CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9134b59b8d623e14',cH: 'X2sqhHPQsZKqSzWzUidksW9PJEBex5dId62Nz8k2P5g-1739784109-1.2.1.1-cJED_e9L8w_FcA_.eaqdowSXoHZaI7_5k8Z.AaYmUHoSuo0uhxOG_K8Eeman1bMn',cUPMDTk: "\/search?q=Melinda%20L.%20Clarke&__cf_chl_tk=ePzHS3HV.NA4hmIFS1NSQ6evUfpaXN5MQABClswhPQs-1739784109-1.0.1.1-BG2O2_p1MiEZF7lz3kkCNz9sdsGxeczwzl0FXhm5los",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739784109',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/search?q=Melinda%20L.%20Clarke&__cf_chl_f_tk=ePzHS3HV.NA4hmIFS1NSQ6evUfpaXN5MQABClswhPQs-1739784109-1.0.1.1-BG2O2_p1MiEZF7lz3kkCNz9sdsGxeczwzl0FXhm5los",md: "otwp.PDt1v8ovg3WkR6wv879qX8sFKcga_63IzNmL.c-1739784109-1.2.1.1-O3bs0qOkLM356nUEvngg3Ua8Oh3bEKqrF683IoBPuGkN_H13KFQ7DP1oD450MACPrl234tbTqua2iVDCEVWM1q49Yj4kBX1j3QFWYVo_uQftf2uBOPUwkNQF4Wq0DpnQcfmWDqb6Xh0Sod2jkvhYIMFZdyXd5TN6c7k8czwqmwQT.4GLrL.o6cnT23aI6eSYYY2bMa.55NHU.ulVaXWehCVzHPahzUpY1C6NuJ5e0UYC6x_27HGWEldSSLJXDkvqOVnKlMNJQzFKoRVLtuNabnnegDmlrK3RcbX_5pdzvOfJPH8psPv.jgXlyNAdChOlDuK94yarOFXapie8f6sOGXzRFq2Ov6BBF1WxDKs19w0FdlaUew5wRGKqCTgzPzdiBJA510ZRTSwf79I0zhjh0.R73ziwOsal4_sMKHN2vPSTjU2.MTCoZYRyvwZmzVhxXsgYouq_Qyi7Y7fUdiMTxfrZ2AywEpzX_DJ0uoXKDX4RNsUJBdff.qo64DLkjBH4e9TNmzogN8g9n0RCnAeA9MtxgVxah5yIjbu6XM8K1OkwUPQG30BbwkEs87L.FCb9LDxY2k5UL1oL7GUwQX3iA94P.aWzbCz8FjJjWEZDgKAAFIGjfMzlQlnH_Myh8kUguXMFtqfkB7dXQ.pBACbCffCxDkMr9Y9s8eorvlQDRMEbTxJvzxrcQrcJefrozWSLTALS8_xr4YkBR.eM6oTIXO3pleBg11kCoKP4wJGB.l3AzUuXau2ISHEWswVYjWut1kVIx4FChQtqsVkrddUwIwhlCF7zuN6OlPQLfMRKTy00J4yN1YyqId0g4F0MnVEcwAC.UMHE1ito7pk1D.oyE4t3My1HwCzKhHKaES3YvFzZtwKNWOygFZ4nWxur6JqJn8C0HBbCboEep.p3r8zExS8n_iJz3wk7bhFV68DdTjE40MIq.ibBbH_Wvz0pwJTfHDVchxXLYNSXdjxgVJsxajyfoCZcVGbiusHBQfu06lD.FpFty5iIFjnm2gghIHlArV1_TyNN._dkBpvdR6aRFwm.aEZd2ZjSDgE3mw7Qk7YRHtbKJ_tQTQgp7lBwEGD4zntlSyoLIXrYfxyIiWFs0in1wed13F.X8lytBADViE_5_9SfCXC3n7S5GwjspTvNI_jLgNMUnOZ4CTPi3QSHuJVPKZun1yguVoveL4SrC6_eFIBiEExhXrIvXcLUgkh2rOqSM4124BQE6AV0NJPXWHAIfbF3pagUZ4UYy3LNIv_ev6PQ1twJizNhy.8.Z4Dgnb6aQ6Gr8bMd7YFJNa3qTMuWb61vBCABqty0hvdPWwsagVOSlTfUc73q40.HoIBBuAOdQTcjhtCWzI0v9t3NGpHodXTwTudWoATlJ5mqt8Hw4WJa1cLPFgU1AqWXOF9d003VYUwBgRKNlSZq0EoFywAMLwqt2UF6pqzgA_rYDUH7t9ubjhmG8fXDW1L6_IWMgivAzUF16pHhHT.mxN9RH7WmkJGe6BesWxpObE.T6xUZm1T1dcsHvqTvnBWK2k4cSKKPOzqFlkyaTYH8sFkUmh9aRy_EfGFrfqXIBS8TDzKcowQwiv_Kn1aWzKp56So51DIe2LNttW.jWDfih1kZq6Lkqn6Bq7UA5psVkWQWHHQrvdIivQUl6AisEfhJBGSPwT08A_Bj5KF4UxLAHHQ0dalKLJpHGHpZVgHt4O2t3VgGIEpdEAg5rpZ.18rHT9X2jdXZA8eXEGPKgNqWO1Kbz6lnr89a6_usGJobaw1eki71Dw26WXEzfsuiXjRE4vklkBq2TVqHJRmqWNZCZJtY9SKrlWqCu6cUw8G2nqDD4v5p0KRvN9mevlwKE5iri3dOOm4fcbVCinkyBLB3jvOuSnGqzk5v.AxMZF2duzpmw_X43gkZFrNXsWGPxWWGxd91P7VUBOmvZMc0LiGaW197dw",mdrd: "RqJyMlIuGviJds0UtEfzELg9vspoBVj9lgpuRIy89i0-1739784109-1.2.1.1-iTsn1ScsDYwyDGfePMlLT.NI6dwDFDQzlb_8QJZIxUaqhHd8XqSD8whzLf5bz6FMNHHMWy_vPEX9hrSx8ilS3C.pyYeeSy4tJZEAnpw0tkMuqZ_BzI0ufq91nhRadLhLt0eDOuU5.2oPDKALRhqxn4PJId4_7sUjge2pN2DD_VAZCbAlqQFBTM5XTcw.5J1o4sglxpoAvsx4ONHg2TYQ_MhM.J9bt99AzU6W1npGKT6fzvrXIxhB1HCoReeAzOuQbwlLTwkfuyuu8Yh.AT.l9kmZeGtgdfiT1jO.mdjP3WCYKuSZ1k6JTuDqmR8Ks67_10eB5TnnIzU4n2M1eReIYNdl87RI.VihLAzq.vyePDVKQl7MFH.g.8MIkaMu9DoSDDKB3VOik3iIWquFdjtW65_wsF43Lu12C50hNubUYK2cngg7vECRo7w667DCo6IUKWN99anloIBgnP_XkuPAQ.20xGCqLCB6YS41JRtf523.1mhA3b0XvFfajWprWDNBXlmyWGaAWNe8vLWJDNCb5hfGHPWx.arV28PIMa96bNQPr4S2OdzHAzKHIvwfpyiP1_7dExJd36zxOZsnfEJIszSpPREzR6HCNkegyUTnURZ0fHm4BAdrWPaXoAZcfpDPIR2ZqP8U_RuHV7ke8Q0KQOP5it2MsoXjknFFaQD0w1x4EUHkLHu9gYCYm84pPafTtKShVC13yLgVDTt52JH0JN6._CJoYpgWFFQLyFMTQLME8ARQLCKjCoiMvb0.eCs4moyJTw5.sqK8C6qt0fYnRZ5o2XFp7lKQH3dzdAcH9y7FiX36tGiXtXx9L9yRYmuQ0tIKfubwkSowefc66xFD1ZpIeHnYp3_vGeXIy8ZQvJeXZk9ONfYrCTlDLvza8FS.lm1WocFrW4TeqMa4MWdBPHa3NumaBo.1xjkITZlsexaIusdbzD_gklkvGsto9CXrROr7Nh2O5zzE0FOkB8SzQwmX2mnpeV1sHs3mKz.ztOGCnUrWrjueenKPdJ8g7GrzFF5yUO2tpenSMbGmfd9R1pnNbEvveTvvFN1dAcigBibVaZTxYfRmClk6RIvyZfZjXvl8Y6T9bx.emwu8Krid2sPrTmJkQDgaSioxHYjJiBhiZ.sYJCmpsO_fvn9OetGUflCxwTpCaGHEVdnjpQovFHYSJujAFMrl3iGZV_SiJCkR3M822uiYkoAZ9jTek8RaF5mq_8FMjiv0ChkGD_lwD9Zbks8XExevYUsPVcSHGv3lXrCzUxH65Ul3WcuYq1unFqhLe1Tw2yMqiuFgrEoYdDxHLRg.UFnuw6lI6KBF0Sow3crDg.A5jZNgqwPt1uU0m.0RXfKswJke09uNtEdL7h4dBbeCVNx2TRttlLdFxyNZXZB0UieHNhgoWtDCE17mv6eoSA44RPQlYudqwT2DrWccsv2c_vDTjXWGlNEcSw2xqjbUbGMm4KN3FIfo1fTxhmLyjyN524Cq7BIKeex4M7hH5R51HXF6msDjCccs8xcVQNCPiyVbWr1kcBhlees4CXzGBnNSm.t7zhuGkfria20im4gm21jV1JjvwiofC87Todvpmec5M8KQHLDgYXsjo1sKGu2NOtksHWY8JEz4zJZoXvowkpaZ6rf2tnzTXpC2g5RuOluNyBMoXjvAu7Hdx0wcpRp0x3sGvPCsCDropQBM10mu7EAMWFx6bBPpHm9VMpwdAb8n8npdVhtnKzGSZk0byRHF.i3rgrMLoridh7ptbIurIsq8N25jrlKmMwQmj0CzvXcdHx7Fu6UbjCM.xRbGetv_MY2HOYUGFZFrekFUav1puFgIYsPguvpx1VWRsFXXmd9sR6lvBeaTy9KKKduGIatPwQXlhr.AD2F9i2h9vkpDCspJKKbdZKvg6WNwstUMjrlFH9D72lRCBlxGYePA_B5soAJz8PfFQ1gMj_QASXnRiNOXckfE8n8cm7k9dmbYfjq2nupJCSgI5ZvCGZ6a9Sx1dbbI9FECdD8Oaw"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9134b59b8d623e14';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/search?q=Melinda%20L.%20Clarke&__cf_chl_rt_tk=ePzHS3HV.NA4hmIFS1NSQ6evUfpaXN5MQABClswhPQs-1739784109-1.0.1.1-BG2O2_p1MiEZF7lz3kkCNz9sdsGxeczwzl0FXhm5los" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>