CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>James Irwin - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"69392fcd-8b60-436c-ad8d-d0b2fd186be2","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"James_Irwin","wgTitle":"James Irwin","wgCurRevisionId":1258992337,"wgRevisionId":1258992337,"wgArticleId":321993,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: location missing publisher","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use mdy dates from July 2024","Articles with hCards","Commons category link from Wikidata","James Irwin","1930 births","American people of German descent","1991 deaths","1971 in spaceflight","20th-century American businesspeople","20th-century American engineers","American aerospace engineers","American test pilots","American people of Scotch-Irish descent", "American Christians","American Christian Young Earth creationists","American people of Irish descent","American people of Scottish descent","Apollo 15","Apollo program astronauts","Burials at Arlington National Cemetery","Collier Trophy recipients","Military personnel from Pittsburgh","Mount Ararat","People who have walked on the Moon","20th-century American explorers","Recipients of the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal","Recipients of the NASA Distinguished Service Medal","Spacewalkers","United States Air Force astronauts","United States Air Force officers","United States Naval Academy alumni","United States Astronaut Hall of Fame inductees","University of Michigan College of Engineering alumni","U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School alumni","American creationists"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"James_Irwin","wgRelevantArticleId":321993,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q297801","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Jim_Irwin_Apollo_15_LMP.jpg/1200px-Jim_Irwin_Apollo_15_LMP.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1500"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Jim_Irwin_Apollo_15_LMP.jpg/800px-Jim_Irwin_Apollo_15_LMP.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1000"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Jim_Irwin_Apollo_15_LMP.jpg/640px-Jim_Irwin_Apollo_15_LMP.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="James Irwin - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Irwin"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Irwin&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Irwin"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-James_Irwin rootpage-James_Irwin skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=James+Irwin" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=James+Irwin" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=James+Irwin" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=James+Irwin" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early life and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NASA_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NASA_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>NASA career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-NASA_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle NASA career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-NASA_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Apollo_15" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apollo_15"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Apollo 15</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apollo_15-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-NASA_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-NASA_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Post-NASA career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-NASA_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Awards and honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">James Irwin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Irwin" title="James Irwin – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="James Irwin" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86" title="جيمس إروين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيمس إروين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_B._Irwin" title="James B. Irwin – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="James B. Irwin" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Irwin" title="James Irwin – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="James Irwin" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Джэймс Ірвін – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джэймс Ірвін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%AA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Джеймс Ъруин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джеймс Ъруин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Irwin" title="James Irwin – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="James Irwin" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Irwin" title="James Irwin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="James Irwin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Irwin" title="James Irwin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="James Irwin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Irwin" title="James Irwin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="James Irwin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_B._Irwin" title="James B. Irwin – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="James B. Irwin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Irwin" title="James Irwin – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="James Irwin" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Irwin" title="James Irwin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="James Irwin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="جیمز بنسن اروین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جیمز بنسن اروین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Irwin" title="James Irwin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="James Irwin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Irwin" title="James Irwin – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="James Irwin" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%A4_%EC%96%B4%EC%9C%88" title="제임스 어윈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제임스 어윈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%B4%D5%BD_%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Ջեյմս Իրվին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջեյմս Իրվին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Irwin" title="James Irwin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="James Irwin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Irwin" title="James Irwin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="James Irwin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A1_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9F" title="ג'יימס אירווין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'יימס אירווין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Джеймс Бенсон Ирвин – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джеймс Бенсон Ирвин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Irwin" title="James Irwin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="James Irwin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Irwin" title="James Irwin – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="James Irwin" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86" title="جيمس اروين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيمس اروين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Irwin" title="James Irwin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="James Irwin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3" title="ジェームズ・アーウィン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジェームズ・アーウィン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Irwin" title="James Irwin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="James Irwin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Irwin" title="James Irwin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="James Irwin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Irwin" title="James Irwin – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="James Irwin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Irwin" title="James Irwin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="James Irwin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Ирвин, Джеймс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ирвин, Джеймс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Irwin" title="James Irwin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="James Irwin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Benson_Irwin" title="James Benson Irwin – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="James Benson Irwin" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Џејмс Ирвин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џејмс Ирвин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Irwin" title="James Irwin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="James Irwin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_B._Irwin" title="James B. Irwin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="James B. Irwin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Irwin" title="James Irwin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="James Irwin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Джеймс Ірвін – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джеймс Ірвін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Irwin" title="James Irwin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="James Irwin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="詹姆斯·艾尔文 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="詹姆斯·艾尔文" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Irwin" title="James Irwin – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="James Irwin" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="詹姆斯·艾尔文 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="詹姆斯·艾尔文" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q297801#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/James_Irwin" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:James_Irwin" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/James_Irwin"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Irwin&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Irwin&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/James_Irwin"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Irwin&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Irwin&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/James_Irwin" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/James_Irwin" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Irwin&oldid=1258992337" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Irwin&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=James_Irwin&id=1258992337&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJames_Irwin"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJames_Irwin"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=James_Irwin&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Irwin&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:James_Irwin" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/James_Irwin" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q297801" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American astronaut and lunar explorer (1930–1991)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named James Irwin, see <a href="/wiki/James_Irwin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="James Irwin (disambiguation)">James Irwin (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">James Irwin</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Jim_Irwin_Apollo_15_LMP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Jim_Irwin_Apollo_15_LMP.jpg/220px-Jim_Irwin_Apollo_15_LMP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Jim_Irwin_Apollo_15_LMP.jpg/330px-Jim_Irwin_Apollo_15_LMP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Jim_Irwin_Apollo_15_LMP.jpg/440px-Jim_Irwin_Apollo_15_LMP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6499" data-file-height="8124" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Irwin in 1971</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">James Benson Irwin</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1930-03-17</span>)</span>March 17, 1930<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">August 8, 1991<span style="display:none">(1991-08-08)</span> (aged 61)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Glenwood_Springs,_Colorado" title="Glenwood Springs, Colorado">Glenwood Springs, Colorado</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BS</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">MS</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NASA_Distinguished_Service_Medal" title="NASA Distinguished Service Medal">NASA Distinguished Service Medal</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Space career</b></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header role"><a href="/wiki/NASA_astronaut" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA astronaut">NASA astronaut</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data title"><a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">Colonel</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">USAF</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time in space</div></th><td class="infobox-data">12d 7h 12m</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Selection</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_5" title="NASA Astronaut Group 5">NASA Group 5 (1966)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Total <a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">EVAs</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">4<br />3 EVAs on the moon<br />1 EVA stand-up</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Total EVA time</div></th><td class="infobox-data">18h 35m</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Missions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Mission insignia</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_15-insignia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Apollo_15-insignia.png/48px-Apollo_15-insignia.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Apollo_15-insignia.png/72px-Apollo_15-insignia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Apollo_15-insignia.png/96px-Apollo_15-insignia.png 2x" data-file-width="5540" data-file-height="5544" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Retirement</th><td class="infobox-data">July 31, 1972</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>James Benson Irwin</b> (March 17, 1930 – August 8, 1991) was an American <a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronaut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aeronautical_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeronautical engineer">aeronautical engineer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Test_pilot" title="Test pilot">test pilot</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Aviator" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviator">pilot</a>. He served as <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Module" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Module">Lunar Module</a> pilot for <a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a>, the fourth human lunar landing. He was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_walked_on_the_Moon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people who have walked on the Moon">8th person to walk on the Moon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tehabi_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tehabi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-atevnha_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atevnha-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Irwin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Irwin was born March 17, 1930, in <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Scottish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish American">Scottish</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German</a> (maternal side) and <a href="/wiki/Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish American">Irish</a> descent, to parents James William Irwin (1896–1978), a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> veteran, and Elsa Mathilda Irwin (<span title="Name at birth"><a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> Strebel</span>; 1898–1993) who had German ancestry. Irwin's paternal grandparents emigrated to the U.S. from Altmore Parish at <a href="/wiki/Pomeroy,_County_Tyrone" title="Pomeroy, County Tyrone">Pomeroy</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Tyrone" title="County Tyrone">County Tyrone</a>, Ireland (now <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>) around 1859.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At about the age of 12, he informed his mother about his desire to go to the Moon, letting her know that he might be the first person to do so<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (he ended up being the eighth). He graduated from <a href="/wiki/East_High_School_(Salt_Lake_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="East High School (Salt Lake City)">East High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> in 1947. He received a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a> degree in naval science from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a> in 1951, and <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">Master of Science</a> degrees in <a href="/wiki/Aeronautical_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeronautical engineering">aeronautical engineering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Instrumentation_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumentation engineering">instrumentation engineering</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> in 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-nasabio_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasabio-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He received initial flight training at <a href="/wiki/Hondo_Air_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Hondo Air Base">Hondo Air Base</a> and follow-up training at <a href="/wiki/Reese_Air_Force_Base" title="Reese Air Force Base">Reese Air Force Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>. He graduated from the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Air_Force_Test_Pilot_School" title="U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School">Air Force Experimental Flight Test Pilot School</a> (Class 60C) in 1961, and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Air_Force_Test_Pilot_School" title="U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School">Aerospace Research Pilot School</a> in 1963 (Class IV). Prior to joining <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, he was chief of the Advanced Requirements Branch at Headquarters <a href="/wiki/Air_Defense_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Defense Command">Air Defense Command</a>. During his time in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> he received the <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Distinguished_Service_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Distinguished Service Medal">Air Force Distinguished Service Medal</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Commendation_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Commendation Medal">Air Force Commendation Medals</a>. He also received an <a href="/wiki/Air_and_Space_Outstanding_Unit_Award" title="Air and Space Outstanding Unit Award">Air Force Outstanding Unit Award</a> while with the <a href="/wiki/4750th_Air_Defense_Wing" title="4750th Air Defense Wing">4750th Training Wing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nasabio_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasabio-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irwin was also a developmental test pilot for the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Corporation" title="Lockheed Corporation">Lockheed</a> <a href="/wiki/YF-12" class="mw-redirect" title="YF-12">YF-12</a>, the Mach 3 fighter-interceptor variant which preceded the <a href="/wiki/SR-71_Blackbird" class="mw-redirect" title="SR-71 Blackbird">SR-71 Blackbird</a>. His first flight of that aircraft was on the day that one of his five children was born.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1961, a student pilot that Irwin was training crashed the plane they were flying on a training mission. They both survived, but Irwin suffered <a href="/wiki/Compound_fracture" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound fracture">compound fractures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amnesia" title="Amnesia">amnesia</a>, and nearly lost a leg.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Forrest, a U.S. Air Force <a href="/wiki/Orthopedic_surgeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthopedic surgeon">orthopedic surgeon</a>, was instrumental in preventing the <a href="/wiki/Amputation" title="Amputation">amputation</a> of Irwin's leg.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his military service, he accumulated more than 7,015 hours flying time, of which 5,300 hours were in <a href="/wiki/Jet_aircraft" title="Jet aircraft">jet aircraft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Irwin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Irwin was raised in a Christian household but stopped actively practicing the religion at age 10. He became a devout <a href="/wiki/Born-again_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Born-again Christian">born-again Christian</a> after returning from space. </p><p>In 1952, Irwin married his first wife, who was a Catholic. The two had an unhappy marriage made worse by his devotion to his work. By his own account, the marriage failed after two years due to his poor, borderline cruel treatment of her, and he later stated that finding religion again made familial relationships much easier. </p><p>In 1959, Irwin married his second wife, the former Mary Ellen Monroe (born 1938). They were married until his death. </p><p>Irwin had five children.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="NASA_career">NASA career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Irwin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: NASA career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Irwin%27s_EVA_suit_from_Apollo_15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/78/James_Irwin%27s_EVA_suit_from_Apollo_15.jpg/220px-James_Irwin%27s_EVA_suit_from_Apollo_15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/78/James_Irwin%27s_EVA_suit_from_Apollo_15.jpg/330px-James_Irwin%27s_EVA_suit_from_Apollo_15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/78/James_Irwin%27s_EVA_suit_from_Apollo_15.jpg/440px-James_Irwin%27s_EVA_suit_from_Apollo_15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2762" data-file-height="4142" /></a><figcaption>Irwin's Apollo 15 space suit</figcaption></figure> <p>Irwin was one of the 19 <a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronauts</a> selected by NASA in <a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_selection#1966" class="mw-redirect" title="List of astronauts by selection">April 1966</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was chosen as commander, with <a href="/wiki/John_S._Bull" title="John S. Bull">John S. Bull</a> as lunar module pilot, for LTA-8, an environmental qualification test of the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a> in a vacuum chamber at the Houston <a href="/wiki/Space_Environment_Simulation_Laboratory" title="Space Environment Simulation Laboratory">Space Environment Simulation Laboratory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then served as a member of the astronaut support crew for <a href="/wiki/Apollo_10" title="Apollo 10">Apollo 10</a>, the first mission to carry the full Apollo stack to the Moon and the dry run for the first crewed <a href="/wiki/Moon_landing" title="Moon landing">Moon landing</a>. Following that assignment, Irwin served as backup lunar module pilot for the second Moon landing mission, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nmspacemuseum1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nmspacemuseum1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apollo_15">Apollo 15</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Irwin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Apollo 15"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a> and <a href="/wiki/Return_of_Apollo_15_to_Earth" title="Return of Apollo 15 to Earth">Return of Apollo 15 to Earth</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_15_Lunar_Rover_and_Irwin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Apollo_15_Lunar_Rover_and_Irwin.jpg/220px-Apollo_15_Lunar_Rover_and_Irwin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Apollo_15_Lunar_Rover_and_Irwin.jpg/330px-Apollo_15_Lunar_Rover_and_Irwin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Apollo_15_Lunar_Rover_and_Irwin.jpg/440px-Apollo_15_Lunar_Rover_and_Irwin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1546" data-file-height="1159" /></a><figcaption>Irwin and the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a> during Apollo 15</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AS15-88-11866_-_Apollo_15_flag,_rover,_LM,_Irwin_-_restoration1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/AS15-88-11866_-_Apollo_15_flag%2C_rover%2C_LM%2C_Irwin_-_restoration1.jpg/220px-AS15-88-11866_-_Apollo_15_flag%2C_rover%2C_LM%2C_Irwin_-_restoration1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/AS15-88-11866_-_Apollo_15_flag%2C_rover%2C_LM%2C_Irwin_-_restoration1.jpg/330px-AS15-88-11866_-_Apollo_15_flag%2C_rover%2C_LM%2C_Irwin_-_restoration1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/AS15-88-11866_-_Apollo_15_flag%2C_rover%2C_LM%2C_Irwin_-_restoration1.jpg/440px-AS15-88-11866_-_Apollo_15_flag%2C_rover%2C_LM%2C_Irwin_-_restoration1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3953" data-file-height="3953" /></a><figcaption>Irwin salutes the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">United States flag</a> on the Moon on August 1, 1971</figcaption></figure> <p>Between July 26 and August 7, 1971 – as the Apollo 15 <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Module" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Module">lunar module pilot</a> (LMP) – Irwin logged 295 hours and 11 minutes in space. His <a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">extravehicular activity</a> (EVA) on the Moon's surface amounted to 18 hours and 35 minutes of the mission time, an additional 33 minutes was used for Commander David R. Scott to do a stand-up EVA by opening the LM's docking hatch to survey the surroundings and take photographs.<sup id="cite_ref-lunarjourn_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lunarjourn-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irwin and <a href="/wiki/David_Scott" title="David Scott">David Scott</a>'s mission was more science-based than previous missions, which meant that they received intensive geological training to meet the demanding nature of the J-Mission profile.<sup id="cite_ref-tehabi_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tehabi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This extra training is credited with allowing them to make one of the most important discoveries of the Apollo era, the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_Rock" title="Genesis Rock">Genesis Rock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lunarjourn_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lunarjourn-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apollo 15 landed in the Moon's <a href="/wiki/Hadley%E2%80%93Apennine_(Moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadley–Apennine (Moon)">Hadley-Apennine</a> region, noted for its mountains and <a href="/wiki/Rille" title="Rille">rilles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tehabi_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tehabi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a J-Mission, they would spend more time on the Moon than previous missions, to allow for three EVAs. As well, Irwin was the first automobile passenger on the Moon as Scott drove the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a> (LRV) carried along for this mission in the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Module" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Module">lunar module</a> (LM) Falcon's Descent Stage.<sup id="cite_ref-tehabi_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tehabi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scott and Irwin's stay on the Moon was just under three days at 66 hours and 54 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-tehabi_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tehabi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once the <a href="/wiki/Space_rendezvous" title="Space rendezvous">rendezvous</a> procedure was completed between <i>Falcon</i> and the <i>Endeavour</i> <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Command/Service_Module" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo Command/Service Module">CSM</a>, Irwin and Scott were busy moving items like rock samples into the CSM and preparing the lunar module for final separation. During this intense period of work the earliest symptoms of a heart condition appeared.<sup id="cite_ref-chaikin_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chaikin-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Scott and Irwin had been working with no sleep for 23 hours, during which they conducted a final moonwalk, performed the ascent from the lunar surface, rendezvoused with <i>Endeavour</i>, and encountered the problems that delayed the lunar module jettison maneuver.<sup id="cite_ref-journal_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-journal-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The astronauts' <a href="/wiki/Physiological" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiological">physiological</a> <a href="/wiki/Vital_signs" title="Vital signs">vital signs</a> were being monitored back on Earth, and the <a href="/wiki/Flight_surgeon" title="Flight surgeon">flight surgeons</a> noticed some irregularities in Irwin's heart rhythms.<sup id="cite_ref-journal_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-journal-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irwin's heart had developed <a href="/wiki/Numbering_aberrant_rhythms" class="mw-redirect" title="Numbering aberrant rhythms">bigeminy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kraft_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kraft-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles Berry stated to <a href="/wiki/Chris_Kraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Chris Kraft">Chris Kraft</a>, deputy director of the <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center">Manned Spacecraft Center</a> (MSC) at the time: "It's serious, [i]f he were on Earth. I'd have him in <a href="/wiki/Intensive_Care_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Intensive Care Unit">ICU</a> being treated for a <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attack</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-kraft_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kraft-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Berry concluded that since <i>Endeavour'</i>s cabin atmosphere was 100% oxygen when in space, Irwin was in the best of circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-kraft_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kraft-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, "In truth, ... he's in an ICU. He's getting one hundred percent oxygen, he's being continuously monitored, and best of all, he's in zero <i>g</i>. Whatever strain his heart is under, well, we can't do better than zero <i>g</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-kraft_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kraft-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the post-<a href="/wiki/Trans-Earth_injection" title="Trans-Earth injection">trans-Earth injection</a> (TEI) phase of the mission there wasn't much more for Irwin to do other than provide help with <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Worden" title="Alfred Worden">Al Worden</a>'s EVA to retrieve film magazines from the CSM's SIM bay, by donning a pressure suit and monitoring him. He was able to rest and apparently recover during the rest of the mission.<sup id="cite_ref-chaikin_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chaikin-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flight surgeons continued to monitor his EKG until splashdown, but his heart rhythm was normal.<sup id="cite_ref-kraft_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kraft-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This incident was not discussed during the mission debriefing sessions, and the condition did not appear when he returned to Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-NASA_career">Post-NASA career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Irwin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-NASA career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Apollo_15_postage_stamp_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo 15 postage stamp incident">Apollo 15 postage stamp incident</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MoreThanEarthlings1983.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c1/MoreThanEarthlings1983.PNG/220px-MoreThanEarthlings1983.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c1/MoreThanEarthlings1983.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/More_Than_Earthlings" title="More Than Earthlings">More Than Earthlings</a></i> in 1983</figcaption></figure> <p>After the return of Apollo 15 to Earth, it was discovered that without authority the crew had taken 398 commemorative <a href="/wiki/First_day_of_issue" title="First day of issue">first day covers</a> to the Moon of which a hundred were then sold to a <a href="/wiki/German_people" class="mw-redirect" title="German people">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Stamp_dealer" title="Stamp dealer">stamp dealer</a>. The profits of the sale were intended to be used to establish trust funds for the children of Apollo 15's crew. NASA had turned a blind eye to similar activities on earlier flights,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but on this occasion the administration reprimanded the astronauts, and they never received any funds from the sales. Irwin had announced his intent to retire from the Air Force and resign from NASA prior to the reprimand.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimesobit_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimesobit-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a subsequent investigations by NASA, the Attorney General, and Congress, the astronauts surrendered the covers still in their possession; they were returned in 1983. <i>Slate</i> magazine opined that the action effectively exonerated the astronauts.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>I felt the power of God as I'd never felt it before. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">Irwin, describing his experience during the Apollo 15 lunar mission.<sup id="cite_ref-nmspacemuseum1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nmspacemuseum1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>By his own admission, Irwin was not a committed Christian during his years at NASA. After his retirement as a <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">colonel</a> in 1972, Irwin founded the High Flight Foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-atevnha_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atevnha-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spent the next 20 years as a "Goodwill Ambassador for the Prince of Peace", stating that "Jesus walking on the earth is more important than man walking on the moon".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He said that his experiences in space had made <a href="/wiki/God_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="God (Christianity)">God</a> more real to him than before.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimesobit_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimesobit-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irwin and his wife stated that his Christian rebirth, which happened while he was in space, saved their marriage and made their lives much happier.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in 1973, Irwin led several <a href="/wiki/Searches_for_Noah%27s_Ark" title="Searches for Noah's Ark">expeditions</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ararat" title="Mount Ararat">Mount Ararat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, in search of the remains of <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-atevnha_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atevnha-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1982, he was injured during the descent and had to be transported down the mountain on horseback.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>More Than Earthlings</i>, Irwin wrote expressing his view that the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Genesis creation narrative</a> was real, literal history.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Irwin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Col._James_Benson_Irwin_(18974687520).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Col._James_Benson_Irwin_%2818974687520%29.jpg/220px-Col._James_Benson_Irwin_%2818974687520%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Col._James_Benson_Irwin_%2818974687520%29.jpg/330px-Col._James_Benson_Irwin_%2818974687520%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Col._James_Benson_Irwin_%2818974687520%29.jpg/440px-Col._James_Benson_Irwin_%2818974687520%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6660" data-file-height="4445" /></a><figcaption>Grave of Irwin at <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Irwin suffered three major <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attacks</a>. One occurred less than two years after Apollo 15, when Irwin was 43, while he was playing <a href="/wiki/Handball" title="Handball">handball</a>; he underwent an emergency triple <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_bypass_graft" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronary artery bypass graft">bypass</a> operation. Two months later he suffered a subsequent heart attack while skiing in Colorado. Irwin suffered another heart attack on June 6, 1986, when he collapsed during a run and was found pulseless on a curb.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Doctors from NASA doubted the incidents were related to space travel, and noted that pre-flight testing indicated him having a tendency for <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrhythmias" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac arrhythmias">cardiac arrhythmias</a> during strenuous exercise.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimesobit_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimesobit-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 8, 1991, Irwin suffered another heart attack after a bicycle ride. Attempts at resuscitation were unsuccessful, and Irwin died later that day. He was buried at <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and his wife, Mary Ellen, to whom he was married for three decades, had five children.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimesobit_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimesobit-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the 12 <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_walked_on_the_Moon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people who have walked on the Moon">men who have walked on the Moon</a>, Irwin was the first to die. The <a href="/wiki/James_Irwin_Charter_High_School" title="James Irwin Charter High School">James Irwin Charter Schools</a> were founded in Colorado in his honor.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A patch cut by Irwin from a backpack abandoned on the Moon during the Apollo 15 mission was auctioned at <a href="/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's">Christie's</a> in 2001 for $310,500 in a consignment of material from Irwin's estate that garnered "a combined $500,000".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizations">Organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Irwin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Irwin was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Association">Air Force Association</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Experimental_Test_Pilots" title="Society of Experimental Test Pilots">Society of Experimental Test Pilots</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nasabio_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasabio-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also a <a href="/wiki/Freemason" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemason">Freemason</a>, initiated in Tejon Lodge No. 104 in <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado" title="Colorado Springs, Colorado">Colorado Springs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the third Freemason to set foot on the Moon, after <a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Mitchell" title="Edgar Mitchell">Edgar Mitchell</a>. </p><p>Irwin was a member of <a href="/wiki/Civitan_International" title="Civitan International">Civitan International</a>, a nonprofit organization promoting community service, scientific research, and service to people with intellectual and developmental disabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Irwin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_Badge#U.S._Air_Force_astronauts" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronaut Badge">Command Pilot Astronaut Wings</a><sup id="cite_ref-nasabio_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasabio-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Distinguished_Service_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Distinguished Service Medal">Air Force Distinguished Service Medal</a><sup id="cite_ref-nasabio_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasabio-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>two <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Commendation_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Commendation Medal">Air Force Commendation Medals</a><sup id="cite_ref-nasabio_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasabio-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Distinguished_Service_Medal" title="NASA Distinguished Service Medal">NASA Distinguished Service Medal</a><sup id="cite_ref-nasabio_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasabio-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Peace_Medal" title="United Nations Peace Medal">United Nations Peace Medal</a>, 1971<sup id="cite_ref-nasabio_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasabio-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>City of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> Gold Medal, 1971<sup id="cite_ref-nasabio_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasabio-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>City of <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> Gold Medal, 1971<sup id="cite_ref-nasabio_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasabio-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Association">Air Force Association</a>'s <a href="/wiki/David_C._Schilling" title="David C. Schilling">David C. Schilling</a> Trophy, 1971<sup id="cite_ref-nasabio_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasabio-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Collier_Trophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert J. Collier Trophy">Robert J. Collier Trophy</a>, 1971<sup id="cite_ref-nasabio_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasabio-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Haley Astronautics Award (<a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Astronautics" title="American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics">American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics</a>), 1972<sup id="cite_ref-nasabio_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasabio-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Air_Society" title="Arnold Air Society">Arnold Air Society</a>'s John F. Kennedy Trophy, 1972<sup id="cite_ref-nasabio_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasabio-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Irwin's other awards include: Belgium's <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_(Belgium)" title="Order of Leopold (Belgium)">Order of Leopold</a> in 1971; Kitty Hawk Memorial Award, 1971; <a href="/wiki/New_York_Police_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Police Department">New York Police Department</a> St. George Association's Golden Rule Award in 1972; Christian Service Award; Milan Hulbert Trophy of SWAP International in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-nasabio_6-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasabio-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was also awarded an <a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">Honorary Doctorate</a> of Astronautical Engineering from the University of Michigan in 1971; an <a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">Honorary</a> <a href="/wiki/Doctorate_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctorate of Science">Doctorate of Science</a> from the <a href="/wiki/William_Jewell_College" title="William Jewell College">William Jewell College</a> in 1971; and an <a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">Honorary</a> <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Science" title="Doctor of Science">D.Sc.</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Samford_University" title="Samford University">Samford University</a> in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-nasabio_6-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasabio-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Museum_of_Space_History" title="New Mexico Museum of Space History">International Space Hall of Fame</a> in 1983,<sup id="cite_ref-nmspacemuseum1_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nmspacemuseum1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and posthumously into the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="United States Astronaut Hall of Fame">U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame</a>, on October 4, 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1973, When Irwin visited the city of <a href="/wiki/Minden,_Louisiana" title="Minden, Louisiana">Minden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, to address a gathering at the First <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Baptist Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">Mayor</a> Tom Colten declared "James Irwin Day" and made Irwin an "<a href="/wiki/Honorary_citizenship" title="Honorary citizenship">honorary citizen</a> of Minden."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_media">In media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Irwin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1998 <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> <a href="/wiki/Miniseries" title="Miniseries">miniseries</a> <i><a href="/wiki/From_the_Earth_to_the_Moon_(miniseries)" title="From the Earth to the Moon (miniseries)">From the Earth to the Moon</a></i> Irwin was played by <a href="/wiki/Gareth_Williams_(American_actor)" title="Gareth Williams (American actor)">Gareth Williams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Irwin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>To Rule the Night: The Discovery Voyage of Astronaut Jim Irwin</i> (with William A. Emerson, Jr., 1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/More_Than_Earthlings" title="More Than Earthlings">More Than Earthlings</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i>More Than an Ark on Ararat: Spiritual Lessons Learned While Searching for Noah's Ark</i> (with Monte Unger, 1985)</li> <li><i>Destination: Moon</i> (1989)</li> <li><i>Flight Of The Falcon: The Thrilling Adventures Of Colonel Jim Irwin (1991)</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Irwin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_records" title="List of spaceflight records">List of spaceflight records</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Irwin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-tehabi-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tehabi_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tehabi_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tehabi_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tehabi_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tehabi_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2002" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, David West (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/apolloepicjourne00reyn/page/166"><i>Apollo: The Epic Journey to the Moon</i></a>. Tehabi Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/apolloepicjourne00reyn/page/166">166–189</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-100964-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-100964-3"><bdi>0-15-100964-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apollo%3A+The+Epic+Journey+to+the+Moon&rft.pages=166-189&rft.pub=Tehabi+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-15-100964-3&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=David+West&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fapolloepicjourne00reyn%2Fpage%2F166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Irwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atevnha-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-atevnha_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-atevnha_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-atevnha_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MkdWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1eoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6982%2C2190550">"Astronaut-turned-evangelist dies of heart attack"</a>. <i>Eugene Register-Guard</i>. (Oregon). Associated Press. August 10, 1991. p. 7A.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eugene+Register-Guard&rft.atitle=Astronaut-turned-evangelist+dies+of+heart+attack&rft.pages=7A&rft.date=1991-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DMkdWAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3D1eoDAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6982%252C2190550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Irwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28980440/daily_news/">"A Who's Who on Apollo Crew"</a>. <i>Daily News</i>. New York, New York. July 26, 1971. p. 12 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News&rft.atitle=A+Who%27s+Who+on+Apollo+Crew&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1971-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F28980440%2Fdaily_news%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Irwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1985" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Sam (1985) [1985]. <i>To Ulster's Credit</i>. Killinchy, UK. p. 123.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Ulster%27s+Credit&rft.place=Killinchy%2C+UK&rft.pages=123&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Irwin" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DvSjxlrSAIA&t=2m56s">Interview with Jim Irwin's parents after his selection to NASA</a> (1966, published at YouTube on January 17, 2018)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasabio-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nasabio_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasabio_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasabio_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasabio_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasabio_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasabio_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasabio_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasabio_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasabio_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasabio_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasabio_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasabio_6-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasabio_6-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasabio_6-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasabio_6-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasabio_6-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/irwin_james.pdf">"Biographical Data: James Irwin"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a>. August 1991<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biographical+Data%3A+James+Irwin&rft.pub=National+Aeronautics+and+Space+Administration&rft.date=1991-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fatoms%2Ffiles%2Firwin_james.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Irwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110810054927/http://echoesofapollo.com/2011/08/01/living-with-an-american-hero-2/">"Living With an American Hero | Latest Space News"</a>. Echoesofapollo.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://echoesofapollo.com/2011/08/01/living-with-an-american-hero-2/">the original</a> on August 10, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Living+With+an+American+Hero+%26%23124%3B+Latest+Space+News&rft.pub=Echoesofapollo.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fechoesofapollo.com%2F2011%2F08%2F01%2Fliving-with-an-american-hero-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Irwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Flight of the Falcon: The Thrilling Adventures of Colonel Jim Irwin</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stargazette.com/story/news/2015/09/18/orthopedic-surgeon-john-forrest-life-lived/72391736/">"From Ike to athletes to Elmirans, surgeon touched many"</a>. <i>Star Gazette</i>. September 18, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Star+Gazette&rft.atitle=From+Ike+to+athletes+to+Elmirans%2C+surgeon+touched+many&rft.date=2015-09-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stargazette.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2F2015%2F09%2F18%2Forthopedic-surgeon-john-forrest-life-lived%2F72391736%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Irwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilford1991" class="citation news cs1">Wilford, John Noble (August 10, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/10/us/james-b-irwin-61-ex-astronaut-founded-religious-organization.html">"James B. Irwin, 61, Ex-Astronaut; Founded Religious Organization"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=James+B.+Irwin%2C+61%2C+Ex-Astronaut%3B+Founded+Religious+Organization&rft.date=1991-08-10&rft.aulast=Wilford&rft.aufirst=John+Noble&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F08%2F10%2Fus%2Fjames-b-irwin-61-ex-astronaut-founded-religious-organization.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Irwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biography.yourdictionary.com/james-benson-irwin">"James Benson Irwin"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+Benson+Irwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiography.yourdictionary.com%2Fjames-benson-irwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Irwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1966" class="citation news cs1">Thompson, Ronald (April 5, 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28240973/the_high_point_enterprise/">"19 New Spacemen Are Named"</a>. <i>The High Point Enterprise</i>. High Point, North Carolina. p. 2A – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+High+Point+Enterprise&rft.atitle=19+New+Spacemen+Are+Named&rft.pages=2A&rft.date=1966-04-05&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F28240973%2Fthe_high_point_enterprise%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Irwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/roundups/issues/68-01-19.pdf">"The Moon-Walker's New Clothes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NASA. January 19, 1968<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Moon-Walker%27s+New+Clothes&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1968-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jsc.nasa.gov%2Fhistory%2Froundups%2Fissues%2F68-01-19.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Irwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nmspacemuseum1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nmspacemuseum1_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nmspacemuseum1_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nmspacemuseum1_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=79">"International Space Hall of Fame :: New Mexico Museum of Space History :: Inductee Profile"</a>. Nmspacemuseum.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Space+Hall+of+Fame+%3A%3A+New+Mexico+Museum+of+Space+History+%3A%3A+Inductee+Profile&rft.pub=Nmspacemuseum.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nmspacemuseum.org%2Fhalloffame%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Irwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lunarjourn-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lunarjourn_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lunarjourn_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods2006" class="citation web cs1">Woods, David (September 14, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120117185009/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a15/a15.html#The_Genesis_Rock">"Mountains of the Moon"</a>. <i>Apollo 15 Lunar Surface Journal</i>. NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a15/a15.html#The_Genesis_Rock">the original</a> on January 17, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Apollo+15+Lunar+Surface+Journal&rft.atitle=Mountains+of+the+Moon&rft.date=2006-09-14&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hq.nasa.gov%2Falsj%2Fa15%2Fa15.html%23The_Genesis_Rock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Irwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chaikin-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chaikin_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chaikin_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaikin1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Chaikin" title="Andrew Chaikin">Chaikin, Andrew</a> (1998) [1994]. <i>A Man on the Moon</i>. Toronto: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-027201-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-027201-1"><bdi>0-14-027201-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Man+on+the+Moon&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-14-027201-1&rft.aulast=Chaikin&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Irwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-journal-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-journal_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-journal_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods2004" class="citation web cs1">Woods, David (May 28, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070324112052/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/ap15fj/a15summary.htm">"Apollo 15 Flight Summary"</a>. <i>Apollo Flight Journal</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautic_and_Space_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aeronautic and Space Administration">National Aeronautic and Space Administration</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/ap15fj/a15summary.htm">the original</a> on March 24, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Apollo+Flight+Journal&rft.atitle=Apollo+15+Flight+Summary&rft.date=2004-05-28&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hq.nasa.gov%2Foffice%2Fpao%2FHistory%2Fap15fj%2Fa15summary.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Irwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kraft-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kraft_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kraft_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kraft_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kraft_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kraft_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraftSchefter2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Kraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Chris Kraft">Kraft, Chris</a>; Schefter, James L. (March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/flight00chri/page/342"><i>Flight: My life in Mission Control</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group" title="Penguin Group">Penguin Group</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/flight00chri/page/342">342–34</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-525-94571-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-525-94571-7"><bdi>0-525-94571-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flight%3A+My+life+in+Mission+Control&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=342-34&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2001-03&rft.isbn=0-525-94571-7&rft.aulast=Kraft&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Schefter%2C+James+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fflight00chri%2Fpage%2F342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Irwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126160333/https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/outreach/SignificantIncidents/assets/apollo_15_crew_debrief.pdf">"Apollo 15 Technical Crew Debriefing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NASA. August 14, 1971. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/outreach/SignificantIncidents/assets/apollo_15_crew_debrief.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 26, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apollo+15+Technical+Crew+Debriefing&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1971-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspaceflight.nasa.gov%2Foutreach%2FSignificantIncidents%2Fassets%2Fapollo_15_crew_debrief.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Irwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorden2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Al_Worden" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Worden">Worden, Al</a> (July 2011). <i>Falling to Earth: An Apollo 15 Astronaut's Journey to the Moon</i>. Smithsonian Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1588343093" title="Special:BookSources/978-1588343093"><bdi>978-1588343093</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Falling+to+Earth%3A+An+Apollo+15+Astronaut%27s+Journey+to+the+Moon&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Press&rft.date=2011-07&rft.isbn=978-1588343093&rft.aulast=Worden&rft.aufirst=Al&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Irwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimesobit-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytimesobit_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimesobit_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimesobit_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimesobit_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilford1991" class="citation news cs1">Wilford, John Noble (August 10, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/10/us/james-b-irwin-61-ex-astronaut-founded-religious-organization.html">"James B. Irwin, 61, Ex-Astronaut; Founded Religious Organization"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=James+B.+Irwin%2C+61%2C+Ex-Astronaut%3B+Founded+Religious+Organization&rft.date=1991-08-10&rft.aulast=Wilford&rft.aufirst=John+Noble&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F08%2F10%2Fus%2Fjames-b-irwin-61-ex-astronaut-founded-religious-organization.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Irwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1983/07/30/us/us-returns-stamps-to-former-astronauts.html">"U.S. Returns Stamps to Former Astronauts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. July 30, 1983. p. 11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180622172049/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/07/30/us/us-returns-stamps-to-former-astronauts.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 22, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.+Returns+Stamps+to+Former+Astronauts&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1983-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1983%2F07%2F30%2Fus%2Fus-returns-stamps-to-former-astronauts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Irwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowellShapiro2013" class="citation web cs1">Powell, Corey S.; Shapiro, Laurie Gwen (December 16, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2013/12/sculpture_on_the_moon_paul_van_hoeydonck_s_fallen_astronaut.html">"The Bizarre, Tangled Tale of the Only Sculpture on the Moon"</a>. <i>Slate Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 29,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Bizarre%2C+Tangled+Tale+of+the+Only+Sculpture+on+the+Moon&rft.date=2013-12-16&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Corey+S.&rft.au=Shapiro%2C+Laurie+Gwen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Fhealth_and_science%2Fscience%2F2013%2F12%2Fsculpture_on_the_moon_paul_van_hoeydonck_s_fallen_astronaut.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Irwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171211161027/http://www.highflightfoundation.org/about_us">"Colonel James B. Irwin – About Us & Board"</a>. Highflightfoundation.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highflightfoundation.org/about_us">the original</a> on December 11, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colonel+James+B.+Irwin+%E2%80%93+About+Us+%26+Board&rft.pub=Highflightfoundation.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highflightfoundation.org%2Fabout_us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Irwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrwinHarris1978" class="citation book cs1">Irwin, Mary; Harris, Madalene (1978). <i>The Moon is Not Enough</i>. Zondervan Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780310370505" title="Special:BookSources/9780310370505"><bdi>9780310370505</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3845054">3845054</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Moon+is+Not+Enough&rft.pub=Zondervan+Publishing+House&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3845054&rft.isbn=9780310370505&rft.aulast=Irwin&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft.au=Harris%2C+Madalene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Irwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe1983" class="citation news cs1">Howe, Marvine (September 18, 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1983/09/18/world/rush-to-climb-ararat-gives-a-town-a-lift.html">"Rush To Climb Ararat Gives Town A Lift"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Rush+To+Climb+Ararat+Gives+Town+A+Lift&rft.date=1983-09-18&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Marvine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1983%2F09%2F18%2Fworld%2Frush-to-climb-ararat-gives-a-town-a-lift.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Irwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergman2013" class="citation web cs1">Bergman, Jerry (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icr.org/article/7724/">"Colonel James Irwin: Creationist Astronaut"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Creation_Research" title="Institute for Creation Research">Institute for Creation Research</a> (from Acts & Facts. 42 (11))<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colonel+James+Irwin%3A+Creationist+Astronaut&rft.pub=Institute+for+Creation+Research+%28from+Acts+%26+Facts.+42+%2811%29%29&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Bergman&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icr.org%2Farticle%2F7724%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Irwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrwin1983" class="citation book cs1">Irwin, James B. (July 1983). <i>More Than Earthlings: An Astronaut's Thoughts for Christ-Centered Living</i>. Baptist Sunday School Board. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0805452556" title="Special:BookSources/978-0805452556"><bdi>978-0805452556</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=More+Than+Earthlings%3A+An+Astronaut%27s+Thoughts+for+Christ-Centered+Living&rft.pub=Baptist+Sunday+School+Board&rft.date=1983-07&rft.isbn=978-0805452556&rft.aulast=Irwin&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Irwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1986/06/08/us/ex-astronaut-apparently-has-heart-attack-while-jogging.html">"Ex-Astronaut Apparently Has Heart Attack While Jogging"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. June 8, 1986<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ex-Astronaut+Apparently+Has+Heart+Attack+While+Jogging&rft.date=1986-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1986%2F06%2F08%2Fus%2Fex-astronaut-apparently-has-heart-attack-while-jogging.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Irwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/jbirwin.htm">Arlington National Cemetery</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jamesirwin.org">"James Irwin Charter Schools"</a>. James Irwin Charter Schools<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+Irwin+Charter+Schools&rft.pub=James+Irwin+Charter+Schools&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamesirwin.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Irwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Irwin backpack patch sale". <i>Antiques Roadshow Insider</i>. <b>7</b> (2): 11. February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiques+Roadshow+Insider&rft.atitle=Irwin+backpack+patch+sale&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2007-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Irwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freemasoninformation.com/masonic-education/famous/masonic-astronauts/">"Masonic Astronauts"</a>. Freemason Information. March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Masonic+Astronauts&rft.pub=Freemason+Information&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreemasoninformation.com%2Fmasonic-education%2Ffamous%2Fmasonic-astronauts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Irwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/spacemason/">"Freemasons in Space"</a>. Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freemasons+in+Space&rft.pub=Grand+Lodge+of+British+Columbia+and+Yukon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreemasonry.bcy.ca%2Fbiography%2Fspacemason%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Irwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/document/0018/86335064.pdf">"Civitan International Clergy Week"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library</i>. 1974. p. 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gerald+R.+Ford+Presidential+Library&rft.atitle=Civitan+International+Clergy+Week&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordlibrarymuseum.gov%2Flibrary%2Fdocument%2F0018%2F86335064.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Irwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheppard1983" class="citation news cs1">Sheppard, David (October 2, 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29964158/el_paso_times/">"Space Hall Inducts 14 Apollo Program Astronauts"</a>. <i>El Paso Times</i>. El Paso, Texas. p. 18 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Paso+Times&rft.atitle=Space+Hall+Inducts+14+Apollo+Program+Astronauts&rft.pages=18&rft.date=1983-10-02&rft.aulast=Sheppard&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F29964158%2Fel_paso_times%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Irwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astronautscholarship.org/Astronauts/james-b-irwin/">"James B. Irwin | Astronaut Scholarship Foundation"</a>. Astronautscholarship.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+B.+Irwin+%26%23124%3B+Astronaut+Scholarship+Foundation&rft.pub=Astronautscholarship.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fastronautscholarship.org%2FAstronauts%2Fjames-b-irwin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Irwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer1997" class="citation news cs1">Meyer, Marilyn (October 2, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28283877/florida_today/">"Ceremony to Honor Astronauts"</a>. <i>Florida Today</i>. Cocoa, Florida. p. 2B – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Florida+Today&rft.atitle=Ceremony+to+Honor+Astronauts&rft.pages=2B&rft.date=1997-10-02&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Marilyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F28283877%2Fflorida_today%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Irwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pop McDonald, "Mayor Makes Col. James Irwin an 'Honorary Citizen of Minden,'" <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minden_Press-Herald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minden Press-Herald (page does not exist)">Minden Press-Herald</a>,</i> February 26, 1973, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0120570/fullcredits?ref_=tt_cl_sm#cast">"From the Earth to the Moon, Full Cast and Crew"</a>. <i>IMDb</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=From+the+Earth+to+the+Moon%2C+Full+Cast+and+Crew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0120570%2Ffullcredits%3Fref_%3Dtt_cl_sm%23cast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Irwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Irwin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:James_Irwin" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:James Irwin">James Irwin</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/James_Irwin" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/James Irwin">James Irwin</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0410393/">James Irwin</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161228021651/http://astronautix.com/i/irwin.html">James Irwin</a> at <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Astronautica" title="Encyclopedia Astronautica">Encyclopedia Astronautica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icr.org/article/7724/">Institute of Creation Research biography of James Irwin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/I/Irwin.html">Irwin at Encyclopedia of Science</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/jbirwin.htm">Arlington National Cemetery biography and photos</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highflightfoundation.org/">High Flight Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ancexplorer.army.mil/publicwmv/#/arlington-national/search/results/1/CgVpcndpbhIFamFtZXM-/">ANC Explorer</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="People_who_have_traveled_to_the_Moon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:People_who_have_traveled_to_the_Moon" title="Template:People who have traveled to the Moon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:People_who_have_traveled_to_the_Moon" title="Template talk:People who have traveled to the Moon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:People_who_have_traveled_to_the_Moon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:People who have traveled to the Moon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="People_who_have_traveled_to_the_Moon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">People who have traveled to the Moon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_walked_on_the_Moon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people who have walked on the Moon">Walked on the Moon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pete_Conrad" title="Pete Conrad">Pete Conrad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Bean" title="Alan Bean">Alan Bean</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Alan Shepard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">Apollo 14</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Mitchell" title="Edgar Mitchell">Edgar Mitchell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">Apollo 14</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Scott" title="David Scott">David Scott</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Irwin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Young_(astronaut)" title="John Young (astronaut)">John Young</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Duke" title="Charles Duke">Charles Duke</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Schmitt" title="Harrison Schmitt">Harrison Schmitt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gene_Cernan" title="Gene Cernan">Gene Cernan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts#Apollo_astronauts_who_flew_to_the_Moon_without_landing" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Flew to the Moon<br />without landing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_P._Stafford" title="Thomas P. Stafford">Thomas Stafford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_10" title="Apollo 10">Apollo 10</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(astronaut)" title="Michael Collins (astronaut)">Michael Collins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Gordon_Jr." title="Richard F. Gordon Jr.">Dick Gordon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Haise" title="Fred Haise">Fred Haise</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Swigert" title="Jack Swigert">Jack Swigert</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Roosa" title="Stuart Roosa">Stuart Roosa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">Apollo 14</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Worden" title="Alfred Worden">Al Worden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ken_Mattingly" title="Ken Mattingly">Ken Mattingly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Evans_(astronaut)" title="Ronald Evans (astronaut)">Ronald Evans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Command and Service Module</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Lunar Module</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Exploration of the Moon</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NASA_Astronaut_Group_5,_&quot;The_Original_19&quot;,_1966" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NASA_Astronaut_Group_5" title="Template:NASA Astronaut Group 5"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NASA_Astronaut_Group_5" title="Template talk:NASA Astronaut Group 5"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NASA_Astronaut_Group_5" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NASA Astronaut Group 5"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NASA_Astronaut_Group_5,_&quot;The_Original_19&quot;,_1966" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_5" title="NASA Astronaut Group 5">NASA Astronaut Group 5, "The Original 19", 1966</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_4" title="NASA Astronaut Group 4">NASA Astronaut Group 4</a> ← NASA Astronaut Group 5 → <a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_6" title="NASA Astronaut Group 6">NASA Astronaut Group 6</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vance_D._Brand" title="Vance D. Brand">Vance Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Bull" title="John S. Bull">John Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Carr_(astronaut)" title="Gerald Carr (astronaut)">Gerald Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Duke" title="Charles Duke">Charles Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Engle" title="Joe Engle">Joe Engle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Evans_(astronaut)" title="Ronald Evans (astronaut)">Ronald Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Givens" title="Edward Givens">Edward Givens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Haise" title="Fred Haise">Fred Haise</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_L._Lind" class="mw-redirect" title="Don L. Lind">Don Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_R._Lousma" title="Jack R. Lousma">Jack Lousma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Mattingly" title="Ken Mattingly">Ken Mattingly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_McCandless_II" title="Bruce McCandless II">Bruce McCandless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Mitchell" title="Edgar Mitchell">Edgar Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pogue" title="William Pogue">William Pogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Roosa" title="Stuart Roosa">Stuart Roosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Swigert" title="Jack Swigert">Jack Swigert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Weitz" title="Paul J. Weitz">Paul Weitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Worden" title="Alfred Worden">Alfred Worden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NASA_Astronaut_Groups" title="Template:NASA Astronaut Groups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NASA_Astronaut_Groups" title="Template talk:NASA Astronaut Groups"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NASA_Astronaut_Groups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NASA Astronaut Groups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="*_NASA_Astronaut_Groups_*_NASA_Astronaut_Corps" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps#Selection_groups" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">NASA Astronaut Groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">NASA Astronaut Corps</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Seven" title="Mercury Seven">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_2" title="NASA Astronaut Group 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_3" title="NASA Astronaut Group 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_4" title="NASA Astronaut Group 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_5" title="NASA Astronaut Group 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_6" title="NASA Astronaut Group 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_7" title="NASA Astronaut Group 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_8" title="NASA Astronaut Group 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_9" title="NASA Astronaut Group 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_10" title="NASA Astronaut Group 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_11" title="NASA Astronaut Group 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_12" title="NASA Astronaut Group 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_13" title="NASA Astronaut Group 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_14" title="NASA Astronaut Group 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_15" title="NASA Astronaut Group 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_16" title="NASA Astronaut Group 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_17" title="NASA Astronaut Group 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_18" title="NASA Astronaut Group 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_19" title="NASA Astronaut Group 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_20" title="NASA Astronaut Group 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_21" title="NASA Astronaut Group 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_22" title="NASA Astronaut Group 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_23" title="NASA Astronaut Group 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_24" title="NASA Astronaut Group 24">24</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection" title="List of astronauts by year of selection">List of astronauts by year of selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Astronaut ranks and positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_astronauts" title="List of United States Marine Corps astronauts">List of United States Marine Corps astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Space_Force_astronauts" title="List of United States Space Force astronauts">List of United States Space Force astronauts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:U.S._Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:U.S._Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template talk:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:U.S._Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="Special:EditPage/Template:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="United States Astronaut Hall of Fame">United States Astronaut Hall of Fame</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Allen" title="Joseph P. Allen">Joseph P. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Altman" title="Scott Altman">Scott Altman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Bean" title="Alan Bean">Alan Bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Blaha" title="John E. Blaha">John E. Blaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guion_Bluford" title="Guion Bluford">Guion Bluford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_J._Bobko" title="Karol J. Bobko">Karol J. Bobko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bolden" title="Charles Bolden">Charles Bolden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Bowersox" title="Ken Bowersox">Ken Bowersox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_D._Brand" title="Vance D. Brand">Vance D. Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Brandenstein" title="Daniel Brandenstein">Daniel Brandenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_D._Bridges_Jr." title="Roy D. Bridges Jr.">Roy Bridges Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Brown" title="Curtis Brown">Curtis Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchli" title="James Buchli">James Buchli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._Cabana" title="Robert D. Cabana">Robert D. Cabana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Carpenter" title="Scott Carpenter">Scott Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Carr_(astronaut)" title="Gerald Carr (astronaut)">Gerald Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Cernan" title="Gene Cernan">Gene Cernan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Chaffee" title="Roger B. Chaffee">Roger B. Chaffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Chang-D%C3%ADaz" title="Franklin Chang-Díaz">Franklin Chang-Díaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_P._Chilton" title="Kevin P. Chilton">Kevin P. Chilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Coats" title="Michael Coats">Michael Coats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Collins" title="Eileen Collins">Eileen Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(astronaut)" title="Michael Collins (astronaut)">Michael Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Conrad" title="Pete Conrad">Pete Conrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Cooper" title="Gordon Cooper">Gordon Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_O._Covey" title="Richard O. Covey">Richard O. Covey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Crippen" title="Robert Crippen">Robert Crippen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_L._Culbertson_Jr." title="Frank L. Culbertson Jr.">Frank L. Culbertson Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Cunningham" title="Walter Cunningham">Walter Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Duffy_(astronaut)" title="Brian Duffy (astronaut)">Brian Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Duke" title="Charles Duke">Charles Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnie_J._Dunbar" title="Bonnie J. Dunbar">Bonnie J. Dunbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donn_F._Eisele" title="Donn F. Eisele">Donn F. Eisele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Engle" title="Joe Engle">Joe Engle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Evans_(astronaut)" title="Ronald Evans (astronaut)">Ronald Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ferguson" title="Christopher Ferguson">Christopher Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foale" title="Michael Foale">Michael Foale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Gordon_Fullerton" title="C. Gordon Fullerton">C. Gordon Fullerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Garriott" title="Owen Garriott">Owen Garriott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibson" title="Edward Gibson">Edward Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Gibson" title="Robert L. Gibson">Robert L. Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Gordon_Jr." title="Richard F. Gordon Jr.">Richard F. Gordon Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_D._Gregory" title="Frederick D. Gregory">Frederick D. Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gus_Grissom" title="Gus Grissom">Gus Grissom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Grunsfeld" title="John M. Grunsfeld">John M. Grunsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Haise" title="Fred Haise">Fred Haise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hartsfield" title="Henry Hartsfield">Henry Hartsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hauck" title="Frederick Hauck">Frederick Hauck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Hawley" title="Steven Hawley">Steven Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Helms" title="Susan Helms">Susan Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_C._Hilmers" title="David C. Hilmers">David C. Hilmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_A._Hoffman" title="Jeffrey A. Hoffman">Jeffrey A. Hoffman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsha_Ivins" title="Marsha Ivins">Marsha Ivins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_David_Jones" title="Thomas David Jones">Thomas David Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_L._Kavandi" title="Janet L. Kavandi">Janet L. Kavandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Kelly" title="Mark Kelly">Mark Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Kelly_(astronaut)" title="Scott Kelly (astronaut)">Scott Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kerwin" title="Joseph P. Kerwin">Joseph P. Kerwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Leestma" title="David Leestma">David Leestma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Lindsey" title="Steven Lindsey">Steven Lindsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_L%C3%B3pez-Alegr%C3%ADa" title="Michael López-Alegría">Michael López-Alegría</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_R._Lousma" title="Jack R. Lousma">Jack Lousma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_Lucid" title="Shannon Lucid">Shannon Lucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Magnus" title="Sandra Magnus">Sandra Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Mattingly" title="Ken Mattingly">Ken Mattingly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_McCandless_II" title="Bruce McCandless II">Bruce McCandless II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McDivitt" title="James McDivitt">James McDivitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamela_Melroy" title="Pamela Melroy">Pamela Melroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Mitchell" title="Edgar Mitchell">Edgar Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_Musgrave" title="Story Musgrave">Story Musgrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nelson_(astronaut)" title="George Nelson (astronaut)">George Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Ochoa" title="Ellen Ochoa">Ellen Ochoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_D._O%27Connor" title="Bryan D. O'Connor">Bryan D. O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_E._Parazynski" title="Scott E. Parazynski">Scott E. Parazynski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pogue" title="William Pogue">William Pogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Precourt" title="Charles J. Precourt">Charles J. Precourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Ride" title="Sally Ride">Sally Ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_Rominger" title="Kent Rominger">Kent Rominger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Roosa" title="Stuart Roosa">Stuart Roosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_L._Ross" title="Jerry L. Ross">Jerry L. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Schirra" title="Wally Schirra">Wally Schirra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Schmitt" title="Harrison Schmitt">Harrison Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusty_Schweickart" title="Rusty Schweickart">Rusty Schweickart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Scobee" title="Dick Scobee">Dick Scobee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Scott" title="David Scott">David Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_Seddon" title="Rhea Seddon">Rhea Seddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewster_H._Shaw" title="Brewster H. Shaw">Brewster H. Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Alan Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shepherd" title="William Shepherd">William Shepherd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loren_Shriver" title="Loren Shriver">Loren Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deke_Slayton" title="Deke Slayton">Deke Slayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_P._Stafford" title="Thomas P. Stafford">Thomas P. Stafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_D._Sullivan" title="Kathryn D. Sullivan">Kathryn D. Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Swigert" title="Jack Swigert">Jack Swigert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Thagard" title="Norman Thagard">Norman Thagard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_C._Thornton" title="Kathryn C. Thornton">Kathryn C. Thornton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Truly" title="Richard H. Truly">Richard H. Truly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Weitz" title="Paul J. Weitz">Paul J. Weitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Wetherbee" title="Jim Wetherbee">Jim Wetherbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_White_(astronaut)" title="Ed White (astronaut)">Ed White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Worden" title="Alfred Worden">Alfred Worden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Young_(astronaut)" title="John Young (astronaut)">John Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Visitor_Complex" title="Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex">Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">NASA Astronaut Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronaut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q297801#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q297801#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q297801#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000064672907">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/77107838">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/19810/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJm9bBw48gww63GwQyxkXd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118555863">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50082381">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35237098">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000700778&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p128263733">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018M6132">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810614741005606">Poland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500354985">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/379202">Photographers' Identities</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/876700">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10580755">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6ps27b3">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/19px-Aviacionavion.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/29px-Aviacionavion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/38px-Aviacionavion.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Aviation" title="Portal:Aviation">Aviation</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/19px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/29px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/38px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/15px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/23px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/30px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Pennsylvania" title="Portal:Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Irwin&oldid=1258992337">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Irwin&oldid=1258992337</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:James_Irwin" title="Category:James Irwin">James Irwin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1930_births" title="Category:1930 births">1930 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_of_German_descent" title="Category:American people of German descent">American people of German descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1991_deaths" title="Category:1991 deaths">1991 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1971_in_spaceflight" title="Category:1971 in spaceflight">1971 in spaceflight</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_businesspeople" title="Category:20th-century American businesspeople">20th-century American businesspeople</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_engineers" title="Category:20th-century American engineers">20th-century American engineers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_aerospace_engineers" title="Category:American aerospace engineers">American aerospace engineers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_test_pilots" title="Category:American test pilots">American test pilots</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Scotch-Irish_descent" title="Category:American people of Scotch-Irish descent">American people of Scotch-Irish descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_Christians" title="Category:American Christians">American Christians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_Christian_Young_Earth_creationists" title="Category:American Christian Young Earth creationists">American Christian Young Earth creationists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Irish_descent" title="Category:American people of Irish descent">American people of Irish descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Scottish_descent" title="Category:American people of Scottish descent">American people of Scottish descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Apollo_15" title="Category:Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Apollo_program_astronauts" title="Category:Apollo program astronauts">Apollo program astronauts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Category:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery">Burials at Arlington National Cemetery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Collier_Trophy_recipients" title="Category:Collier Trophy recipients">Collier Trophy recipients</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_personnel_from_Pittsburgh" title="Category:Military personnel from Pittsburgh">Military personnel from Pittsburgh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mount_Ararat" title="Category:Mount Ararat">Mount Ararat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_have_walked_on_the_Moon" title="Category:People who have walked on the Moon">People who have walked on the Moon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_explorers" title="Category:20th-century American explorers">20th-century American explorers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Air_Force_Distinguished_Service_Medal" title="Category:Recipients of the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal">Recipients of the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_NASA_Distinguished_Service_Medal" title="Category:Recipients of the NASA Distinguished Service Medal">Recipients of the NASA Distinguished Service Medal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spacewalkers" title="Category:Spacewalkers">Spacewalkers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Air_Force_astronauts" title="Category:United States Air Force astronauts">United States Air Force astronauts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Air_Force_officers" title="Category:United States Air Force officers">United States Air Force officers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Naval_Academy_alumni" title="Category:United States Naval Academy alumni">United States Naval Academy alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame_inductees" title="Category:United States Astronaut Hall of Fame inductees">United States Astronaut Hall of Fame inductees</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_Michigan_College_of_Engineering_alumni" title="Category:University of Michigan College of Engineering alumni">University of Michigan College of Engineering alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:U.S._Air_Force_Test_Pilot_School_alumni" title="Category:U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School alumni">U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_creationists" title="Category:American creationists">American creationists</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_July_2024" title="Category:Use mdy dates from July 2024">Use mdy dates from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 November 2024, at 19:58<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Irwin&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-jrhlk","wgBackendResponseTime":164,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.860","walltime":"1.249","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4922,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":133532,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5343,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":12,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":175338,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1051.036 1 -total"," 26.82% 281.855 1 Template:Reflist"," 16.62% 174.728 1 Template:Infobox_astronaut"," 10.68% 112.252 7 Template:Cite_book"," 9.48% 99.604 4 Template:Navbox"," 8.44% 88.673 1 Template:People_who_have_traveled_to_the_Moon"," 7.67% 80.664 18 Template:Cite_web"," 7.48% 78.606 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.84% 71.901 1 Template:NASA_Astronaut_Group_5"," 6.40% 67.214 1 Template:Portal_bar"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.524","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7994076,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-pbj4m","timestamp":"20241122195835","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"James Irwin","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/James_Irwin","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q297801","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q297801","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-09-19T16:53:28Z","dateModified":"2024-11-22T19:58:30Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/5d\/Jim_Irwin_Apollo_15_LMP.jpg","headline":"American astronaut (1930-1991)"}</script> </body> </html>