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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Boyacá</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7" title="معركة بوياكا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة بوياكا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Batalla de Boyacá – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Batalla de Boyacá" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Batalla de Boyacá – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Batalla de Boyacá" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitva_u_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Bitva u Boyacá – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bitva u Boyacá" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_von_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Schlacht von Boyacá – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht von Boyacá" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AC" title="Μάχη της Μπογιακά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάχη της Μπογιακά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Batalla de Boyacá – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Boyacá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalo_de_Bojakao" title="Batalo de Bojakao – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Batalo de Bojakao" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Bataille de Boyacá – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de Boyacá" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cath_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Cath Boyacá – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cath Boyacá" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A0r_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Blàr Boyacá – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Blàr Boyacá" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Batalla de Boyacá – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Batalla de Boyacá" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EC%95%BC%EC%B9%B4_%EC%A0%84%ED%88%AC" title="보야카 전투 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="보야카 전투" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalio_di_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Batalio di Boyacá – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Batalio di Boyacá" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Battaglia di Boyacá – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Boyacá" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9C%E3%83%A4%E3%82%AB%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%84" title="ボヤカの戦い – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ボヤカの戦い" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Slaget ved Boyacá – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaget ved Boyacá" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Batalha de Boyacá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha de Boyacá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Битва при Бояке – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Битва при Бояке" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_kod_Boyace" title="Bitka kod Boyace – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bitka kod Boyace" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%96" title="Битва при Бояці – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Битва при Бояці" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Part of Bolivar's campaign to liberate New Granada</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Boyacá</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar%27s_campaign_to_liberate_New_Granada" title="Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada">Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_War_of_Independence" title="Colombian War of Independence">Colombian War of Independence</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Boyaca_de_Martin_Tovar_y_Tovar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Batalla_de_Boyaca_de_Martin_Tovar_y_Tovar.jpg/300px-Batalla_de_Boyaca_de_Martin_Tovar_y_Tovar.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Batalla_de_Boyaca_de_Martin_Tovar_y_Tovar.jpg/450px-Batalla_de_Boyaca_de_Martin_Tovar_y_Tovar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Batalla_de_Boyaca_de_Martin_Tovar_y_Tovar.jpg/600px-Batalla_de_Boyaca_de_Martin_Tovar_y_Tovar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1654" data-file-height="1122" /></a></span><br /><i>Battle of Boyaca</i>, <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar" title="Martín Tovar y Tovar">Martín Tovar y Tovar</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>August 7, 1819</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Boyac%C3%A1_Department" title="Boyacá Department">Boyacá</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Boyac%C3%A1&params=5_27_00_N_73_25_45_W_region:FR_type:landmark_source:kolossus-eswiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">5°27′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">73°25′45″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">5.45000°N 73.42917°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">5.45000; -73.42917</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Decisive Patriot victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bandera_de_Angostura_%2820_de_noviembre_de_1817%29.svg/23px-Bandera_de_Angostura_%2820_de_noviembre_de_1817%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bandera_de_Angostura_%2820_de_noviembre_de_1817%29.svg/35px-Bandera_de_Angostura_%2820_de_noviembre_de_1817%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bandera_de_Angostura_%2820_de_noviembre_de_1817%29.svg/45px-Bandera_de_Angostura_%2820_de_noviembre_de_1817%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Third_Republic_of_Venezuela" title="Third Republic of Venezuela">Venezuela</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_New_Granada_%281814-1816%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Granada_%281814-1816%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_New_Granada_%281814-1816%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Granada_%281814-1816%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_New_Granada_%281814-1816%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_New_Granada_%281814-1816%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_New_Granada" title="United Provinces of New Granada">New Granada</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28WFB_2000%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28WFB_2000%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28WFB_2000%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28WFB_2000%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28WFB_2000%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28WFB_2000%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/British_Legions" title="British Legions">British Legions</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Spain">Kingdom of Spain</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bandera_de_Angostura_%2820_de_noviembre_de_1817%29.svg/23px-Bandera_de_Angostura_%2820_de_noviembre_de_1817%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bandera_de_Angostura_%2820_de_noviembre_de_1817%29.svg/35px-Bandera_de_Angostura_%2820_de_noviembre_de_1817%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bandera_de_Angostura_%2820_de_noviembre_de_1817%29.svg/45px-Bandera_de_Angostura_%2820_de_noviembre_de_1817%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bandera_de_Angostura_%2820_de_noviembre_de_1817%29.svg/23px-Bandera_de_Angostura_%2820_de_noviembre_de_1817%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bandera_de_Angostura_%2820_de_noviembre_de_1817%29.svg/35px-Bandera_de_Angostura_%2820_de_noviembre_de_1817%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bandera_de_Angostura_%2820_de_noviembre_de_1817%29.svg/45px-Bandera_de_Angostura_%2820_de_noviembre_de_1817%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Anzo%C3%A1tegui" title="José Antonio Anzoátegui">José Anzoátegui</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_New_Granada_%281814-1816%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Granada_%281814-1816%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_New_Granada_%281814-1816%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Granada_%281814-1816%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_New_Granada_%281814-1816%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_New_Granada_%281814-1816%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Paula_Santander" title="Francisco de Paula Santander">Francisco de Paula Santander</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Barreiro_Manj%C3%B3n" title="José María Barreiro Manjón">José Maria Barreiro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>) <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> Francisco Jiménez  (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b>2,850</b><sup id="cite_ref-Battle_of_Boyaca_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Battle_of_Boyaca-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />2,350 infantry <br />500 cavalry</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b>2,670</b><sup id="cite_ref-Battle_of_Boyaca_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Battle_of_Boyaca-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />2,300 infantry<br />350 cavalry<br />20 gunners<br />3 guns</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 13 killed <br /> 53 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-Battle_of_Boyaca_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Battle_of_Boyaca-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 100 killed <br /> 150 wounded <br /> 1,600 captured<sup id="cite_ref-Battle_of_Boyaca_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Battle_of_Boyaca-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap 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Colombia</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Colombia</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_America_laea_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Battle of Boyacá is located in South America"><img alt="Battle of Boyacá is located in South America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/South_America_laea_location_map.svg/300px-South_America_laea_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="440" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/South_America_laea_location_map.svg/450px-South_America_laea_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, 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America</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Americas_laea_location_map_with_borders.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Battle of Boyacá is located in America"><img alt="Battle of Boyacá is located in America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Americas_laea_location_map_with_borders.svg/300px-Americas_laea_location_map_with_borders.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Americas_laea_location_map_with_borders.svg/450px-Americas_laea_location_map_with_borders.svg.png 1.5x, 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America</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Colombian_War_of_Independence" title="Template:Campaignbox Colombian War of Independence"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Colombian_War_of_Independence" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Colombian War of Independence"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Colombian_War_of_Independence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Colombian War of Independence"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colombian_War_of_Independence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Colombian_War_of_Independence" title="Colombian War of Independence"><span class="wrap">Colombian War of Independence</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_New_Granada" title="First Republic of New Granada">First Republic of New Granada</a> (1810-1816)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bajo_Palac%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Bajo Palacé (page does not exist)">Bajo Palacé</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Iscuand%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Iscuandé (page does not exist)">Iscuandé</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_La_Ladera_(1812)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of La Ladera (1812) (page does not exist)">La Ladera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sabanas_revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sabanas revolution (page does not exist)">Sabanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalena_campaign" title="Magdalena campaign">Magdalena campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Carrillo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Carrillo (page does not exist)">Carrillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admirable_Campaign" title="Admirable Campaign">Admirable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Granada_Civil_War" title="New Granada Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nari%C3%B1o%27s_Southern_Campaign" title="Nariño's Southern Campaign">Nariño's Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Enmedio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Enmedio (page does not exist)">Enmedio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Palo_River" title="Battle of the Palo River">Palo River</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_battle_of_Tol%C3%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naval battle of Tolú (page does not exist)">Tolú</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_reconquest_of_New_Granada" title="Spanish reconquest of New Granada">Spanish reconquest (1815-16)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cartagena_(1815)" title="Siege of Cartagena (1815)">Cartagena (1815)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cachir%C3%AD" title="Battle of Cachirí">Cachirí</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Ceja_Alta_del_Canc%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of the Ceja Alta del Cancán (page does not exist)">Cancán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cuchilla_del_Tambo" title="Battle of Cuchilla del Tambo">Cuchilla del Tambo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_La_Plata_(1816)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of La Plata (1816) (page does not exist)">La Plata</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Granada_resistance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Granada resistance (page does not exist)">New Granada resistance</a> (1816-1819)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Guasdualito&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Guasdualito (page does not exist)">Guasdualito</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_El_Yagual&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of El Yagual (page does not exist)">El Yagual</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Achaguas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Achaguas (page does not exist)">Achaguas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Chocont%C3%A1_(1817)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Chocontá (1817) (page does not exist)">Chocontá</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pienta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Pienta (page does not exist)">Pienta</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar%27s_campaign_to_liberate_New_Granada" title="Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada">Bolívar's campaign</a> (1819)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Paya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Paya (page does not exist)">Paya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Corrales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Corrales (page does not exist)">Corrales</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gameza_and_Topaga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Gameza and Topaga (page does not exist)">Gameza and Topaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vargas_Swamp" title="Battle of Vargas Swamp">Vargas Swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boyaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Boyaca">Boyaca</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=River_and_naval_campaign_in_the_Independence_of_Colombia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="River and naval campaign in the Independence of Colombia (page does not exist)">River and naval campaign</a> (1819-1821)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Riohacha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Riohacha (page does not exist)">Riohacha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Chorros_Blancos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Chorros Blancos (page does not exist)">Chorros Blancos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Laguna_Salada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Laguna Salada (page does not exist)">Laguna Salada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tenerife_(1820)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Tenerife (1820) (page does not exist)">Tenerife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cartagena_(1820%E2%80%9321)" title="Siege of Cartagena (1820–21)">Cartagena (1820–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Fundaci%C3%B3n_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of the Fundación River (page does not exist)">Fundación</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ci%C3%A9naga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Ciénaga (page does not exist)">Ciénaga</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Pasto_Campaign" title="Pasto Campaign">Pasto Campaign</a> (1822-1825)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bombon%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Bomboná">Bomboná</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_the_Cuchilla_de_Taindal%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Battle of the Cuchilla de Taindalá (page does not exist)">First Taindalá</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_the_Cuchilla_de_Taindal%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Battle of the Cuchilla de Taindalá (page does not exist)">Second Taindalá</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Catambuco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Catambuco (page does not exist)">Catambuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ibarra_(1823)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ibarra (1823)">Ibarra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Pasto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Pasto (page does not exist)">Pasto</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Calvario&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Calvario (page does not exist)">Calvario</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Mapachico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Mapachico (page does not exist)">Mapachico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Barbacoas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Barbacoas (page does not exist)">Barbacoas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Sucumb%C3%ADos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Sucumbíos (page does not exist)">Sucumbíos</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Venezuelan_War_of_Independence" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Venezuelan_War_of_Independence" title="Template:Campaignbox Venezuelan War of Independence"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Venezuelan_War_of_Independence" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Venezuelan War of Independence"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Venezuelan_War_of_Independence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Venezuelan War of Independence"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Venezuelan_War_of_Independence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_War_of_Independence" title="Venezuelan War of Independence"><span class="wrap">Venezuelan War of Independence</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> First and Second Republics (1811-1814)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Victoria_(1812)" title="Battle of La Victoria (1812)">La Victoria (1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alto_de_los_Godos" title="Battle of Alto de los Godos">Alto de los Godos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admirable_Campaign" title="Admirable Campaign">Admirable Campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_C%C3%BAcuta" title="Battle of Cúcuta">Cúcuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Niquitao" title="Battle of Niquitao">Niquitao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Los_Horcones" title="Battle of Los Horcones">Los Horcones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taguanes" title="Battle of Taguanes">Taguanes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Araure" title="Battle of Araure">Araure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Victoria_(1814)" title="Battle of La Victoria (1814)">La Victoria (1814)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Mateo_(1814)" title="Battle of San Mateo (1814)">San Mateo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo_(1814)" title="Battle of Carabobo (1814)">1st Carabobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_La_Puerta" title="Second Battle of La Puerta">La Puerta</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> Spanish reconquest (1814-1816)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aragua_de_Barcelona" title="Battle of Aragua de Barcelona">Aragua de Barcelona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Urica" title="Battle of Urica">Urica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Battle_of_Matur%C3%ADn" title="Fifth Battle of Maturín">Maturín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_reconquest_of_New_Granada" title="Spanish reconquest of New Granada">Spanish reconquest (1815-16)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> Stalemate (1816–1819)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clarines" title="Battle of Clarines">Clarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Angostura" title="First Battle of Angostura">1st Angostura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_F%C3%A9lix" title="Battle of San Félix">San Félix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Angostura" title="Second Battle of Angostura">2nd Angostura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Matasiete" title="Battle of Matasiete">Matasiete</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar%27s_campaign_to_liberate_New_Granada" title="Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada">Bolívar's campaign</a> (1819-1823)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Queseras_del_Medio" title="Battle of Las Queseras del Medio">Las Queseras del Medio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vargas_Swamp" title="Battle of Vargas Swamp">Vargas Swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boyaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Boyaca">Boyaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo" title="Battle of Carabobo">2nd Carabobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Maracaibo" title="Battle of Lake Maracaibo">Battle of Lake Maracaibo</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Boyacá</b> (1819), also known as the <b>Battle of Boyacá Bridge</b> was a decisive victory by a combined army of <a href="/wiki/Third_Republic_of_Venezuela" title="Third Republic of Venezuela">Venezuelan</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_New_Granada" title="United Provinces of New Granada">New Granadan</a> troops along with a <a href="/wiki/British_Legions" title="British Legions">British Legion</a> led by General <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simon Bolivar</a> over the III Division of the Spanish Expeditionary Army of Costa Firme commanded by Spanish Colonel José Barreiro. This victory ensured the success of <a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar%27s_campaign_to_liberate_New_Granada" title="Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada">Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada</a>. The battle of Boyaca is considered the beginning of the independence of the north of <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, and is considered important because it led to the victories of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo" title="Battle of Carabobo">battle of Carabobo</a> in Venezuela, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pichincha" title="Battle of Pichincha">Pichincha</a> in Ecuador, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jun%C3%ADn" title="Battle of Junín">Junín</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Battle of Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a> in Peru.<sup id="cite_ref-Battle_of_Boyaca_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Battle_of_Boyaca-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a> acquired its definitive independence from the <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Spanish Monarchy</a>, although fighting with royalist forces would continue for years.<sup id="cite_ref-Arana_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arana-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 232–235">: 232–235 </span></sup> </p><p>Under the overall command of General Simon Bolivar, the <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier General">Brigadier Generals</a> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Paula_Santander" title="Francisco de Paula Santander">Francisco de Paula Santander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Anzo%C3%A1tegui" title="José Antonio Anzoátegui">José Antonio Anzoátegui</a> led a combined patriot army of Neogranadines and Venezuelans that defeated in two hours the Spanish Royalist forces led by Spanish Colonels <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Barreiro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José María Barreiro (page does not exist)">José María Barreiro</a> and Francisco Jiménez who would both be captured in battle. The effective destruction of the Royalist Army led to the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">Royalist Government</a> in the capital of <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Santa Fe</a> with Viceroy <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_S%C3%A1mano" title="Juan de Sámano">Juan de Samano</a> along with other government officials fleeing the capital shortly after news had reached of the battle. The battle led to the liberation of much of central New Granada and would lead to the union between New Granada and Venezuela creating the <a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Republic of Colombia</a> (Gran Colombia) in December of that same year. </p><p>The battle occurred 150 km from <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Andes_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Andes Mountains">Andes Mountains</a>, in a place known as <i>Casa de Teja</i>, close to a bridge over the Teatinos River and 3 roads heading to Samaca, Motavita and <a href="/wiki/Tunja" title="Tunja">Tunja</a>, an area which is now part of the <a href="/wiki/Boyac%C3%A1_Department" title="Boyacá Department">Boyacá Department</a>. The site of the battlefield today is dotted with various monuments and statues that commemorate the battle. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Boyac%C3%A1&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_boyaca.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Battle_of_boyaca.svg/212px-Battle_of_boyaca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="212" height="502" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Battle_of_boyaca.svg/319px-Battle_of_boyaca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Battle_of_boyaca.svg/425px-Battle_of_boyaca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="1487" /></a><figcaption>1. Map of the <a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar%27s_campaign_to_liberate_New_Granada" title="Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada">Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada</a>; 2. Battle of Boyacá's day; 3. Disposition of troops</figcaption></figure> <p>General <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simon Bolivar's</a> Patriot Army surprised the Spanish by strategically crossing the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes Mountain Range</a> through the Paramo de Pisba into the <a href="/wiki/Boyac%C3%A1_Department" title="Boyacá Department">Boyacá</a> region in early July of 1819, however the march had weakened his army. To prevent this threat from growing stronger, Viceroy <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_S%C3%A1mano" title="Juan de Sámano">Juan de Samano</a> ordered the commander of the Spanish forces in <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a>–which were the III Division of the Expeditionary Army of Costa Firme, led by artillery Colonel Jose Maria Barreiro to intercept and defeat Bolivar's army to prevent him from reaching the capital of <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Santa Fe</a>. This would lead to the two forces clashing at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vargas_Swamp" title="Battle of Vargas Swamp">Battle of Vargas Swamp</a> on July 25. </p><p>After Bolívar secured a narrow victory at the Battle of Vargas Swamp on July 25th, the Patriot Army camped near the vicinity of the battlefield, while Spanish Forces camped in the nearby town of <a href="/wiki/Paipa" title="Paipa">Paipa</a>. Both armies still had the same goal of reaching the capital <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Santa Fe</a>, which was only defended by some 400 Spanish troops. On August 3, still camped in Paipa the Spanish observed Bolivar's forces cross the <a href="/wiki/Chicamocha_River" title="Chicamocha River">Chicamocha River</a> near Paipa and then at night observed him by candlelight retreat to his original positions across the river. The Spanish then rested unaware of Bolivar's feint, as he ordered a nocturnal countermarch crossing the river again and taking the alternate route to the city of <a href="/wiki/Tunja" title="Tunja">Tunja</a> through the Toca Road. </p><p>This allowed Bolivar to outmaneuver his Spanish counterpart and gain the lead for the race to Santa Fe, a reversal of the previous situation with Bolivar now trying to prevent Barreiro from reaching the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 4 at 9:00 am the Patriot Army reached the village of <a href="/wiki/Chivat%C3%A1" title="Chivatá">Chivata</a> and 2 hours later entered and occupied the city of Tunja. The city had been lightly defended as a small garrison and the Governor Juan Lono had left the city in the direction of Paipa to give Colonel Barreiro the supplies and reinforcements he had begged the Viceroy for, in the city Bolivar was able to obtain 600 rifles for his army. </p><p>Barreiro would eventually find out about this on August 5 and quickly marched his army southwest, midday he rendezvoused with Governor Juan Lono who provided him with 12,000 cartridges and 3 artillery pieces (2 <a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">howitzers</a> and 1 <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannon</a>) that had been sent by the Viceroy. Upon learning that Bolivar had taken the city and seeing that his line of communication with the capital was cut, he ordered his army march around Tunja through the mountains northwest of the city at night through roads deemed impassable during the <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">rainy season</a> to avoid detection and gain the lead once gain. This march began in the town of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3mbita" title="Cómbita">Combita</a> at 1 am August 6 and then proceeded to <a href="/wiki/Motavita" title="Motavita">Motavita</a> through a heavy downpour reaching the town at 11:30am where the army camped for the night. Marching through Motavita was considered a wise move strategically for the Spanish, due to its higher elevation one is able to observe Tunja from it. However Barreiro's movement did not go undetected and patriot spies informed Bolivar of their movements<sup id="cite_ref-Gutiérrez_2019_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gutiérrez_2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 94">: 94 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Boyac%C3%A1&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At 3:30 a.m. on Saturday, August 7, the Royalist army departed Motavita and continued their march towards Santa Fe.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From Motavita they marched down the Samaca road with the intention of rejoining the main <i>Camino Real</i> (Royal Road to Santa Fe) at the Casa de Teja or Casa de Postas where the road formed a Y shape as both the Samaca road and Camino Real converged and became a single road that crossed the Boyacá Bridge. The Boyacá Bridge was an important bridge that was part of the <i>Camino Real de Santa Fe,</i> where it crossed the Teatinos River which was swollen at this time of year as a result of winter rain season. The distance to the bridge was only 25 km which the Spanish completed in 7 hours 30 minutes, at an average pace of 18 minutes per kilometer. Early morning that same day at 7 am, Bolivar left Tunja and took up an observation point at the San Lazaro heights near Tunja, from there around 9 am he spotted the Royalist Army and was able to deduce the route that they were taking.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A little after 10 through Colonel Manuel Manrique he ordered that </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Generals Santander and Anzoategui to immediately set out for Santa Fe along the <i>Camino Real</i> and to destroy Barreiro wherever they may find him</p></blockquote> <p>Upon receiving this order, General Santander's Vanguard Division set out from <a href="/wiki/Tunja" title="Tunja">Tunja</a> toward Casa de Teja on the <i>Camino Real</i> with Anzoátegui's Rearguard Division following suit. Since 7am the Patriot army had been assembled in the central plaza of Tunja ready to move out at a moments notice, the bridge lay some 16km from Tunja, the Patriot army completed this in around 4 hours of marching.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the hours of 12 to 1pm a fraction of the Royalist vanguard which was composed of the 2nd and 3rd Numancia infantry battalions along with some dragoons under the command of Colonel Francisco Jiménez arrived and took up position near the Casa de Teja, from where they could observe the bridge. Jiménez observing that there was no presence of patriot forces in the vicinity allowed his troops to rest and ordered that lunch rations be served. </p><p>Shortly before 2:00 p.m., patriot Captain Andres Ibarra and his forces spotted the Casa de Teja and the vanguard of the Spanish Army. The Spaniards spotted him too and the two exchanged fire, with Jimenez ordering his men to follow and engage what he believed was only a small observation force. 20 royalists chased after the Patriot force but later returned when they realized that this was a bigger force. General Santander who came marching down the <i>Camino Real</i> with the rest of the patriot vanguard upon seeing this unfold ordered Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Par%C3%ADs_Ricaurte" title="Joaquín París Ricaurte">Joaquín París</a> commander of the <i>Cazadores</i> Battalion to attack the Royalist forces at the Casa Teja. </p><p>The Spanish vanguard was forced to fall back to river and crossed the strategic bridge over the Teatinos River and took defensive positions there. Meanwhile, the full vanguard of the Patriot army under Santander had reached Casa de Teja. The two vanguards now found themselves on opposite sides of the river, with this Santander then ordered Colonel Antonio Bejar to take some forces down the river and cross it in order to attack the Spanish vanguard from the rear. The Spanish rearguard was still several kilometers behind, so General Anzoátegui ordered to block the way between the vanguard and the rearguard of the Spanish forces. The rearguard, outnumbered, retreated to a small hill close to Casa de Teja. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Boyac%C3%A1_-_Grabado_de_J.M._Darmet_(1824).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Batalla_de_Boyac%C3%A1_-_Grabado_de_J.M._Darmet_%281824%29.jpg/383px-Batalla_de_Boyac%C3%A1_-_Grabado_de_J.M._Darmet_%281824%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="383" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Batalla_de_Boyac%C3%A1_-_Grabado_de_J.M._Darmet_%281824%29.jpg/575px-Batalla_de_Boyac%C3%A1_-_Grabado_de_J.M._Darmet_%281824%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Batalla_de_Boyac%C3%A1_-_Grabado_de_J.M._Darmet_%281824%29.jpg/766px-Batalla_de_Boyac%C3%A1_-_Grabado_de_J.M._Darmet_%281824%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1627" data-file-height="1199" /></a><figcaption>An engraving made in 1824 depicting the battle by J.M. Darmet.</figcaption></figure> <p>Anzoátegui then ordered a flank attack on the Spanish rearguard: battalions Barcelona and Bravos de Paez were to attack on the right side while the Legion Britanica and Rifles Battalion attacked on the left. The British Legion was a special forces squad composed of British and Irish people, which aided the revolutionary army in certain key battles for independence in South American countries.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unable to cross the river the Spanish assumed battle positions by the Casa de Teja: in the center they positioned three artillery pieces surrounded by the King's 1st infantry battalion to the left and the King's 2nd infantry battalion on the right, and on the wings, the Mounted Grenadiers and Dragoon cavalry units. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sandes" title="Arthur Sandes">Arthur Sandes</a> commander of Rifles Battalion charged the royalist artillery. This charge disrupted the arming of the 3 artillery pieces the Spanish possessed (they had transported them unassembled) only one of them was able to be assembled which allowed it to fire 3 shots before the gun carriage that supported it broke rendering it useless.<sup id="cite_ref-Gutiérrez_2019_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gutiérrez_2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outnumbered, the Spanish rear guard began to retreat without any clear direction. Therefore, Bolívar ordered lancers units to attack the center of the Royalist infantry, the 3rd and 5th companies of the Granadan Dragoons charged the Patriot cavalry however the patriot cavalry conducted a turn face maneuver causing the dragoons to retreat as the patriot lancers had longer lances than they did. The other Spanish cavalry squadron the Mounted Grenadiers, ran away from the battle via the road towards Samaca. The charge of two patriot army cavalry squadrons caused panic amongst the Spanish troops, who were formed up in a column to resist the attack, although they were given the order to perform a bayonet charge this was not carried out due to the panic and confusion. Barreiro and his officers tried in vain to contain the rout of their soldiers and dismounted from their horses which condemned them to easily be captured by their enemy. </p><p>Meanwhile, one kilometer and a half behind Casa de Teja, Bejar's Patriot vanguard managed to ford the river and was approaching the rear of the Royalist vanguard force. Once it reached them, the vanguard forces engaged in battle, while this occurred Santander led a charge across the bridge by force, using bayonets.<sup id="cite_ref-Moreno_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moreno-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 472">: 472 </span></sup> The Spanish forces fled, leaving on the bridge their leader, Colonel Juan Tolrá who was killed. As the assembly of enemy prisoners began, the battle was over shortly after 4:30 p.m have only lasted a little more than 2 hours. The Patriots only suffered 66 casualties in total with some 13 dead and 53 wounded, meanwhile Barreiro's III Division was effectively dismantled as a result of the battle suffering 100 dead, 150 wounded, and 1,600 captured. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Boyac%C3%A1&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Boyac%C3%A1_por_Ricardo_Acevedo_Bernal_(1920).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Batalla_de_Boyac%C3%A1_por_Ricardo_Acevedo_Bernal_%281920%29.jpg/220px-Batalla_de_Boyac%C3%A1_por_Ricardo_Acevedo_Bernal_%281920%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Batalla_de_Boyac%C3%A1_por_Ricardo_Acevedo_Bernal_%281920%29.jpg/330px-Batalla_de_Boyac%C3%A1_por_Ricardo_Acevedo_Bernal_%281920%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Batalla_de_Boyac%C3%A1_por_Ricardo_Acevedo_Bernal_%281920%29.jpg/440px-Batalla_de_Boyac%C3%A1_por_Ricardo_Acevedo_Bernal_%281920%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="909" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption><i>The Battle of Boyacá</i> (1920) by <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Acevedo_Bernal" title="Ricardo Acevedo Bernal">Ricardo Acevedo Bernal</a> depicts the Patriot Army triumphant after the conclusion of the battle with Bolívar and his officers at the center of the painting</figcaption></figure> <p>For their actions on the battlefield, Santander and Anzoátegui were both promoted to <a href="/wiki/Divisional_general" title="Divisional general">General of Division</a>. At least 1,600 troops and several of the Spanish commanders, including Barreiro himself, were captured at the end of the battle. Since the majority of these captured troops were composed of Venezuelan and New Granadans, these troops were immediately incorporated into the Patriot Army which considerably augmented its size allowing Bolivar to dispatch these new units from the battlefield to other areas of New Granada that had not been liberated yet.<sup id="cite_ref-Gutiérrez_2019_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gutiérrez_2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through a messenger, who rode nonstop for 30 hours over the 100 km of bad roads that separated the battlefield from the capital, Viceroy <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_S%C3%A1mano" title="Juan de Sámano">Juan de Samano</a> was informed of Barreiro's defeat around 10 pm on August 8th. Not wishing to take any chances Samano hastily prepared to abandon the capital and did so at 9:00 am on August 9 bound for <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia" title="Cartagena, Colombia">Cartagena</a> by way of <a href="/wiki/Honda,_Tolima" title="Honda, Tolima">Honda</a> disguised as a peasant.<sup id="cite_ref-Arana_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arana-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 237">: 237 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gutiérrez_2019_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gutiérrez_2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 103">: 103 </span></sup> So hasty was the Viceroy's departure that he failed to destroy important government documents and archives and left behind some 900,000 pesos in gold, silver, and currency. Earlier that same day at 7:00 am Colonel Sebastian de La Calzada blew up the gunpowder supply in the arsenal and left with the 400 troops who were stationed in the city bound for <a href="/wiki/Popay%C3%A1n" title="Popayán">Popayan</a>. Royalist sympathizers and other government officials also fled the capital. </p><p>Bolivar arrived on the 10th August with a group of cavalry in advance of his army where he received a jubilant welcome from the inhabitants of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Arana_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arana-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 18 September, a victory ceremony was held for the patriot army in the <i>Plaza Mayor,</i> Bolivar was crowned with a laurel wreath given to him by a group of 20 women of the most prestigious families of the city who were all dressed in white.<sup id="cite_ref-Arana_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arana-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 238-239">: 238-239 </span></sup> Along with this crown, Bolivar, Santander, and Anzoategui were all awarded the <i>Cruz de Boyaca</i> medal which had been created for the occasion<sup id="cite_ref-Moreno_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moreno-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 392">: 392 </span></sup>This victory ceremony was accompanied by a large number of <a href="/wiki/Dance_party" title="Dance party">dances</a> and balls held in honor of the victors with many of the officers along with Bolivar himself attending these festivities. </p><p>On the orders of Santander, Colonel Barreiro and 38 more were executed in Bogotá on October 11, 1819, because of the <a href="/wiki/Decree_of_War_to_the_Death" title="Decree of War to the Death">Decree of War to the Death</a>. The bridge in question, el <a href="/wiki/Puente_de_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Puente de Boyacá">Puente de Boyacá</a>, is no longer in use but it has been maintained as a symbol of the Independence of South America. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consequences">Consequences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Boyac%C3%A1&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Consequences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The consequences of Bolivar's victory at Boyaca bridge lead to large chain of events that would end up changing the history of South America forever. </p> <ul><li>The final defeat of Royal forces in central <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">New Kingdom of Granada</a> and the weakening of the rest of the forces in all America.</li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Puente_Boyaca_Nov_09_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Puente_Boyaca_Nov_09_2005.jpg/220px-Puente_Boyaca_Nov_09_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Puente_Boyaca_Nov_09_2005.jpg/330px-Puente_Boyaca_Nov_09_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Puente_Boyaca_Nov_09_2005.jpg/440px-Puente_Boyaca_Nov_09_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The Boyaca Bridge, the original bridge no longer exists. This replica bridge was built by the order of President Marco Fidel Suarez in 1919 in commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the battle.</figcaption></figure> The end of Spanish control over the American provinces, with the escape of viceroy Juan de Samano.</li> <li>The creation of <a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a> in December of 1819.</li> <li>The start of an autonomous government in the former Spanish provinces.</li> <li>The subsequent independence of <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> and the creation of <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, after a liberation campaign.</li></ul> <p>August 7 is a <a href="/wiki/Public_holiday" title="Public holiday">national holiday</a> in Colombia. On this date every 4 years the elected <a href="/wiki/President_of_Colombia" title="President of Colombia">President of Colombia</a> is inaugurated as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president</a> by taking the presidential oath of office while also receiving the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_sash" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential sash">Presidential sash</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Plaza_de_Bol%C3%ADvar,_Bogot%C3%A1" title="Plaza de Bolívar, Bogotá">Plaza de Bolivar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogota</a>. August 7 is also Army Day (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i>Día del Ejército Nacional</i>) in Colombia, the Colombian Army holds a large military ceremony at the site of the battle to commemorate its anniversary. This was established officially in 1978 under the administration of President <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_L%C3%B3pez_Michelsen" title="Alfonso López Michelsen">Alfonso López Michelsen</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Boyac%C3%A1&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Battle_of_Boyaca-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Battle_of_Boyaca_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Battle_of_Boyaca_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Battle_of_Boyaca_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Battle_of_Boyaca_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Battle_of_Boyaca_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160411151913/http://www.colombiaaprende.edu.co/html/home/1592/article-85977.html">"La Batalla de Boyacá"</a> (in Spanish). colombiaaprende.edu.co. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colombiaaprende.edu.co/html/home/1592/article-85977.html">the original</a> on 2016-04-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Batalla+de+Boyac%C3%A1&rft.pub=colombiaaprende.edu.co&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colombiaaprende.edu.co%2Fhtml%2Fhome%2F1592%2Farticle-85977.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Boyac%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arana-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arana_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arana_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arana_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arana_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArana2013" class="citation book cs1">Arana, Marie (2013). <i>Bolivar: American liberator</i> (1st ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-1019-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-1019-5"><bdi>978-1-4391-1019-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bolivar%3A+American+liberator&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-1019-5&rft.aulast=Arana&rft.aufirst=Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Boyac%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch2006" class="citation book cs1">Lynch, John (2006). <i>Simón Bolívar: a life</i>. New Haven, Conn.: Yale Univ. Press. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11062-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11062-3"><bdi>978-0-300-11062-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sim%C3%B3n+Bol%C3%ADvar%3A+a+life&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Conn.&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Yale+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11062-3&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Boyac%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gutiérrez_2019-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gutiérrez_2019_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gutiérrez_2019_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gutiérrez_2019_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gutiérrez_2019_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutiérrez_Ardila2019" class="citation book cs1">Gutiérrez Ardila, Daniel (2019). <i>1819: campaña de la Nueva Granada</i>. Bogotá: Universidad Externado de Colombia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-958-790-122-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-958-790-122-1"><bdi>978-958-790-122-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1819%3A+campa%C3%B1a+de+la+Nueva+Granada&rft.place=Bogot%C3%A1&rft.pub=Universidad+Externado+de+Colombia&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-958-790-122-1&rft.aulast=Guti%C3%A9rrez+Ardila&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Boyac%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartínez_Garnica2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Martínez Garnica, Armando, ed. (2018). "Diario militar, que comprende desde el cuatro hasta el siete de agosto [de 1819], con respecto a la División, llevado por teniente coronel don Sebastián Díaz, jefe del Estado Mayor de la Tercera División del Ejército Expedicionario de Tierra Firme". <i>La Batalla de Boyacá en sus testimonios documentales: el bicentenario de la independencia de Colombia 2019 y los retos de la celebración: un cencuentro en torno a las nuevas corrientes historiográficas, Bogotá, D.C., 14 y 15 de junio de 2018</i> (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Bogotá, D.C., Colombia: Academia Colombiana de Historia. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-958-8040-82-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-958-8040-82-0"><bdi>978-958-8040-82-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Diario+militar%2C+que+comprende+desde+el+cuatro+hasta+el+siete+de+agosto+%5Bde+1819%5D%2C+con+respecto+a+la+Divisi%C3%B3n%2C+llevado+por+teniente+coronel+don+Sebasti%C3%A1n+D%C3%ADaz%2C+jefe+del+Estado+Mayor+de+la+Tercera+Divisi%C3%B3n+del+Ej%C3%A9rcito+Expedicionario+de+Tierra+Firme&rft.btitle=La+Batalla+de+Boyac%C3%A1+en+sus+testimonios+documentales%3A+el+bicentenario+de+la+independencia+de+Colombia+2019+y+los+retos+de+la+celebraci%C3%B3n%3A+un+cencuentro+en+torno+a+las+nuevas+corrientes+historiogr%C3%A1ficas%2C+Bogot%C3%A1%2C+D.C.%2C+14+y+15+de+junio+de+2018&rft.place=Bogot%C3%A1%2C+D.C.%2C+Colombia&rft.pages=32&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Academia+Colombiana+de+Historia&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-958-8040-82-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Boyac%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiaño1969" class="citation book cs1">Riaño, Camilo (1969). <i>La Campaña Libertadora de 1819</i>. Bogotá: Editorial Andes. p. 263.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Campa%C3%B1a+Libertadora+de+1819&rft.place=Bogot%C3%A1&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=Editorial+Andes&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Ria%C3%B1o&rft.aufirst=Camilo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Boyac%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riaño, Camilo (1969) <i>La Campaña Libertadora de 1819</i>, Bogotá, Editorial Andes, p. 264. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancilleria.gov.co/sites/default/files/document_bicentenary_uk.pdf">"The Role of Great Britain in the Independence of Colombia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>cancilleria.gov.co</i>. 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cancilleria.gov.co&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Great+Britain+in+the+Independence+of+Colombia&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancilleria.gov.co%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocument_bicentenary_uk.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Boyac%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moreno-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moreno_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moreno_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreno_de_Angel1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Moreno de Angel, Pilar (1989). <i>Santander</i> (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Bogota: Crítica Colombia (published 2019). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789584276926" title="Special:BookSources/9789584276926"><bdi>9789584276926</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Santander&rft.place=Bogota&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cr%C3%ADtica+Colombia&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9789584276926&rft.aulast=Moreno+de+Angel&rft.aufirst=Pilar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Boyac%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiempo1999" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tiempo, Casa Editorial El (1999-08-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-873142">"Efemérides con Inspiración Patriótica"</a>. <i>El Tiempo</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Tiempo&rft.atitle=Efem%C3%A9rides+con+Inspiraci%C3%B3n+Patri%C3%B3tica&rft.date=1999-08-06&rft.aulast=Tiempo&rft.aufirst=Casa+Editorial+El&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eltiempo.com%2Farchivo%2Fdocumento%2FMAM-873142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Boyac%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Boyac%C3%A1&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120625131836/http://www.efemeridesvenezolanas.com/html/boyaca.htm">"Batalla de Boyacá"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efemeridesvenezolanas.com/html/boyaca.htm">the original</a> on 2012-06-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Batalla+de+Boyac%C3%A1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efemeridesvenezolanas.com%2Fhtml%2Fboyaca.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Boyac%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090323054226/http://www.simon-bolivar.org/bolivar/batalla_de_boyaca.html">"Relato de la batalla"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.simon-bolivar.org/bolivar/batalla_de_boyaca.html">the original</a> on 2009-03-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Relato+de+la+batalla&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.simon-bolivar.org%2Fbolivar%2Fbatalla_de_boyaca.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Boyac%C3%A1" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Gran_Colombia&#124;link=Gran_Colombia_Gran_Colombian_independence" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gran_Colombia_independence" title="Template:Gran Colombia independence"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gran_Colombia_independence" title="Template talk:Gran Colombia independence"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gran_Colombia_independence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gran Colombia independence"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Gran_Colombia&#124;link=Gran_Colombia_Gran_Colombian_independence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia"><img alt="Gran Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Gran_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Gran_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Gran_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Gran_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Gran_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Gran_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombian</a> independence</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">Viceroyalty of New Granada</a> (1717–1723), (1739-1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Captaincy General of Venezuela</a> (1777–1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War in Spain</a> (1808–1814)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Military career of Simón Bolívar">Military career of Simón Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_War_of_Independence" title="Ecuadorian War of Independence">Ecuadorian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_War_of_Independence" title="Venezuelan War of Independence">Venezuelan War of Independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political<br />history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luz_de_Am%C3%A9rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Luz de América">Luz de América</a> (1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Venezuela" title="First Republic of Venezuela">First Republic of Venezuela</a> (1810–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Declaration_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian Declaration of Independence">Colombian Declaration of Independence</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Venezuelan Declaration of Independence">Venezuelan Declaration of Independence</a> (1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_New_Granada" title="United Provinces of New Granada">United Provinces of New Granada</a> (1811–16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Republic_of_Venezuela" title="Second Republic of Venezuela">Second Republic of Venezuela</a> (1813–14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Republic_of_Venezuela" title="Third Republic of Venezuela">Third Republic of Venezuela</a> (1817–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a> (1819–31) (<a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, 1830</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>/<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_New_Granada" title="Republic of New Granada">Republic of New Granada</a>, 1831)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military<br />history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1812–16</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Victoria_(1812)" title="Battle of La Victoria (1812)">La Victoria</a> (June 1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalena_campaign" title="Magdalena campaign">Magdalena campaign</a> (1812-1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admirable_Campaign" title="Admirable Campaign">Admirable Campaign</a> (1813: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_C%C3%BAcuta" title="Battle of Cúcuta">Cúcuta</a>, February 1813</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alto_de_los_Godos" title="Battle of Alto de los Godos">Alto de los Godos</a>, May 1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Araure" title="Battle of Araure">Araure</a> (December 1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_reconquest_of_New_Granada" title="Spanish reconquest of New Granada">Spanish reconquest of New Granada</a> (1815–16)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1819–23</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar%27s_campaign_to_liberate_New_Granada" title="Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada">Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada</a> (1819–20: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Queseras_del_Medio" title="Battle of Las Queseras del Medio">Las Queseras del Medio</a>, April 1819 – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vargas_Swamp" title="Battle of Vargas Swamp">Vargas Swamp</a>, July 1819 – <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boyacá</a>, August 1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo" title="Battle of Carabobo">Carabobo</a> (June 1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Maracaibo" title="Battle of Lake Maracaibo">Lake Maracaibo</a> (July 1823)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colombian<br />figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Nari%C3%B1o" title="Antonio Nariño">Antonio Nariño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Salas_Vargas" title="Benito Salas Vargas">Benito Salas Vargas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Camacho" title="Joaquín Camacho">Joaquín Camacho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liborio_Mej%C3%ADa" title="Liborio Mejía">Liborio Mejía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Obando" title="José María Obando">José María Obando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_Pey_de_Andrade" class="mw-redirect" title="José Miguel Pey de Andrade">José Miguel Pey de Andrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ricaurte" title="Antonio Ricaurte">Antonio Ricaurte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Torices" title="Manuel Rodríguez Torices">Manuel Rodríguez Torices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Paula_Santander" title="Francisco de Paula Santander">Francisco de Paula Santander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Venezuelan<br />figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Miranda" title="Francisco de Miranda">Francisco de Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_P%C3%A1ez" title="José Antonio Páez">José Antonio Páez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Piar" title="Manuel Piar">Manuel Piar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_F%C3%A9lix_Ribas" title="José Félix Ribas">José Félix Ribas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Jos%C3%A9_de_Sucre" title="Antonio José de Sucre">Antonio José de Sucre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Urdaneta" title="Rafael Urdaneta">Rafael Urdaneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Soublette" title="Carlos Soublette">Carlos Soublette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Mari%C3%B1o" title="Santiago Mariño">Santiago Mariño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Mendoza" title="Cristóbal Mendoza">Cristóbal Mendoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Montilla" title="Mariano Montilla">Mariano Montilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Camejo" title="Pedro Camejo">Pedro Camejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Arismendi" title="Juan Bautista Arismendi">Juan Bautista Arismendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luisa_C%C3%A1ceres_de_Arismendi" title="Luisa Cáceres de Arismendi">Luisa Cáceres de Arismendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Bri%C3%B3n" title="Luis Brión">Luis Brión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Anzo%C3%A1tegui" title="José Antonio Anzoátegui">José Antonio Anzoátegui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Tom%C3%A1s_Boves" title="José Tomás Boves">José Tomás Boves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Michel_Aury" title="Louis-Michel Aury">Louis-Michel Aury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Cajigal" title="Juan Manuel Cajigal">Juan Manuel Cajigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Domingo_de_Monteverde" title="Juan Domingo de Monteverde">Juan Domingo de Monteverde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Morillo" title="Pablo Morillo">Pablo Morillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Florence_O%27Leary" title="Daniel Florence O'Leary">Daniel Florence O'Leary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Prudencio_Padilla" title="José Prudencio Padilla">José Prudencio Padilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Torre" title="Miguel de la Torre">Miguel de la Torre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carma%C3%B1ola_Americana" title="Carmañola Americana">Carmañola Americana</a> (1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decree_of_War_to_the_Death" title="Decree of War to the Death">Decree of War to the Death</a> (1813)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spanish_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_Empire" title="Template:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_Empire" title="Template talk:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spanish_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Timeline–immersed" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Timeline–immersed</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Conquest of the Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Asia and the Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac" title="War of the League of Cognac">War of the League of Cognac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomiendas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Laws" title="New Laws">New Laws in favour of the indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_War" title="Castilian War">Bruneian–Spanish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Piracy in the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Spanish–Moro conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Portuguese Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Bourbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Reforms" title="Bourbon Reforms">Bourbon Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(13_January_1750)" title="Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750)">Treaty of Madrid (1750)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootka_Convention" title="Nootka Convention">Nootka Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Napoleonic invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Treaty_of_San_Ildefonso" title="Third Treaty of San Ildefonso">Third Treaty of San Ildefonso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Independence of Spanish continental Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Liberal constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlist_Wars" title="Carlist Wars">Carlist Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Spanish_Treaty_(1899)" title="German–Spanish Treaty (1899)">German–Spanish Treaty (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Independent_Morocco_(since_1956)" title="History of Morocco">Independence of Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Independence of Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castille" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Castille">Crown of Castille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Union with Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li>Southern Italy (Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples#Aragonese_dynasty" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily#The_insular_kingdom_of_Sicily_under_the_Crown_of_Aragon_and_Spain" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia#Aragonese_period" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Union with Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Pyrénées-Orientales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Coastal Alaska</a>, Central United States (<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Spanish Louisiana</a>), Western United States (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Spanish Texas</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Mexico (page does not exist)">Mexico</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Reino de México">es</a>]</span>, Central America (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy General of Yucatan">Captaincy General of Yucatan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish Caribbean</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Central_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Central America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish West Indies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Spanish_period" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Santiago" title="Colony of Santiago">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti#Spanish_history_(1492–1625)" title="History of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruba#History" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao#History" title="Curaçao">Curazao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire#History" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belize_(1506%E2%80%931862)" title="History of Belize (1506–1862)">Belize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela, part of Guyana</a>, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a> (Peru, <a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a> (Bolivia), <a href="/wiki/Banda_Oriental" title="Banda Oriental">Banda Oriental</a> (Uruguay), <a href="/wiki/Misiones_Orientales" title="Misiones Orientales">Misiones Orientales</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="History of the Falkland Islands">Malvinas</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia_and_Oceania_(Spanish_East_Indies)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia and Oceania (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Mariana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Northern Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li>Northern Africa (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Tripoli" title="Spanish Tripoli">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunis#Spanish_occupation_and_Ottoman_control" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers" title="Peñón of Algiers">Peñón of Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oran#Spanish_period_(1509–1708,_1732–1792)" title="Oran">Oran</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa#Muslim_and_feudal_rulers" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ifni" title="Ifni">Ifni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Juby" title="Cape Juby">Cape Juby</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra Australis, Spain">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administration</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayuntamiento" title="Ayuntamiento">Ayuntamiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">Cabildo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_(guild)" title="Germania (guild)">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Hermandad" title="Santa Hermandad">Santa Hermandad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exequatur" title="Exequatur">Exequatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Indies" title="Laws of the Indies">Laws of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Decree_of_Graces_of_1815" title="Royal Decree of Graces of 1815">Royal Decree of Graces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_residence" title="Trial of residence">Trial of residence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Titles and positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcalde" title="Alcalde">Alcalde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corregidor_(position)" title="Corregidor (position)">Corregidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_president" title="Municipal president">Municipal president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regidor" title="Regidor">Regidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndic" title="Syndic">Syndic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vecino" title="Vecino">Vecino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administrative_subdivisions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative subdivisions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Viceroy#In_the_Americas" title="Viceroy">Viceroyalties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty" title="Columbian Viceroyalty">Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Perú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Captaincies_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Captaincies of the Spanish Empire">Captaincies General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Captaincy General of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Governorates of the Spanish Empire">Governorates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castilla_de_Oro" title="Castilla de Oro">Castilla de Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Cuba" title="Governorate of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">La Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">La Luisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia_(1501%E2%80%931513)" title="Governorate of New Andalusia (1501–1513)">New Andalusia (1501–1513)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia" title="Governorate of New Andalusia">New Andalusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Castile" title="Governorate of New Castile">New Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Navarre" title="New Navarre">New Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Toledo" title="Governorate of New Toledo">New Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Terra_Australis" title="Governorate of Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">Audiencias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Concepci%C3%B3n" title="Real Audiencia of Concepción">Concepción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Cusco" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Audiencia of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guadalajara" title="Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Guatemala" title="Real Audiencia of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Lima" title="Real Audiencia of Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Manila" title="Real Audiencia of Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panamá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Quito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santiago" title="Real Audiencia of Santiago">Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Currency_of_Spanish_America" title="Currency of Spanish America">Currencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Dollar (Peso)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_real" title="Spanish colonial real">Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraved%C3%AD" title="Maravedí">Maravedí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_escudo" title="Spanish escudo">Escudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnarios">Columnario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubloon" title="Doubloon">Doubloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n" title="Casa de Contratación">Casa de Contratación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Road" title="Spanish Road">Spanish Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guipuzcoan_Company_of_Caracas" title="Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas">Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Trading_Company" title="Barcelona Trading Company">Barcelona Trading Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_of_the_Sea" title="Consulate of the Sea">Consulate of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro" title="Camino Real de Tierra Adentro">Camino Real de Tierra Adentro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Consulate_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires">Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Armies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">Tercio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Company_of_Volunteers_of_Catalonia" title="Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia">Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indian auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_line_of_Spain" title="List of ships of the line of Spain">Ships of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Royalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Legion" title="Spanish Legion">Legión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">Army of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Strategists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Duke of Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Leyva,_Duke_of_Terranova" title="Antonio de Leyva, Duke of Terranova">Antonio de Leyva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Goiti" title="Martín de Goiti">Martín de Goiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_d%27Avalos" title="Alfonso d'Avalos">Alfonso d'Avalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_de_Toledo_Osorio,_4th_Marquis_of_Villafranca" class="mw-redirect" title="García de Toledo Osorio, 4th Marquis of Villafranca">García de Toledo Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy">Duke of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n_the_Elder" title="Álvaro de Bazán the Elder">Álvaro de Bazán the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonaventure_de_Longueval,_Count_of_Bucquoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy">Charles Bonaventure de Longueval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Zubiaur" title="Pedro de Zubiaur">Pedro de Zubiaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrogio_Spinola,_1st_Marquis_of_the_Balbases" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases">Ambrosio Spinola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blas_de_Lezo" title="Blas de Lezo">Blas de Lezo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Mariners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinz%C3%B3n_brothers" title="Pinzón brothers">Pinzón brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano" title="Juan Sebastián Elcano">Juan Sebastián Elcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Ocampo" title="Sebastián de Ocampo">Sebastián de Ocampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Salazar" title="Alonso de Salazar">Alonso de Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Urdaneta" title="Andrés de Urdaneta">Andrés de Urdaneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Ulloa" title="Antonio de Ulloa">Antonio de Ulloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Columbus" title="Diego Columbus">Diego Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ercilla" title="Alonso de Ercilla">Alonso de Ercilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando" title="Nicolás de Ovando">Nicolás de Ovando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Ayala" title="Juan de Ayala">Juan de Ayala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Vizca%C3%ADno" title="Sebastián Vizcaíno">Sebastián Vizcaíno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(explorer)" title="Juan Fernández (explorer)">Juan Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_y_Ru%C3%ADz_de_Avenda%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Fajardo y Ruíz de Avendaño">Luis Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Ahedo" title="Felipe González de Ahedo">Felipe González de Ahedo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Conquistadors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspar de Portolà">Gaspar de Portolà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_Fages_i_Beleta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere Fages i Beleta">Pere Fages i Beleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Orp%C3%AD" title="Joan Orpí">Joan Orpí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Urs%C3%BAa" title="Martín de Ursúa">Martín de Ursúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Mazariegos" title="Diego de Mazariegos">Diego de Mazariegos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Luis_de_Cabrera" title="Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera">Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_d%27Albern%C3%AD_i_Teixidor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor">Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_L%C3%B3pez_de_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="García López de Cárdenas">García López de Cárdenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Notable battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros" title="Revolt of the Comuneros">Comuneros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bicocca" title="Battle of Bicocca">Bicocca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">Rome (1527)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landriano" title="Battle of Landriano">Landriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Pavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%BChlberg" title="Battle of Mühlberg">Mühlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1557)">St. Quentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gravelines_(1558)" title="Battle of Gravelines (1558)">Gravelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Lepanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ponta_Delgada" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ponta Delgada">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1572)" title="Siege of Mons (1572)">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1578)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend" title="Siege of Ostend">Ostend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Celidonia" title="Battle of Cape Celidonia">Cape Celidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Battle of White Mountain">White Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)" title="Siege of Breda (1624)">Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valenciennes_(1656)" title="Battle of Valenciennes (1656)">Valenciennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Ceuta_(1694%E2%80%931727)" title="Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bitonto" title="Battle of Bitonto">Bitonto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_T%C3%A9touan" title="Battle of Tétouan">Tetouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_landing" title="Alhucemas landing">Alhucemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Capo_d%27Orso" title="Battle of Capo d'Orso">Capo d'Orso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">Vienna (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Preveza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Castelnuovo" title="Siege of Castelnuovo">Siege of Castelnuovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ceresole" title="Battle of Ceresole">Ceresole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_the_Balearic_Islands_(1558)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands (1558)">Balearic Islands (1558)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Djerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leiden" title="Siege of Leiden">Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocroi" title="Battle of Rocroi">Rocroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Downs" title="Battle of the Downs">Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montes_Claros" title="Battle of Montes Claros">Montes Claros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Passaro" title="Battle of Cape Passaro">Passaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annual" title="Battle of Annual">Annual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Mactan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca" title="Battle of Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cusco" title="Siege of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Bogotá savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penco" title="Battle of Penco">Penco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mataquito" title="Battle of Mataquito">Mataquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalupe_Island_(1595)" title="Battle of Guadalupe Island (1595)">Guadalupe Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Recife_(1595)" title="Capture of Recife (1595)">Recife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">San Juan (1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahia" title="Recapture of Bahia">Bahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Siege of Colonia del Sacramento">Colonia del Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(Paraguay)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (Paraguay)">Comuneros (Paraguay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena de Indias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuerno_Verde" title="Cuerno Verde">Cuerno Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Túpac Amaru II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Katari" title="Túpac Katari">Túpac Katari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition" title="Newfoundland expedition">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1797)" title="Battle of San Juan (1797)">San Juan (1797)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Noche_Triste" title="La Noche Triste">La Noche Triste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguape_War" title="Iguape War">Iguape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tucapel" title="Battle of Tucapel">Tucapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh%27s_El_Dorado_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition">Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Curalaba" title="Battle of Curalaba">Curalaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)">Comuneros (New Granada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Trinidad_(1797)" title="Invasion of Trinidad (1797)">Trinidad (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chacabuco" title="Battle of Chacabuco">Chacabuco</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boyacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo" title="Battle of Carabobo">Carabobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pichincha" title="Battle of Pichincha">Pichincha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Battle of Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Guam" title="Capture of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Battle of Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Campaign#Battle_of_Asomante" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Campaign">Asomante</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Spanish_conquests" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Spanish conquests</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">The Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Chibchan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521%E2%80%931898)#Spanish_expeditions_and_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1521–1898)">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Other_civil_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other civil topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Codices" title="Mesoamerican Codices">Mesoamerican Codices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusco_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco School">Cusco painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian painting in New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Quito School">Quito painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapada_lime%C3%B1a" title="Tapada limeña">Tapada limeña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academia_Ant%C3%A1rtica" title="Academia Antártica">Academia Antártica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_universities_in_Hispanic_America" title="List of colonial universities in Hispanic America">Colonial universities in Hispanic America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_schools_in_the_Philippines" title="List of the oldest schools in the Philippines">Colonial universities in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Archive_of_the_Indies" title="General Archive of the Indies">General Archive of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Spanish_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Spanish Horse">Colonial Spanish Horse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustang" title="Mustang">Mustang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Castas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people#Spanish_colonial_caste_system" title="Criollo people">Criollos in the colonial society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Old inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Spanish_New_World_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies">Slavery in Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiento" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiento">Asiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans#Colonial_era" title="African Americans">Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Potos%C3%AD_Mint_Fraud_of_1649" title="Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649">Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div 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