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cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gemma Frisius</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 27 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B2" title="جيما فرايز – Egyptisch Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيما فرايز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptisch Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%83%D1%81" title="Гема Фрызіус – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гема Фрызіус" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Гема Фризий – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гема Фризий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="জেমা ফ্রিজিয়াস – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জেমা ফ্রিজিয়াস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemma_Frisius" title="Gemma Frisius – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gemma Frisius" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemma_Frisius" title="Gemma Frisius – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gemma Frisius" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemma_R._Frisius" title="Gemma R. Frisius – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gemma R. Frisius" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemma_Frisius" title="Gemma Frisius – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Gemma Frisius" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemma_Frisius" title="Gemma Frisius – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gemma Frisius" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnier_Gemma_Frisius" title="Regnier Gemma Frisius – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Regnier Gemma Frisius" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemma_Frisius" title="Gemma Frisius – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gemma Frisius" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemma_Frisius" title="Gemma Frisius – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gemma Frisius" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemma_Frisius" title="Gemma Frisius – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gemma Frisius" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemma_Frisius" title="Gemma Frisius – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Gemma Frisius" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemma_Frisio" title="Gemma Frisio – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gemma Frisio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9" title="ゲンマ・フリシウス – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゲンマ・フリシウス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemma_Frisius" title="Gemma Frisius – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gemma Frisius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemma_Frisius" title="Gemma Frisius – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gemma Frisius" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8" title="गेम्मा फ्रिसियस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गेम्मा फ्रिसियस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemma_Frisius" title="Gemma Frisius – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gemma Frisius" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemma_Frisius" title="Gemma Frisius – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gemma Frisius" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Фризиус, Гемма – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фризиус, Гемма" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnier_Gemma_Frisius" title="Regnier Gemma Frisius – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Regnier Gemma Frisius" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemma_Frisius" title="Gemma Frisius – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gemma Frisius" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemma_Frisius" title="Gemma Frisius – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gemma Frisius" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%83%D1%81" title="Гемма Фрізіус – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гемма Фрізіус" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Reinerus_Frisius_Gemma,_by_Maarten_van_Heemskerck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Reinerus_Frisius_Gemma%2C_by_Maarten_van_Heemskerck.jpg/260px-Reinerus_Frisius_Gemma%2C_by_Maarten_van_Heemskerck.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Reinerus_Frisius_Gemma%2C_by_Maarten_van_Heemskerck.jpg/390px-Reinerus_Frisius_Gemma%2C_by_Maarten_van_Heemskerck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Reinerus_Frisius_Gemma%2C_by_Maarten_van_Heemskerck.jpg/520px-Reinerus_Frisius_Gemma%2C_by_Maarten_van_Heemskerck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1297" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Gemma Frisius (<a href="/wiki/Maarten_van_Heemskerck" title="Maarten van Heemskerck">Maarten van Heemskerck</a>, ca. 1540)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Gemma_Frisius_-_Driehoeksmeting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Gemma_Frisius_-_Driehoeksmeting.jpg/260px-Gemma_Frisius_-_Driehoeksmeting.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Gemma_Frisius_-_Driehoeksmeting.jpg/390px-Gemma_Frisius_-_Driehoeksmeting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Gemma_Frisius_-_Driehoeksmeting.jpg/520px-Gemma_Frisius_-_Driehoeksmeting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="921" /></a><figcaption>De driehoeksmeting van Gemma Frisius.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Gemma Frisius</b>, ook wel <b>Jemme Reinerszoon Frisius</b> (<a href="/wiki/Dokkum" title="Dokkum">Dokkum</a>, <a href="/wiki/8_december" title="8 december">8 december</a> <a href="/wiki/1508" title="1508">1508</a> – <a href="/wiki/Leuven" title="Leuven">Leuven</a>, <a href="/wiki/25_mei" title="25 mei">25 mei</a> <a href="/wiki/1555" title="1555">1555</a>) was een <a href="/wiki/Nederland" title="Nederland">Nederlandse</a> geograaf, <a href="/wiki/Wiskundige" title="Wiskundige">wiskundige</a> en <a href="/wiki/Arts" title="Arts">arts</a>. </p><p>Gemma Frisius werd geboren in <a href="/wiki/Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a> in een arm gezin. Hij was in zijn jeugd kreupel, maar daar is hij op latere leeftijd van genezen. Hij studeerde aan de <a href="/wiki/Universiteit_Leuven_(1425-1797)" title="Universiteit Leuven (1425-1797)">universiteit van Leuven</a> onder andere <a href="/wiki/Wiskunde" title="Wiskunde">wiskunde</a> en <a href="/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie">astronomie</a>. Hij was de eerste die de <a href="/wiki/Driehoeksmeting" title="Driehoeksmeting">driehoeksmeting</a> beschreef, gebaseerd op de eigenschap dat de driehoek volledig is bepaald door een zijde en de <a href="/wiki/Aanliggende_hoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Aanliggende hoek">aanliggende hoeken</a>. Zijn kennis werd gebruikt in de <a href="/wiki/Cartografie" title="Cartografie">cartografie</a> en <a href="/wiki/Landmeetkunde" title="Landmeetkunde">landmeetkunde</a>. </p><p>Samen met goudsmid <a href="/wiki/Gaspard_van_der_Heyden" title="Gaspard van der Heyden">Gaspard van der Heyden</a> maakte hij wereldbollen om zijn <a href="/wiki/Kaart_(cartografie)" title="Kaart (cartografie)">kaarten</a> in een realistische vorm weer te geven. Ook verbeterde hij de atlas van <a href="/wiki/Petrus_Apianus" title="Petrus Apianus">Petrus Apianus</a>. Hij maakte veel astronomische <a href="/wiki/Wetenschappelijk_instrument" title="Wetenschappelijk instrument">instrumenten</a> om bijvoorbeeld de <a href="/wiki/Lengtegraad" title="Lengtegraad">lengtegraad</a> te meten. Zo maakte hij het <a href="/wiki/Astrolabium" title="Astrolabium">astrolabium</a>, dat hij beschreef in het in 1556 <a href="/wiki/Postuum" title="Postuum">postuum</a> verschenen werk <i>De astrolabium catholicum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zijn ideeën schreef hij in boeken met vele illustraties. Mede op basis van deze ideeën zijn later vele ontdekkingen gedaan, zoals ook de ontdekking van de <a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura_(optica)" title="Camera obscura (optica)">camera obscura</a>. Frisius was in 1544 een van de eersten die de werking van zo'n camera op papier heeft gezet. De afbeelding op pagina 31v van zijn 'De radio astronomico' is wereldwijd de vroegst bekende afbeelding van het camera-obscuraprincipe.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In zijn werk gaf hij ook aanwijzingen hoe de lezer zelf astronomische instrumenten kon bouwen. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lengtegraadbepaling">Lengtegraadbepaling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemma_Frisius&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Lengtegraadbepaling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemma_Frisius&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Lengtegraadbepaling"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Gemma_Frisius_-_ita,_1567_-_134914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Gemma_Frisius_-_ita%2C_1567_-_134914.jpg/260px-Gemma_Frisius_-_ita%2C_1567_-_134914.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Gemma_Frisius_-_ita%2C_1567_-_134914.jpg/390px-Gemma_Frisius_-_ita%2C_1567_-_134914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Gemma_Frisius_-_ita%2C_1567_-_134914.jpg/520px-Gemma_Frisius_-_ita%2C_1567_-_134914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1097" data-file-height="1460" /></a><figcaption><i>Aritmetica prattica facilissima</i>, 1567</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1530 publiceerde Frisius zijn werk <i>De principiis astronomiae et cosmographiae</i> over de grondbeginselen van de astronomie en de <a href="/wiki/Kosmografie" title="Kosmografie">kosmografie</a>. Hierin opperde hij voor het eerst het gebruik van een <a href="/wiki/Horloge" title="Horloge">draagbaar uurwerk</a> voor de bepaling van de lengtegraad op <a href="/wiki/Zee" title="Zee">zee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opvattingen_over_Copernicus">Opvattingen over Copernicus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemma_Frisius&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Opvattingen over Copernicus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemma_Frisius&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Opvattingen over Copernicus"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1545 publiceerde hij <i>De radio astronomico</i>, waarin hij <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Copernicus" title="Nicolaas Copernicus">Nicolaas Copernicus</a>' tafels als de meest betrouwbare beschreef. In zijn postume <i>Astrolabium</i> koos hij opnieuw voor de interpretatie van Copernicus, zonder zich tot het heliocentrisme te bekennen.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Invloed">Invloed</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemma_Frisius&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Invloed" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemma_Frisius&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Invloed"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Onder zijn leerlingen bevonden zich <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Mercator" title="Gerard Mercator">Gerard Mercator</a>, die later zijn medewerker werd, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stadius" title="Johannes Stadius">Johannes Stadius</a> en <a href="/wiki/John_Dee" title="John Dee">John Dee</a>. Toen Frisius hoogleraar in Leuven was, heeft ook <a href="/wiki/Keizer_Karel_V" title="Keizer Karel V">keizer Karel V</a> wiskundeonderwijs van hem gekregen. </p><p>Op de <a href="/wiki/Maan" title="Maan">maan</a> is een <a href="/wiki/Krater_(landschapsvorm)" title="Krater (landschapsvorm)">krater</a> naar Frisius genoemd.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De <a href="/wiki/Katholieke_Universiteit_Leuven" title="Katholieke Universiteit Leuven">Katholieke Universiteit Leuven</a> heeft een <a href="/wiki/Durfkapitaal" title="Durfkapitaal">risicokapitaalfonds</a> naar de <a href="/wiki/Wetenschapper" title="Wetenschapper">wetenschapper</a> vernoemd. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externe_link">Externe link</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemma_Frisius&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Externe link" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemma_Frisius&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Externe link"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060210072026/http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Gemma_Frisius.html">Biografie van Regnier Gemma Frisius</a> op de site van de <i>University of St Andrews School of Mathematics and Statistics</i>.</li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Koeman, Cornelis; The Astrolabium Catholicum (1980), Coimbra, Londen, blz. 69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/13071/20040303-0000/www.acmi.net.au/AIC/CAM_OBS_LOUVAIN_1544.GIF">Afbeelding van zijn Camera Obscura uit 1544.</a>. Gearchiveerd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2004-03-03">3 maart 2004</span>. Geraadpleegd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2004-03-03">3 maart 2004</span>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">N. Ottema, Geschiedenis van de uurwerkmakerskunst in Friesland (Leeuwarden/Assen 1948)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Terpstra, Friesche Sterrekonst (Franeker 1981)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Fraiture, Uurwerkmakers en uurwerkmakersnijverheid in Vlaanderen (Leuven 2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vgl. Jan Vandenbruaene, 'Astronomische gids voor België' (<a href="/wiki/Academic_and_Scientific_Publishers" title="Academic and Scientific Publishers">Academic and Scientific Publishers</a>, 2009), p. 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/lunar_orbiter/bin/srch_nam.shtml?Gemma%20Frisius%7C0">Lunar and Planetary Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127013230/http://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/lunar_orbiter/bin/srch_nam.shtml?Gemma%20Frisius%7C0">Gearchiveerd</a> op 27 november 2020.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67837862">.mw-parser-output .navigatie{position:relative;clear:both;overflow:auto;margin:1em auto -0.5em;padding:2px;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;font-size:87%}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken{margin-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken .mw-ui-icon::before{background-size:0.9em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-links,.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{right:2px}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-groot{float:right;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:#ddeef8;padding:2px 5.5em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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ta-left"><ul style="column-width:36em"><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bibsys" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibsys">Bibsys</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/10008313">10008313</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">Biblioteca Nacional de España</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4666447">XX4666447</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125195002">cb125195002</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125195002">(data)</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Biografisch_Portaal" title="Biografisch Portaal">Biografisch Portaal</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/persoon/45366817">45366817</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A0leg_d%27autoritats_de_noms_i_t%C3%ADtols_de_Catalunya" title="Catàleg d'autoritats de noms i títols de Catalunya">Catàleg d'autoritats de noms i títols de Catalunya</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058512798306706">981058512798306706</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/CiNii" title="CiNii">CiNii</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA07105572?l=en">DA07105572</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Digitale_Bibliotheek_voor_de_Nederlandse_Letteren" title="Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren">Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dbnl.org/auteurs/auteur.php?id=gemm003">gemm003</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart_Database_of_Scientific_Illustrators_1450%E2%80%931950" title="Stuttgart Database of Scientific Illustrators 1450–1950">Stuttgart Database of Scientific Illustrators 1450–1950</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-stuttgart.de/hi/gnt/dsi2/index.php?table_name=dsi&function=details&where_field=id&where_value=11374">11374</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">Gemeinsame Normdatei</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/111548993">111548993</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">International Standard Name Identifier</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/0000000083425100">0000 0000 8342 5100</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">Library of Congress Control Number</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n84043759">n84043759</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=119097">119097</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nationale_Bibliotheek_van_Tsjechi%C3%AB" title="Nationale Bibliotheek van Tsjechië">Nationale Bibliotheek van Tsjechië</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2006340412&CON_LNG=ENG">ola2006340412</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nationale_bibliotheek_van_Australi%C3%AB" title="Nationale bibliotheek van Australië">Nationale bibliotheek van Australië</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35823054">35823054</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nationale_Bibliotheek_van_Isra%C3%ABl" title="Nationale Bibliotheek van Israël">Nationale Bibliotheek van Israël</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007261643405171">987007261643405171</a></span></li><li><b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1006" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P1006">Nederlandse Thesaurus van Auteursnamen</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070449872">070449872</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/R%C3%89RO" title="RÉRO">Réseau des bibliothèques de Suisse occidentale</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.rero.ch/02-A012493066">02-A012493066</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Istituto_Centrale_per_il_Catalogo_Unico" title="Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo Unico">Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo Unico</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/opacsbn/opac/iccu/scheda_authority.jsp?bid=BVEV017386">BVEV017386</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/LIBRIS" title="LIBRIS">LIBRIS</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/auth/315270">315270</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/SNAC" title="SNAC">SNAC</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6225bvc">w6225bvc</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">Système universitaire de documentation</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/06772115X">06772115X</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Trove" title="Trove">Trove</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1103626">1103626</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">Virtual International Authority File</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/27696789">27696789</a></span></li><li><b></b> <b><a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat</a></b> (via VIAF): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/27696789">27696789</a></li></ul></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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