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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Palinurus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palinur_(mitologia)" title="Palinur (mitologia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Palinur (mitologia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palinurus" title="Palinurus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Palinurus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palinurus" title="Palinurus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Palinurus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palinuro" title="Palinuro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Palinuro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="پالینوروس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پالینوروس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palinure" title="Palinure – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Palinure" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palinuro" title="Palinuro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Palinuro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palinuro_(Eneide)" title="Palinuro (Eneide) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Palinuro (Eneide)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palinurus" title="Palinurus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Palinurus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palinurus_(mythologie)" title="Palinurus (mythologie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Palinurus (mythologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palinurus" title="Palinurus – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Palinurus" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palinuro" title="Palinuro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Palinuro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80" title="Палинур – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Палинур" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80" title="Палінур – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Палінур" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q679636#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Palinurus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Palinurus (disambiguation)">Palinurus (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statua_di_Palinuro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Statua_di_Palinuro.jpg/220px-Statua_di_Palinuro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Statua_di_Palinuro.jpg/330px-Statua_di_Palinuro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Statua_di_Palinuro.jpg/440px-Statua_di_Palinuro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Palinurus</b> (<i>Palinūrus</i>), in <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman mythology</a> and especially <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i>, is the <a href="/wiki/Coxswain" title="Coxswain">coxswain</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a>' ship. Later authors used him as a general type of navigator or guide. Palinurus is an example of human sacrifice; his life is the price for the Trojans landing in Italy. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Palinurus_in_the_Aeneid">Palinurus in the <i>Aeneid</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palinurus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Palinurus in the Aeneid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capo_palinuro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Capo_palinuro.jpg/200px-Capo_palinuro.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Capo_palinuro.jpg/300px-Capo_palinuro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Capo_palinuro.jpg/400px-Capo_palinuro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cape_Palinuro" title="Cape Palinuro">Cape Palinuro</a>: "Those living near will build you a mound. Through the remainder of time that site will be named Palinurus" (<i>Aeneid</i> 6.378-81).</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Aeneid#Journey_to_Italy_.28books_1.E2.80.936.29" title="Aeneid">Book 3</a>, which tells of the Trojans' wanderings after <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">The Fall of Troy</a>, he is singled out as an experienced navigator.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Book 5, when the Trojans have left <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>, he advises Aeneas to forestall sailing to <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and to wait out a terrible storm on <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, where they hold the funeral games honoring Aeneas's father, <a href="/wiki/Anchises" title="Anchises">Anchises</a>. After they leave Sicily for Italy, Palinurus, at the helm of Aeneas's ship and leading the fleet, is singled out by Virgil in second person<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when it becomes clear that he is the one whom the gods will sacrifice to guarantee safe passage to Italy for the Trojans: <i>unum pro multis dabitur caput</i>, "one single life shall be offered to save many." Drugged by the god of sleep, he falls overboard;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aeneas takes over the helm and, unaware of the gods' influence, accuses Palinurus of complacency: "You, Palinurus, placed too much trust in the sky and the ocean's / Calm. You'll lie naked and dead on the sands of an unknown seashore."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bulfinch_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bulfinch-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aeneas next encounters Palinurus in the underworld, before he crosses <a href="/wiki/Cocytus" title="Cocytus">Cocytus</a> (which the ghosts of the unburied dead cannot cross into the underworld proper), where he asks how it came to be that he died despite a prophecy from <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>, that he would reach Italy unscathed. Palinurus responds that he survived the plunge into the sea and washed ashore after four days near <a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Velia</a>, and was killed there and left unburied. The <a href="/wiki/Cumaean_Sibyl" title="Cumaean Sibyl">Cumaean Sibyl</a>, who has guided Aeneas into the underworld, predicts that locals will come and build him a mound; the place will be named <a href="/wiki/Cape_Palinuro" title="Cape Palinuro">Cape Palinuro</a> in his honor.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The death of Palinurus is, according to classical scholar Bill Gladhill, "the most lucid example of this representation of human sacrifice in which the divine perspective construes his death in terms of <i>unus pro multis</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars have recognized in Palinurus a counterpart of Homer's <a href="/wiki/Elpenor" title="Elpenor">Elpenor</a>, who dies while <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a> is on <a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a>'s island; in their haste, his comrades do not look for him and his body remains unburied. When Odysseus is in Hades, he is accosted by Elpenor, and after his return he cremates Elpenor's body and erects a monument for him. Virgil takes that tradition, and changes details like the cremation ceremony to fit Roman custom. Palinurus falling overboard shows the influence of the "shipwreck" trope, popular in the centuries before Virgil; <a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Thomas" title="Richard F. Thomas">Richard F. Thomas</a> read the Palinurus episode in the light of the <a href="/wiki/Epigram" title="Epigram">epigrams</a> found in the <a href="/wiki/Milan_Papyrus" title="Milan Papyrus">Milan Papyrus</a>, ascribed to <a href="/wiki/Posidippus" class="mw-redirect" title="Posidippus">Posidippus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_references">Later references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palinurus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Later references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of <a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a>'s epigrams (3.78) plays on Palinurus's name by turning it into an obscene pun: </p><p><i>Minxisti currente semel, Pauline, carina.</i><br /> <i>Meiere vis iterum? Iam Palinurus eris.</i> </p><p>("You pissed one time, Paulinus, as the ship hurried along. / Do you want to piss again? Then you'll be Palinurus.")<br /> "Palinurus" is assigned a humorous etymology, as though it were derived from πάλιν ("again") and the root of οὐρέω ("to urinate"), thus πάλιν-οὖρος ("again-pisser"). </p><p>In the early thirteenth century, <a href="/wiki/William_the_Breton" title="William the Breton">William the Breton</a> compared Christ to Palinurus in the "Invocatio divini auxilii" of his epic poem, the <i>Philippide</i>, stating "You are the path, You are my guide, You are the ship, You are my Palinurus. Make my passage through the rough seas safe for me."<sup id="cite_ref-Stringer2010_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stringer2010-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the fifteenth century, <a href="/wiki/Maffeo_Vegio" title="Maffeo Vegio">Maffeo Vegio</a>, famous for his continuations of the <i>Aeneid</i>, published a dialogue of the dead (in the vein of <a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a>'s <i>Dialogi Mortuorum</i>), <i>Palinurus or On Happiness and Misery</i>, consisting of a dialogue between Palinurus and <a href="/wiki/Charon_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charon (mythology)">Charon</a>, in which Palinurus plays the part of the young man who bemoans his lot, while Charon, an older and wiser character, expounds on <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic philosophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marsh1998_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marsh1998-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the nineteenth century, scholars have recognized that in Dante's <i><a href="/wiki/Purgatorio" title="Purgatorio">Purgatorio</a></i> Palinurus can be identified (though he is never named) with <a href="/wiki/Manfred,_King_of_Sicily" title="Manfred, King of Sicily">Manfred, King of Sicily</a>, whom Dante and Virgil meet in Canto 3.<sup id="cite_ref-m598_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m598-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palinurus here stands for the dead soul who cannot be at rest (in Virgil's scheme, cross the river Cocytus; in Dante's, cross <a href="/wiki/Acheron" title="Acheron">Acheron</a>) because his bones are unburied: Manfred's remains, after being covered by a mound of stones, is disinterred by order of the Catholic Church because he had been <a href="/wiki/Excommunication#Catholic_Church" title="Excommunication">excommunicated</a> (by no fewer than three successive popes).<sup id="cite_ref-k21_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k21-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canto 3, the canto of the "sheepfold of the excommunicates",<sup id="cite_ref-k21_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k21-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> discusses the problem of the body and the soul (Dante's character casts a shadow at the foot of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Purgatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Purgatory">Mount Purgatory</a>, in contrast to the bodiless souls that populate purgatory) and the concept of exclusion (from "physical burial,...safety, the sacraments of the church,...divine grace absolutely").<sup id="cite_ref-m599_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m599-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It opens with Virgil mentioning his own burial and the translation of his body from <a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brindisi</a> to <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, drawing a connection between Virgil himself and Palinurus. Worse than Palinurus, who can be at rest after he is reburied, Virgil's soul can never be at ease since he was unbaptized and thus is eternally "suspended" in <a href="/wiki/Limbo" title="Limbo">Limbo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-m598_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m598-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christian commentators saw "an anticipation of the sacrifice of Christ" in Palinurus – <i>unum pro multis dabitur caput</i> prefigures the biblical "that one man should die for the people" (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#11:50" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/John">John 11:50</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-m599_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m599-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palinurus's request to Aeneas, "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Save_me,_unconquered_one,_from_this_vile_doom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Save me, unconquered one, from this vile doom (page does not exist)">save me, unconquered one, from this vile doom</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eripe_me_his,_invicte,_malis" class="extiw" title="it:Eripe me his, invicte, malis">it</a>]</span>",<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "resonates with the Catholic liturgy" in the Latin translation of <a href="/wiki/Psalm_58" title="Psalm 58">Psalm 58</a>, "Deliver me, Lord, from my enemies."<sup id="cite_ref-m599_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m599-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Palinurus is mentioned in <i><a href="/wiki/Utopia_(More_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopia (More book)">Utopia</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_More" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Thomas More">Sir Thomas More</a> as a type of careless traveler. "'Then you're not quite right,' he replied, 'for his sailing has not been like that of Palinurus, but more that of Ulysses, or rather of Plato. This man, who is named Raphael.'"<sup id="cite_ref-utopia_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-utopia-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Sir Walter Scott</a> made reference to Palinurus in his <i><a href="/wiki/Marmion_(poem)" title="Marmion (poem)">Marmion</a></i>, comparing him to <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt the Younger</a>, who had died while Scott was working on the poem.<sup id="cite_ref-bulfinch_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bulfinch-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name Palinurus was the pseudonym adopted by <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Connolly" title="Cyril Connolly">Cyril Connolly</a> for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Unquiet_Grave_(book)" title="The Unquiet Grave (book)">The Unquiet Grave</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The legend of Palinurus as being unburied is referenced in <a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">H. P. Lovecraft</a>'s "The Tomb". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palinurus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4832_Palinurus" title="4832 Palinurus">4832 Palinurus</a>, Jovian asteroid</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palinurus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Virgil's Aeneid</i> 3.202, 515.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Virgil's Aeneid</i> 5.840.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Virgil's Aeneid</i> 5.857-8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Virgil's Aeneid</i> 5.870-1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bulfinch-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bulfinch_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bulfinch_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bulfinch 353-54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Virgil's Aeneid</i> 6.337-83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Oxford Classical Dictionary</i> 1100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGladhill2013" class="citation book cs1">Gladhill, Bill (2013). "The Poetics of Human Sacrifice in Vergil's <i>Aeneid</i>". In Bonnechere, Pierre; Gagné, Renaud (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.openedition.org/pulg/8203?lang=en"><i>Sacrifices humains: Perspectives croisées et représentations</i></a>. Liège: Presses universitaires de Liège. pp. 217–245. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fbooks.pulg.8203">10.4000/books.pulg.8203</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9791036560699" title="Special:BookSources/9791036560699"><bdi>9791036560699</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Poetics+of+Human+Sacrifice+in+Vergil%27s+Aeneid&rft.btitle=Sacrifices+humains%3A+Perspectives+crois%C3%A9es+et+repr%C3%A9sentations&rft.place=Li%C3%A8ge&rft.pages=217-245&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+Li%C3%A8ge&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fbooks.pulg.8203&rft.isbn=9791036560699&rft.aulast=Gladhill&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fpulg%2F8203%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalinurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Thomas" title="Richard F. Thomas">Thomas, Richard F.</a> (2004). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Drownded in the Tide': The Nauagika and Some 'Problems' in Augustan Poetry". In Acosta-Hughes, Benjamin; Kosmetatou, Elizabeth; Baumbach, Manuel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/6078.18-richard-f-thomas-%E2%80%9Cdrownded-in-the-tide%E2%80%9D-the-nauagika-and-some-%E2%80%9Cproblems%E2%80%9D-in-augustan-poetry"><i>Labored in Papyrus Leaves: Perspectives on an Epigram Collection Attributed to Posidippus (P.Mil.Vogl. VIII 309)</i></a>. Hellenic Studies Series. Vol. 2. Washington, DC: Center for Hellenic Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Drownded+in+the+Tide%27%3A+The+Nauagika+and+Some+%27Problems%27+in+Augustan+Poetry&rft.btitle=Labored+in+Papyrus+Leaves%3A+Perspectives+on+an+Epigram+Collection+Attributed+to+Posidippus+%28P.Mil.Vogl.+VIII+309%29&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=Hellenic+Studies+Series&rft.pub=Center+for+Hellenic+Studies&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Richard+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.chs.harvard.edu%2FCHS%2Farticle%2Fdisplay%2F6078.18-richard-f-thomas-%25E2%2580%259Cdrownded-in-the-tide%25E2%2580%259D-the-nauagika-and-some-%25E2%2580%259Cproblems%25E2%2580%259D-in-augustan-poetry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalinurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stringer2010-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stringer2010_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStringer" class="citation book cs1">Stringer, Gregory. <i>Book I of William the Breton's Philippide: A Translation</i>. p. 75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Book+I+of+William+the+Breton%27s+Philippide%3A+A+Translation&rft.pages=75&rft.aulast=Stringer&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalinurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marsh1998-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marsh1998_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsh1998" class="citation book cs1">Marsh, David (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sLXWYW32neQC&pg=PA71"><i>Lucian and the Latins: humor and humanism in the early Renaissance</i></a>. U of Michigan P. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-10846-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-10846-6"><bdi>978-0-472-10846-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lucian+and+the+Latins%3A+humor+and+humanism+in+the+early+Renaissance&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=U+of+Michigan+P&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-472-10846-6&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsLXWYW32neQC%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalinurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-m598-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-m598_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-m598_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martinez 598.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-k21-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-k21_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-k21_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirkpatrick 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-m599-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-m599_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-m599_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-m599_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martinez 599.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Virgil's Aeneid</i> 6.365.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-utopia-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-utopia_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMore1992" class="citation book cs1">More, Sir Thomas (1992). translated by <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Adams_(literary_scholar)" title="Robert M. Adams (literary scholar)">Robert M. Adams</a> (ed.). <i>Utopia</i> (2nd ed.). p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Utopia&rft.pages=5&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=More&rft.aufirst=Sir+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalinurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orwell 318-20.</span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Bibliography</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederick_Ahl_(trans.)2007" class="citation book cs1">Frederick Ahl (trans.), ed. (2007). <i>Virgil's Aeneid</i>. Oxford UP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923195-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923195-9"><bdi>978-0-19-923195-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Virgil%27s+Aeneid&rft.pub=Oxford+UP&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-923195-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalinurus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulfinch1872" class="citation book cs1">Bulfinch, Thomas (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zkAYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA353">"Palinurus"</a>. <i>The age of fable; or, Beauties of mythology</i>. J.E. Tilton & co. pp. 353–54<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Palinurus&rft.btitle=The+age+of+fable%3B+or%2C+Beauties+of+mythology&rft.pages=353-54&rft.pub=J.E.+Tilton+%26+co.&rft.date=1872&rft.aulast=Bulfinch&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzkAYAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalinurus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornblower,_Simon_and_Antony_Spawforth2003" class="citation book cs1">Hornblower, Simon and Antony Spawforth, ed. (2003). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Classical_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="The Oxford Classical Dictionary">The Oxford Classical Dictionary</a></i> (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford UP. p. 1100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860641-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860641-9"><bdi>0-19-860641-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Classical+Dictionary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1100&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+UP&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-860641-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalinurus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinez2003" class="citation book cs1">Martinez, Robert M. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QWZAFzzwTyEC&pg=PA598">"Vergil's Palinurus in Purgatorio and the Rudderless Ship of State"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Durling" title="Robert M. Durling">Robert M. Durling</a> (ed.). <i>The Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri: Purgatorio</i>. Robert M. Martinez. Oxford UP. pp. 597–600. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508741-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508741-3"><bdi>978-0-19-508741-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vergil%27s+Palinurus+in+Purgatorio+and+the+Rudderless+Ship+of+State&rft.btitle=The+Divine+Comedy+of+Dante+Alighieri%3A+Purgatorio&rft.pages=597-600&rft.pub=Oxford+UP&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-508741-3&rft.aulast=Martinez&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQWZAFzzwTyEC%26pg%3DPA598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalinurus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrwell2000" class="citation book cs1">Orwell, George (2000-08-01). Sonia Orwell (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/georgeorwellcoll00orwe"><i>The Collected Essays, Journalism, & Letters, George Orwell: As I please, 1943-1945</i></a></span>. Ian Angus. Godine. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/georgeorwellcoll00orwe/page/318">318</a>–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56792-135-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56792-135-9"><bdi>978-1-56792-135-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collected+Essays%2C+Journalism%2C+%26+Letters%2C+George+Orwell%3A+As+I+please%2C+1943-1945&rft.pages=318-20&rft.pub=Godine&rft.date=2000-08-01&rft.isbn=978-1-56792-135-9&rft.aulast=Orwell&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeorgeorwellcoll00orwe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalinurus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">Cupid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymen_(god)" title="Hymen (god)">Hymen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)" title="Saturn (mythology)">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberinus_(god)" title="Tiberinus (god)">Tiberinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trojans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achates_(Aeneid)" title="Achates (Aeneid)">Achates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeneads" title="Aeneads">Aeneads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolus" title="Aeolus">Aeolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aletes_(Aeneid_character)" title="Aletes (Aeneid character)">Aletes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchises" title="Anchises">Anchises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andromache" title="Andromache">Andromache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiphates" title="Antiphates">Antiphates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascanius" title="Ascanius">Ascanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caieta" title="Caieta">Caieta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capys" title="Capys">Capys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassandra" title="Cassandra">Cassandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonius" title="Clonius">Clonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corynaeus" title="Corynaeus">Corynaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creusa_(wife_of_Aeneas)" title="Creusa (wife of Aeneas)">Creusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanus_(son_of_Zeus)" title="Dardanus (son of Zeus)">Dardanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dares_Phrygius" title="Dares Phrygius">Dares Phrygius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deiphobus" title="Deiphobus">Deiphobus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymus_(mythology)" title="Elymus (mythology)">Elymus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entellus" title="Entellus">Entellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisus_and_Euryalus" title="Nisus and Euryalus">Euryalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyas" title="Gyas">Gyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helenus">Helenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocoon" title="Hippocoon">Hippocoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilioneus" title="Ilioneus">Ilioneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laoco%C3%B6n" title="Laocoön">Laocoön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimas_(Aeneid)" title="Mimas (Aeneid)">Mimas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misenus" title="Misenus">Misenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnestheus" title="Mnestheus">Mnestheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisus_and_Euryalus" title="Nisus and Euryalus">Nisus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornytus" title="Ornytus">Ornytus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Palinurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandarus" title="Pandarus">Pandarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panthous" title="Panthous">Panthous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_(mythology)" title="Paris (mythology)">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polites_(Prince_of_Troy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polites (Prince of Troy)">Polites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priam" title="Priam">Priam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripheus" title="Ripheus">Ripheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergestus" title="Sergestus">Sergestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theona" title="Theona">Theano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymoetes" title="Thymoetes">Thymoetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucalegon" title="Ucalegon">Ucalegon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phoenicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acerbas" title="Acerbas">Acerbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Perenna" title="Anna Perenna">Anna Perenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belus_(Tyre)" title="Belus (Tyre)">Belus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dido" title="Dido">Dido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattan_I" title="Mattan I">Mattan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmalion_of_Tyre" title="Pygmalion of Tyre">Pygmalion of Tyre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acestes" title="Acestes">Acestes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenides" title="Achaemenides">Achaemenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actor_(mythology)" title="Actor (mythology)">Actor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Lesser" title="Ajax the Lesser">Ajax the Lesser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amata" title="Amata">Amata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androgeus_(Aeneid)" title="Androgeus (Aeneid)">Androgeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automedon" title="Automedon">Automedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventinus_(mythology)" title="Aventinus (mythology)">Aventinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butes" title="Butes">Butes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camilla_(mythology)" title="Camilla (mythology)">Camilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catillus" title="Catillus">Catillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clytius" title="Clytius">Clytius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cydon" title="Cydon">Cydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cydonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Cydonians">Cydonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diomedes" title="Diomedes">Diomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erulus" title="Erulus">Erulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evander_of_Pallene" class="mw-redirect" title="Evander of Pallene">Evander of Pallene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaesus" title="Halaesus">Halaesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iarbas" title="Iarbas">Iarbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juturna" title="Juturna">Juturna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latinus" title="Latinus">Latinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lausus" title="Lausus">Lausus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavinia" title="Lavinia">Lavinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macar" title="Macar">Macar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapus" title="Messapus">Messapus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabus" title="Metabus">Metabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezentius" title="Mezentius">Mezentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoptolemus" title="Neoptolemus">Neoptolemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallas_(son_of_Evander)" title="Pallas (son of Evander)">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picus" title="Picus">Picus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutuli" title="Rutuli">Rutuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salius" title="Salius">Salius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinon" title="Sinon">Sinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnus" title="Turnus">Turnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufens" title="Ufens">Ufens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbro_(priest)" title="Umbro (priest)">Umbro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venulus" title="Venulus">Venulus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film and TV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Avenger_(1962_film)" title="The Avenger (1962 film)">The Avenger</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eneide_(TV_serial)" title="Eneide (TV serial)">Eneide</a></i> (1971–2)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eneyida_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eneyida (film) (page does not exist)">Eneyida</a></i> (1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Brittonum" title="Historia Brittonum">Historia Brittonum</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 828</span> history of Britain)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_d%27En%C3%A9as" title="Roman d'Enéas">Roman d'Enéas</a></i> (1160 poem)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dido,_Queen_of_Carthage_(play)" title="Dido, Queen of Carthage (play)">Dido, Queen of Carthage</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1593</span> play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amelia_(novel)" title="Amelia (novel)">Amelia</a></i> (1751 novel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dunciad" title="The Dunciad">The Dunciad</a></i> (1729 poem)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eneida" title="Eneida">Eneida</a></i> (1798 mock epic)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lavinia_(novel)" title="Lavinia (novel)">Lavinia</a></i> (2008 novel)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Didone_(opera)" title="Didone (opera)">Didone</a></i> (1641 Cavalli)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achille_et_Polyx%C3%A8ne" title="Achille et Polyxène">Achille et Polyxène</a></i> (1687 Lully/Collasse)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dido_and_Aeneas" title="Dido and Aeneas">Dido and Aeneas</a></i> (1688 Purcell)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didon_(Desmarets)" title="Didon (Desmarets)">Didon</a></i> (1693 Desmarets)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didone_abbandonata" title="Didone abbandonata">Didone abbandonata</a></i> (1724 libretto Metastasio)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didone_abbandonata_(Sarro)" title="Didone abbandonata (Sarro)">Didone abbandonata</a></i> (1724 Sarro)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didone_abbandonata_(Albinoni)" title="Didone abbandonata (Albinoni)">Didone abbandonata</a></i> (1724 Albinoni)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didone_abbandonata_(Vinci)" title="Didone abbandonata (Vinci)">Didone abbandonata</a></i> (1726 Vinci)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didone_abbandonata_(Sarti)" title="Didone abbandonata (Sarti)">Didone abbandonata</a></i> (1762 Sarti)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didon_(Piccinni)" title="Didon (Piccinni)">Didon</a></i> (1783 Piccinni)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dido,_Queen_of_Carthage_(opera)" title="Dido, Queen of Carthage (opera)">Dido, Queen of Carthage</a></i> (1792 Storace)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Troyens" title="Les Troyens">Les Troyens</a></i> (1858 Berlioz)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ballymote" title="Book of Ballymote">Book of Ballymote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_31" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 31">Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vergilius_Augusteus" title="Vergilius Augusteus">Vergilius Augusteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vergilius_Romanus" title="Vergilius Romanus">Vergilius Romanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vergilius_Vaticanus" title="Vergilius Vaticanus">Vergilius Vaticanus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ad_astra_(phrase)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad astra (phrase)">Ad astra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annuit_c%C5%93ptis" title="Annuit cœptis">Annuit cœptis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Experto_crede" title="Experto crede">Experto crede</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortune_favours_the_bold" title="Fortune favours the bold">Fortune favours the bold</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lacrimae_rerum" title="Lacrimae rerum">Lacrimae rerum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_over_matter" title="Mind over matter">Mind over matter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Obscuris_vera_involvens" title="Obscuris vera involvens">Obscuris vera involvens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quos_ego" title="Quos ego">Quos ego</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beware_of_Greeks_bearing_gifts" title="Beware of Greeks bearing gifts">Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Laoco%C3%B6n_and_His_Sons" title="Laocoön and His Sons">Laocoön and His Sons</a></i> (25 BC)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeneas,_Anchises,_and_Ascanius" title="Aeneas, Anchises, and Ascanius">Aeneas, Anchises, and Ascanius</a></i> (1619)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_of_Aeneas_(Salvator_Rosa)" title="The Dream of Aeneas (Salvator Rosa)">The Dream of Aeneas</a></i> (1660–65)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Landscape_with_Ascanius_Shooting_the_Stag_of_Sylvia" title="Landscape with Ascanius Shooting the Stag of Sylvia">Ascanius Shooting the Stag of Sylvia</a></i> (1689)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dido_building_Carthage" title="Dido building Carthage">Dido building Carthage</a></i> (1815)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Bough_(painting)" title="The Golden Bough (painting)">The Golden Bough</a></i> (1834)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/And_Then_There_Was_Silence" title="And Then There Was Silence">And Then There Was Silence</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gates_of_Fire_(album)" title="Gates of Fire (album)">Gates of Fire</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aposiopesis" title="Aposiopesis">Aposiopesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dactylic_hexameter" title="Dactylic hexameter">Dactylic hexameter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysteron_proteron" title="Hysteron proteron">Hysteron proteron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sortes_Vergilianae" title="Sortes Vergilianae">Sortes Vergilianae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brutus_of_Troy" title="Brutus of Troy">Brutus of Troy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eneados" title="Eneados">Eneados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Bough_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Golden Bough (mythology)">The Golden Bough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallels_between_Virgil%27s_Aeneid_and_Homer%27s_Iliad_and_Odyssey" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallels between Virgil's Aeneid and Homer's Iliad and Odyssey">Parallels between Virgil's <i>Aeneid</i> and Homer's <i>Iliad</i> and <i>Odyssey</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_commentary_of_the_Aeneid" title="Political commentary of the Aeneid">Political commentary of the <i>Aeneid</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulpicius_Apollinaris" title="Sulpicius Apollinaris">Sulpicius Apollinaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_Horse" title="Trojan Horse">Trojan Horse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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