CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no" /> <title> COP21 Paris - Carbon Brief </title> <meta property="fb:pages" content="193315464030877" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/themes/carbonbrief/favicon.ico" /> <link href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/themes/carbonbrief/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/themes/carbonbrief/css/header-carousel.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/themes/carbonbrief/css/slick.css" rel="stylesheet" /> <link href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/themes/carbonbrief/css/theme.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/themes/carbonbrief/css/responsive.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/themes/carbonbrief/css/gallery.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/themes/carbonbrief/css/jquery-fullsizable.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/themes/carbonbrief/css/bootstrap-datepicker.css" rel="stylesheet">      <script type="text/javascript"> var ajaxurl = 'https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php'; var bitlyuser = 'piotrmediablaze'; var bitlykey = 'R_18d6e22b015d4a1abdd1249391611676'; </script> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' />  <title>COP21 Paris - Carbon Brief</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/un-climate-talks/cop21-paris/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_GB" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="COP21 Paris - Carbon Brief" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/un-climate-talks/cop21-paris/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Carbon Brief" /> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/carbonbrief/" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2022-05-09T15:59:30+00:00" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@carbonbrief" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/un-climate-talks/cop21-paris/","url":"https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/un-climate-talks/cop21-paris/","name":"COP21 Paris - Carbon Brief","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.carbonbrief.org/#website"},"datePublished":"2022-05-09T15:59:29+00:00","dateModified":"2022-05-09T15:59:30+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/un-climate-talks/cop21-paris/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-GB","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/un-climate-talks/cop21-paris/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/un-climate-talks/cop21-paris/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://www.carbonbrief.org/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Policy","item":"https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"UN climate talks","item":"https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/un-climate-talks/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":4,"name":"COP21 Paris"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.carbonbrief.org/#website","url":"https://www.carbonbrief.org/","name":"Carbon Brief","description":"Clear on climate","publisher":{"@id":"https://www.carbonbrief.org/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://www.carbonbrief.org/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-GB"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://www.carbonbrief.org/#organization","name":"Carbon Brief","url":"https://www.carbonbrief.org/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https://www.carbonbrief.org/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/CarbonBrief_Logo2015_SEO.png","contentUrl":"https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/CarbonBrief_Logo2015_SEO.png","width":222,"height":69,"caption":"Carbon Brief"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.carbonbrief.org/#/schema/logo/image/"},"sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/carbonbrief/","https://x.com/carbonbrief","https://www.instagram.com/carbonbrief/","https://www.pinterest.com/thecarbonbrief/","https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiXgvmQ2jUgUjRpJzvga5Tg"]}]}</script>  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//ajax.googleapis.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdnjs.cloudflare.com' /> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/www.carbonbrief.org\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.6.1"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); /* ]]> */ </script> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.6.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='safe-svg-svg-icon-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .safe-svg-cover{text-align:center}.safe-svg-cover .safe-svg-inside{display:inline-block;max-width:100%}.safe-svg-cover svg{height:100%;max-height:100%;max-width:100%;width:100%} </style> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #333333;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--blue: #0B4572;--wp--preset--color--blue-light: #ADD2EC;--wp--preset--color--blue-lighter: #E8F6FD;--wp--preset--color--red: #E9B4AC;--wp--preset--color--yellow: #F8E8B0;--wp--preset--color--pink: #DAB6CA;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='contact-form-7-css' href='https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/css/styles.css?ver=5.9.8' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='mailerlite_forms.css-css' href='https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/plugins/official-mailerlite-sign-up-forms/assets/css/mailerlite_forms.css?ver=1.7.13' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ppress-frontend-css' href='https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-user-avatar/assets/css/frontend.min.css?ver=4.15.13' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ppress-flatpickr-css' href='https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-user-avatar/assets/flatpickr/flatpickr.min.css?ver=4.15.13' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ppress-select2-css' href='https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-user-avatar/assets/select2/select2.min.css?ver=6.6.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-pagenavi-css' href='https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-pagenavi/pagenavi-css.css?ver=2.70' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='search-filter-plugin-styles-css' href='https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/plugins/search-filter-pro/public/assets/css/search-filter.min.css?ver=2.5.11' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wordpress-popular-posts-css-css' href='https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-popular-posts/assets/css/wpp.css?ver=5.4.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='carbon-jquery-ui-css' href='https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jqueryui/1.8/themes/base/jquery-ui.css?ver=6.6.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='theme-blocks-css' href='https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/themes/carbonbrief/css/theme-gutenberg.css?ver=6.6.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='tablepress-default-css' href='https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/tablepress-combined.min.css?ver=99' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='site-css-css' href='https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/themes/carbonbrief/assets/styles/css/style.css?ver=1.0' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fontawesome-css-css' href='https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/5.15.3/css/all.min.css?ver=all' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-user-avatar/assets/flatpickr/flatpickr.min.js?ver=4.15.13" id="ppress-flatpickr-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-user-avatar/assets/select2/select2.min.js?ver=4.15.13" id="ppress-select2-js"></script> <script type="application/json" id="wpp-json"> /* <![CDATA[ */ {"sampling_active":0,"sampling_rate":100,"ajax_url":"https:\/\/www.carbonbrief.org\/wp-json\/wordpress-popular-posts\/v1\/popular-posts","api_url":"https:\/\/www.carbonbrief.org\/wp-json\/wordpress-popular-posts","ID":41948,"token":"b077c20a73","lang":0,"debug":0} /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-popular-posts/assets/js/wpp.min.js?ver=5.4.2" id="wpp-js-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/41948" /><link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.carbonbrief.org%2Fpolicy%2Fun-climate-talks%2Fcop21-paris%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.carbonbrief.org%2Fpolicy%2Fun-climate-talks%2Fcop21-paris%2F&format=xml" /> <meta property="fb:pages" content="193315464030877" />  <script> (function(w,d,e,u,f,l,n){w[f]=w[f]||function(){(w[f].q=w[f].q||[]) .push(arguments);},l=d.createElement(e),l.async=1,l.src=u, n=d.getElementsByTagName(e)[0],n.parentNode.insertBefore(l,n);}) (window,document,'script','https://assets.mailerlite.com/js/universal.js','ml'); ml('account', '249617'); ml('enablePopups', true); </script>  <script> (function(h,o,t,j,a,r){ h.hj=h.hj||function(){(h.hj.q=h.hj.q||[]).push(arguments)}; h._hjSettings={hjid:2038811,hjsv:5}; a=o.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]; r=o.createElement('script');r.async=1; r.src=t+h._hjSettings.hjid+j+h._hjSettings.hjsv; a.appendChild(r); })(window,document,'//static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-','.js?sv='); </script> <style> @-webkit-keyframes bgslide { from { background-position-x: 0; } to { background-position-x: -200%; } } @keyframes bgslide { from { background-position-x: 0; } to { background-position-x: -200%; } } .wpp-widget-placeholder { margin: 0 auto; width: 60px; height: 3px; background: #dd3737; background: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, from(#dd3737), color-stop(10%, #571313), to(#dd3737)); background: linear-gradient(90deg, #dd3737 0%, #571313 10%, #dd3737 100%); background-size: 200% auto; border-radius: 3px; -webkit-animation: bgslide 1s infinite linear; animation: bgslide 1s infinite linear; } </style> <style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css"> header { z-index:10; } greyBar{ z-index:2 !important; } </style> <noscript><style id="rocket-lazyload-nojs-css">.rll-youtube-player, [data-lazy-src]{display:none !important;}</style></noscript>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-R02EV2GBVB"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-R02EV2GBVB'); </script>  <script> (function(w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({ 'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js' }); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); })(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-WRTHFZB'); </script>   <script> (function(i, s, o, g, r, a, m) { i['GoogleAnalyticsObject'] = r; i[r] = i[r] || function() { (i[r].q = i[r].q || []).push(arguments) }, i[r].l = 1 * new Date(); a = s.createElement(o), m = s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0]; a.async = 1; a.src = g; m.parentNode.insertBefore(a, m) })(window, document, 'script', '//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js', 'ga'); ga('create', 'UA-19777583-1', 'auto'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script></head>  <body id="topBack">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-WRTHFZB" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <div class="gNav"> <div class="mobScroll"> <div class="mobOnlySec"> <h4>Sections</h4> <ul class="mSection"> <li> <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/science/">Science</a><span class="arrow"></span> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/science/climate-modelling/">Climate modelling</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/science/extreme-weather/">Extreme weather</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/science/health-and-security/">Health and Security</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/science/ice/">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/science/ipcc/">IPCC</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/science/nature/">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/science/oceans/">Oceans</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/science/people/">People</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/science/temperature/">Temperature</a></li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/energy/">Energy</a><span class="arrow"></span> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/energy/china-energy/">China energy</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/energy/coal/">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/energy/emissions/">Emissions</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/energy/nuclear/">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/energy/oil-and-gas/">Oil and gas</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/energy/other-technologies/">Other technologies</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/energy/renewables/">Renewables</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/energy/technology/">Technology</a></li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/policy/">Policy</a><span class="arrow"></span> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/policy/china-policy/">China Policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/policy/eu-policy/">EU policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/policy/international-policy/">International policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/policy/other-national-policy/">Other national policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/policy/rest-of-world-policy/">Rest of world policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/policy/uk-policy/">UK policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/policy/un-climate-talks/">UN climate talks</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/policy/us-policy/">US Policy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/in-focus/">In Focus</a><span class="arrow"></span> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/in-focus/country-profiles/">Country profiles</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/in-focus/debriefed/">DeBriefed</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/in-focus/explainers/">Explainers</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/in-focus/factchecks/">Factchecks</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/in-focus/features/">Features</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/in-focus/guest-posts/">Guest posts</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/in-focus/infographics/">Infographics</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/in-focus/interviews/">Interviews</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/in-focus/media-analysis/">Media analysis</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/in-focus/state-of-the-climate/">State of the climate</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/in-focus/translations/">Translations</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/in-focus/webinars/">Webinars</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="nosub"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/daily-brief/climate-talks-teeter-with-rich-and-poor-countries-in-a-tug-of-war/">Daily Brief</a></li> </ul> </div> <h4>MENU</h4> <div class="mMenu"><ul> <li class="page_item page-item-46822"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/about-us/">About us</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-37506"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/china-briefing/">China Briefing</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-15734"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/comments-policy/">Comments Policy</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-342"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/contact-us/">Contact Us</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-348"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/cookies/">Cookies Policy</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-38845"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/cropped/">Cropped</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41552"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/daily-brief/">Daily Brief</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-46959"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/debriefed/">DeBriefed</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41657 page_item_has_children"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/energy/">Energy</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item page-item-41934"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/energy/coal/">Coal</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41937 page_item_has_children"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/energy/emissions/">Emissions</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item page-item-41942"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/energy/emissions/global-emissions/">Global emissions</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41944"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/energy/emissions/rest-of-world-emissions/">Rest of world emissions</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41945"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/energy/emissions/uk-emissions/">UK emissions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-41928"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/energy/eu-emissions/">EU emissions</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41950"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/energy/nuclear/">Nuclear</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41952"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/energy/oil-and-gas/">Oil and gas</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41954"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/energy/renewables/">Renewables</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41955"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/energy/technology/">Technology</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-52834"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/energy/china-energy/">China energy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-42884"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/global-south-climate-database/">Global South Climate Database</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41557"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/">Home</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41559 page_item_has_children"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-focus/">In focus</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item page-item-41957"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-focus/country-profiles/">Country profiles</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41959"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-focus/explainers/">Explainers</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41961"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-focus/factchecks/">Factchecks</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41963"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-focus/features/">Features</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41965"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-focus/guest-posts/">Guest posts</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41967"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-focus/infographics/">Infographics</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41968"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-focus/interviews/">Interviews</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41970"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-focus/media-analysis/">Media analysis</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41933"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-focus/state-of-the-climate/">State of the climate</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41935"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-focus/translations/">Translations</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41936"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-focus/webinars/">Webinars</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-48319 page_item_has_children"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/nature/">Nature</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item page-item-42000"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/nature/food-and-farming/">Food and farming</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-51434 page_item_has_children"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/nature/nature-policy/">Nature policy</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item page-item-53898"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/nature/nature-policy/cop16-cali/">COP16 Cali</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-42004"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/nature/plants-and-forests/">Plants and forests</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-42007"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/nature/wildlife/">Wildlife</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-23513"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/newsletter-sign-up-old/">Newsletters</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-48223"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/newsletter-sign-up/">Newsletters</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41560 page_item_has_children current_page_ancestor"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/">Policy</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item page-item-41938"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/china-policy/">China Policy</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41939"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/eu-policy/">EU policy</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41940"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/international-policy/">International policy</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41941"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/rest-of-world-policy/">Rest of world policy</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41943"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/uk-policy/">UK policy</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41946 page_item_has_children current_page_ancestor current_page_parent"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/un-climate-talks/">UN climate talks</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item page-item-41948 current_page_item"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/un-climate-talks/cop21-paris/" aria-current="page">COP21 Paris</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41951"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/un-climate-talks/cop22-marrakech/">COP22 Marrakech</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41953"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/un-climate-talks/cop23-bonn/">COP23 Bonn</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41956"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/un-climate-talks/cop24-katowice/">COP24 Katowice</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41958"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/un-climate-talks/cop25-madrid/">COP25 Madrid</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41960"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/un-climate-talks/cop26-glasgow/">COP26 Glasgow</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-44297"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/un-climate-talks/cop27-sharm-el-sheikh/">COP27 Sharm el-Sheikh</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-49674"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/un-climate-talks/cop28-dubai/">COP28 Dubai</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-54224"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/un-climate-talks/cop29-baku/">COP29 Baku</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-41962"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/us-policy/">US Policy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-346"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/privacy/">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41558 page_item_has_children"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/">Science</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item page-item-41964"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/climate-modelling/">Climate modelling</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41966 page_item_has_children"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/extreme-weather/">Extreme weather</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item page-item-41973"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/extreme-weather/attribution/">Attribution</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41977"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/extreme-weather/drought/">Drought</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41978"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/extreme-weather/el-nino/">El Niño</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41980"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/extreme-weather/floods/">Floods</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41982"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/extreme-weather/heatwaves/">Heatwaves</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41983"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/extreme-weather/storms/">Storms</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41984"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/extreme-weather/wildfires/">Wildfires</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-41999"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/geoengineering/">Geoengineering</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41986 page_item_has_children"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/ice/">Ice</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item page-item-41988"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/ice/antarctic/">Antarctic</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41990"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/ice/arctic/">Arctic</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41992"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/ice/glaciers/">Glaciers</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41994"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/ice/sea-ice/">Sea ice</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-41996"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/ipcc/">IPCC</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41969 page_item_has_children"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/oceans/">Oceans</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item page-item-42009"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/oceans/marine-life/">Marine life</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-42010"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/oceans/ocean-acidification/">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41971"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/oceans/ocean-warming/">Ocean warming</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41974"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/oceans/sea-level-rise/">Sea level rise</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-41975 page_item_has_children"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/people/">People</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item page-item-41976"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/people/human-security/">Human security</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41979"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/people/public-health/">Public health</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41981"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/people/public-opinion/">Public opinion</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41985"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/people/risk-and-adaptation/">Risk and adaptation</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41987"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/people/science-communication/">Science communication</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-41989 page_item_has_children"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/temperature/">Temperature</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item page-item-41993"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/temperature/1-5c/">1.5C</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41995"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/temperature/carbon-budgets/">Carbon budgets</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41997"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/temperature/climate-sensitivity/">Climate sensitivity</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-42001"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/temperature/ghgs-and-aerosols/">GHGs and aerosols</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-42002"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/temperature/global-temperature/">Global temperature</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-41991"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/temperature/hiatus/">Hiatus</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-42003"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/temperature/negative-emissions/">Negative emissions</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-42005"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/temperature/rest-of-world-temperature/">Rest of world temperature</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-42006"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/temperature/tipping-points/">Tipping points</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-42008"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/temperature/uk-temperature/">UK temperature</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-13435"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/search/">Search</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-47119"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/support-us/">Support us</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-29274"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/thank-you-for-subscribing/">Thank you for subscribing</a></li> </ul></div> <h5>Social Channels</h5> <div class="menu-side-social-menu-container"><ul id="menu-side-social-menu" class="mSM"><li id="menu-item-14733" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-14733"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/carbonbrief"><i class="mfbIcon"></i> Facebook</a></li> <li id="menu-item-14734" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-14734"><a href="https://twitter.com/carbonbrief"><i class="mtwtrIcon"></i> Twitter</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19542" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19542"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/carbon-brief"><i class="mliIcon"></i> LinkedIn</a></li> <li id="menu-item-28420" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-28420"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/carbonbrief"><i class="fa fa-instagram sideSocialMenuIcon"></i> Instagram</a></li> <li id="menu-item-14735" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-14735"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiXgvmQ2jUgUjRpJzvga5Tg/videos"><i class="mytIcon"></i> Youtube</a></li> <li id="menu-item-14736" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-14736"><a href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/carbonbrief"><i class="mrssIcon"></i> Rss</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> <div class="topSearch"> <div class="mobScroll"> <h4>SEARCH ARCHIVE</h4> <div class="search_input_wrapper"> <form data-sf-form-id='41554' data-is-rtl='0' data-maintain-state='' data-results-url='https://www.carbonbrief.org/search' data-ajax-form-url='https://www.carbonbrief.org/?sfid=41554&sf_action=get_data&sf_data=form' data-display-result-method='shortcode' data-use-history-api='1' data-template-loaded='0' data-lang-code='en' data-ajax='0' data-init-paged='1' data-auto-update='' action='https://www.carbonbrief.org/search' method='post' class='searchandfilter' id='search-filter-form-41554' autocomplete='off' data-instance-count='1'><ul><li class="sf-field-search" data-sf-field-name="search" data-sf-field-type="search" data-sf-field-input-type=""> <label><input placeholder="Search …" name="_sf_search[]" class="sf-input-text" type="text" value="" title=""></label> </li><li class="sf-field-post_type" data-sf-field-name="_sf_post_type" data-sf-field-type="post_type" data-sf-field-input-type="select"><h4>Type</h4> <label> <select name="_sf_post_type[]" class="sf-input-select" title=""> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-0 sf-option-active" selected="selected" data-sf-depth="0" value="">All Types</option> <option class="sf-level-0 " data-sf-depth="0" value="post">Articles</option> <option class="sf-level-0 " data-sf-depth="0" value="dailybrief">Daily Brief</option> </select> </label> </li><li class="sf-field-category" data-sf-field-name="_sft_category" data-sf-field-type="category" data-sf-field-input-type="select"><h4>Topic</h4> <label> <select name="_sft_category[]" class="sf-input-select" title=""> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-0 sf-option-active" selected="selected" data-sf-count="0" data-sf-depth="0" value="">All Items</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-2022" data-sf-count="59" data-sf-depth="0" value="1-5c">1.5C</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-35" data-sf-count="74" data-sf-depth="0" value="antarctic">Antarctic</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-34" data-sf-count="106" data-sf-depth="0" value="arctic">Arctic</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-43" data-sf-count="75" data-sf-depth="0" value="attribution">Attribution</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-2058" data-sf-count="14" data-sf-depth="0" value="carbon-budgets">Carbon budgets</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-3075" data-sf-count="82" data-sf-depth="0" value="china-briefing">China Briefing</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-2948" data-sf-count="19" data-sf-depth="0" value="china-energy">China energy</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-2214" data-sf-count="163" data-sf-depth="0" value="china-policy">China Policy</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-1973" data-sf-count="57" data-sf-depth="0" value="climate-modelling">Climate modelling</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-27" data-sf-count="44" data-sf-depth="0" value="climate-sensitivity">Climate sensitivity</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-54" data-sf-count="179" data-sf-depth="0" value="coal">Coal</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-3402" data-sf-count="10" data-sf-depth="0" value="cop16-cali">COP16 Cali</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-62" data-sf-count="80" data-sf-depth="0" value="paris-2015">COP21 Paris</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-1638" data-sf-count="17" data-sf-depth="0" value="cop22-marrakech">COP22 Marrakech</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-1948" data-sf-count="7" data-sf-depth="0" value="cop23-bonn">COP23 Bonn</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-2118" data-sf-count="6" data-sf-depth="0" value="cop24-katowice">COP24 Katowice</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-2155" data-sf-count="4" data-sf-depth="0" value="cop25">COP25 Madrid</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-2520" data-sf-count="11" data-sf-depth="0" value="glasgow-2021">COP26 Glasgow</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-2802" data-sf-count="8" data-sf-depth="0" value="cop27-sharm-el-sheikh">COP27 Sharm el-Sheikh</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-3124" data-sf-count="14" data-sf-depth="0" value="cop28-dubai">COP28 Dubai</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-3423" data-sf-count="7" data-sf-depth="0" value="cop29-baku">COP29 Baku</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-2057" data-sf-count="22" data-sf-depth="0" value="country-profiles">Country profiles</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-3074" data-sf-count="79" data-sf-depth="0" value="cropped">Cropped</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-2977" data-sf-count="77" data-sf-depth="0" value="debriefed">DeBriefed</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-42" data-sf-count="54" data-sf-depth="0" value="drought">Drought</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-38" data-sf-count="28" data-sf-depth="0" value="el-nino">El Niño</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-52" data-sf-count="377" data-sf-depth="0" value="emissions">Emissions</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-2" data-sf-count="712" data-sf-depth="0" value="energy">Energy</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-60" data-sf-count="45" data-sf-depth="0" value="eu-emissions">EU emissions</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-65" data-sf-count="127" data-sf-depth="0" value="eu-policy">EU policy</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-68" data-sf-count="116" data-sf-depth="0" value="explainers">Explainers</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-19" data-sf-count="256" data-sf-depth="0" value="extreme-weather">Extreme weather</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-69" data-sf-count="63" data-sf-depth="0" value="factchecks">Factchecks</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-75" data-sf-count="92" data-sf-depth="0" value="features">Features</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-41" data-sf-count="86" data-sf-depth="0" value="floods">Floods</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-46" data-sf-count="116" data-sf-depth="0" value="food-farming">Food and farming</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-28" data-sf-count="42" data-sf-depth="0" value="geoengineering">Geoengineering</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-26" data-sf-count="85" data-sf-depth="0" value="ghgs-aerosols">GHGs and aerosols</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-37" data-sf-count="41" data-sf-depth="0" value="glaciers">Glaciers</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-58" data-sf-count="128" data-sf-depth="0" value="global-emissions">Global emissions</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-23" data-sf-count="193" data-sf-depth="0" value="global-temperature">Global temperature</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-72" data-sf-count="369" data-sf-depth="0" value="guest-posts">Guest posts</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-2936" data-sf-count="8" data-sf-depth="0" value="health-and-security">Health and Security</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-39" data-sf-count="82" data-sf-depth="0" value="heatwaves">Heatwaves</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-29" data-sf-count="25" data-sf-depth="0" value="hiatus">Hiatus</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-48" data-sf-count="83" data-sf-depth="0" value="human-security">Human security</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-18" data-sf-count="172" data-sf-depth="0" value="ice">Ice</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-4" data-sf-count="907" data-sf-depth="0" value="in-focus">In Focus</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-71" data-sf-count="114" data-sf-depth="0" value="infographics">Infographics</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-63" data-sf-count="193" data-sf-depth="0" value="international-policy">International policy</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-70" data-sf-count="110" data-sf-depth="0" value="interviews">Interviews</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-22" data-sf-count="131" data-sf-depth="0" value="ipcc">IPCC</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-2907" data-sf-count="4" data-sf-depth="0" value="land-and-soils">Land and soils</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-32" data-sf-count="58" data-sf-depth="0" value="marine-life">Marine life</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-74" data-sf-count="113" data-sf-depth="0" value="media-analysis">Media analysis</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-20" data-sf-count="307" data-sf-depth="0" value="nature">Nature</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-3263" data-sf-count="24" data-sf-depth="0" value="nature-policy">Nature policy</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-3264" data-sf-count="0" data-sf-depth="0" value="nature-2">Nature-2</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-2078" data-sf-count="37" data-sf-depth="0" value="negative-emissions">Negative emissions</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-56" data-sf-count="73" data-sf-depth="0" value="nuclear">Nuclear</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-33" data-sf-count="25" data-sf-depth="0" value="ocean-acidification">Ocean acidification</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-31" data-sf-count="66" data-sf-depth="0" value="ocean-warming">Ocean warming</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-17" data-sf-count="142" data-sf-depth="0" value="oceans">Oceans</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-55" data-sf-count="189" data-sf-depth="0" value="oil-and-gas">Oil and gas</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-2973" data-sf-count="0" data-sf-depth="0" value="other-national-policy">Other national policy</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-2914" data-sf-count="4" data-sf-depth="0" value="other-technologies">Other technologies</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-21" data-sf-count="268" data-sf-depth="0" value="people">People</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-44" data-sf-count="121" data-sf-depth="0" value="plants-forests">Plants and forests</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-3" data-sf-count="828" data-sf-depth="0" value="policy">Policy</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-47" data-sf-count="68" data-sf-depth="0" value="public-health">Public health</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-50" data-sf-count="53" data-sf-depth="0" value="public-opinion">Public opinion</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-53" data-sf-count="234" data-sf-depth="0" value="renewables">Renewables</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-61" data-sf-count="104" data-sf-depth="0" value="rest-of-world-emissions">Rest of world emissions</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-66" data-sf-count="110" data-sf-depth="0" value="rest-of-world-policy">Rest of world policy</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-25" data-sf-count="22" data-sf-depth="0" value="rest-of-world-temperature">Rest of world temperature</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-49" data-sf-count="99" data-sf-depth="0" value="risk-adaptation">Risk and adaptation</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-1" data-sf-count="2261" data-sf-depth="0" value="science">Science</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-51" data-sf-count="50" data-sf-depth="0" value="science-communication">Science communication</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-36" data-sf-count="86" data-sf-depth="0" value="sea-ice">Sea ice</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-30" data-sf-count="53" data-sf-depth="0" value="sea-level-rise">Sea level rise</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-2063" data-sf-count="30" data-sf-depth="0" value="state-of-the-climate">State of the climate</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-40" data-sf-count="61" data-sf-depth="0" value="storms">Storms</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-57" data-sf-count="135" data-sf-depth="0" value="technology">Technology</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-16" data-sf-count="320" data-sf-depth="0" value="temperature">Temperature</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-2161" data-sf-count="12" data-sf-depth="0" value="tipping-points">Tipping points</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-1897" data-sf-count="42" data-sf-depth="0" value="translations">Translations</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-59" data-sf-count="107" data-sf-depth="0" value="uk-emissions">UK emissions</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-64" data-sf-count="355" data-sf-depth="0" value="uk-policy">UK policy</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-24" data-sf-count="33" data-sf-depth="0" value="uk-temperature">UK temperature</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-2041" data-sf-count="66" data-sf-depth="0" value="un-climate-talks">UN climate talks</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-1835" data-sf-count="34" data-sf-depth="0" value="us-policy">US Policy</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-2177" data-sf-count="13" data-sf-depth="0" value="webinars">Webinars</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-2071" data-sf-count="19" data-sf-depth="0" value="wildfires">Wildfires</option> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-45" data-sf-count="89" data-sf-depth="0" value="wildlife">Wildlife</option> </select> </label> </li><li class="sf-field-sort_order" data-sf-field-name="_sf_sort_order" data-sf-field-type="sort_order" data-sf-field-input-type="select"><h4>Sort</h4> <label> <select name="_sf_sort_order[]" class="sf-input-select" title=""> <option class="sf-level-0 sf-item-0 sf-option-active" selected="selected" data-sf-depth="0" value="">Sort Results By</option> <option class="sf-level-0 " data-sf-depth="0" value="date+desc">Title (Deecending)</option> <option class="sf-level-0 " data-sf-depth="0" value="date+asc">Title (Ascending)</option> </select> </label> </li><li class="sf-field-submit" data-sf-field-name="submit" data-sf-field-type="submit" data-sf-field-input-type=""><input type="submit" name="_sf_submit" value="Submit"></li></ul></form> </div> </div> </div> <header> <figure class="mobile-menu-toggle"> <img src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/themes/carbonbrief/assets/images/icon-hamburger.svg" /> </figure> <div class="logo"> <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org"> <img src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/themes/carbonbrief/images/logo.png" alt="" /> </a> </div> <nav class="rightMenu"> <div class="mobRM visible-lg-inline-block"> <div class="mobFUllDrop"> <ul id="rMenu" class="header-navigation"><li id="menu-item-42055" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-42055"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/">Science</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-42065" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42065"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/climate-modelling/">Climate modelling</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42057" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-42057"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/extreme-weather/">Extreme weather</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-42058" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42058"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/extreme-weather/attribution/">Attribution</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42059" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42059"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/extreme-weather/drought/">Drought</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42060" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42060"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/extreme-weather/el-nino/">El Niño</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42061" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42061"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/extreme-weather/floods/">Floods</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42062" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42062"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/extreme-weather/heatwaves/">Heatwaves</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42063" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42063"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/extreme-weather/storms/">Storms</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42064" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42064"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/extreme-weather/wildfires/">Wildfires</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-42066" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-42066"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/ice/">Ice</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-42067" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42067"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/ice/antarctic/">Antarctic</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42068" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42068"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/ice/arctic/">Arctic</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42069" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42069"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/ice/glaciers/">Glaciers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42070" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42070"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/ice/sea-ice/">Sea ice</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-42071" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42071"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/ipcc/">IPCC</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42076" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-42076"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/oceans/">Oceans</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-42077" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42077"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/oceans/marine-life/">Marine life</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42078" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42078"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/oceans/ocean-acidification/">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42079" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42079"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/oceans/ocean-warming/">Ocean warming</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42080" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42080"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/oceans/sea-level-rise/">Sea level rise</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-42081" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-42081"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/people/">People</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-42086" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42086"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/people/human-security/">Human security</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42082" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42082"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/people/public-health/">Public health</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42083" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42083"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/people/public-opinion/">Public opinion</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42084" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42084"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/people/risk-and-adaptation/">Risk and adaptation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42085" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42085"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/people/science-communication/">Science communication</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-42087" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-42087"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/temperature/">Temperature</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-42088" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42088"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/temperature/hiatus/">Hiatus</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42089" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42089"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/temperature/1-5c/">1.5C</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42090" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42090"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/temperature/carbon-budgets/">Carbon budgets</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42091" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42091"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/temperature/climate-sensitivity/">Climate sensitivity</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42094" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42094"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/geoengineering/">Geoengineering</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42092" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42092"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/temperature/ghgs-and-aerosols/">GHGs and aerosols</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42093" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42093"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/temperature/global-temperature/">Global temperature</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42095" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42095"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/temperature/negative-emissions/">Negative emissions</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42096" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42096"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/temperature/rest-of-world-temperature/">Rest of world temperature</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42097" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42097"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/temperature/tipping-points/">Tipping points</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42098" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42098"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/temperature/uk-temperature/">UK temperature</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-42909" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42909"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/global-south-climate-database/">Global South Climate Database</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-42099" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-42099"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/energy/">Energy</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-42100" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42100"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/energy/coal/">Coal</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42101" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-42101"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/energy/emissions/">Emissions</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-42102" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42102"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/energy/eu-emissions/">EU emissions</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42103" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42103"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/energy/emissions/global-emissions/">Global emissions</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42105" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42105"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/energy/emissions/rest-of-world-emissions/">Rest of world emissions</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42104" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42104"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/energy/emissions/uk-emissions/">UK emissions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-42106" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42106"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/energy/nuclear/">Nuclear</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42107" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42107"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/energy/oil-and-gas/">Oil and gas</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42108" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42108"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/energy/renewables/">Renewables</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42109" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42109"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/energy/technology/">Technology</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-42148" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-page-ancestor current-menu-ancestor current_page_ancestor menu-item-has-children menu-item-42148"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/">Policy</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-42112" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42112"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/china-policy/">China Policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42113" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42113"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/eu-policy/">EU policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42114" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42114"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/international-policy/">International policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42115" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42115"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/rest-of-world-policy/">Rest of world policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42116" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42116"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/uk-policy/">UK policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42117" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-page-ancestor current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent current-page-parent current_page_parent current_page_ancestor menu-item-has-children menu-item-42117"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/un-climate-talks/">UN climate talks</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-42118" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-41948 current_page_item menu-item-42118"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/un-climate-talks/cop21-paris/" aria-current="page">COP21 Paris</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42119" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42119"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/un-climate-talks/cop22-marrakech/">COP22 Marrakech</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42120" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42120"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/un-climate-talks/cop23-bonn/">COP23 Bonn</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42121" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42121"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/un-climate-talks/cop24-katowice/">COP24 Katowice</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42122" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42122"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/un-climate-talks/cop25-madrid/">COP25 Madrid</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42123" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42123"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/un-climate-talks/cop26-glasgow/">COP26 Glasgow</a></li> <li id="menu-item-44299" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-44299"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/un-climate-talks/cop27-sharm-el-sheikh/">COP27 Sharm el-Sheikh</a></li> <li id="menu-item-49675" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-49675"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/un-climate-talks/cop28-dubai/">COP28 Dubai</a></li> <li id="menu-item-54479" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-54479"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/un-climate-talks/cop29-baku/">COP29 Baku</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-42124" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42124"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/us-policy/">US Policy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-51435" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-51435"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/nature/">Nature</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-53906" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-53906"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/nature/nature-policy/">Nature policy</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-53907" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-53907"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/nature/nature-policy/cop16-cali/">COP16 Cali</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-53908" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-53908"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/nature/food-and-farming/">Food and farming</a></li> <li id="menu-item-53909" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-53909"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/nature/plants-and-forests/">Plants and forests</a></li> <li id="menu-item-53910" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-53910"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/nature/wildlife/">Wildlife</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-42149" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-42149"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-focus/">In focus</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-42127" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42127"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-focus/country-profiles/">Country profiles</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42128" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42128"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-focus/explainers/">Explainers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42129" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42129"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-focus/factchecks/">Factchecks</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42130" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42130"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-focus/features/">Features</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42131" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42131"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-focus/guest-posts/">Guest posts</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42132" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42132"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-focus/infographics/">Infographics</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42133" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42133"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-focus/interviews/">Interviews</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42134" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42134"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-focus/media-analysis/">Media analysis</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42143" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42143"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-focus/translations/">Translations</a></li> <li id="menu-item-42137" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42137"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-focus/webinars/">Webinars</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-42138" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42138"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/daily-brief/">Daily Brief</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="topSubc visible-lg-inline-block"> <a href="#"><i class="subcIcon"></i> <span>Subscribe</span><i class="lineHover"></i></a> </div> <div class="topSrc"> <a href="#"><i class="srcIcon"></i></a> </div> </nav> <div class="topNL"> <div class="ml-embedded" data-form="o0QGK8"></div>  </div> <div class="offCanvas-menu"> <ul id="mobile-navigation" class="mobile-navigation"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-42055"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/">Science</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42065"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/climate-modelling/">Climate modelling</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-42057"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/extreme-weather/">Extreme weather</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42058"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/extreme-weather/attribution/">Attribution</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42059"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/extreme-weather/drought/">Drought</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42060"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/extreme-weather/el-nino/">El Niño</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42061"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/extreme-weather/floods/">Floods</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42062"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/extreme-weather/heatwaves/">Heatwaves</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42063"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/extreme-weather/storms/">Storms</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42064"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/extreme-weather/wildfires/">Wildfires</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-42066"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/ice/">Ice</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42067"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/ice/antarctic/">Antarctic</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42068"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/ice/arctic/">Arctic</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42069"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/ice/glaciers/">Glaciers</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42070"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/ice/sea-ice/">Sea ice</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42071"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/ipcc/">IPCC</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-42076"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/oceans/">Oceans</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42077"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/oceans/marine-life/">Marine life</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42078"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/oceans/ocean-acidification/">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42079"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/oceans/ocean-warming/">Ocean warming</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42080"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/oceans/sea-level-rise/">Sea level rise</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-42081"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/people/">People</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42086"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/people/human-security/">Human security</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42082"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/people/public-health/">Public health</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42083"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/people/public-opinion/">Public opinion</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42084"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/people/risk-and-adaptation/">Risk and adaptation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42085"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/people/science-communication/">Science communication</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-42087"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/temperature/">Temperature</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42088"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/temperature/hiatus/">Hiatus</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42089"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/temperature/1-5c/">1.5C</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42090"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/temperature/carbon-budgets/">Carbon budgets</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42091"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/temperature/climate-sensitivity/">Climate sensitivity</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42094"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/geoengineering/">Geoengineering</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42092"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/temperature/ghgs-and-aerosols/">GHGs and aerosols</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42093"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/temperature/global-temperature/">Global temperature</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42095"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/temperature/negative-emissions/">Negative emissions</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42096"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/temperature/rest-of-world-temperature/">Rest of world temperature</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42097"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/temperature/tipping-points/">Tipping points</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42098"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/science/temperature/uk-temperature/">UK temperature</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42909"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/global-south-climate-database/">Global South Climate Database</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-42099"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/energy/">Energy</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42100"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/energy/coal/">Coal</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-42101"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/energy/emissions/">Emissions</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42102"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/energy/eu-emissions/">EU emissions</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42103"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/energy/emissions/global-emissions/">Global emissions</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42105"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/energy/emissions/rest-of-world-emissions/">Rest of world emissions</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42104"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/energy/emissions/uk-emissions/">UK emissions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42106"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/energy/nuclear/">Nuclear</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42107"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/energy/oil-and-gas/">Oil and gas</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42108"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/energy/renewables/">Renewables</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42109"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/energy/technology/">Technology</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-page-ancestor current-menu-ancestor current_page_ancestor menu-item-has-children menu-item-42148"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/">Policy</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42112"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/china-policy/">China Policy</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42113"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/eu-policy/">EU policy</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42114"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/international-policy/">International policy</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42115"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/rest-of-world-policy/">Rest of world policy</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42116"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/uk-policy/">UK policy</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-page-ancestor current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent current-page-parent current_page_parent current_page_ancestor menu-item-has-children menu-item-42117"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/un-climate-talks/">UN climate talks</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-41948 current_page_item menu-item-42118"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/un-climate-talks/cop21-paris/" aria-current="page">COP21 Paris</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42119"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/un-climate-talks/cop22-marrakech/">COP22 Marrakech</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42120"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/un-climate-talks/cop23-bonn/">COP23 Bonn</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42121"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/un-climate-talks/cop24-katowice/">COP24 Katowice</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42122"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/un-climate-talks/cop25-madrid/">COP25 Madrid</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42123"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/un-climate-talks/cop26-glasgow/">COP26 Glasgow</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-44299"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/un-climate-talks/cop27-sharm-el-sheikh/">COP27 Sharm el-Sheikh</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-49675"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/un-climate-talks/cop28-dubai/">COP28 Dubai</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-54479"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/un-climate-talks/cop29-baku/">COP29 Baku</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42124"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/policy/us-policy/">US Policy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-51435"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/nature/">Nature</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-53906"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/nature/nature-policy/">Nature policy</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-53907"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/nature/nature-policy/cop16-cali/">COP16 Cali</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-53908"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/nature/food-and-farming/">Food and farming</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-53909"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/nature/plants-and-forests/">Plants and forests</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-53910"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/nature/wildlife/">Wildlife</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-42149"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-focus/">In focus</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42127"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-focus/country-profiles/">Country profiles</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42128"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-focus/explainers/">Explainers</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42129"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-focus/factchecks/">Factchecks</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42130"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-focus/features/">Features</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42131"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-focus/guest-posts/">Guest posts</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42132"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-focus/infographics/">Infographics</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42133"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-focus/interviews/">Interviews</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42134"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-focus/media-analysis/">Media analysis</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42143"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-focus/translations/">Translations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42137"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-focus/webinars/">Webinars</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-42138"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/daily-brief/">Daily Brief</a></li> </ul> </div> </header>  <script> jQuery(function() { jQuery(".menuID-").addClass("current-menu-item"); jQuery(".menuID-").parent().parent().addClass("menu-item-has-children"); jQuery(".menuID-").parent().parent().addClass("current-menu-parent"); }); </script> <div class="guten-block block-page-title pageTitle-standard block-page-title- bg-subcat" style="background-image:url(https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/in-focus-header.jpeg);""> <div class="container"> <div class="row breadcrumbs-container"> <div class="col-xs-12"> <p class="text-body-xs">   </p> </div> </div> <div class="row content"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-lg-12"> <div class="std-wrapper"> <p class="text-header-xl">COP21 Paris</p> <ul class="sub-cat-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <span class="prev"><i class="fas fa-chevron-left"></i></span> <span class="next"><i class="fas fa-chevron-right"></i></span> </div> </div> </div> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { jQuery(window).on("resize load", function() { if (jQuery(".block-page-title .sub-cat-list").get(0).scrollWidth > jQuery(".block-page-title .sub-cat-list").width()) { jQuery(".block-page-title .sub-cat-list").closest(".pageTitle-standard").addClass("hScroll"); } else { jQuery(".block-page-title .sub-cat-list").closest(".pageTitle-standard").removeClass("hScroll"); } }).resize(); jQuery(function() { jQuery('.hScroll .next').click(function(event) { event.preventDefault(); jQuery('.sub-cat-list').animate({ scrollLeft: "+=100px" }, "fast"); }); jQuery('.hScroll .prev').click(function(event) { event.preventDefault(); jQuery('.sub-cat-list').animate({ scrollLeft: "-=100px" }, "fast"); }); }); }); </script>    <div class="container-fluid noPadd"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-8 text-right sameHeight leftPer"> <div class="ePostC topCatSub"> <div class="topTitleC"><strong>LATEST IN</strong> COP21 PARIS</div> <hr />  <div class="esubBox " data-postid="29318"> <span> <img width="583" height="372" src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/paris-cop-21-agreement-583x372.jpg" class="attachment-583x372 size-583x372 wp-post-image" alt="Members of COP 21 celebrate the adoption of the Paris Agreement, 12 December 2015. Credit: IISD/ENB | Kiara Worth" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /> </span> <div class="esubDtls"> <h3><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-dont-shift-the-goalposts-of-paris-agreements-temperature-limits/">Guest post: Don’t shift the goalposts of Paris Agreement’s temperature limits</a></h3> <p>Dr Carl-Friedrich Schleussner is head of climate science and impacts at Climate Analytics, Dr Joeri Rogelj is a research scholar at the International ... <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-dont-shift-the-goalposts-of-paris-agreements-temperature-limits/" class="normalLink">Read More</a></p> <div class="catDate"> <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/in-focus/guest-posts/">Guest posts</a> | May 22. 2018. </div> </div> </div>   <div class="esubBox " data-postid="26959"> <span> <img width="583" height="372" src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/LA-city-hall-583x372.jpg" class="attachment-583x372 size-583x372 wp-post-image" alt="USA, California, Los Angeles, Grand Park and Los Angeles City Hall" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /> </span> <div class="esubDtls"> <h3><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-us-states-cities-could-meet-paris-climate-goals-without-trump/">Analysis: US states and cities could meet Paris climate goals without Trump</a></h3> <p>Nearly 40% of US CO2 emissions are in the hands of states that have either committed to meeting their share of the US’s Paris Agreement target or wh... <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-us-states-cities-could-meet-paris-climate-goals-without-trump/" class="normalLink">Read More</a></p> <div class="catDate"> <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/policy/us-policy/">US Policy</a> | Jun 15. 2017. </div> </div> </div>   <div class="esubBox " data-postid="26940"> <span> <img width="583" height="372" src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/hot-cars-583x372.jpg" class="attachment-583x372 size-583x372 wp-post-image" alt="LA traffic, California, USA" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /> </span> <div class="esubDtls"> <h3><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-meeting-paris-pledges-would-prevent-at-least-one-celsius-global-warming/">Analysis: Meeting Paris pledges would prevent at least 1C of global warming</a></h3> <p>President Trump's decision to withdraw from the Paris Agreement on climate change has raised questions about the effectiveness of the accord, and how ... <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-meeting-paris-pledges-would-prevent-at-least-one-celsius-global-warming/" class="normalLink">Read More</a></p> <div class="catDate"> <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/policy/un-climate-talks/paris-2015/">COP21 Paris</a> | Jun 6. 2017. </div> </div> </div>   <div class="esubBox " data-postid="26924"> <span> <img width="583" height="372" src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/coal-plant-583x372.jpg" class="attachment-583x372 size-583x372 wp-post-image" alt="Outdated Coal Plant NiederauBem With Stop Sign" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /> </span> <div class="esubDtls"> <h3><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/iea-world-can-reach-net-zero-emissions-by-2060-meet-paris-climate-goals/">IEA: World can reach 'net zero' emissions by 2060 to meet Paris climate goals</a></h3> <p>Global emissions can be pushed down to "net zero" by 2060 to meet the climate goals of the Paris Agreement, says the International Energy Agency (IEA)... <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/iea-world-can-reach-net-zero-emissions-by-2060-meet-paris-climate-goals/" class="normalLink">Read More</a></p> <div class="catDate"> <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/energy/emissions/global-emissions/">Global emissions</a> | Jun 6. 2017. </div> </div> </div>   <div class="esubBox " data-postid="26909"> <span> <img width="583" height="372" src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Trump-Paris-speech-583x372.jpg" class="attachment-583x372 size-583x372 wp-post-image" alt="US President Donald J. Trump announces that the US is withdrawing from the Paris climate accord during a Rose Garden event at the White House in Washington, DC, USA, 01 June 2017" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /> </span> <div class="esubDtls"> <h3><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/global-reaction-trump-pulls-us-out-paris-agreement-climate-change/">Global reaction: Trump pulls US out of Paris Agreement on climate change</a></h3> <p>President Donald Trump has, after months of procrastination and deliberation, carried through with one of his campaign pledges by announcing that he w... <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/global-reaction-trump-pulls-us-out-paris-agreement-climate-change/" class="normalLink">Read More</a></p> <div class="catDate"> <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/in-focus/media-analysis/">Media analysis</a> | Jun 2. 2017. </div> </div> </div>   <div class="esubBox " data-postid="26804"> <span> <img width="583" height="372" src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/GettyImages-507306010-583x372.jpg" class="attachment-583x372 size-583x372 wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /> </span> <div class="esubDtls"> <h3><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-can-the-us-legally-weaken-its-paris-agreement-climate-pledge/">Guest post: Can the US legally weaken its Paris Agreement climate pledge?</a></h3> <p>After months of speculation, the Trump administration is expected to announce soon whether the US will remain part of the Paris Agreement on climate c... <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-can-the-us-legally-weaken-its-paris-agreement-climate-pledge/" class="normalLink">Read More</a></p> <div class="catDate"> <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/in-focus/guest-posts/">Guest posts</a> | May 8. 2017. </div> </div> </div>   <div class="esubBox " data-postid="26727"> <span> <img width="583" height="372" src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/GettyImages-527318349-EnergyTransition-hero-583x372.jpg" class="attachment-583x372 size-583x372 wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /> </span> <div class="esubDtls"> <h3><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/cut-fossil-fuel-dramatically-to-meet-climate-goals-shell-backed-report/">Cut fossil fuel use 'dramatically' to meet climate goals, says Shell-backed report</a></h3> <p>The use of fossil fuel, particularly coal and oil, must decline "sharply" if the world is to meet the goals of the Paris accord, according to a new r... <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/cut-fossil-fuel-dramatically-to-meet-climate-goals-shell-backed-report/" class="normalLink">Read More</a></p> <div class="catDate"> <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/energy/oil-and-gas/">Oil and gas</a> | Apr 25. 2017. </div> </div> </div>   <div class="esubBox " data-postid="26034"> <span> <img width="583" height="372" src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Patricia_Espinosa-583x372.jpg" class="attachment-583x372 size-583x372 wp-post-image" alt="UNFCCC Executive Secretary Patricia Espinosa at COP22 in Marrakech" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /> </span> <div class="esubDtls"> <h3><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/video-patricia-espinosa-trump-brexit-loss-damage-one-point-five/">Video: Patricia Espinosa on Trump, Brexit, 'loss and damage' and 1.5C goal</a></h3> <p>Patricia Espinosa, who last year took the helm as executive secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), was in th... <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/video-patricia-espinosa-trump-brexit-loss-damage-one-point-five/" class="normalLink">Read More</a></p> <div class="catDate"> <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/in-focus/interviews/">Interviews</a> | Feb 24. 2017. </div> </div> </div>   <div class="esubBox " data-postid="24236"> <span> <img width="583" height="372" src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Ban-Ki-moon-at-the-European-Parliament-583x372.jpg" class="attachment-583x372 size-583x372 wp-post-image" alt="Ban Ki-moon addresses the European Parliament on the Paris Agreement, Oct 4 2016" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /> </span> <div class="esubDtls"> <h3><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-paris-agreement-to-enter-into-force/">Explainer: Paris Agreement on climate change to 'enter into force'</a></h3> <p>The Paris Agreement will formally come into force next month, legally binding countries that have ratified the deal to act on the pledges made last ye... <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-paris-agreement-to-enter-into-force/" class="normalLink">Read More</a></p> <div class="catDate"> <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/policy/international-policy/">International policy</a> | Oct 6. 2016. </div> </div> </div>   <div class="esubBox " data-postid="24071"> <span> <img width="583" height="372" src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/IMG_1759_2-583x372.jpg" class="attachment-583x372 size-583x372 wp-post-image" alt="1.5 degrees conference at Keble College, Oxford" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /> </span> <div class="esubDtls"> <h3><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/day-two-at-the-1-5-c-conference-on-climate-change-in-oxford/">Highlights: Day two at the 1.5C conference on climate change in Oxford</a></h3> <p>Today saw the second and final full day of the conference “1.5 degrees: Meeting the challenges of the Paris Agreement”, organised by the Environme... <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/day-two-at-the-1-5-c-conference-on-climate-change-in-oxford/" class="normalLink">Read More</a></p> <div class="catDate"> <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/science/temperature/global-temperature/">Global temperature</a> | Sep 22. 2016. </div> </div> </div>   <div class="esubBox " data-postid="24050"> <span> <img width="583" height="372" src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Keble-college-Oxford-583x372.jpg" class="attachment-583x372 size-583x372 wp-post-image" alt="Keble college Oxford" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /> </span> <div class="esubDtls"> <h3><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/day-one-at-the-1-5-c-conference-on-climate-change-in-oxford/">Highlights: Day one at the 1.5C conference on climate change in Oxford</a></h3> <p>More than 200 climate science and policy researchers, economists and social scientists have descended this week on Keble College in Oxford for a two-d... <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/day-one-at-the-1-5-c-conference-on-climate-change-in-oxford/" class="normalLink">Read More</a></p> <div class="catDate"> <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/science/temperature/global-temperature/">Global temperature</a> | Sep 21. 2016. </div> </div> </div>  <div id="loadcontainer"></div> <input type="hidden" value="" name="term" class="searchsummary" /> <input type="hidden" value="" name="user" class="searchsummary" /> <input type="hidden" value="62" name="topic" class="searchsummary" /> <input type="hidden" value="" name="mf" class="searchsummary" /> <input type="hidden" value="" name="mt" class="searchsummary" /> <input type="hidden" value="" name="yf" class="searchsummary" /> <input type="hidden" value="" name="yt" class="searchsummary" /> <input type="hidden" value="1" name="currpage" class="searchsummary" /> <input type="hidden" value="12" name="offset" class="searchsummary" /> <input type="hidden" value="12" name="items" class="searchsummary" /> <input type="hidden" value="large" name="layout" class="searchsummary" /> <input type="hidden" value="loadmore" name="action" class="searchsummary" /> <input type="hidden" value="false" name="allowsorting" class="searchsummary" />   <div class="col-md-12 text-center moreSrc"> <a href="#" class="loadMore"><i class="moreIcon"></i></a> <h5>Load Older</h5> <h6>or</h6> <form method="get" action="https://www.carbonbrief.org/search/"> <div class="searchBtm"> <input type="submit" class="magniIcon" /> <input type="hidden" value="62" name="topic" /> <input name="term" class="s" type="text" placeholder="Search for articles by keyword" /> <input type="submit" /> </div> </form> </div> </div>   <div class="block-newsletter static-template block-newsletter-67427cb5db29d"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12"> <p class="title">Expert analysis direct to your inbox.</p> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 hidden-xs"> <p class="body" style="padding-top: 0.5em">Get a round-up of all the important articles and papers selected by Carbon Brief by email. Find out more about our newsletters <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/newsletter-sign-up" style="text-decoration: underline;">here</a>.</p> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 visible-xs-block"> <p class="body" style="padding-top: 0.5em">Get a round-up of all the important articles and papers selected by Carbon Brief by email. Find out more about our newsletters <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/newsletter-sign-up" style="text-decoration: underline;">here</a>.</p> </div> <div class="ml-embedded" data-form="W0jlyL"></div> </div>   </div> </div> <script> (function($) { // Daily brief, signup form switcher jQuery(".block-newsletter-67427cb5db29d #brief-type-block").change(function() { var dailyURL = "https://www.getrevue.co/profile/CarbonBriefDailyBriefing/add_subscriber"; var weeklyURL = "https://www.getrevue.co/profile/CarbonBriefWeeklyBriefing/add_subscriber"; var action = jQuery(this).val() == "daily" ? dailyURL : weeklyURL; jQuery(".block-newsletter-67427cb5db29d #revueForm-block").attr("action", action); }); })(jQuery); </script>   </div> <div class="col-md-4 rightGrey sameHeight rightPer">  <div class="block-popular-articles guten-block block-newsletter-67427cb5db29d "> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12"> <p class="text-header-l text-bold title"> POPULAR IN COP21 PARIS </p> </div> </div> <div class="row popular-posts"> <div class="col-xs-12"> <div class="pp-wrapper"> <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/paris-2015-tracking-country-climate-pledges/"><img width="270" height="180" src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/paris-pledge-tracker-hero-270x180.jpg" class="attachment-medlisting size-medlisting wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/paris-pledge-tracker-hero-270x180.jpg 270w, https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/paris-pledge-tracker-hero-300x200.jpg 300w, https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/paris-pledge-tracker-hero-768x512.jpg 768w, https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/paris-pledge-tracker-hero-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/paris-pledge-tracker-hero-107x71.jpg 107w, https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/paris-pledge-tracker-hero-200x133.jpg 200w, https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/paris-pledge-tracker-hero-420x280.jpg 420w, https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/paris-pledge-tracker-hero.jpg 1550w" sizes="(max-width: 270px) 100vw, 270px" /></a> <p class="text-header-s"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/paris-2015-tracking-country-climate-pledges/">Paris 2015: Tracking country climate pledges</a></p> <div class="meta-info d-flex justify-content-start align-items-center"> <p class="text-tag-s d-none"> <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/policy/un-climate-talks/paris-2015/">COP21 Paris</a> | </p> <span class="pipe-spacer d-none">|</span> <p class="text-tag-meta">16.09.15</p> </div> </div>  <div class="pp-wrapper"> <p class="text-header-s"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/interactive-the-paris-agreement-on-climate-change/">Interactive: The Paris Agreement on climate change</a></p> <div class="meta-info d-flex justify-content-start align-items-center"> <p class="text-tag-s d-none"> <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/policy/un-climate-talks/paris-2015/">COP21 Paris</a> | </p> <span class="pipe-spacer d-none">|</span> <p class="text-tag-meta">18.12.15</p> </div> </div> <div class="pp-wrapper"> <p class="text-header-s"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-the-final-paris-climate-deal/">Analysis: The final Paris climate deal</a></p> <div class="meta-info d-flex justify-content-start align-items-center"> <p class="text-tag-s d-none"> <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/policy/un-climate-talks/paris-2015/">COP21 Paris</a> | </p> <span class="pipe-spacer d-none">|</span> <p class="text-tag-meta">12.12.15</p> </div> </div> <div class="pp-wrapper"> <p class="text-header-s"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/scientists-compare-climate-change-impacts-at-1-5c-and-2c/">Scientists compare climate change impacts at 1.5C and 2C</a></p> <div class="meta-info d-flex justify-content-start align-items-center"> <p class="text-tag-s d-none"> <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/science/temperature/global-temperature/">Global temperature</a> | </p> <span class="pipe-spacer d-none">|</span> <p class="text-tag-meta">21.04.16</p> </div> </div> <div class="pp-wrapper"> <p class="text-header-s"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-what-are-intended-nationally-determined-contributions/">Explainer: What are ‘Intended Nationally Determined Contributions’?</a></p> <div class="meta-info d-flex justify-content-start align-items-center"> <p class="text-tag-s d-none"> <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/policy/un-climate-talks/paris-2015/">COP21 Paris</a> | </p> <span class="pipe-spacer d-none">|</span> <p class="text-tag-meta">31.03.15</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { jQuery('.wpp-list .text-tag-s a').parent().children().not(':first-child').remove(); var div = jQuery('.wpp-list .text-tag-s'); div.html(div.html().replace(/\,/g, '')); }); </script> </div> </div> </div>  </div>  <footer> <div class="container"> <div class="backTop"> <a href="#topBack"><i class="backTop"></i></a> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-5"> <div class="ftrLogo"><img src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/themes/carbonbrief/images/logoFtr.png" alt="" /></div> <p>Published under a <a target="_blank" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode">CC license</a>. You are welcome to reproduce unadapted material in full for non-commercial use, credited ‘Carbon Brief’ with a link to the article. Please contact us for commercial use.</p> </div> <div class="col-md-7"> <div class="eFtr secBtm"> <h4>SECTIONS</h4> <div class="menu-footer-menu-1-container"><ul id="menu-footer-menu-1" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-14716" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-14716 menuID-1"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/science/">Science</a></li> <li id="menu-item-14718" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-14718 menuID-2"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/energy/">Energy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-14717" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-category-ancestor menu-item-14717 menuID-3"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/policy/">Policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-14719" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-14719 menuID-4"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/category/in-focus/">In Focus</a></li> <li id="menu-item-41770" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-41770"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/china-briefing/">China Briefing</a></li> <li id="menu-item-41769" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-41769"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/cropped/">Cropped</a></li> </ul></div> </div> <div class="eFtr aboutBtm"> <h4>ABOUT</h4> <div class="menu-footer-menu-2-container"><ul id="menu-footer-menu-2" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-47078" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-47078"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/about-us/">About us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-14723" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-14723"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/contact-us/">Contact Us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-48260" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-48260"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/newsletter-sign-up/">Newsletters</a></li> <li id="menu-item-14721" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-14721"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/privacy/">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-14720" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-14720"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/cookies/">Cookie Policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-36807" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-36807"><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/comments-policy/">Comments Policy</a></li> </ul></div> </div> <div class="eFtr smBtm"> <h4>SOCIAL</h4> <div class="menu-footer-menu-3-container"><ul id="menu-footer-menu-3" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-41823" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-41823"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://twitter.com/CarbonBrief">Twitter</a></li> <li id="menu-item-14725" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-14725"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/carbon-brief/">LinkedIn</a></li> <li id="menu-item-14724" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-14724"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.facebook.com/carbonbrief">Facebook</a></li> <li id="menu-item-28447" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-28447"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.instagram.com/carbonbrief">Instagram</a></li> <li id="menu-item-14726" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-14726"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiXgvmQ2jUgUjRpJzvga5Tg">YouTube</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ftrSM"> <a href="https://twitter.com/CarbonBrief" target="_blank"><i class="fsmTwtr"></i></a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/carbonbrief" target="_blank"><i class="fsmFB"></i></a> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/carbonbrief" target="_blank"><i class="fsmInst"></i></a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiXgvmQ2jUgUjRpJzvga5Tg" target="_blank"><i class="fsmYT"></i></a> </div> <hr /> <div class="container ftrBtm"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-8" style="color: white">Published by Carbon Brief Ltd © <span>2024</span> - Company No. 07222041</div> </div> </div> </footer>  <script type="text/javascript"> var currentPageLink = 'https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-what-are-intended-nationally-determined-contributions/'; </script> <script src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/themes/carbonbrief/js/jquery.1.11.3.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/themes/carbonbrief/js/bootstrap.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/themes/carbonbrief/js/Autolinker.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/themes/carbonbrief/js/owl.carousel.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/themes/carbonbrief/js/moment.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/themes/carbonbrief/js/slick.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/themes/carbonbrief/js/jquery.matchHeight.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/themes/carbonbrief/js/jquery.webticker.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/themes/carbonbrief/js/general.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/themes/carbonbrief/js/bootstrap-datepicker.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/themes/carbonbrief/js/jquery.fullsizable.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/themes/carbonbrief/js/screenfull.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/themes/carbonbrief/js/twitter.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script> window.twttr = (function(d, s, id) { var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], t = window.twttr || {}; if (d.getElementById(id)) return t; js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); t._e = []; t.ready = function(f) { t._e.push(f); }; return t; }(document, "script", "twitter-wjs")); </script> <script> window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: '825336777587820', xfbml: true, version: 'v2.4' }); }; (function(d, s, id){ var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function() { // $.get( "http://graph.facebook.com/?id="+window.location.href, function( data ) { // if(data.shares > 0) { // $('.shareCount').html('<i class="shareTopIcon"></i> '+data.shares+' Social shares'); // }; // }); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-includes/js/dist/hooks.min.js?ver=2810c76e705dd1a53b18" id="wp-hooks-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-includes/js/dist/i18n.min.js?ver=5e580eb46a90c2b997e6" id="wp-i18n-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp-i18n-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } ); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/swv/js/index.js?ver=5.9.8" id="swv-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="contact-form-7-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wpcf7 = {"api":{"root":"https:\/\/www.carbonbrief.org\/wp-json\/","namespace":"contact-form-7\/v1"},"cached":"1"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/js/index.js?ver=5.9.8" id="contact-form-7-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="ppress-frontend-script-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var pp_ajax_form = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.carbonbrief.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","confirm_delete":"Are you sure?","deleting_text":"Deleting...","deleting_error":"An error occurred. Please try again.","nonce":"aaa04b1111","disable_ajax_form":"false","is_checkout":"0","is_checkout_tax_enabled":"0"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-user-avatar/assets/js/frontend.min.js?ver=4.15.13" id="ppress-frontend-script-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/core.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/menu.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-menu-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-includes/js/dist/dom-ready.min.js?ver=f77871ff7694fffea381" id="wp-dom-ready-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp-a11y-js-translations"> /* <![CDATA[ */ ( function( domain, translations ) { var localeData = translations.locale_data[ domain ] || translations.locale_data.messages; localeData[""].domain = domain; wp.i18n.setLocaleData( localeData, domain ); } )( "default", {"translation-revision-date":"2024-07-09 16:06:37+0000","generator":"GlotPress\/4.0.1","domain":"messages","locale_data":{"messages":{"":{"domain":"messages","plural-forms":"nplurals=2; plural=n != 1;","lang":"en_GB"},"Notifications":["Notifications"]}},"comment":{"reference":"wp-includes\/js\/dist\/a11y.js"}} ); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-includes/js/dist/a11y.min.js?ver=d90eebea464f6c09bfd5" id="wp-a11y-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/autocomplete.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-autocomplete-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="my_search-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var UserSearch = {"url":"https:\/\/www.carbonbrief.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/themes/carbonbrief/js/search.js" id="my_search-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?render=6LdnL6IUAAAAAABqRBs9TKUDXXRCcAccPz4OadVi&ver=3.0" id="google-recaptcha-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/wp-polyfill.min.js?ver=3.15.0" id="wp-polyfill-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wpcf7-recaptcha-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wpcf7_recaptcha = {"sitekey":"6LdnL6IUAAAAAABqRBs9TKUDXXRCcAccPz4OadVi","actions":{"homepage":"homepage","contactform":"contactform"}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/modules/recaptcha/index.js?ver=5.9.8" id="wpcf7-recaptcha-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="search-filter-plugin-build-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var SF_LDATA = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/www.carbonbrief.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","home_url":"https:\/\/www.carbonbrief.org\/","extensions":[]}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/plugins/search-filter-pro/public/assets/js/search-filter-build.min.js?ver=2.5.11" id="search-filter-plugin-build-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/plugins/search-filter-pro/public/assets/js/chosen.jquery.min.js?ver=2.5.11" id="search-filter-plugin-chosen-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/datepicker.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-datepicker-js"></script> </body> </html>