora">Flora</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Rainier&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Flora" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wildflower_Meadow_(6997737191).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Wildflower_Meadow_%286997737191%29.jpg/220px-Wildflower_Meadow_%286997737191%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Wildflower_Meadow_%286997737191%29.jpg/220px-Wildflower_Meadow_%286997737191%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Wildflower_Meadow_%286997737191%29.jpg/330px-Wildflower_Meadow_%286997737191%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Wildflower_Meadow_%286997737191%29.jpg/440px-Wildflower_Meadow_%286997737191%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Subalpine wildflower meadow in Paradise region of Mount Rainier</figcaption></figure> Mount Rainier has regularly been described as one of the best places in the world to view <a href="/wiki/Wildflowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildflowers">wildflowers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Blackburn-122">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gibbons-123">[120]</a> In the subalpine region of the mountain, the snow often stays on the ground until summer begins, limiting plants to a much shorter <a href="/wiki/Growing_season" title="Growing season">growing season</a>. This produces dramatic blooms in areas like <a href="/wiki/Paradise,_Washington" title="Paradise, Washington">Paradise</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Plants-121">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-Paradise-124">[121]</a> In 1924, the flowers were described by naturalist <a href="/wiki/Floyd_W._Schmoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Floyd W. Schmoe">Floyd W. Schmoe</a>: <blockquote>Mount Rainier National Park is perhaps better known the world over for these wonderful flowers than for any one feature. The mountains, the glaciers, the cascading streams and the forests may be equalled if one looks far away enough, but no park has been so favored in the way of wild flowers.<a href="#cite_note-Flora_-_Schmoe_-_1-125">[122]</a></blockquote> Forests on the mountain span from as young as 100 years old to sections of <a href="/wiki/Old_growth_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Old growth forest">old growth forest</a> that are calculated to be 1000 years or more in age.<a href="#cite_note-Plants-121">[118]</a> The lower elevation consists mainly of <a href="/wiki/Western_red-cedar" class="mw-redirect" title="Western red-cedar">western red-cedar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_fir" title="Douglas fir">Douglas fir</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_hemlock" class="mw-redirect" title="Western hemlock">western hemlock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Plants-121">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pacific_silver_fir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific silver fir">Pacific silver fir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_white_pine" title="Western white pine">western white pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska_yellow_cedar" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaska yellow cedar">Alaska yellow cedar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Noble_fir" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble fir">noble fir</a> are found further up the mountain. In the alpine level, Alaskan yellow cedar, <a href="/wiki/Subalpine_fir" class="mw-redirect" title="Subalpine fir">subalpine fir</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mountain_hemlock" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain hemlock">mountain hemlock</a> grow.<a href="#cite_note-Plants-121">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Rainier&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Fauna" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Licking_her_chops_(7030763521).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Licking_her_chops_%287030763521%29.jpg/220px-Licking_her_chops_%287030763521%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2149" data-file-height="1433"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Licking_her_chops_%287030763521%29.jpg/220px-Licking_her_chops_%287030763521%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Licking_her_chops_%287030763521%29.jpg/330px-Licking_her_chops_%287030763521%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Licking_her_chops_%287030763521%29.jpg/440px-Licking_her_chops_%287030763521%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A Cascade red fox active during Paradise's long winter</figcaption></figure> The mountain supports a wide variety of animal life, including several species that are protected on the state or federal level, like the <a href="/wiki/Northern_spotted_owl" title="Northern spotted owl">northern spotted owl</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Animals-120">[117]</a> Efforts are also being made to reintroduce native species that had locally been hunted to extinction, like the <a href="/wiki/Fisher_(animal)" title="Fisher (animal)">Pacific fisher.</a><a href="#cite_note-Animals-120">[117]</a> There are sixty-five types of mammals living on the mountain, including <a href="/wiki/Cougars" class="mw-redirect" title="Cougars">cougars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mountain_goats" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain goats">mountain goats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marmots" class="mw-redirect" title="Marmots">marmots</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">elk</a>. Common <a href="/wiki/Amphibians_and_reptiles_of_Mount_Rainier_National_Park" title="Amphibians and reptiles of Mount Rainier National Park">reptiles and amphibians</a> include <a href="/wiki/Garter_snakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Garter snakes">garter snakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Frogs">frogs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salamanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Salamanders">salamanders</a>. There are many <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Mount_Rainier_National_Park" title="List of birds of Mount Rainier National Park">types of birds</a> found throughout the different elevations on the mountain, but while some live there all year, many are <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">migratory</a>. Salmon and <a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">trout</a> species use the rivers formed by the <a href="/wiki/Glaciers" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciers">glaciers</a>, and though the lakes stopped being <a href="/wiki/Fish_stocking" title="Fish stocking">stocked</a> in 1972, thirty lakes still have reproducing populations.<a href="#cite_note-Fish-126">[123]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Rainier&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier_Wilderness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Rainier Wilderness">Mount Rainier Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Mount_Rainier_National_Park" title="Bibliography of Mount Rainier National Park">Bibliography of Mount Rainier National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_most_prominent_summits_of_the_United_States" title="List of the most prominent summits of the United States">List of the most prominent summits of the United States</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Rainier&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Indigenous peoples around the mountain have names for it in their languages: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lushootseed_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lushootseed language">Lushootseed</a>: təqʷubəʔ and xʷaq̓ʷ<a href="#cite_note-Tulalip_Place_Names2-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bright2-6">[6]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowlitz_language" title="Cowlitz language">Cowlitz</a>: təx̣ʷúma and təqʷúmen<a href="#cite_note-CowlitzDic-7">[7]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakama language">Yakama</a>: Tax̱úma<a href="#cite_note-Beavert2009-8">[8]</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>. Another commonly cited value is 14,411 feet (4,392.5 m) from <a href="/wiki/NAVD88" class="mw-redirect" title="NAVD88">NAVD88</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> Recent surveys in 2024 have suggested the Columbia Crest has melted down to a height of 14,389.2 feet (4,385.8 m), while Mount Rainier's Southwest Rim was measured at 14,399.6 feet (4,389 m), which would make it the new highest point on the volcano.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-lut_pronunciation-20"><a href="#cite_ref-lut_pronunciation_20-0">^</a> Pronounced tuh-KWOH-buh </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Rainier&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NPS-Icon-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPS-Icon_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS-Icon_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS-Icon_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/mora/index.htm">"An Icon on the Horizon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060720050115/http://www.nps.gov/mora/">Archived</a> from the original on July 20, 2006. 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University of Oklahoma Press. p. 469. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/080613576X" title="Special:BookSources/080613576X"><bdi>080613576X</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240224082306/https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=5XfxzCm1qa4C&q=tacoma&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=tacoma&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on February 24, 2024. 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The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230915235246/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/12/climate/mount-rainier-glaciers-climate-change.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 15, 2023. Retrieved September 16, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+%27Forever%27+Glaciers+of+America%27s+West+Aren%27t+Forever+Anymore&rft.date=2023-09-12&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Sengupta&rft.aufirst=Somini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F09%2F12%2Fclimate%2Fmount-rainier-glaciers-climate-change.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rainier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBush2023" class="citation news cs1">Bush, Evan (June 22, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/science/environment/three-mount-rainiers-glaciers-melted-away-rcna89123">"Three of Mount Rainier's glaciers have melted away"</a>. 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Retrieved June 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Three+of+Mount+Rainier%27s+glaciers+have+melted+away&rft.date=2023-06-22&rft.aulast=Bush&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fscience%2Fenvironment%2Fthree-mount-rainiers-glaciers-melted-away-rcna89123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rainier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoughton2015" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sandi_Doughton" title="Sandi Doughton">Doughton, Sandi</a> (August 14, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/science/rainier-melting-unleashes-glacial-outbursts-of-debris/">"Rainier melting unleashes 'glacial outbursts' of debris"</a>. 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U.S. National Park Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180728131348/https://www.nps.gov/mora/learn/historyculture/archaeology.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2018. Retrieved July 28, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mount+Rainier+National+Park&rft.atitle=Archaeology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fmora%2Flearn%2Fhistoryculture%2Farchaeology.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rainier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Archaeology_2-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Archaeology_2_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurtchard2007" class="citation journal cs1">Burtchard, Greg C. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/mora/learn/historyculture/upload/AIW-Burtchard2007_acess.pdf">"Holocene Subsistence and Settlement Patterns: Mount Rainier and the Montane Pacific Northwest"</a> (PDF). Archaeology in Washington. 13: 28. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180728131248/https://www.nps.gov/mora/learn/historyculture/upload/AIW-Burtchard2007_acess.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on July 28, 2018. Retrieved July 28, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology+in+Washington&rft.atitle=Holocene+Subsistence+and+Settlement+Patterns%3A+Mount+Rainier+and+the+Montane+Pacific+Northwest&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=28&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Burtchard&rft.aufirst=Greg+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fmora%2Flearn%2Fhistoryculture%2Fupload%2FAIW-Burtchard2007_acess.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rainier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatton1996" class="citation book cs1">Catton, Theodore (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/45308935">Wonderland : an administrative history of Mount Rainier National Park</a>. National Park Service. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45308935">45308935</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240224082319/https://search.worldcat.org/title/45308935">Archived</a> from the original on February 24, 2024. Retrieved April 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wonderland+%3A+an+administrative+history+of+Mount+Rainier+National+Park&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45308935&rft.aulast=Catton&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F45308935&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rainier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPS-Rensch-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPS-Rensch_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS-Rensch_85-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS-Rensch_85-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS-Rensch_85-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS-Rensch_85-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS-Rensch_85-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS-Rensch_85-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS-Rensch_85-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS-Rensch_85-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS-Rensch_85-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS-Rensch_85-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS-Rensch_85-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS-Rensch_85-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS-Rensch_85-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS-Rensch_85-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS-Rensch_85-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS-Rensch_85-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS-Rensch_85-17">r</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRensch1935" class="citation book cs1">Rensch, Hero Eugene (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1042816617">Mount Rainier, its human history associations</a>. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Park Service, Field Division of Education. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1042816617">1042816617</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240224082313/https://search.worldcat.org/title/1042816617">Archived</a> from the original on February 24, 2024. Retrieved April 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mount+Rainier%2C+its+human+history+associations&rft.pub=U.S.+Dept.+of+the+Interior%2C+National+Park+Service%2C+Field+Division+of+Education&rft.date=1935&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1042816617&rft.aulast=Rensch&rft.aufirst=Hero+Eugene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1042816617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rainier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haines-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haines_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haines_86-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaines1999" class="citation book cs1">Haines, Aubrey L. (1999) [1962]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mountainfeverhis0000hain">Mountain fever : historic conquests of Rainier</a>. Original publisher: <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Historical_Society" title="Oregon Historical Society">Oregon Historical Society</a>; Republished by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0295978473" title="Special:BookSources/0295978473"><bdi>0295978473</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mountain+fever+%3A+historic+conquests+of+Rainier&rft.pub=Original+publisher%3A+Oregon+Historical+Society%3B+Republished+by+University+of+Washington&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0295978473&rft.aulast=Haines&rft.aufirst=Aubrey+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmountainfeverhis0000hain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rainier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UofOLibraries-87"><a href="#cite_ref-UofOLibraries_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080704085932/http://libweb.uoregon.edu/speccoll/photo/fhstevens.html">"Hazard Stevens photographs, c. 1840s–1918"</a>. University of Oregon Libraries Historic Photograph Collections. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oregon" title="University of Oregon">University of Oregon</a>. March 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libweb.uoregon.edu/speccoll/photo/fhstevens.html">the original</a> on July 4, 2008. Retrieved May 14, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Oregon+Libraries+Historic+Photograph+Collections&rft.atitle=Hazard+Stevens+photographs%2C+c.+1840s%E2%80%931918&rft.date=2006-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibweb.uoregon.edu%2Fspeccoll%2Fphoto%2Ffhstevens.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rainier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBragg2010" class="citation book cs1">Bragg, Lynn (2010). 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National Park Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180728131337/https://www.nps.gov/mora/learn/historyculture/mount-rainier-history.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2018. 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June 2, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171024101318/https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/liberty-ridge-is-risky-deadly-mount-rainier-route/">Archived</a> from the original on October 24, 2017. Retrieved October 23, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=Liberty+Ridge+is+risky%2C+deadly+Mount+Rainier+route&rft.date=2014-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattletimes.com%2Fseattle-news%2Fliberty-ridge-is-risky-deadly-mount-rainier-route%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rainier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitch2017" class="citation book cs1">Litch, Jim (2017). "Health". In Gautier, M (ed.). Mount Rainier: A Climbers Guide. Mountaineers Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1594858420" title="Special:BookSources/978-1594858420"><bdi>978-1594858420</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Health&rft.btitle=Mount+Rainier%3A+A+Climbers+Guide&rft.pub=Mountaineers+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1594858420&rft.aulast=Litch&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rainier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-haines-109"><a href="#cite_ref-haines_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaines1999" class="citation book cs1">Haines, Aubrey (1999). Mountain Fever: Historic Conquests of Rainier. Seattle: University of Washington Press. pp. 196–197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0295978473" title="Special:BookSources/0295978473"><bdi>0295978473</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41619403">41619403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mountain+Fever%3A+Historic+Conquests+of+Rainier&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pages=196-197&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41619403&rft.isbn=0295978473&rft.aulast=Haines&rft.aufirst=Aubrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rainier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hatcher-110"><a href="#cite_ref-hatcher_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatcher2000" class="citation news cs1">Hatcher, Candy (March 30, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110711141451/http://www.sarinfo.bc.ca/RainierIcefall.htm">"Ghosts of Rainier: Icefall in 1981 entombed 11 climbers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Post-Intelligencer" title="Seattle Post-Intelligencer">Seattle Post-Intelligencer</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sarinfo.bc.ca/RainierIcefall.htm">the original</a> on July 11, 2011. Retrieved November 9, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seattle+Post-Intelligencer&rft.atitle=Ghosts+of+Rainier%3A+Icefall+in+1981+entombed+11+climbers&rft.date=2000-03-30&rft.aulast=Hatcher&rft.aufirst=Candy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sarinfo.bc.ca%2FRainierIcefall.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rainier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-historylink-111"><a href="#cite_ref-historylink_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClary2006" class="citation web cs1">McClary, Daryl C. (July 29, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historylink.org/File/7820">"A Curtis Commando R5C transport plane crashes into Mount Rainier, killing 32 U.S. Marines, on December 10, 1946"</a>. <a href="/wiki/HistoryLink" title="HistoryLink">HistoryLink</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160912224602/http://www.historylink.org/File/7820">Archived</a> from the original on September 12, 2016. Retrieved November 9, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HistoryLink&rft.atitle=A+Curtis+Commando+R5C+transport+plane+crashes+into+Mount+Rainier%2C+killing+32+U.S.+Marines%2C+on+December+10%2C+1946.&rft.date=2006-07-29&rft.aulast=McClary&rft.aufirst=Daryl+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historylink.org%2FFile%2F7820&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rainier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_de_Leon2014" class="citation news cs1">John de Leon (August 20, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.seattletimes.com/today/2014/08/bodies-of-3-missing-climbers-recovered-from-mount-rainier/">"Bodies of 3 missing climbers recovered from Mount Rainier"</a>. The Seattle Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140904110315/http://blogs.seattletimes.com/today/2014/08/bodies-of-3-missing-climbers-recovered-from-mount-rainier/">Archived</a> from the original on September 4, 2014. Retrieved September 2, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=Bodies+of+3+missing+climbers+recovered+from+Mount+Rainier&rft.date=2014-08-20&rft.au=John+de+Leon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.seattletimes.com%2Ftoday%2F2014%2F08%2Fbodies-of-3-missing-climbers-recovered-from-mount-rainier%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rainier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaige_Cornwell2014" class="citation news cs1">Paige Cornwell (August 22, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140904111905/http://blogs.seattletimes.com/today/2014/08/bodies-of-3-mount-rainier-climbers-identified/">"Bodies of 3 Mount Rainier climbers identified"</a>. The Seattle Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.seattletimes.com/today/2014/08/bodies-of-3-mount-rainier-climbers-identified/">the original</a> on September 4, 2014. Retrieved September 2, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=Bodies+of+3+Mount+Rainier+climbers+identified&rft.date=2014-08-22&rft.au=Paige+Cornwell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.seattletimes.com%2Ftoday%2F2014%2F08%2Fbodies-of-3-mount-rainier-climbers-identified%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rainier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716082021/http://www.skiingthebackcountry.com/ski_guide/UNITED-STATES/WASHINGTON/CASCADES-CENTRAL/MOUNT-RAINIER">"Backcountry Skiing Guide to Mount Rainier, Washington"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skiingthebackcountry.com/ski_guide/UNITED-STATES/WASHINGTON/CASCADES-CENTRAL/MOUNT-RAINIER">the original</a> on July 16, 2011. Retrieved April 10, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Backcountry+Skiing+Guide+to+Mount+Rainier%2C+Washington&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skiingthebackcountry.com%2Fski_guide%2FUNITED-STATES%2FWASHINGTON%2FCASCADES-CENTRAL%2FMOUNT-RAINIER&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rainier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-prism-115"><a href="#cite_ref-prism_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prism.oregonstate.edu/explorer/">"PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State University"</a>. prism.oregonstate.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190725164937/http://prism.oregonstate.edu/explorer/">Archived</a> from the original on July 25, 2019. Retrieved July 15, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=prism.oregonstate.edu&rft.atitle=PRISM+Climate+Group%2C+Oregon+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprism.oregonstate.edu%2Fexplorer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rainier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nwac.us/data-portal/location/mt-rainier/">"Weather Data Area Page – Mt Rainier"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Weather_and_Avalanche_Center" title="Northwest Weather and Avalanche Center">Northwest Weather and Avalanche Center</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408052308/https://nwac.us/data-portal/location/mt-rainier/">Archived</a> from the original on April 8, 2023. Retrieved December 12, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Weather+Data+Area+Page+%E2%80%93+Mt+Rainier&rft.pub=Northwest+Weather+and+Avalanche+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnwac.us%2Fdata-portal%2Flocation%2Fmt-rainier%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rainier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Special_place-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Special_place_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/mora/learn/management/what-s-special.htm">"Mount Rainier is a Special Place"</a>. U.S. National Park Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180729112004/https://www.nps.gov/mora/learn/management/what-s-special.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 29, 2018. Retrieved July 29, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+National+Park+Service&rft.atitle=Mount+Rainier+is+a+Special+Place&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fmora%2Flearn%2Fmanagement%2Fwhat-s-special.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rainier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carnivores-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Carnivores_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/mora/learn/nature/carnivores.htm">"Carnivores"</a>. Mount Rainier National Park. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180729141401/https://www.nps.gov/mora/learn/nature/carnivores.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 29, 2018. Retrieved July 29, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mount+Rainier+National+Park&rft.atitle=Carnivores&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fmora%2Flearn%2Fnature%2Fcarnivores.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rainier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lousewort-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Lousewort_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarrenPennell" class="citation web cs1">Warren, F. A.; Pennell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dnr.wa.gov/publications/amp_nh_pera6.pdf">"Pedicularis rainierensis"</a> (PDF). Department of Natural Resources. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180729112841/https://www.dnr.wa.gov/publications/amp_nh_pera6.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on July 29, 2018. Retrieved July 29, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Natural+Resources&rft.atitle=Pedicularis+rainierensis&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=F.+A.&rft.au=Pennell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnr.wa.gov%2Fpublications%2Famp_nh_pera6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rainier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Animals-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Animals_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Animals_120-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Animals_120-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Animals_120-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/mora/learn/nature/animals.htm">"Animals"</a>. Mount Rainier National Park. U.S. National Park Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180729111911/https://www.nps.gov/mora/learn/nature/animals.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 29, 2018. Retrieved July 29, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mount+Rainier+National+Park&rft.atitle=Animals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fmora%2Flearn%2Fnature%2Fanimals.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rainier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plants-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Plants_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plants_121-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plants_121-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plants_121-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plants_121-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plants_121-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/mora/learn/nature/plants.htm">"Plants"</a>. Mount Rainier National Park. U.S. National Park Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180729112003/https://www.nps.gov/mora/learn/nature/plants.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 29, 2018. Retrieved July 29, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mount+Rainier+National+Park&rft.atitle=Plants&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fmora%2Flearn%2Fnature%2Fplants.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rainier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blackburn-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Blackburn_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackburn2015" class="citation news cs1">Blackburn, Dan (March 22, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/travel/la-tr-d-mt-rainier-main-20150322-story.html">"Mt. Rainier National Park readies for a wildflower spectacle"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180729141405/http://www.latimes.com/travel/la-tr-d-mt-rainier-main-20150322-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 29, 2018. Retrieved July 29, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Mt.+Rainier+National+Park+readies+for+a+wildflower+spectacle&rft.date=2015-03-22&rft.aulast=Blackburn&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Ftravel%2Fla-tr-d-mt-rainier-main-20150322-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rainier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibbons-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Gibbons_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbons2011" class="citation book cs1">Gibbons, Bob (2011). Wildflower Wonders: The 50 Best Wildflower Sites in the World. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691152295" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691152295"><bdi>978-0691152295</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wildflower+Wonders%3A+The+50+Best+Wildflower+Sites+in+the+World&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0691152295&rft.aulast=Gibbons&rft.aufirst=Bob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rainier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paradise-124"><a href="#cite_ref-Paradise_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/mora/planyourvisit/paradise.htm">"Paradise"</a>. Mount Rainier National Park. 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Nature Notes. 2 (4). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160427024519/http://npshistory.com/nature_notes/mora/vol2/vol2-4c.htm#5">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Notes&rft.atitle=Flower+Conditions&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1924-07-09&rft.aulast=Schmoe&rft.aufirst=F.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnpshistory.com%2Fnature_notes%2Fmora%2Fvol2%2Fvol2-4c.htm%235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rainier" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fish-126"><a href="#cite_ref-Fish_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/mora/learn/nature/fish.htm">"Fish"</a>. Mount Rainier National Park. U.S. National Park Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180729141402/https://www.nps.gov/mora/learn/nature/fish.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 29, 2018. Retrieved July 29, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mount+Rainier+National+Park&rft.atitle=Fish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fmora%2Flearn%2Fnature%2Ffish.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rainier" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Rainier&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mount_Rainier" class="extiw" title="c:Mount Rainier">Mount Rainier</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/mora/">Mount Rainier National Park</a> (also used as a reference)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080119143119/http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/About/Highlights/RainierPilot/Pilot_highlight.html">"Mount Rainier Volcano Lahar Warning System"</a>. Volcano Hazards Program. United States Geological Survey. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/About/Highlights/RainierPilot/Pilot_highlight.html">the original</a> on January 19, 2008. Retrieved October 30, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Volcano+Hazards+Program&rft.atitle=Mount+Rainier+Volcano+Lahar+Warning+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvolcanoes.usgs.gov%2FAbout%2FHighlights%2FRainierPilot%2FPilot_highlight.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rainier" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101113212033/http://www.emd.wa.gov/plans/documents/mtrainier_volcanic_hazards_response_plan.pdf">Mt. Rainier Eruption Task Force</a> (pdf)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Rainier/Maps/map_rainier_drainages.html">Mount Rainier stream drainage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120427023731/http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Rainier/Maps/map_rainier_drainages.html">Archived</a> April 27, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/mora/planyourvisit/trails-of-mount-rainier.htm">Mount Rainier Trail Descriptions</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.summitpost.org/page/150291">"Mount Rainier"</a>. SummitPost.org. Retrieved May 7, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SummitPost.org&rft.atitle=Mount+Rainier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.summitpost.org%2Fpage%2F150291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rainier" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoughton2014" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Sandi_Doughton" title="Sandi Doughton">Doughton, Sandi</a> (September 26, 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/science/under-rainierrsquos-crater-a-natural-laboratory-like-no-other/">"Under Rainier's crater, a natural laboratory like no other"</a>, The Seattle Times</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=Under+Rainier%27s+crater%2C+a+natural+laboratory+like+no+other&rft.date=2014-09-26&rft.aulast=Doughton&rft.aufirst=Sandi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattletimes.com%2Fseattle-news%2Fscience%2Funder-rainierrsquos-crater-a-natural-laboratory-like-no-other%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Rainier" class="Z3988">: contains images and videos of the summit caves</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="University_of_Washington_libraries_and_digital_collections">University of Washington libraries and digital collections</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Rainier&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: University of Washington libraries and digital collections" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu/cdm/search/collection/ll/searchterm/Mount%20Rainier/field/all/mode/all/conn/and/cosuppress/">Lawrence Denny Lindsley Photographs</a>, Landscape and <a href="/wiki/Nature_photography" title="Nature photography">nature photography</a> of Lawrence Denny Lindsley, including photographs of scenes around Mount Rainier.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.lib.washington.edu/mtnweb/index.html">The Mountaineers Collection</a>, Photographic albums and text documenting the Mountaineers official annual outings undertaken by club members from 1907 to 1951, includes 3 Mt. Rainier albums (ca. 1912, 1919, 1924).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu/cdm/search/collection/sarvant/searchterm/Rainier/field/covera/mode/any/conn/and/cosuppress/">Henry M. Sarvant Photographs</a>, photographs by Henry Mason Sarvant depicting his climbing expeditions to Mt. Rainier and scenes of the vicinity from 1892 to 1912.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu/cdm/search/collection/waite/searchterm/mount%20glacier*!baker%20adams/field/all!all/mode/any!none/conn/and!and/cosuppress/">Alvin H. Waite Photographs</a> Photographs of Mt. Rainier by Alvin H. Waite, during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Rainier&oldid=1259114486">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Rainier&oldid=1259114486</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Rainier&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 23 November 2024, at 12:54 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainier_(berg)" title="Rainier (berg) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rainier (berg)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A8%E1%8A%92%E1%88%AD" title="ረኒር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ረኒር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%87" title="جبل رينييه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جبل رينييه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4" title="রাইনিয়ার পর্বত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাইনিয়ার পর্বত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainier_Soa%E2%81%BF" title="Rainier Soaⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Rainier Soaⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Rainier" title="Mont Rainier – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mont Rainier" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Rainier_(bukid)" title="Mount Rainier (bukid) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mount Rainier (bukid)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Rainier" title="Mount Rainier – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mount Rainier" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Rainier" title="Mount Rainier – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mount Rainier" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Rainier" title="Mount Rainier – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mount Rainier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainieri_vulkaan" title="Rainieri vulkaan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rainieri vulkaan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A1%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%AD%CF%81" title="Όρος Ρενιέρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Όρος Ρενιέρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Rainier" title="Monte Rainier – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Monte Rainier" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monto_Rainier" title="Monto Rainier – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Monto Rainier" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainier_mendia" title="Rainier mendia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rainier mendia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="کوه رینیر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوه رینیر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Rainier" title="Mont Rainier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mont Rainier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Rainier" title="Mount Rainier – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mount Rainier" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sliabh_Rainier" title="Sliabh Rainier – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sliabh Rainier" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EB%8B%88%EC%96%B4%EC%82%B0" title="레이니어산 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="레이니어산" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Ռեյնիր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռեյնիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="माउण्टरेनियर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="माउण्टरेनियर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Rainier" title="Gunung Rainier – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gunung Rainier" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Rainier" title="Mount Rainier – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mount Rainier" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Rainier" title="Monte Rainier – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Monte Rainier" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8" title="הר ריינייר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הר ריינייר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="რეინირი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რეინირი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlima_Rainier" title="Mlima Rainier – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mlima Rainier" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87iyay%C3%AA_Rainier" title="Çiyayê Rainier – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çiyayê Rainier" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Rainier" title="Mount Rainier – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mount Rainier" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rein%C4%ABra_kalns" title="Reinīra kalns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Reinīra kalns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinyro_kalnas" title="Reinyro kalnas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Reinyro kalnas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Рејнир – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рејнир" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%87" title="جبل رينييه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جبل رينييه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Berapi_Rainier" title="Gunung Berapi Rainier – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gunung Berapi Rainier" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Rainier" title="Mount Rainier – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mount Rainier" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E5%B1%B1" title="レーニア山 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レーニア山" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Rainier" title="Mount Rainier – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Mount Rainier" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Rainier" title="Mount Rainier – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mount Rainier" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Rainier" title="Mont Rainier – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mont Rainier" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="ٹلہ رینئیر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹلہ رینئیر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Rainier" title="Mount Rainier – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mount Rainier" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Rainier" title="Monte Rainier – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Monte Rainier" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Rainier" title="Mount Rainier – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Mount Rainier" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Рейнир – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рейнир" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moont_Rainier" title="Moont Rainier – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Moont Rainier" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Rainier" title="Mount Rainier – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mount Rainier" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainier_(sopka)" title="Rainier (sopka) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rainier (sopka)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%95%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%B1" title="چیای ڕەینیەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چیای ڕەینیەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Рејнир (планина) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рејнир (планина)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Rainier" title="Mount Rainier – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mount Rainier" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Rainier" title="Mount Rainier – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mount Rainier" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Rainier" title="Mount Rainier – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mount Rainier" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundok_Rainier" title="Bundok Rainier – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bundok Rainier" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ภูเขาเรเนียร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภูเขาเรเนียร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainier_Da%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Rainier Dağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rainier Dağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%80_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Рейнір (гора) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рейнір (гора)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A4%D9%86%D9%B9_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="ماؤنٹ رائنیر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ماؤنٹ رائنیر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAi_Rainier" title="Núi Rainier – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Núi Rainier" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukid_Rainier" title="Bukid Rainier – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bukid Rainier" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94%E5%B1%B1" title="瑞尼尔山 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="瑞尼尔山" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E5%B0%BC%E7%88%BE%E5%B1%B1" title="雷尼爾山 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="雷尼爾山" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94%E5%B1%B1" title="雷尼尔山 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="雷尼尔山" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> 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