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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-August_18,_2019,_magazine_issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#August_18,_2019,_magazine_issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 August 18, 2019, magazine issue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-August_18,_2019,_magazine_issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accompanying_material_and_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accompanying_material_and_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Accompanying material and activities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accompanying_material_and_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Reception </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception-sublist" class="cdx-button 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journalistic_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journalistic_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Journalistic reactions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journalistic_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Political reactions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/The_1619_Project_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="The 1619 Project (disambiguation)">The 1619 Project (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; padding-bottom:0.2em;">The 1619 Project <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+1619+Project&rft.author=%5B%5BNikole+Hannah-Jones%5D%5D&rft.date=August+2019&rft.pub=%27%27%5B%5BThe+New+York+Times%5D%5D%27%27&rft.place=United+States"></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:The_1619_Project_wordmark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/The_1619_Project_wordmark.svg/220px-The_1619_Project_wordmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/The_1619_Project_wordmark.svg/330px-The_1619_Project_wordmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/The_1619_Project_wordmark.svg/440px-The_1619_Project_wordmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="420" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The 1619 Project logo</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nikole_Hannah-Jones" title="Nikole Hannah-Jones">Nikole Hannah-Jones</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Long-form_journalism" title="Long-form journalism">Long-form journalism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">August 2019</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_1619_Project:_A_New_Origin_Story" title="The 1619 Project: A New Origin Story">The 1619 Project: A New Origin Story</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The 1619 Project is a <a href="/wiki/Long-form_journalism" title="Long-form journalism">long-form journalistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">revisionist historiographical work</a> that takes a critical view of traditionally revered figures and events in <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">American history</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">the Patriots</a> in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> and <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">the Union</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-atlantic-wilentz-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-atlantic-friedersdorf2-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wilentz-NYRB-4">[4]</a> It was developed by <a href="/wiki/Nikole_Hannah-Jones" title="Nikole Hannah-Jones">Nikole Hannah-Jones</a>, writers from <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine" title="The New York Times Magazine">The New York Times Magazine</a>. It focused on subjects of <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> and the founding of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The first publication from the project was in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine" title="The New York Times Magazine">The New York Times Magazine</a> of August 2019.<a href="#cite_note-why-6">[6]</a> The project developed an educational curriculum, supported by the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Center" title="Pulitzer Center">Pulitzer Center</a>, later accompanied by a broadsheet article, live events, and a podcast.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The project has become a leading subject of the American history wars,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> receiving criticism from historians, both from the <a href="/wiki/Political_left" class="mw-redirect" title="Political left">political left</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right</a>, who <a href="#Historical_accuracy">question its historical accuracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-atlantic-friedersdorf2-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-atlantic-serwer2-9">[9]</a> In a letter published in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> in December 2019, historians <a href="/wiki/Gordon_S._Wood" title="Gordon S. Wood">Gordon S. Wood</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_M._McPherson" title="James M. McPherson">James M. McPherson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sean_Wilentz" title="Sean Wilentz">Sean Wilentz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_E._Bynum" title="Victoria E. Bynum">Victoria E. Bynum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_Oakes_(historian)" title="James Oakes (historian)">James Oakes</a> applauded "all efforts to address the enduring centrality of slavery and racism to our history" and deemed the project a "praiseworthy and urgent public service," but expressed "strong reservations" about some "important aspects" of the project and requested factual corrections. These scholars denied the project's claim that <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a> was essential to the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. In response, <a href="/wiki/Jake_Silverstein" title="Jake Silverstein">Jake Silverstein</a>, the editor of <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine" title="The New York Times Magazine">The New York Times Magazine</a>, defended The 1619 Project and refused to issue corrections.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-response-10">[10]</a> On May 4, 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> board announced that it was awarding the 2020 <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Commentary" title="Pulitzer Prize for Commentary">Pulitzer Prize for Commentary</a> to Hannah-Jones for her introductory essay.<a href="#cite_note-:0-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-12">[12]</a> In March 2020, in light of persistent criticism of the project's portrayal of the role of slavery, including from one of its own consulting historians, <a href="/wiki/Leslie_M._Harris" title="Leslie M. Harris">Leslie M. Harris</a>, The New York Times issued a "clarification", modifying one of the passages on slavery's role that had sparked controversy.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2020-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Butcher_2020-14">[14]</a> In September 2020, controversy again arose when the Times updated the opening text of the project website to remove the phrase "...understanding 1619 as our true founding..." without any accompanying editorial note to point to what was being redone.<a href="#cite_note-16">[a]</a> Critics — including the Times' own <a href="/wiki/Bret_Stephens" title="Bret Stephens">Bret Stephens</a> — claimed the differences showed that the newspaper was backing away from some of the initiative's controversial claims.<a href="#cite_note-VanityFair-17">[16]</a> The Times defended its practices, with Hannah-Jones saying that most of the project's content had remained unchanged.<a href="#cite_note-WaPo-1619-2020-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNN-12Oct20202-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Silverstein-On-Criticism-15">[15]</a> In 2020, The New York Times premiered a dedicated podcast series.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> In 2021, a book anthology of essays and poetry <a href="/wiki/The_1619_Project:_A_New_Origin_Story" title="The 1619 Project: A New Origin Story">The 1619 Project: A New Origin Story</a> was published, as well as a children's picture book <a href="/wiki/The_1619_Project:_Born_on_the_Water" title="The 1619 Project: Born on the Water">The 1619 Project: Born on the Water</a> by Hannah-Jones and <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Watson_(author)" title="Renée Watson (author)">Renée Watson</a>. In January 2023, <a href="/wiki/Hulu" title="Hulu">Hulu</a> premiered a six-part documentary TV series created by Hannah-Jones and The New York Times Magazine.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> This series won an Emmy for Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Series at the 75th <a href="/wiki/Creative_Arts_Emmy_Awards" title="Creative Arts Emmy Awards">Creative Arts Emmy Awards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_1619_Project&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AfricansatJamestown1619.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/AfricansatJamestown1619.jpg/200px-AfricansatJamestown1619.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/AfricansatJamestown1619.jpg/300px-AfricansatJamestown1619.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/AfricansatJamestown1619.jpg/400px-AfricansatJamestown1619.jpg 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>A 1901 illustration of the landing of the <a href="/wiki/First_Africans_in_Virginia" title="First Africans in Virginia">first enslaved Africans in Virginia</a> in 1619. The White Lion is seen anchored in the background.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Slavery in the colonial history of the United States</a></div> The 1619 Project was launched in August 2019 to commemorate the 400th anniversary of the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/First_Africans_in_Virginia" title="First Africans in Virginia">first enslaved Africans</a> in the British <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">colony of Virginia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyx-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYTM-25">[24]</a> In 1619, a group of "twenty and odd" captive Africans arrived in the Virginia Colony. An English <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateer</a> operating under a Dutch <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">letter of marque</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_Lion_(privateer)" title="White Lion (privateer)">White Lion</a>, carried 20–30 Africans who had been captured in joint African-Portuguese raids<a href="#cite_note-painter-26">[25]</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ndongo" title="Kingdom of Ndongo">Kingdom of Ndongo</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, making its landing at <a href="/wiki/Old_Point_Comfort" title="Old Point Comfort">Point Comfort</a> in the English colony of Virginia.<a href="#cite_note-nyx-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-AN-27">[26]</a> Although the project places this moment in the context of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">slavery in the colonial history of the United States</a>, some critics have taken issue.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> The first enslaved Africans were brought to <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> in 1526,<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas#European_enslavement_of_indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas">European enslavement of Native Americans</a> has been documented as far back as Columbus in 1493–94. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Project">Project</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_1619_Project&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Project">edit</a>]</div> The project dedicated an issue of the magazine to a re-examination of the legacy of slavery in America, at the anniversary of the 1619 arrival of the first enslaved people to Virginia. This framing challenges the idea that American history began with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> in 1776, which created the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, or with the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Pilgrims_(Plymouth_Colony)" title="Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)">Pilgrims</a> in 1620.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> The project quickly grew into a larger endeavor,<a href="#cite_note-AN-27">[26]</a> encompassing multiple issues of the magazine, with related materials in other Times publications, as well as a school curriculum developed in collaboration with the Pulitzer Center.<a href="#cite_note-AN-27">[26]</a> With support from the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian">Smithsonian</a>, the project recruited a panel of historians to research, develop, and fact-check content.<a href="#cite_note-TWP-31">[30]</a> The project was envisioned with the condition that almost all of the content would be from African-American contributors, deeming the perspective of Black writers an essential element of the story to be told.<a href="#cite_note-vox-32">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="August_18,_2019,_magazine_issue">August 18, 2019, magazine issue</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_1619_Project&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: August 18, 2019, magazine issue">edit</a>]</div> The first edition appeared in a 100-page issue of <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine" title="The New York Times Magazine">The New York Times Magazine</a> on August 18, 2019. It included ten written essays, a photo essay, and a collection of poems and fiction,<a href="#cite_note-nr-33">[32]</a> with an introduction by editor-in-chief <a href="/wiki/Jake_Silverstein" title="Jake Silverstein">Jake Silverstein</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NYTM-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-fm-34">[33]</a> as follows: <ul><li>"Our Democracy's Founding Ideals Were False When They Were Written. Black Americans Have Fought to Make Them True", essay by <a href="/wiki/Nikole_Hannah-Jones" title="Nikole Hannah-Jones">Nikole Hannah-Jones</a></li> <li>"American Capitalism Is Brutal. You Can Trace That to the Plantation", essay by <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Desmond" title="Matthew Desmond">Matthew Desmond</a></li> <li>"How False Beliefs in Physical Racial Difference Still Live in Medicine Today", essay by <a href="/wiki/Linda_Villarosa" title="Linda Villarosa">Linda Villarosa</a></li> <li>"What the Reactionary Politics of 2019 Owe to the Politics of Slavery", essay by <a href="/wiki/Jamelle_Bouie" title="Jamelle Bouie">Jamelle Bouie</a></li> <li>"Why Is Everyone Always Stealing Black Music?", essay by <a href="/wiki/Wesley_Morris" title="Wesley Morris">Wesley Morris</a></li> <li>"How Segregation Caused Your Traffic Jam", essay by <a href="/wiki/Kevin_M._Kruse" title="Kevin M. Kruse">Kevin M. Kruse</a></li> <li>"Why Doesn't America Have Universal Healthcare? One Word: Race", essay by <a href="/wiki/Jeneen_Interlandi" title="Jeneen Interlandi">Jeneen Interlandi</a></li> <li>"Why American Prisons Owe Their Cruelty to Slavery", essay by <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Stevenson" title="Bryan Stevenson">Bryan Stevenson</a></li> <li>"The Barbaric History of Sugar in America", essay by <a href="/wiki/Khalil_Gibran_Muhammad" title="Khalil Gibran Muhammad">Khalil Gibran Muhammad</a></li> <li>"How America's Vast Racial Wealth Gap Grew: By Plunder", essay by <a href="/wiki/Trymaine_Lee" title="Trymaine Lee">Trymaine Lee</a></li> <li>"Their Ancestors Were Enslaved by Law. Now They're Lawyers", photo essay by Djeneba Aduayom, with text from <a href="/wiki/Nikole_Hannah-Jones" title="Nikole Hannah-Jones">Nikole Hannah-Jones</a> and Wadzanai Mhute</li> <li>"A New Literary Timeline of African-American History", a collection of original poems and stories <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clint_Smith_(writer)" title="Clint Smith (writer)">Clint Smith</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage" title="Middle Passage">Middle Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusef_Komunyakaa" title="Yusef Komunyakaa">Yusef Komunyakaa</a> on <a href="/wiki/Crispus_Attucks" title="Crispus Attucks">Crispus Attucks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve_Ewing" title="Eve Ewing">Eve L. Ewing</a> on <a href="/wiki/Phillis_Wheatley" title="Phillis Wheatley">Phillis Wheatley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Dwayne_Betts" title="Reginald Dwayne Betts">Reginald Dwayne Betts</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1793" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1793">Fugitive Slave Act of 1793</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Jenkins" title="Barry Jenkins">Barry Jenkins</a> on <a href="/wiki/Gabriel%27s_Rebellion" title="Gabriel's Rebellion">Gabriel's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesmyn_Ward" title="Jesmyn Ward">Jesmyn Ward</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Act_Prohibiting_Importation_of_Slaves" title="Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves">Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyehimba_Jess" title="Tyehimba Jess">Tyehimba Jess</a> on <a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darryl_Pinckney" title="Darryl Pinckney">Darryl Pinckney</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZZ_Packer" title="ZZ Packer">ZZ Packer</a> on the <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_massacre_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans massacre of 1866">New Orleans massacre of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaa_Gyasi" title="Yaa Gyasi">Yaa Gyasi</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_Syphilis_Study" title="Tuskegee Syphilis Study">Tuskegee syphilis experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Woodson" title="Jacqueline Woodson">Jacqueline Woodson</a> on <a href="/wiki/Sgt._Isaac_Woodard" class="mw-redirect" title="Sgt. Isaac Woodard">Sgt. Isaac Woodard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Bennett" title="Joshua Bennett">Joshua Bennett</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Nottage" title="Lynn Nottage">Lynn Nottage</a> on the birth of <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">hip-hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiese_Laymon" title="Kiese Laymon">Kiese Laymon</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Rev. Jesse Jackson</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Rainbow/PUSH" title="Rainbow/PUSH">rainbow coalition</a>" speech</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clint_Smith_(writer)" title="Clint Smith (writer)">Clint Smith</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Effect_of_Hurricane_Katrina_on_the_Louisiana_Superdome" title="Effect of Hurricane Katrina on the Louisiana Superdome">Superdome after Hurricane Katrina</a></li></ul></li></ul> One of the claims made by Hannah-Jones is that the colonists fought the Revolutionary War to preserve slavery.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> The claim was later softened to say that "some of" the colonists fought to preserve slavery.<a href="#cite_note-The_Heritage_Foundation_2020-37">[36]</a> The essays further discuss details of history as well as modern American society, such as traffic jams and the American affinity for sugar, and their connections to slavery and segregation.<a href="#cite_note-CNN-38">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Desmond" title="Matthew Desmond">Matthew Desmond</a>'s essay argues that slavery has shaped modern capitalism and workplace norms. <a href="/wiki/Jamelle_Bouie" title="Jamelle Bouie">Jamelle Bouie</a>'s essay draws parallels between pro-slavery politics and the modern right-wing politics.<a href="#cite_note-vox-32">[31]</a> Bouie argues that the United States still has not let go of the assumption that some people inherently deserve more power than others.<a href="#cite_note-dot-39">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accompanying_material_and_activities">Accompanying material and activities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_1619_Project&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Accompanying material and activities">edit</a>]</div> The magazine issue was accompanied by a special section in the Sunday newspaper, in partnership with the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian">Smithsonian</a>, examining the beginnings of the <a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Transatlantic slave trade">transatlantic slave trade</a>, written by Mary Elliott and <a href="/wiki/Jazmine_Hughes" title="Jazmine Hughes">Jazmine Hughes</a>. Beginning on August 20, a multi-episode audio series titled "1619" began,<a href="#cite_note-CNN-38">[37]</a> published by The Daily, the morning news podcast of the Times.<a href="#cite_note-AN-27">[26]</a> The Sunday sports section had an essay about slavery's impact on professional sports in the United States: "Is Slavery's Legacy in the Power Dynamics of Sports?"<a href="#cite_note-AN-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> The Times plans to take the project to schools, with the 1619 Project Curriculum developed in collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Center" title="Pulitzer Center">Pulitzer Center</a>. Hundreds of thousands of extra copies of the magazine issue were printed for distribution to schools, museums and libraries.<a href="#cite_note-nyx-24">[23]</a> The Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting has made available free online lesson plans, is collecting further lesson plans from teachers, and helps arrange for speakers to visit classes.<a href="#cite_note-pc-41">[40]</a> The Center considers most of the lessons usable by all grades from elementary school through college.<a href="#cite_note-pcsearch-42">[41]</a> In November 2021, Random House's <a href="/wiki/One_World_(imprint)" class="mw-redirect" title="One World (imprint)">One World</a> imprint published the anthology <a href="/wiki/The_1619_Project:_A_New_Origin_Story" title="The 1619 Project: A New Origin Story">The 1619 Project: A New Origin Story</a>. It is a book-length expansion of the project's essays. The book was created by Nikole Hannah-Jones and The New York Times Magazine, and is edited by Hannah-Jones, Caitlin Roper, Ilena Silverman and Jake Silverstein.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> Six of the essays from the anthology were adapted into a six-episode miniseries, <a href="/wiki/The_1619_Project_(TV_series)" title="The 1619 Project (TV series)">"The 1619 Project"</a>, which premiered on January 26, 2023, on <a href="/wiki/Hulu" title="Hulu">Hulu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_1619_Project&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_accuracy">Historical accuracy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_1619_Project&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Historical accuracy">edit</a>]</div> In an essay for <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>, historian <a href="/wiki/Sean_Wilentz" title="Sean Wilentz">Sean Wilentz</a> accused the project of cynicism for its portrayal of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, who Wilentz wrote is "rendered as a <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacist</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Wilentz-NYRB-4">[4]</a> In a December 2019 letter published in The New York Times, Wilentz, along with fellow historians <a href="/wiki/Gordon_S._Wood" title="Gordon S. Wood">Gordon S. Wood</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_M._McPherson" title="James M. McPherson">James M. McPherson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Bynum" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Bynum">Victoria Bynum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_Oakes_(historian)" title="James Oakes (historian)">James Oakes</a> expressed "strong reservations" about the project and requested factual corrections, accusing the authors of a "displacement of historical understanding by ideology". The letter disputed the claim, made in Hannah-Jones' introductory essay, that "one of the primary reasons the colonists decided to declare their independence from Britain was because they wanted to protect the institution of slavery". The Times published the letter along with a rebuttal from the magazine's editor-in-chief, <a href="/wiki/Jake_Silverstein" title="Jake Silverstein">Jake Silverstein</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NYT-response-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-atlantic-serwer-47">[46]</a> who defended the accuracy of the 1619 Project and declined to issue corrections. Wood responded in a letter, "I don't know of any colonist who said that they wanted independence in order to preserve their slaves ... No colonist expressed alarm that the mother country was out to abolish slavery in 1776."<a href="#cite_note-atlantic-friedersdorf-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wood-response-49">[48]</a> In an article in <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>, Wilentz responded to Silverstein, writing, "No effort to educate the public in order to advance social justice can afford to dispense with a respect for basic facts", and disputing the accuracy of Silverstein's defense of the project.<a href="#cite_note-atlantic-wilentz-1">[1]</a> Also in December 2019, twelve scholars and political scientists specializing in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> sent a letter to the Times saying that "The 1619 Project offers a historically-limited view of slavery." While agreeing to the importance of examining American slavery, they objected to what they described as the portrayal of slavery as a uniquely American phenomenon, to construing slavery as a <a href="/wiki/Capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist">capitalist</a> venture, and to presenting out-of-context quotes of a conversation between Abraham Lincoln and "five esteemed free black men". The following month, Silverstein issued a response stating that no corrections were necessary.<a href="#cite_note-:6-2">[2]</a> In January 2020, historian Susan Parker, who specializes in the studies of <a href="/wiki/Colonial_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial United States">Colonial United States</a> at <a href="/wiki/Flagler_College" title="Flagler College">Flagler College</a>, noted that slavery existed before any of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>. She wrote in an editorial in <a href="/wiki/The_St._Augustine_Record" title="The St. Augustine Record">The St. Augustine Record</a> that "The settlement known as <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_de_Gualdape" title="San Miguel de Gualdape">San Miguel de Gualdape</a> lasted for about six weeks from late September 1526 to the middle of November. Historian Paul Hoffman writes that the slaves at San Miguel rebelled and set fire to some homes of the Spaniards."<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> Writing in <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>, several historians—among them Parker, archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_A._Deagan" title="Kathleen A. Deagan">Kathleen A. Deagan</a> also of Flagler, and civil rights activist and historian <a href="/wiki/David_Nolan_(American_author)" title="David Nolan (American author)">David Nolan</a>—all agreed that slavery was present decades before the year 1619. According to Deagan, people have "spent their careers trying to correct the erroneous belief" in such a narrative, with Nolan claiming that in ignoring the earlier settlement, the authors were "robbing black history".<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> In March 2020, historian <a href="/wiki/Leslie_M._Harris" title="Leslie M. Harris">Leslie M. Harris</a>, who had been consulted for the project, wrote in <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a> that she had warned that the idea that the American Revolution was fought to protect slavery was inaccurate, and that the Times made avoidable mistakes, but that the project was "a much-needed corrective to the blindly celebratory histories".<a href="#cite_note-politico-122248-52">[51]</a> Hannah-Jones has also said that she stands by the claim that slavery helped fuel the revolution, though she concedes she might have phrased it too strongly in her essay, in a way that could give readers the impression that the support for slavery was universal.<a href="#cite_note-atlantic-serwer-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-politico-122248-52">[51]</a> On March 11, 2020, Silverstein authored an "update" in the form of a "clarification" on the Times' website, correcting Hannah-Jones's essay to state that "protecting slavery was a primary motivation for some of the colonists".<a href="#cite_note-NYT-update-53">[52]</a> This "clarification" was reportedly prompted by a private warning to Silverstein by Harvard classicist and political scientist <a href="/wiki/Danielle_Allen" title="Danielle Allen">Danielle Allen</a> that she might go public with criticism if the passage on the revolution were not corrected.<a href="#cite_note-WaPo-1619-2020-18">[17]</a> In December 2023, historian <a href="/wiki/James_Oakes_(historian)" title="James Oakes (historian)">James Oakes</a> wrote a detailed essay published in <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a> that criticized the historical accuracy of the project in multiple areas, stating that it "has botched the history of the slave economy, misconstrued the origins of Northern economic development, erased the history of antislavery, and rendered emancipation irrelevant".<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Response">Response</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_1619_Project&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Response">edit</a>]</div> In September 2020, Nikole Hannah-Jones criticized conservatives for their depiction of the project because it "does not argue that 1619 is our true founding".<a href="#cite_note-WaPo-1619-2020-18">[17]</a> Atlantic writer <a href="/wiki/Conor_Friedersdorf" title="Conor Friedersdorf">Conor Friedersdorf</a> responded on Twitter by citing statements from Hannah-Jones that 1619 was the nation's true founding.<a href="#cite_note-WaPo-1619-2020-18">[17]</a> Critics cited by <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Quillette" title="Quillette">Quillette</a> magazine, argued that this showed that the Times was quietly revising its position without acknowledgement of the original mischaracterization.<a href="#cite_note-WaPo-1619-2020-18">[17]</a> The conservative <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Scholars" title="National Association of Scholars">National Association of Scholars</a> published a letter asking for the revocation of the project's Pulitzer Prize.<a href="#cite_note-WaPo-1619-2020-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-NAS-appeal-55">[54]</a> In an opinion column in the New York Times, <a href="/wiki/Bret_Stephens" title="Bret Stephens">Bret Stephens</a> said that Hannah-Jones had said the argument about dating the founding to 1619 was self-evidently metaphorical, but said "these were not minor points. The deleted assertions went to the core of the project's most controversial goal, 'to reframe American history by considering what it would mean to regard 1619 as our nation's birth year'", and argued, "The question of journalistic practices, however, raises deeper doubts about the 1619 Project's core premises."<a href="#cite_note-Stephens-NYT-56">[55]</a> This column led to tension within the Times, and prompted statements by Times executive editor <a href="/wiki/Dean_Baquet" title="Dean Baquet">Dean Baquet</a>, publisher <a href="/wiki/A._G._Sulzberger" title="A. G. Sulzberger">A. G. Sulzberger</a> and New York Times Magazine editor <a href="/wiki/Jake_Silverstein" title="Jake Silverstein">Jake Silverstein</a> in support of the 1619 Project.<a href="#cite_note-WaPo-1619-2020-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Silverstein-On-Criticism-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNN-12Oct2020-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baquet-Note-58">[57]</a> Responding to criticism, Hannah-Jones wrote on Twitter, "Those who've wanted to act as if tweets/discussions about the project hold more weight than the actual words of the project cannot be taken in good faith", and that "Those who point to edits of digital blurbs but ignore the unchanged text of the actual project cannot be taken in good faith."<a href="#cite_note-WaPo-1619-2020-18">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Motivations_for_the_American_Revolution">Motivations for the American Revolution</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_1619_Project&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Motivations for the American Revolution">edit</a>]</div> Significant controversy has centered on the project's claim that "one of the primary reasons the colonists decided to declare their independence from Britain was because they wanted to protect the institution of slavery". According to <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> professor <a href="/wiki/Sean_Wilentz" title="Sean Wilentz">Sean Wilentz</a>, the claim that there was a "perceptible British threat to American slavery in 1776" is an ahistorical assertion, noting that the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">British abolitionist movement</a> was practically non-existent in 1776.<a href="#cite_note-Wilentz_2020-59">[58]</a> Wilentz also criticized the project's mentioning the <a href="/wiki/Somerset_v_Stewart" title="Somerset v Stewart">Somerset v Stewart</a> case to support its argument, since that legal decision concerned slavery in England, with no effect in the American colonies.<a href="#cite_note-Wilentz_2020-59">[58]</a> Wilentz wrote that the project's claims that "if the Revolution had caused the ending of the slave trade, this would have upended the economy of the colonies, in both the North and the South" did not consider the numerous attempts to outlaw—or impose prohibitive duties on—the slave trade by several colonies from 1769 to 1774.<a href="#cite_note-Wilentz_2020-59">[58]</a> The historians critical of the project have said that many of <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">America's Founding Fathers</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Otis_Jr." title="James Otis Jr.">James Otis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a>, opposed slavery. They also said that every state north of <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> took steps to <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolish slavery</a> after the revolution.<a href="#cite_note-atlantic-serwer-47">[46]</a> In defense of the project, Silverstein said that the Somerset case caused a "sensation" in American reports. But Wilentz countered that the decision was reported by only six newspapers in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Colonies" title="Southern Colonies">southern colonies</a>, and the tone of the coverage was indifferent.<a href="#cite_note-Wilentz_2020-59">[58]</a> Also at issue was the significance of <a href="/wiki/Dunmore%27s_Proclamation" title="Dunmore's Proclamation">Dunmore's Proclamation</a> as cited by Silverstein,<a href="#cite_note-NYT-response-10">[10]</a> with Wilentz asserting that the event was a response to rebellion rather than a cause; he also questioned the reliance on a quotation by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Rutledge" title="Edward Rutledge">Edward Rutledge</a> as interpreted by <a href="/wiki/Jill_Lepore" title="Jill Lepore">Jill Lepore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-atlantic-wilentz-1">[1]</a> Harris has also pointed to Dunmore's Proclamation as a spur to the disruption of slavery by the revolutionary side as well.<a href="#cite_note-politico-122248-52">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journalistic_reactions">Journalistic reactions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_1619_Project&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Journalistic reactions">edit</a>]</div> The 1619 Project received positive reviews by Alexandria Neason in the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Journalism_Review" title="Columbia Journalism Review">Columbia Journalism Review</a><a href="#cite_note-AN-27">[26]</a> and by Ellen McGirt in <a href="/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a> magazine, which declared the project "wide-reaching and collaborative, unflinching, and insightful" and a "dramatic and necessary corrective to the fundamental lie of the American origin story."<a href="#cite_note-fm-34">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Andrew Sullivan</a> critiqued the project as an important perspective that needed to be heard but that was presented in a biased way under the guise of objectivity.<a href="#cite_note-nymag-60">[59]</a> Writing in The Washington Post, <a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">George Will</a> called the project "malicious" and "historically illiterate."<a href="#cite_note-:2-61">[60]</a> Writing in <a href="/wiki/The_Week" title="The Week">The Week</a>, Damon Linker found the 1619 Project's treatment of history "sensationalistic, reductionistic, and tendentious."<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> Timothy Sandefur deemed the project's goal as worthy, but observed that the articles persistently went wrong trying to connect everything with slavery.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> In <a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a>, Phillip W. Magness wrote that the project provides a distorted economic history borrowed from "bad scholarship" of the New History of Capitalism (NHC),<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rich_Lowry" title="Rich Lowry">Rich Lowry</a> wrote that Hannah-Jones' lead essay leaves out unwelcome facts about slavery, such that 'it was Africans who captured other Africans, and marched them to the coast to be sold to European slavers', smears <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">the Revolution</a>, distorts <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">the Constitution</a>, and misrepresents the founding era and Lincoln.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Victor Davis Hanson</a> said that the 1619 Project reveals that The New York Times "does not care about the truth" and instead "hires and promotes its reporters and editors on <a href="/wiki/Woke" title="Woke">woke</a> - race and gender - criteria rather than proven reporting excellence."<a href="#cite_note-:2-61">[60]</a> In the May 2022 issue of the libertarian magazine <a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason</a>, reporter Phillip W. Magness criticized the 1619 Project as "junk history." Magness contrasted the present work of Hannah-Jones with past work at historical understanding of slavery by prominent African-Americans such as <a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Zora Neale Hurston</a>. Magness stated: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Hurston did not aim to bury an ugly past but to search for historical understanding. Her 1927 interview with Cudjoe Lewis, among the last living survivors of the 1860 voyage of the slave ship Clotilda, contains an invaluable eyewitness account of the middle passage as told by one of its victims. Yet Hurston saw only absurdity in trying to find justice by bludgeoning the past for its sins. "While I have a handkerchief over my eyes crying over the landing of the first slaves in 1619," she continued, "I might miss something swell that is going on in" the present day.<a href="#cite_note-The_1619_Project_Unrepentantly_Pushes_Junk_History_–_Reason_–_Phillip_W._Magness_reporting-66">[65]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_reactions">Political reactions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_1619_Project&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Political reactions">edit</a>]</div> The project received varied reactions from political figures. Then-Democratic Senator <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> praised it in a <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">tweet</a>, stating "The #1619Project is a powerful and necessary reckoning of our history. We cannot understand and address the problems of today without speaking truth about how we got here."<a href="#cite_note-vox-32">[31]</a> High-profile conservatives criticized it. Former House Speaker <a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> called it "brainwashing" and "propaganda,"<a href="#cite_note-vox-32">[31]</a> later writing an <a href="/wiki/Opinion_piece" title="Opinion piece">opinion piece</a> characterizing it as "left-wing propaganda masquerading as 'the truth'".<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> Republican Senator <a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a> also equated it with propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-CNN-38">[37]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, in an interview on <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a> with <a href="/wiki/Chris_Wallace" title="Chris Wallace">Chris Wallace</a>, said, <blockquote>I just look at—I look at school. I watch, I read, look at the stuff. Now they want to change—1492, Columbus discovered America. You know, we grew up, you grew up, we all did, that's what we learned. Now they want to make it the 1619 project. Where did that come from? What does it represent? I don't even know.<a href="#cite_note-:3-68">[67]</a></blockquote>In July 2020, Republican Senator <a href="/wiki/Tom_Cotton" title="Tom Cotton">Tom Cotton</a> of Arkansas proposed the "Saving American History Act of 2020", prohibiting K-12 schools from using federal funds to teach curriculum related to the 1619 Project, and make schools that did ineligible for federal professional-development grants. Cotton added that "The 1619 Project is a racially divisive and revisionist account of history that threatens the integrity of the Union by denying the true principles on which it was founded."<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> On September 6, 2020, Trump responded on Twitter to a claim that the State of California was adding the 1619 Project to the state's public school curriculum. Trump stated that the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education" title="United States Department of Education">Department of Education</a> was investigating the matter and, if the aforementioned claim was found true, federal funding would be withheld from California public schools.<a href="#cite_note-CNN-Trump-ed-dept-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fox-Trump-ed-dept-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> On September 17, Trump announced the <a href="/wiki/1776_Commission" title="1776 Commission">1776 Commission</a> to develop a "patriotic" curriculum.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-patriotic-ed-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-1776-commission-74">[73]</a> In October 2020, the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Scholars" title="National Association of Scholars">National Association of Scholars</a>, a conservative advocacy group, published an open letter with 21 signatories calling on the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize Board</a> to rescind Hannah-Jones' prize because of the project's claim that "protecting the institution of slavery was a primary motive for the American Revolution, a claim for which there is simply no evidence."<a href="#cite_note-NAS-appeal-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-WaPo-1619-2020-18">[17]</a> In November 2020, Trump established the 1776 Commission by executive order, organizing 18 conservative leaders to generate an opposing response to the 1619 Project.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> The 1776 Report, released on January 18, 2021, was widely criticized for factual errors, incomplete or missing citations, and lack of academic rigor.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> The commission was terminated by President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> on January 20, 2021.<a href="#cite_note-:4-77">[76]</a> On April 30, 2021, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> Minority Leader <a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">Mitch McConnell</a> sent a letter to Secretary of Education <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Cardona" title="Miguel Cardona">Miguel Cardona</a> protesting the Department of Education's proposal to modify federal grants to states and local schools to "incentivize them to use tools like the 1619 Project in their classrooms" and demanding that the proposal be abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> McConnell's letter charged that the programs were being modified "away from their intended purposes toward a politicized and divisive agenda" and said that "Actual, trained, credentialed historians with diverse political views have debunked the project's many factual and historical errors." The <a href="/wiki/World_Socialist_Web_Site" title="World Socialist Web Site">World Socialist Web Site</a> criticized the New York Times' "falsification of history", saying that it wrongly centers on racial rather than <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class conflict</a>.<a href="#cite_note-atlantic-friedersdorf-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-WSWS-criticism-79">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards">Awards</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_1619_Project&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Awards">edit</a>]</div> Project creator <a href="/wiki/Nikole_Hannah-Jones" title="Nikole Hannah-Jones">Nikole Hannah-Jones</a> was awarded the 2020 <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Commentary" title="Pulitzer Prize for Commentary">Pulitzer Prize for Commentary</a> for her essay.<a href="#cite_note-:0-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-12">[12]</a> The award cited her "sweeping, provocative and personal essay for the ground-breaking 1619 Project, which seeks to place the enslavement of Africans at the center of America's story, prompting public conversation about the nation's founding and evolution."<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> In October 2020, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_L._Carter_Journalism_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur L. Carter Journalism Institute">New York University's Arthur L. Carter Journalism Institute</a> named the 1619 Project one of the ten greatest works of journalism in the 2010–2019 decade.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bans">Bans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_1619_Project&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bans">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, in his final few months as president of the United States, vowed to ban the 1619 Project from state curricula, accusing educators of teaching their students to "hate their own country."<a href="#cite_note-:7-82">[81]</a> Echoing Trump's proposal, <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> lawmakers also sought to ban the project from state curricula; <a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-82">[81]</a> bills were introduced by US Senator <a href="/wiki/Tom_Cotton" title="Tom Cotton">Tom Cotton</a> at the federal level, by State Representative <a href="/wiki/Mark_Lowery" title="Mark Lowery">Mark Lowery</a> in Arkansas, by State Representative <a href="/wiki/Skyler_Wheeler" title="Skyler Wheeler">Skyler Wheeler</a> in Iowa, and by Senator <a href="/wiki/Angela_Burks_Hill" title="Angela Burks Hill">Angela Burks Hill</a> in Mississippi.<a href="#cite_note-:7-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> By the end of the summer of 2021, 27 states had introduced bills echoing the language and intent of Cotton's bill.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> Under <a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">Ron DeSantis</a>, the 1619 Project was banned from being taught in Florida public schools, first by a 2021 Florida State Board of Education amendment banning <a href="/wiki/Critical_race_theory" title="Critical race theory">critical race theory</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-86">[85]</a> and again in 2022 by the <a href="/wiki/Stop_WOKE_Act" title="Stop WOKE Act">Stop WOKE Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_1619_Project&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Hundred_Souls" title="Four Hundred Souls">Four Hundred Souls: A Community History of African America, 1619–2019</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/500_Years_Later" title="500 Years Later">500 Years Later</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown_2007" title="Jamestown 2007">Jamestown 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1776_Unites" class="mw-redirect" title="1776 Unites">1776 Unites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_race_theory" title="Critical race theory">Critical race theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyages:_The_Trans-Atlantic_Slave_Trade_Database" title="Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database">Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">Historical revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1836_Project" title="1836 Project">1836 Project</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_1619_Project&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-atlantic-wilentz-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-atlantic-wilentz_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-atlantic-wilentz_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-atlantic-wilentz_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved October 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=How+the+1619+Project+took+over+2020&rft.date=2020-10-13&rft.aulast=Ellison&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flifestyle%2Fstyle%2F1619-project-took-over-2020-inside-story%2F2020%2F10%2F13%2Faf537092-00df-11eb-897d-3a6201d6643f_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+1619+Project" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN-12Oct20202-19"><a href="#cite_ref-CNN-12Oct20202_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStelterDarcy2020" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Stelter" title="Brian Stelter">Stelter, Brian</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Darcy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oliver Darcy (page does not exist)">Darcy, Oliver</a> (October 12, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/12/media/new-york-times-1619-project-criticism/index.html">"1619 Project faces renewed criticism — this time from within The New York Times"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201014054521/https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/12/media/new-york-times-1619-project-criticism/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 14, 2020. 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Retrieved August 19, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+the+1619+Project+Came+Together&rft.date=2019-08-18&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Gyarkye&rft.aufirst=Lovia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F08%2F18%2Freader-center%2F1619-project-slavery-jamestown.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+1619+Project" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTM-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTM_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTM_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/get-started/newsletter-signup?campaignId=7HFJL&EXIT_URI=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/1619-america-slavery.html&register=google&auth=register-google">"The 1619 Project"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine" title="The New York Times Magazine">The New York Times Magazine</a>. 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Oxford, England: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/creatingblackame00pain/page/23">23–24</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513755-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-513755-8"><bdi>0-19-513755-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57722517">57722517</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+Black+Americans%3A+African-American+history+and+its+meanings%2C+1619+to+the+present&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=23-24&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57722517&rft.isbn=0-19-513755-8&rft.aulast=Painter&rft.aufirst=Nell+Irvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcreatingblackame00pain%2Fpage%2F23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+1619+Project" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AN-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AN_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AN_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AN_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AN_27-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AN_27-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AN_27-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeason2019" class="citation journal cs1">Neason, Alexandria (August 15, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cjr.org/analysis/the-1619-project-nytimes.php">"The 1619 Project and the stories we tell about slavery"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Journalism_Review" title="Columbia Journalism Review">Columbia Journalism Review</a>. 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February 8, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=1619%3A+400+years+ago%2C+a+ship+arrived+in+Virginia%2C+bearing+human+cargo&rft.date=2019-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Finvestigations%2F2019%2F02%2F08%2F1619-african-arrival-virginia%2F2740468002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+1619+Project" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorres-Spelliscy2019" class="citation news cs1">Torres-Spelliscy, Ciara (August 23, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2019/08/23/everyone-is-talking-about-thats-not-actually-when-slavery-america-started/">"Perspective - Everyone is talking about 1619. But that's not actually when slavery in America started"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191207182404/https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2019/08/23/everyone-is-talking-about-thats-not-actually-when-slavery-america-started/">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2019. Retrieved December 6, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Perspective+-+Everyone+is+talking+about+1619.+But+that%27s+not+actually+when+slavery+in+America+started.&rft.date=2019-08-23&rft.aulast=Torres-Spelliscy&rft.aufirst=Ciara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Foutlook%2F2019%2F08%2F23%2Feveryone-is-talking-about-thats-not-actually-when-slavery-america-started%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+1619+Project" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshua2020" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Zeitz" title="Joshua Zeitz">Joshua, Zeitz</a> (November 25, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/11/25/how-america-outgrew-the-pilgrims-440603">"How America Outgrew the Pilgrims"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>. <q>The New York Times' 1619 Project excited tremendous controversy because it challenged established narratives that date the founding of America's political development and character to 1620 or 1776.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=How+America+Outgrew+the+Pilgrims&rft.date=2020-11-25&rft.aulast=Joshua&rft.aufirst=Zeitz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine%2F2020%2F11%2F25%2Fhow-america-outgrew-the-pilgrims-440603&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+1619+Project" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TWP-31"><a href="#cite_ref-TWP_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTharoor2019" class="citation news cs1">Tharoor, Ishaan (August 20, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2019/08/20/project-far-right-fear-history/">"The 1619 Project and the far-right fear of history"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190821012136/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2019/08/20/project-far-right-fear-history/">Archived</a> from the original on August 21, 2019. Retrieved August 21, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+1619+Project+and+the+far-right+fear+of+history&rft.date=2019-08-20&rft.aulast=Tharoor&rft.aufirst=Ishaan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2F08%2F20%2Fproject-far-right-fear-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+1619+Project" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vox-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vox_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vox_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vox_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vox_32-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles2019" class="citation news cs1">Charles, J. Brian (August 19, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/identities/2019/8/19/20812238/1619-project-slavery-conservatives">"Why conservatives are bothered by the New York Times' project on slavery"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vox.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Vox.com">Vox</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190820124436/https://www.vox.com/identities/2019/8/19/20812238/1619-project-slavery-conservatives">Archived</a> from the original on August 20, 2019. Retrieved August 21, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Why+conservatives+are+bothered+by+the+New+York+Times%27+project+on+slavery&rft.date=2019-08-19&rft.aulast=Charles&rft.aufirst=J.+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Fidentities%2F2019%2F8%2F19%2F20812238%2F1619-project-slavery-conservatives&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+1619+Project" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nr-33"><a href="#cite_ref-nr_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeraghty2019" class="citation news cs1">Geraghty, Jim (August 20, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/new-york-times-1619-project-leaves-out/">"What The 1619 Project Leaves Out"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190820222425/https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/new-york-times-1619-project-leaves-out/">Archived</a> from the original on August 20, 2019. Retrieved August 21, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Review&rft.atitle=What+The+1619+Project+Leaves+Out&rft.date=2019-08-20&rft.aulast=Geraghty&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2Fcorner%2Fnew-york-times-1619-project-leaves-out%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+1619+Project" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fm-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fm_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fm_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGirt2019" class="citation news cs1">McGirt, Ellen (August 14, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fortune.com/2019/08/14/the-new-york-times-launches-the-1619-project-raceahead">"The New York Times Launches the 1619 Project: raceAhead"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190817085255/https://fortune.com/2019/08/14/the-new-york-times-launches-the-1619-project-raceahead">Archived</a> from the original on August 17, 2019. Retrieved August 17, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fortune&rft.atitle=The+New+York+Times+Launches+the+1619+Project%3A+raceAhead&rft.date=2019-08-14&rft.aulast=McGirt&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffortune.com%2F2019%2F08%2F14%2Fthe-new-york-times-launches-the-1619-project-raceahead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+1619+Project" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mediaite.com/news/mediaites-most-influential-in-news-media-2020/2/">"Mediaite's Most Influential in News Media 2020"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mediaite" title="Mediaite">Mediaite</a>. December 21, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201225223048/https://www.mediaite.com/news/mediaites-most-influential-in-news-media-2020/2/">Archived</a> from the original on December 25, 2020. Retrieved December 25, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mediaite&rft.atitle=Mediaite%27s+Most+Influential+in+News+Media+2020&rft.date=2020-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediaite.com%2Fnews%2Fmediaites-most-influential-in-news-media-2020%2F2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+1619+Project" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thegrio.com/2020/03/09/1619-project-nikole-hannah-jones/">"1619 Project's Nikole Hannah-Jones wants Black people to know the role they play in America's democracy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Grio" class="mw-redirect" title="The Grio">The Grio</a>. March 9, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801095030/https://thegrio.com/2020/03/09/1619-project-nikole-hannah-jones/">Archived</a> from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved December 25, 2020. <q>'I think the thing in the project that made people the most upset was when I wrote that one of the reasons why the colonies decided that they wanted to start a revolution and form the United States was to preserve slavery. That was really shocking to a lot of people,' Hannah-Jones explained.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Grio&rft.atitle=1619+Project%27s+Nikole+Hannah-Jones+wants+Black+people+to+know+the+role+they+play+in+America%27s+democracy&rft.date=2020-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthegrio.com%2F2020%2F03%2F09%2F1619-project-nikole-hannah-jones%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+1619+Project" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Heritage_Foundation_2020-37"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Heritage_Foundation_2020_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritage.org/american-founders/impact/new-york-times-quietly-edits-1619-project-after-conservative-pushback">"New York Times Quietly Edits '1619 Project' After Conservative Pushback"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a>. September 26, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210107023634/https://www.heritage.org/american-founders/impact/new-york-times-quietly-edits-1619-project-after-conservative-pushback">Archived</a> from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved December 30, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Heritage+Foundation&rft.atitle=New+York+Times+Quietly+Edits+%271619+Project%27+After+Conservative+Pushback&rft.date=2020-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.org%2Famerican-founders%2Fimpact%2Fnew-york-times-quietly-edits-1619-project-after-conservative-pushback&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+1619+Project" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CNN_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNN_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNN_38-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsmelash2019" class="citation news cs1">Asmelash, Leah (August 19, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2019/08/19/media/1619-project-new-york-times-trnd/index.html">"The New York Times Magazine's 1619 Project takes a hard look at the American paradox of freedom and slavery"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190821163114/https://www.cnn.com/2019/08/19/media/1619-project-new-york-times-trnd/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 21, 2019. Retrieved August 21, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=The+New+York+Times+Magazine%27s+1619+Project+takes+a+hard+look+at+the+American+paradox+of+freedom+and+slavery&rft.date=2019-08-19&rft.aulast=Asmelash&rft.aufirst=Leah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2019%2F08%2F19%2Fmedia%2F1619-project-new-york-times-trnd%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+1619+Project" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dot-39"><a href="#cite_ref-dot_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCovucci2019" class="citation web cs1">Covucci, David (August 19, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailydot.com/layer8/1619-project-new-york-times-ted-cruz-newt-gingrich/">"Conservatives are livid the New York Times is writing articles about slavery"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Dot" title="The Daily Dot">The Daily Dot</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190821165230/https://www.dailydot.com/layer8/1619-project-new-york-times-ted-cruz-newt-gingrich/">Archived</a> from the original on August 21, 2019. Retrieved August 21, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Dot&rft.atitle=Conservatives+are+livid+the+New+York+Times+is+writing+articles+about+slavery&rft.date=2019-08-19&rft.aulast=Covucci&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailydot.com%2Flayer8%2F1619-project-new-york-times-ted-cruz-newt-gingrich%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+1619+Project" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStreeter2019" class="citation web cs1">Streeter, Kurt (July 18, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/16/sports/basketball/slavery-anniversary-basketball-owners.amp.html">"Is Slavery's Legacy in the Power Dynamics of Sports?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210201143830/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/16/sports/basketball/slavery-anniversary-basketball-owners.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 1, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Is+Slavery%27s+Legacy+in+the+Power+Dynamics+of+Sports%3F&rft.date=2019-07-18&rft.aulast=Streeter&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F08%2F16%2Fsports%2Fbasketball%2Fslavery-anniversary-basketball-owners.amp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+1619+Project" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pc-41"><a href="#cite_ref-pc_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pulitzercenter.org/lesson-plan-grouping/1619-project-curriculum">"The 1619 Project Curriculum"</a>. Pulitzer Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200506070141/https://pulitzercenter.org/lesson-plan-grouping/1619-project-curriculum">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2020. Retrieved May 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pulitzer+Center&rft.atitle=The+1619+Project+Curriculum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpulitzercenter.org%2Flesson-plan-grouping%2F1619-project-curriculum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+1619+Project" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pcsearch-42"><a href="#cite_ref-pcsearch_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pulitzercenter.org/builder">"Pulitzer Center Lesson Builder"</a>. Pulitzer Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191212140415/https://pulitzercenter.org/builder">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2019. Retrieved May 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pulitzer+Center&rft.atitle=Pulitzer+Center+Lesson+Builder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpulitzercenter.org%2Fbuilder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+1619+Project" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannah-Jones2021" class="citation book cs1">Hannah-Jones, Nikole (November 16, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/658295/the-1619-project-by-created-by-nikole-hannah-jones-and-the-new-york-times-magazine/">The 1619 Project</a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Random_House" title="Penguin Random House">Penguin Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780593230572" title="Special:BookSources/9780593230572"><bdi>9780593230572</bdi></a>. Retrieved November 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+1619+Project&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House&rft.date=2021-11-16&rft.isbn=9780593230572&rft.aulast=Hannah-Jones&rft.aufirst=Nikole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penguinrandomhouse.com%2Fbooks%2F658295%2Fthe-1619-project-by-created-by-nikole-hannah-jones-and-the-new-york-times-magazine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+1619+Project" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/nikole-hannah-jones/the-1619-project/">"The 1619 Project: A New Origin Story edited by Nikole Hannah-Jones & Caitlin Roper & Elena Silverman & Jake Silverstein"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kirkus_Reviews" title="Kirkus Reviews">Kirkus Reviews</a>. August 18, 2021. Retrieved November 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kirkus+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+1619+Project%3A+A+New+Origin+Story+edited+by+Nikole+Hannah-Jones+%26+Caitlin+Roper+%26+Elena+Silverman+%26+Jake+Silverstein&rft.date=2021-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirkusreviews.com%2Fbook-reviews%2Fnikole-hannah-jones%2Fthe-1619-project%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+1619+Project" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.hulu.com/shows/the-1619-project/">"The 1619 Project"</a>. Hulu. 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Retrieved July 27, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Fight+Over+the+1619+Project+Is+Not+About+the+Facts&rft.date=2019-12-23&rft.aulast=Serwer&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fideas%2Farchive%2F2019%2F12%2Fhistorians-clash-1619-project%2F604093%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+1619+Project" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-atlantic-friedersdorf-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-atlantic-friedersdorf_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-atlantic-friedersdorf_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedersdorf2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Conor_Friedersdorf" title="Conor Friedersdorf">Friedersdorf, Conor</a> (January 6, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/01/inclusive-case-1776-not-1619/604435/">"1776 Honors America's Diversity in a Way 1619 Does Not"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200716232507/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/01/inclusive-case-1776-not-1619/604435/">Archived</a> from the original on July 16, 2020. 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Tom Cotton pitches bill to prohibit use of federal funds to teach 1619 Project"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727194029/https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/24/politics/tom-cotton-1619-project-bill/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2020. 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July 23, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200810082105/https://www.cotton.senate.gov/?p=press_release&id=1400">Archived</a> from the original on August 10, 2020. 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CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201022211620/https://edition.cnn.com/2020/09/06/politics/trump-education-department-1619-project/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 22, 2020. 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Fox News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210201143808/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/trump-warns-schools-teaching-1">Archived</a> from the original on February 1, 2021. Retrieved October 21, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Trump+warns+schools+teaching+1619+Project+%27will+not+be+funded%27&rft.date=2020-09-06&rft.aulast=Blitzer&rft.aufirst=Ronn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Ftrump-warns-schools-teaching-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+1619+Project" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_J._Trump2020" class="citation web cs1">Donald J. 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Activism and Critical Race Theory in Schools and Corporations"</a>. Retrieved April 26, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Governor+DeSantis+Announces+Legislative+Proposal+to+Stop+W.O.K.E.+Activism+and+Critical+Race+Theory+in+Schools+and+Corporations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flgov.com%2F2021%2F12%2F15%2Fgovernor-desantis-announces-legislative-proposal-to-stop-w-o-k-e-activism-and-critical-race-theory-in-schools-and-corporations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+1619+Project" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_1619_Project&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Gordon-Reed, Annette; Stremlau, Rose; Lowery, Malinda; Reed, Julie L.; Barker, Joanne; Sharfstein, Daniel; Scott, Daryl Michael; Wulf, Karin; Greene, Sandra E.; Sweet, James H.; Troutt Powell, Eve M.; Schine, Rachel; Mikhail, Alan; Edwards, Erika Denise; Williams, Danielle Terrazas (2022). "<a href="//doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhac462" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1093/ahr/rhac462">The 1619 Project Forum</a>". The American Historical Review. 127 (4): 1792–1873.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJesuthasan2019" class="citation news cs1">Jesuthasan, Meerabelle (September 10, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pulitzercenter.org/builder/lesson/evaluating-and-reshaping-timelines-1619-project-new-york-times-kids-edition-26647">"Evaluating and Reshaping Timelines in The 1619 Project: New York Times for Kids Edition [lesson plans]"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Evaluating+and+Reshaping+Timelines+in+The+1619+Project%3A+New+York+Times+for+Kids+Edition+%5Blesson+plans%5D&rft.date=2019-09-10&rft.aulast=Jesuthasan&rft.aufirst=Meerabelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpulitzercenter.org%2Fbuilder%2Flesson%2Fevaluating-and-reshaping-timelines-1619-project-new-york-times-kids-edition-26647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+1619+Project" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagness2020" class="citation book cs1">Magness, Phillip W. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JawEEAAAQBAJ">The 1619 Project: A Critique</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_for_Economic_Research" title="American Institute for Economic Research">American Institute for Economic Research</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63069-201-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63069-201-8"><bdi>978-1-63069-201-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+1619+Project%3A+A+Critique&rft.pub=American+Institute+for+Economic+Research&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-63069-201-8&rft.aulast=Magness&rft.aufirst=Phillip+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJawEEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+1619+Project" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMysore2019" class="citation web cs1">Mysore, Meghana (August 16, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pulitzercenter.org/blog/new-york-times-magazine-presents-1619-project-onstage">"The New York Times Magazine Presents 'The 1619 Project' Onstage"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Center" title="Pulitzer Center">Pulitzer Center</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+New+York+Times+Magazine+Presents+%27The+1619+Project%27+Onstage&rft.pub=Pulitzer+Center&rft.date=2019-08-16&rft.aulast=Mysore&rft.aufirst=Meghana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pulitzercenter.org%2Fblog%2Fnew-york-times-magazine-presents-1619-project-onstage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+1619+Project" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulteBerkMostoufi2019" class="citation news cs1">Schulte, Mark; Berk, Hannah; Mostoufi, Fareed (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pulitzercenter.org/projects/1619-project-pulitzer-center-education-programming">"The 1619 Project: Pulitzer Center Education Programming"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Center" title="Pulitzer Center">Pulitzer Center</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+1619+Project%3A+Pulitzer+Center+Education+Programming&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Schulte&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Berk%2C+Hannah&rft.au=Mostoufi%2C+Fareed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpulitzercenter.org%2Fprojects%2F1619-project-pulitzer-center-education-programming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+1619+Project" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_W._Wood" title="Peter W. Wood">Wood, Peter</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encounterbooks.com/books/1620/">1620: A Critical Response to the 1619 Project</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1641771245" title="Special:BookSources/978-1641771245"><bdi>978-1641771245</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1620%3A+A+Critical+Response+to+the+1619+Project&rft.pub=Encounter+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1641771245&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encounterbooks.com%2Fbooks%2F1620%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+1619+Project" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_1619_Project&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Silverstein said that the phrase had actually been removed in December 2019.<a href="#cite_note-Silverstein-On-Criticism-15">[15]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_1619_Project&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/1619-america-slavery.html">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pulitzercenter.org/sites/default/files/full_issue_of_the_1619_project.pdf">Print edition</a> (2019 August). The New York Times Magazine.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/column/1619-project">Podcast series</a> (2019 August–October).</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pulitzercenter.org/blog/1619-project-sparks-dialogue-and-reflection-schools-nationwide">The 1619 Project Sparks Dialogue and Reflection in Schools Nationwide</a>." <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Center" title="Pulitzer Center">Pulitzer Center</a> (December 20, 2019).</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pulitzercenter.shorthandstories.com/2019-annual-report/index.html">Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting: 2019 Annual Report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210707171257/https://pulitzercenter.shorthandstories.com/2019-annual-report/index.html">Archived</a> July 7, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." Pulitzer Center (2020).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987011001062105171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_1619_Project&oldid=1258212349">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_1619_Project&oldid=1258212349</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1619_in_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Category:1619 in the Thirteen Colonies">1619 in the Thirteen Colonies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2019_essays" title="Category:2019 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