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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American legislative proposal on immigration</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.25em">DREAM Act</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Great Seal of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/140px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/210px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Nicknames</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">DREAM Act</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em"><span class="nowrap">Sponsored by</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Dick Durbin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Orrin Hatch</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Legislative history</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><div><ul style="line-height:1.3em;text-align:left"><li><b>Introduced</b> in the Senate as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/107th-congress/senate-bill/1291">S. 1291</a> by <a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Dick Durbin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>–<a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">IL</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Orrin Hatch</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">R</a>–<a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">UT</a>) on April 25, 2001</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors Act</b>, known as the <b>DREAM Act</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> legislative proposal that would grant temporary <a href="#For_conditional_resident_status">conditional residency</a>, with the right to work, for <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal immigrants</a> who entered the United States as minors—and, if they later satisfy further qualifications, they would attain <a href="#For_permanent_residency">permanent residency</a>. </p><p>In April 2001, United States Senators <a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Dick Durbin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>-<a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Orrin Hatch</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">R</a>-<a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>) first introduced the <a href="/wiki/Bill_(law)" title="Bill (law)">bill</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/107th-congress/senate-bill/1291">S. 1291</a>, but it did not pass. The proposal has since been reintroduced several times, and approved by a majority in the House and in the Senate, but not by sufficient margins as of 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-congress.gov_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-congress.gov-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Requirements">Requirements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DREAM_Act&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The beneficiaries of the proposed DREAM Act would have to meet the following requirements to qualify:<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Not be inadmissible to or deportable from the United States, or be in Temporary Protected Status (Sec. 3(b)(1))</li> <li>Have proof of having arrived in the United States before age 16<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<b>Dream Act of 2017</b>, S.1615, Sec.3(b)(1)(B), and HR3440, Sec.3(b)(1)(B)).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Have proof of residency in the United States for at least five consecutive years</li> <li>If a male born in 1960 or later, have registered with the <a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_System" title="Selective Service System">Selective Service</a></li> <li>Be between the ages of 12 and 35 at the time of bill enactment</li> <li>Have graduated from an American high school, obtained a GED, or been admitted to an institution of higher education</li> <li>Be of <a href="/wiki/Good_moral_character" title="Good moral character">good moral character</a></li></ul> <p>During the first six years, qualifying people would be granted "conditional" status and would be required to (a) graduate from a two-year community college or (b) complete at least two years towards a four-year degree or (c) serve two years in the US military. After this six-year period, those who meet at least one of these three conditions would be eligible to apply for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Permanent_Resident_Card" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Permanent Resident Card">permanent resident</a> status. During this six-year conditional period, they would not be eligible for federal higher education grants such as <a href="/wiki/Pell_grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Pell grant">Pell grants</a> but they would be able to apply for student loans and work study.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If they have met all of the conditions at the end of the 6-year conditional period, they would be granted permanent residency, which would eventually allow them to become U.S. citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not known how many of those eligible would go on to complete the further requirements. One organization estimated that only 7,000–13,000 college students nationally can fulfill the further obligations.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="For_conditional_resident_status">For conditional resident status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DREAM_Act&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: For conditional resident status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The individual must: </p> <ul><li>have proof that they entered the United States before the age of 16 and must have continuously lived in the country for at least 5 years.</li> <li>have graduated from a United States high school or obtained a GED in the US.</li> <li>demonstrate good moral character.</li> <li>pass criminal background checks</li></ul> <p>After having obtained and held conditional resident status, permanent residency may be granted if the following requirements have been met in a period of six years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="For_permanent_residency">For permanent residency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DREAM_Act&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: For permanent residency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The individual must: </p> <ul><li>Have attended an institution of <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher learning</a> or served in the United States military for at least two years and if discharged, have received an <a href="/wiki/Honorable_discharge" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorable discharge">honorable discharge</a></li> <li>Pass another series of background checks</li> <li>Continue to demonstrate good moral character</li></ul> <p>If these requirements are not fulfilled the conditional resident will lose their legal status and be subject to deportation.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DREAM_Act&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Members of Congress have introduced several forms of this bill in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. Members in the House passed one such bill on December 8, 2010, by a vote of 216–198;<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senators debated a version of the DREAM Act on September 21, 2010. A previous version of the bill, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/110th-congress/senate-bill/2205">S. 2205</a>, which required 60 votes to gain <a href="/wiki/Cloture" title="Cloture">cloture</a>, failed on a 52–44 vote in 2007, eight votes short of overcoming a <a href="/wiki/Filibuster" title="Filibuster">filibuster</a> by senators opposed to the bill.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United States military faced challenges in enlistment, which in 2005 were described as a "crisis",<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932010" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2010">economic downturn of 2007–2010</a> did away with many of the enlistment challenges. Immigrants without a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Permanent_Resident_Card" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Permanent Resident Card">United States Permanent Resident Card</a> (also known as a green card) are not allowed to enlist. In 2007, several senior officials at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> have spoken in favor of promising resident status to members of the military as a means of boosting recruitment.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bill also restores the option for states to determine residency for purposes of higher education benefits by repealing Section 505 of the <a href="/wiki/Illegal_Immigration_Reform_and_Immigrant_Responsibility_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act">Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act</a> (IIRIRA) of 1996 (<a href="/wiki/Title_8_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 8 of the United States Code">8 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1623">§ 1623</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of states interpret this provision as disqualifying students residing in he country illegally from certain higher education benefits such as in-state tuition rates.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some states have enacted laws aimed at making illegal state residents eligible for in-state tuition rates without violating this IIRIRA provision.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some students paying out-of-state tuition have filed lawsuits in these states, claiming state education officials violated this federal law.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislative_history">Legislative history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DREAM_Act&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legislative history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original version of the DREAM Act was introduced on April 25, 2001, by Representative <a href="/wiki/Luis_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Luis Gutiérrez">Luis Gutiérrez</a>, Democrat from Illinois, as the "Immigrant Children's Educational Advancement and Dropout Prevention Act of 2001" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/107th-congress/house-bill/1582">H.R. 1582</a>) during the <a href="/wiki/107th_United_States_Congress" title="107th United States Congress">107th Congress</a>. This bill received 34 cosponsors, and would have allowed illegal immigrant students to first apply to be protected from deportation and then apply for and receive lawful <a href="/wiki/Permanent_residence_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent residence (United States)">permanent residency</a> if they met the criteria.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One month later, on May 21, 2001, Gutiérrez's version of the bill was scrapped in favor of a more limited version entitled "Student Adjustment Act of 2001" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/107th-congress/house-bill/1918">H.R. 1918</a>), introduced by Representative <a href="/wiki/Chris_Cannon" title="Chris Cannon">Chris Cannon</a>, Republican from Utah. This version of the bill lowered age eligibility to 21 years of age and garnered 62 cosponsors. On August 1, 2001, a mirror bill to the "Student Adjustment Act of 2001" was introduced in the Senate by Senator <a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Orrin Hatch</a>, also a Republican from Utah. This legislation, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/107th-congress/senate-bill/1291">S. 1291</a>, was the first bill given the short title of "Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors Act" or "DREAM Act." Since that time the DREAM Act has been introduced in both the Senate and the House at various times. </p><p>The text of the bill was placed in various other immigration-related bills, including the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform_Act_of_2006" title="Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006">Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/109th-congress/senate-bill/2611">S. 2611</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform_Act_of_2007" title="Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007">Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/110th-congress/senate-bill/1348">S. 1348</a>). With the failure of these comprehensive reform bills, Senator <a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Richard Durbin</a>, Democrat from Illinois, made its passage a top priority for 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-army_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-army-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2007, Durbin filed to place the DREAM Act as an amendment to the 2008 Department of Defense Authorization Bill (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/109th-congress/senate-bill/2919">S. 2919</a>). In light of the criticism, Durbin tabled the amendment in favor of a rewritten DREAM Act amendment to the Defense Bill. In consideration of their opponents, all language regarding in-state tuition was removed from the amendment and an age cap of 30 was put in place for potential beneficiaries.<sup id="cite_ref-DREAM2007_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DREAM2007-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Military leaders embraced the bill, which included the promise of resident status to members of the military, as a means of boosting recruitment.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 18, 2007, Durbin, along with Republican co-sponsors <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hagel" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Hagel">Charles Hagel</a> of Nebraska and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lugar" title="Richard Lugar">Richard Lugar</a> of Indiana, introduced the DREAM Act as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/110th-congress/senate-bill/2205">S. 2205</a>. Although nearly identical to the revised amendment to the Defense Bill, opponents continued to cite previous arguments. To bring the DREAM Act up for debate, a vote was scheduled on October 24 that would require a filibuster-proof count of 60 <i>yes</i> votes, but that failed.<sup id="cite_ref-NILC_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NILC-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senate opponents cited a variety of reasons for their opposition. Some labeled the DREAM Act as <a href="/wiki/Amnesty" title="Amnesty">amnesty</a> that would encourage <a href="/wiki/Chain_migration" title="Chain migration">chain migration</a> and further illegal immigration in anticipation of new versions of the DREAM Act. Others stated that the DREAM Act, though worthy legislation, should be enacted only as part of a comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Immigration_reform" title="Immigration reform">immigration reform</a>. </p><p>Senator <a href="/wiki/Kay_Bailey_Hutchison" title="Kay Bailey Hutchison">Kay Bailey Hutchison</a>, who had previously stated that she would oppose consideration of the DREAM Act, announced on the Senate floor that she had expressed reservations to Durbin and he had made a verbal commitment to work with her to make changes that she saw necessary to garner greater Republican support. In response, Durbin announced that the first amendment that would be considered, should debate of the DREAM Act begin, would completely re-write the bill in favor of the language that Hutchison suggested. According to her suggestions, students in the country illegally should be allowed to hold a temporary student visa with a renewable work permit instead of conditional permanent residency. Although 52 Senators voted in favor of considering the DREAM Act, this fell eight votes short of breaking filibuster and the legislation was not considered.<sup id="cite_ref-DREAM2007_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DREAM2007-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2009">2009</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DREAM_Act&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2009"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The act was re-introduced in both chambers of Congress on Thursday, March 26, 2009, during the 111th Congress by Senators <a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Dick Durbin</a> (D-IL), <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lugar" title="Richard Lugar">Richard Lugar</a> (R-IN), <a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Harry Reid</a> (D-NV), <a href="/wiki/Mel_Martinez" class="mw-redirect" title="Mel Martinez">Mel Martinez</a> (R-FL), <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a> (D-VT), <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lieberman" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Lieberman">Joseph Lieberman</a> (I-CT), <a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward M. Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a> (D-MA), and <a href="/wiki/Russ_Feingold" title="Russ Feingold">Russ Feingold</a> (D-WI)<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and U.S. Representative Howard Berman (D-CA). To date, 128 representatives<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 39 senators<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (not including former Senator Edward Kennedy) co-sponsored the bill. Under this version of the DREAM Act, immigrants could qualify in part, by meeting the following requirements: </p> <ul><li>Be between the ages of 12 and 35 at the time the Law is enacted</li> <li>Arrived in the United States before the age of 16</li> <li>Resided continuously in the United States for at least 5 consecutive years since the date of their arrival</li> <li>Graduated from a US high school or obtained a <a href="/wiki/General_Education_Diploma" class="mw-redirect" title="General Education Diploma">General Education Diploma</a></li> <li>Good moral character</li></ul> <p>In addition to the temporary Residency, illegal immigrant students who qualified would also be entitled to apply for student loans and work study but would not be eligible for Pell grants. In certain circumstances, the person could lose temporary immigration residency if he or she did not meet the educational or military service requirement within the six-year time period or if they committed any crimes (other than those considered non-drug related misdemeanors) regardless of whether or not they had already been approved for permanent status at the end of their six years. If an individual were convicted of a major crime or drug-related infraction, (except for a single offense of possession of 30 g or less of marijuana) they would automatically lose the six-year temporary residence status and be immediately subject to deportation.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010">2010</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DREAM_Act&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2010"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 111th Congress continued to consider the DREAM Act bill throughout 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/111th-congress/senate-bill/3827">S. 3827</a>, a new version of the DREAM Act, includes numerous changes to address concerns raised about the bill. The DREAM Act, along with a repeal of "<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Ask,_Don%27t_Tell" class="mw-redirect" title="Don't Ask, Don't Tell">Don't Ask, Don't Tell</a>", was incorporated into the National Defense Authorization Act for the Fiscal Year 2011. On September 21, 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Filibuster_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Filibuster in the United States Senate">Senate filibuster</a> of the bill was maintained in a 56–43 vote; it would have taken 60 votes to <a href="/wiki/Cloture" title="Cloture">stop the filibuster</a> and continue the progress of the bill.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following day, Durbin introduced the bill once again along with Richard Lugar. Only two senators co-sponsored the bill and it was defeated again.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Less than a month later, on November 16, President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and top Democrats pledged to introduce the Dream Act into the House by November 29.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The House of Representatives passed the DREAM Act on December 8, 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the bill failed to reach the 60-vote threshold necessary to end debate on the Senate floor (55-41—Motion to invoke cloture on the motion to concur in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-111hr5281eah/pdf/BILLS-111hr5281eah.pdf">House amendment to the Senate amendment No. 3 to H.R. 5281</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2011">2011</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DREAM_Act&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2011"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On May 11, 2011, then Senate Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Harry Reid</a> reintroduced the DREAM Act in the Senate. Some Republicans who had supported the bill in the past, including Sen. <a href="/wiki/John_Cornyn" title="John Cornyn">John Cornyn</a> of Texas, <a href="/wiki/Jon_Kyl" title="Jon Kyl">Jon Kyl</a> of Arizona, <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> of Arizona, and <a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Graham" title="Lindsey Graham">Lindsey Graham</a> of South Carolina, withheld their votes, objecting that such a bill should not be granted without increasing immigration enforcement. Reid indicated that he would consider adding a workplace enforcement measure in the DREAM Act that would require every employer to use <a href="/wiki/E-Verify" title="E-Verify">E-Verify</a>, the government's Internet-based work eligibility verification system.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Obama supported the bill as one of his efforts to reform the US immigration system.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2011, the state of California enacted the <a href="/wiki/California_DREAM_Act" title="California DREAM Act">California DREAM Act</a>, giving illegal immigrant students access to private college scholarships for state schools.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August, the state of Illinois authorized a privately funded scholarship plan for children of immigrants regardless of legal status.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2012">2012</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DREAM_Act&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2012"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dream_Rally_060_da_(7726786888).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Dream_Rally_060_da_%287726786888%29.jpg/220px-Dream_Rally_060_da_%287726786888%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Dream_Rally_060_da_%287726786888%29.jpg/330px-Dream_Rally_060_da_%287726786888%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Dream_Rally_060_da_%287726786888%29.jpg/440px-Dream_Rally_060_da_%287726786888%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A protest in support of the DREAM Act in August 2012</figcaption></figure> <p>On June 15, 2012, <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> announced that his administration would stop deporting illegal immigrants who match certain criteria included in the proposed DREAM Act.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 15, 2012, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Citizenship_and_Immigration_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services">U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services</a> (USCIS) began accepting applications under the Obama administration's new <a href="/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals" title="Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals">Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals</a> (DACA) program. Thousands applied for the new program.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because DACA was designed in large measure to address the immigration status of the same people as the DREAM Act, the two programs are often debated together, with some making little distinction between them and others focusing on the difference between the DREAM Act's legislative approach in contrast to the implementation of DACA through executive action.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of January 2017<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DREAM_Act&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, 740,000 people have registered through DACA.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2017">2017</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DREAM_Act&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2017"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meeting_with_Dreamers_12-21-1739176111832_410283d46b_h.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Meeting_with_Dreamers_12-21-1739176111832_410283d46b_h.jpg/220px-Meeting_with_Dreamers_12-21-1739176111832_410283d46b_h.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Meeting_with_Dreamers_12-21-1739176111832_410283d46b_h.jpg/330px-Meeting_with_Dreamers_12-21-1739176111832_410283d46b_h.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Meeting_with_Dreamers_12-21-1739176111832_410283d46b_h.jpg/440px-Meeting_with_Dreamers_12-21-1739176111832_410283d46b_h.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1066" /></a><figcaption>Senator <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> with DREAMers in December 2017</figcaption></figure> <p>On September 5, 2017, the Trump administration rescinded the program, while pushing Congress to enact a replacement to the legislation prior to the elimination of DACA protections.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dream Act of 2017 was introduced on July 20, 2017, by Senators Lindsey Graham (R-SC), Dick Durbin (D-IL), <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Flake" title="Jeff Flake">Jeff Flake</a> (R-AZ), and <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a> (D-NY).<sup id="cite_ref-:12_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With potential to provide a direct process for gaining U.S. citizenship, this bipartisan act has been both championed and scrutinized, but again failed to pass. People eligible for citizenship are those who are in the country illegally, have DACA or temporary protected status (TPS) (people without lawful immigration status), and who graduate from U.S. high schools and attend college, enter the workforce, or enlist in the military.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several other bills were introduced in 2012 meant to protect undocumented youth, all similar to the Dream Act, but never becoming law.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2017 version of the Act would adapt the current law in several ways. It would give DACA beneficiaries permanent resident status and TPS beneficiaries the opportunity to apply for this status.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pathway to U.S. citizenship would be first conditional permanent resident status for 8 years, apply for and receiving LPR status, spending 5 years in LPR status, and lastly applying for and receiving U.S. citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Act would also terminate the deportation proceedings of anyone meeting the requirements of the Dream Act and those enrolled in elementary or secondary school over 5 years of age. It lastly would improve accessibility to college in-state tuition and financial aid for undocumented youth and immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DREAM_Act&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic">Economic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DREAM_Act&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Economic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a December 2010 report, the federal <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Committee_on_Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Committee on Taxation">Joint Committee on Taxation</a> estimated that the November 30, 2010, version of the DREAM Act would reduce (federal) direct deficits by about $1.4 billion over the 2011–2020 period and increase federal government revenues by $2.3 billion over the next 10 years. Indirect federal costs (about 80% of the federal budget) and state and local tax impacts were not considered.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the same report also notes that the Act "would <i>increase</i> projected deficits by more than $5 billion in at least one of the four consecutive 10-year periods starting in 2021" (emphasis added). A study conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_American_Progress" title="Center for American Progress">Center for American Progress</a> estimates that if passed, the DREAM Act would create 1.4 million jobs by 2030, primarily through the expected increase in educational attainment, earnings, and buying power for "DREAMers".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Luis Miranda, White House Director of Hispanic Media, has spoken in support of the 2010 version of the DREAM Act.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argues that passage of the Act would make the U.S. more competitive in the global economy by allowing illegal immigrants "to live up to their fullest potential and contribute to the economic growth of our country."<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Miranda argues that the DREAM Act would not create an "amnesty program" because it requires a "lengthy and rigorous process" to be eligible for benefits, requiring, for example, a criminal background check and proof that the applicant has not committed any crimes that would make him ineligible for residency.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Miranda also argues the Act would not encourage more students to immigrate because it only applies to illegal immigrants who are already in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the Act would create a waiting period before DREAM Act applicants could sponsor green card applications for their relatives. Miranda also notes that Defense Secretary Robert Gates has stated that the DREAM Act would provide an expanded pool of military recruits.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_48-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2010 study by UCLA's North American Integration and Development Center, an advocacy and research group that focuses on "transnationalism and globalization through action research", conducting "interdisciplinary research concerning the economic integration process between the United States, Mexico and Canada", produced two estimates of the income that would be earned by illegal immigrants who would be potentially eligible for the proposed DREAM Act benefits. The first estimate is based on analysis from a study by the Migration Policy Institute's National Center on Immigrant Integration Policy, an organization seeking to "advance the economic mobility and social inclusion of immigrants in the United States",<sup id="cite_ref-MPI_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPI-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which estimated that 38% of those eligible for the DREAM Act's benefits would actually obtain legal permanent resident status. In that scenario, the NAIDC estimates that DREAM Act beneficiaries would earn $1.4 trillion over a 40-year period. On the other hand, NAIDC estimates that if <i>all</i> those eligible for DREAM Act benefits successfully met the education or military service requirements and obtained legal resident status, they would earn $3.6 trillion over the same 40-year period. How many dollars they would use of available federal, state and local resources over the 40-year period was not estimated.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DREAM_Act&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Education is a major priority for The DREAM Act. In a research article written by Roger M. Mahony, it is stated that the DREAM Act aims to repeal a provision of law that penalizes states for offering these students in-state tuition rates. Depending on eligibility standards, the DREAM Act could benefit as many as 1.2 million young people in the United States, giving them an opportunity to reach their educational and economic potential.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="DREAMers_movement">DREAMers movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DREAM_Act&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: DREAMers movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karen_Bass_speaking_in_support_of_Black_Dreamers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Karen_Bass_speaking_in_support_of_Black_Dreamers.jpg/220px-Karen_Bass_speaking_in_support_of_Black_Dreamers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Karen_Bass_speaking_in_support_of_Black_Dreamers.jpg/330px-Karen_Bass_speaking_in_support_of_Black_Dreamers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Karen_Bass_speaking_in_support_of_Black_Dreamers.jpg/440px-Karen_Bass_speaking_in_support_of_Black_Dreamers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2734" /></a><figcaption> Representative <a href="/wiki/Karen_Bass" title="Karen Bass">Karen Bass</a> speaking in support of DREAMers, December 2017</figcaption></figure> <p>The DREAMers movement emerged during the time that the DREAM Act was being pushed in Congress. The individuals that make up the group are primarily <a href="/wiki/Undocumented_youth_in_the_United_States" title="Undocumented youth in the United States">undocumented students/youth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The DREAMers movement has been seen tackling issues with regard to immigration, education, and citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The DREAMers have partaken in many activists activities to demonstrate their support for the DREAM Act. On May 1, 2006, there was a demonstration that involved a collective group of students taking a stand to voice their concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was an occasion on June 5, 2012, when DREAMers participated in a nonviolent civil disobedience which included picket-lines, sit-ins, hunger strikes, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been other scenarios throughout the country where undocumented youth have been actively involved in promoting the DREAM Act.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the movement has had influence in other policies such as DACA (<a href="/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals" title="Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals">Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals</a>), an Executive Branch memorandum made by then-Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano on June 15, 2012, entitled “Exercising Prosecutorial Discretion with Respect to Individuals Who Came to the United States as Children,” creating a non-congressionally authorized administrative program that permitted certain individuals who came to the United States as juveniles and meet several criteria—including lacking any current lawful immigration status—to request consideration of deferred action for a period of two years, subject to renewal, and eligibility for work authorization.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DREAM_Act&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration policy">Immigration policy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plyler_v._Doe" title="Plyler v. Doe">Plyler v. Doe</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Dreams_2010" title="Trail of Dreams 2010">Trail of Dreams 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Dream_Act" title="New York Dream Act">New York Dream Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals" title="Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals">Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals</a> (DACA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Parents_of_Americans" title="Deferred Action for Parents of Americans">Deferred Action for Parents of Americans</a> (DAPA)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DREAM_Act&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Matos, Y. (2020). <a href="//doi.org/10.1017/S1537592720002492" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1017/S1537592720002492">The “American DREAM”: Understanding White Americans’ Support for the DREAM Act and Punitive Immigration Policies.</a> <i>Perspectives on Politics,</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DREAM_Act&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHackmanZitner2024" class="citation web cs1">Hackman, Michelle; 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December 8, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politics.blogs.foxnews.com/2010/12/08/house-passes-dream-act-immigration-measures">the original</a> on December 12, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DREAM+Act+Immigration+Legislation+receives+support+from+US+President&rft.pub=Migration+Expert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.migrationexpert.com%2Fvisa%2Fus_immigration_news%2F2011%2FJul%2F0%2F376%2Fdream_act_immigration_legislation_receives_support_from_us_president&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADREAM+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-california-dream-idUSTRE76O6FV20110726">"California "Dream Act" approved for undocumented immigrants"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Thousands+of+%27Dreamers%27+line+up+to+apply+for+deferral+program&rft.date=2012-08-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphotoblog.nbcnews.com%2F_news%2F2012%2F08%2F15%2F13300047-thousands-of-dreamers-line-up-to-apply-for-deferral-program&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADREAM+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2012" class="citation news cs1">Cohen, Tom (August 24, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2012/08/24/us/immigration-lawsuit/index.html">"Immigration lawsuit revives DREAM Act debate"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 3,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Immigration+lawsuit+revives+DREAM+Act+debate&rft.date=2012-08-24&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2012%2F08%2F24%2Fus%2Fimmigration-lawsuit%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADREAM+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miamiherald.com/opinion/editorials/article128334459.html">"Fortunately, Trump gives young, undocumented DREAMers a reprieve — for now"</a>. <i>Miami Herald</i>. January 23, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Miami+Herald&rft.atitle=Fortunately%2C+Trump+gives+young%2C+undocumented+DREAMers+a+reprieve+%E2%80%94+for+now&rft.date=2017-01-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.miamiherald.com%2Fopinion%2Feditorials%2Farticle128334459.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADREAM+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhs.gov/news/2017/09/05/memorandum-rescission-daca">"Memorandum on Rescission Of DACA"</a>. <i>Department of Homeland Security</i>. September 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Homeland+Security&rft.atitle=Memorandum+on+Rescission+Of+DACA&rft.date=2017-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhs.gov%2Fnews%2F2017%2F09%2F05%2Fmemorandum-rescission-daca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADREAM+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhs.gov/news/2017/09/05/memorandum-rescission-daca">"Memorandum on Rescission Of DACA"</a>. <i>Department of Homeland Security</i>. September 5, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Homeland+Security&rft.atitle=Memorandum+on+Rescission+Of+DACA&rft.date=2017-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhs.gov%2Fnews%2F2017%2F09%2F05%2Fmemorandum-rescission-daca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADREAM+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adl.org/education/educator-resources/lesson-plans/what-is-the-dream-act-and-who-are-the-dreamers">"What is the Dream Act and Who Are the Dreamers?"</a>. <i>Anti-Defamation League</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anti-Defamation+League&rft.atitle=What+is+the+Dream+Act+and+Who+Are+the+Dreamers%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adl.org%2Feducation%2Feducator-resources%2Flesson-plans%2Fwhat-is-the-dream-act-and-who-are-the-dreamers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADREAM+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nilc.org/issues/immigration-reform-and-executive-actions/dream-act-2017-summary-and-faq/">"Dream Act 2017: Summary and Answers to Frequently Asked Questions"</a>. <i>National Immigration Law Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Immigration+Law+Center&rft.atitle=Dream+Act+2017%3A+Summary+and+Answers+to+Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nilc.org%2Fissues%2Fimmigration-reform-and-executive-actions%2Fdream-act-2017-summary-and-faq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADREAM+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/dream-act-daca-and-other-policies-designed-protect-dreamers">"The Dream Act, DACA, and Other Policies Designed to Protect Dreamers"</a>. <i>American Immigration Council</i>. August 25, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Immigration+Council&rft.atitle=The+Dream+Act%2C+DACA%2C+and+Other+Policies+Designed+to+Protect+Dreamers&rft.date=2016-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanimmigrationcouncil.org%2Fresearch%2Fdream-act-daca-and-other-policies-designed-protect-dreamers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADREAM+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbo.gov/publication/21952">"S. 3992, Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors Act of 2010"</a>. December 7, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 18,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S.+3992%2C+Development%2C+Relief%2C+and+Education+for+Alien+Minors+Act+of+2010&rft.date=2010-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbo.gov%2Fpublication%2F21952&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADREAM+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuzmán,_Juan_CarlosJara,_Raul_C." class="citation web cs1">Guzmán, Juan Carlos; Jara, Raul C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/report/2012/10/01/39567/the-economic-benefits-of-passing-the-dream-act/">"The Economic Benefits of Passing the DREAM Act"</a>. Center for American Progress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Economic+Benefits+of+Passing+the+DREAM+Act&rft.pub=Center+for+American+Progress&rft.au=Guzm%C3%A1n%2C+Juan+Carlos&rft.au=Jara%2C+Raul+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanprogress.org%2Fissues%2Fimmigration%2Freport%2F2012%2F10%2F01%2F39567%2Fthe-economic-benefits-of-passing-the-dream-act%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADREAM+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated3-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_48-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_48-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2010/12/01/get-facts-dream-act">"Get The Facts On The DREAM Act"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. December 1, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 18,</span> 2016</span> – via <a href="/wiki/NARA" class="mw-redirect" title="NARA">National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&rft.atitle=Get+The+Facts+On+The+DREAM+Act&rft.date=2010-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobamawhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fblog%2F2010%2F12%2F01%2Fget-facts-dream-act&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADREAM+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MPI-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MPI_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.migrationinformation.org/integration/about.cfm">"About the Center"</a>. National Center on Immigrant Integration Policy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Center&rft.pub=National+Center+on+Immigrant+Integration+Policy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.migrationinformation.org%2Fintegration%2Fabout.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADREAM+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://naid.ucla.edu/uploads/4/2/1/9/4219226/no_dreamers_left_behind.pdf">No DREAMers Left Behind</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708124245/http://www.naid.ucla.edu/uploads/4/2/1/9/4219226/no_dreamers_left_behind.pdf">Archived</a> July 8, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, North American Integration and Development Center, University of California, Los Angeles.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahony2012" class="citation journal cs1">Mahony, Roger (June 22, 2012). "The Dream Act: We All Benefit". <i>Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics, and Public Policy</i>. <b>26</b>: 459.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notre+Dame+Journal+of+Law%2C+Ethics%2C+and+Public+Policy&rft.atitle=The+Dream+Act%3A+We+All+Benefit&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=459&rft.date=2012-06-22&rft.aulast=Mahony&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADREAM+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeyes2014" class="citation news cs1">Keyes, Elizabeth (January 21, 2014). "Defining American: The DREAM Act, Immigration Reform and Citizenship". Rochester, NY. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2253546">2253546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Defining+American%3A+The+DREAM+Act%2C+Immigration+Reform+and+Citizenship&rft.date=2014-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2253546%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Keyes&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADREAM+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowlingInda2013" class="citation book cs1">Dowling, Julie; Inda, Jonathan (2013). <i>Governing Immigration through Crime: A Reader</i>. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">269–</span>84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804778817" title="Special:BookSources/9780804778817"><bdi>9780804778817</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Governing+Immigration+through+Crime%3A+A+Reader&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E269-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780804778817&rft.aulast=Dowling&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft.au=Inda%2C+Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADREAM+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCostanza-Chock2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sasha_Costanza-Chock" title="Sasha Costanza-Chock">Costanza-Chock, Sasha</a> (2014). "Out of the Closets, Out of the Shadows, and into the Streets". <i>Out of the Shadows, Into the Streets! Transmedia Organizing and the Immigrant Rights Movement</i>. MIT Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">128–</span>153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262028202" title="Special:BookSources/9780262028202"><bdi>9780262028202</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qf5z4.12">j.ctt9qf5z4.12</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Out+of+the+Closets%2C+Out+of+the+Shadows%2C+and+into+the+Streets&rft.btitle=Out+of+the+Shadows%2C+Into+the+Streets%21+Transmedia+Organizing+and+the+Immigrant+Rights+Movement&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E128-%3C%2Fspan%3E153&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt9qf5z4.12%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9780262028202&rft.aulast=Costanza-Chock&rft.aufirst=Sasha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADREAM+Act" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DREAM_Act&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/111th-congress/house-bill/1751">H.R. 1751</a>: Full text of the 2009 House bill, via <a href="/wiki/THOMAS" title="THOMAS">THOMAS</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/111th-congress/senate-bill/3992">S. 3992</a>: Full text of the 2009 Senate bill, via <a href="/wiki/THOMAS" title="THOMAS">THOMAS</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2010/12/23/after_gop_blocks_dream_act_where">After GOP Blocks DREAM Act, Where is Immigration Activism Headed?</a> – video report by <i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120719172334/http://borderstories.org/nogales-born-and-raised">Born and Raised</a> – video by <i>Borderstories.org</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wiselaws.com/dream-act/">Dream Act Laws</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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talk:Immigration to the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration to the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Immigration_to_the_United_States_and_related_topics751" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration to the United States</a> and related topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Relevant colonial era,<br />United States and<br />international laws</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Colonial era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_law_in_the_American_Colonies" title="Nationality law in the American Colonies">Nationality law in the American Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_Act_1740" title="Plantation Act 1740">Plantation Act 1740</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1790" title="Naturalization Act of 1790">Naturalization Act 1790</a> / <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1795" title="Naturalization Act of 1795">1795</a> / <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1798" title="Naturalization Act of 1798">1798</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Law_of_1802" title="Naturalization Law of 1802">Naturalization Law 1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Act_to_Encourage_Immigration" title="An Act to Encourage Immigration">Act to Encourage Immigration (1864)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1866" title="Civil Rights Act of 1866">Civil Rights Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment (1868)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1870" title="Naturalization Act of 1870">Naturalization Act 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_Act_of_1875" title="Page Act of 1875">Page Act (1875)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1882" title="Immigration Act of 1882">Immigration Act of 1882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion (1882)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Act_(1888)" title="Scott Act (1888)">Scott Act (1888)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1891" title="Immigration Act of 1891">Immigration Act of 1891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geary_Act" title="Geary Act">Geary Act (1892)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1900–1949</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1903" title="Immigration Act of 1903">Immigration Act 1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1906" title="Naturalization Act of 1906">Naturalization Act 1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_Agreement_of_1907" title="Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907">Gentlemen's Agreement (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1907" title="Immigration Act of 1907">Immigration Act 1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1917" title="Immigration Act of 1917">Immigration Act 1917 (Asian Barred Zone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1918" title="Immigration Act of 1918">Immigration Act 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Quota_Act" title="Emergency Quota Act">Emergency Quota Act (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_Act" title="Cable Act">Cable Act (1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act 1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tydings%E2%80%93McDuffie_Act" title="Tydings–McDuffie Act">Tydings–McDuffie Act (1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Repatriation_Act" title="Filipino Repatriation Act">Filipino Repatriation Act (1935)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_Act_of_1940" title="Nationality Act of 1940">Nationality Act of 1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracero_Program" title="Bracero Program">Bracero Program (1942–1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnuson_Act" title="Magnuson Act">Magnuson Act (1943)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Brides_Act" title="War Brides Act">War Brides Act (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Fianc%C3%A9es_and_Fianc%C3%A9s_Act" title="Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act">Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act (1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce%E2%80%93Celler_Act" title="Luce–Celler Act">Luce–Celler Act (1946)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1950–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention relating to the Status of Refugees">UN Refugee Convention (1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act 1952</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965">1965</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_Section_212(f)" title="Immigration and Nationality Act Section 212(f)">Section 212(f)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_Section_287(g)" title="Immigration and Nationality Act Section 287(g)">Section 287(g)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee_Act" title="Refugee Act">Refugee Act (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Reform_and_Control_Act_of_1986" title="Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986">Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Fairness" title="Family Fairness">Family Fairness (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Homecoming_Act" title="American Homecoming Act">American Homecoming Act (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1990" title="Immigration Act of 1990">Immigration Act 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Technical_Corrections_Act_of_1994" title="Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act of 1994">Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act (INTCA) 1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_Immigration_Reform_and_Immigrant_Responsibility_Act_of_1996" title="Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996">Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Adjustment_and_Central_American_Relief_Act" title="Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act">Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (NACARA) (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Competitiveness_and_Workforce_Improvement_Act" title="American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act">American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act (ACWIA) (1998)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Competitiveness_in_the_21st_Century_Act" title="American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act">American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act (AC21) (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Immigration_Family_Equity_Act" title="Legal Immigration Family Equity Act">Legal Immigration Family Equity Act (LIFE Act) (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-1B_Visa_Reform_Act_of_2004" title="H-1B Visa Reform Act of 2004">H-1B Visa Reform Act (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_ID_Act" title="Real ID Act">Real ID Act (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Fence_Act_of_2006" title="Secure Fence Act of 2006">Secure Fence Act (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals" title="Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals">Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Parents_of_Americans" title="Deferred Action for Parents of Americans">Deferred Action for Parents of Americans (DAPA) (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13769" title="Executive Order 13769">Executive Order 13769 (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13780" title="Executive Order 13780">Executive Order 13780 (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ending_Discriminatory_Bans_on_Entry_to_The_United_States" title="Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to The United States">Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to The United States (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keeping_Families_Together_(United_States_immigration_policy)" title="Keeping Families Together (United States immigration policy)">Keeping Families Together (KFT) (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visas and policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Visa policy of the United States">Visa policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_card" title="Green card">Permanent residence (Green card)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_Waiver_Program" title="Visa Waiver Program">Visa Waiver Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_protected_status" title="Temporary protected status">Temporary protected status (TPS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asylum_in_the_United_States" title="Asylum in the United States">Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_Immigrant_Visa" title="Diversity Immigrant Visa">Green Card Lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Minors_Program" title="Central American Minors Program">Central American Minors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_authorization_document" title="Employment authorization document">Employment authorization document (EAD card)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferred_action" title="Deferred action">Deferred action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parole_(United_States_immigration)" title="Parole (United States immigration)">Parole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjustment_of_status" title="Adjustment of status">Adjustment of status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US-VISIT" class="mw-redirect" title="US-VISIT">US-VISIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Advisory_Opinion" title="Security Advisory Opinion">Security Advisory Opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Verify" title="E-Verify">E-Verify</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Origins_Formula" title="National Origins Formula">National Origins Formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedited_removal" title="Expedited removal">Expedited removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_detention_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration detention in the United States">Detention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_immigration_detention_in_the_United_States" title="Family immigration detention in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unaccompanied_Alien_Children" title="Unaccompanied Alien Children">Unaccompanied children</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_administration_family_separation_policy" title="Trump administration family separation policy">Trump administration family separation policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Government<br />organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Border_Patrol" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Border Patrol">U.S. Border Patrol</a> (<a href="/wiki/BORTAC" title="BORTAC">BORTAC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">U.S. Customs and Border Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Citizenship_and_Immigration_Services" title="United States Citizenship and Immigration Services">U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service" title="Immigration and Naturalization Service">Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_for_Immigration_Review" title="Executive Office for Immigration Review">Executive Office for Immigration Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Immigration_Appeals" title="Board of Immigration Appeals">Board of Immigration Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Refugee_Resettlement" title="Office of Refugee Resettlement">Office of Refugee Resettlement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_immigration_and_naturalization_case_law" title="Category:United States immigration and naturalization case law">Supreme Court cases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wong_Kim_Ark" title="United States v. Wong Kim Ark"><i>US v. Wong Kim Ark</i> (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozawa_v._United_States" title="Ozawa v. United States"><i>Ozawa v. US</i> (1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Bhagat_Singh_Thind" title="United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind"><i>US v. Bhagat Singh Thind</i> (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Brignoni-Ponce" title="United States v. Brignoni-Ponce"><i>US v. Brignoni-Ponce</i> (1975)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zadvydas_v._Davis" title="Zadvydas v. Davis">Zadvydas v. Davis</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Commerce_v._Whiting" title="Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting"><i>Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting</i> (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton_v._Barr" title="Barton v. Barr"><i>Barton v. Barr</i> (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security_v._Regents_of_the_University_of_California" title="Department of Homeland Security v. Regents of the University of California"><i>DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.</i></a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Wolf_v._Vidal" title="Wolf v. Vidal">Wolf v. Vidal</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niz-Chavez_v._Garland" title="Niz-Chavez v. Garland"><i>Niz-Chavez v. Garland</i> (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanchez_v._Mayorkas" title="Sanchez v. Mayorkas"><i>Sanchez v. Mayorkas</i> (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_State_v._Mu%C3%B1oz" title="Department of State v. Muñoz"><i>Department of State v. Muñoz</i> (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related issues<br />and events</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_immigration_reform_protests" title="2006 United States immigration reform protests">2006 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks_County,_Texas" title="Brooks County, Texas">Brooks County, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_migrant_caravans" title="Central American migrant caravans">Central American migrant caravans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_illegal_immigrants_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic impact of illegal immigrants in the United States">Economic impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Effects of immigration to the United States">Effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_the_United_States" title="Eugenics in the United States">Eugenics in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guest_worker_program" title="Guest worker program">Guest worker program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Human trafficking in the United States">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_smuggling" title="People smuggling">Human smuggling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coyotaje" class="mw-redirect" title="Coyotaje">Coyotaje</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reform" title="Immigration reform">Immigration reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_deported_or_removed_from_the_United_States" title="List of people deported or removed from the United States">List of people deported from the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Mexico–United States border crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_wall" title="Mexico–United States border wall">Mexico–United States border wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortage#add_Labor_shortage" title="Shortage">Labor shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_for_America" title="March for America">March for America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigrant_population_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal immigrant population of the United States">Illegal immigrant population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_immigration_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse immigration in the United States">Reverse immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_American_immigration_crisis" title="2014 American immigration crisis">Unaccompanied minors from Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration to the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Mexico–United States border">Mexico–United States border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">Canada–United States border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol_interior_checkpoints" title="United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints">United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">DREAM Act (2001–2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Protection,_Anti-terrorism_and_Illegal_Immigration_Control_Act_of_2005" title="Border Protection, Anti-terrorism and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005">H.R. 4437 (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_America_and_Orderly_Immigration_Act" title="Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act">McCain–Kennedy (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform_Act_of_2006" title="Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006">Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Through_Regularized_Immigration_and_a_Vibrant_Economy_Act_of_2007" title="Security Through Regularized Immigration and a Vibrant Economy Act of 2007">STRIVE Act (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform_Act_of_2007" title="Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007">Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniting_American_Families_Act" title="Uniting American Families Act">Uniting American Families Act (2000–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Security,_Economic_Opportunity,_and_Immigration_Modernization_Act_of_2013" title="Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013">Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_SAFE_Act_of_2015" title="American SAFE Act of 2015">SAFE Act (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAISE_Act" title="RAISE Act">RAISE Act (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Citizenship_Act_of_2021" class="mw-redirect" title="US Citizenship Act of 2021">US Citizenship Act of 2021</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigration stations<br />and points of entry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Island_Immigration_Station" title="Angel Island Immigration Station">Angel Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Clinton" title="Castle Clinton">Castle Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Boston_Immigration_Station" title="East Boston Immigration Station">East Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellis_Island" title="Ellis Island">Ellis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otay_Mesa_Port_of_Entry" title="Otay Mesa Port of Entry">Otay Mesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Ysidro_Port_of_Entry" title="San Ysidro Port of Entry">San Ysidro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan%27s_Island,_South_Carolina" title="Sullivan's Island, South Carolina">Sullivan's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Avenue_Immigration_Station" title="Washington Avenue Immigration Station">Washington Avenue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Wetback" title="Operation Wetback">"Wetback" (1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Peter_Pan" title="Operation Peter Pan">"Peter Pan" (1960–1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Babylift" title="Operation Babylift">"Babylift" (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gatekeeper" title="Operation Gatekeeper">"Gatekeeper" (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Endgame" title="Operation Endgame">"Endgame" (2003–2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Front_Line" title="Operation Front Line">"Front Line" (2004–2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Streamline" title="Operation Streamline">"Streamline" (2005–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Return_to_Sender" title="Operation Return to Sender">"Return to Sender" (2006–2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jump_Start" title="Operation Jump Start">"Jump Start" (2006–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Phalanx_(2010-2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Phalanx (2010-2016)">"Phalanx" (2010–2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faithful_Patriot" title="Operation Faithful Patriot">"Faithful Patriot" (2018–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_DREAM_Act" title="California DREAM Act">California DREAM Act (2006–2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_SB_1070" title="Arizona SB 1070">Arizona SB 1070 (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_HB_56" title="Alabama HB 56">Alabama HB 56 (2011)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Non-governmental<br />organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Border_Recon" title="Arizona Border Recon">Arizona Border Recon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Coalition_for_Immigration_Reform" title="California Coalition for Immigration Reform">California Coalition for Immigration Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CASA_of_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="CASA of Maryland">CASA of Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">Center for Immigration Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Migration_Studies_of_New_York" title="Center for Migration Studies of New York">Center for Migration Studies of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_Humane_Immigrant_Rights_of_Los_Angeles" title="Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles">Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform" title="Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform">Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Change" title="Community Change">Community Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">Federation for American Immigration Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improve_The_Dream" title="Improve The Dream">Improve The Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexica_Movement" title="Mexica Movement">Mexica Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicans_Without_Borders" title="Mexicans Without Borders">Mexicans Without Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Policy_Institute" title="Migration Policy Institute">Migration Policy Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuteman_Civil_Defense_Corps" title="Minuteman Civil Defense Corps">Minuteman Civil Defense Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuteman_Project" title="Minuteman Project">Minuteman Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Immigration_Forum" title="National Immigration Forum">National Immigration Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Korean_American_Service_%26_Education_Consortium" title="National Korean American Service & Education Consortium">National Korean American Service & Education Consortium (NAKASEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_Population_Growth" title="Negative Population Growth">Negative Population Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_More_Deaths" title="No More Deaths">No More Deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_Our_State" title="Save Our State">Save Our State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Compact" title="Utah Compact">Utah Compact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd 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