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status</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: protected status"> <meta name="keywords" content="protected status"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="protected status"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 3743</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: protected status</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3743</span> Protected Status: Violation of the Provisions of Protected Status under International Humanitarian Law during the Liberation War of Bangladesh </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sabera%20Sultana">Sabera Sultana</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In today's war-torn world, it is crucial to identify, understand, and apply the laws aimed at minimizing civilian casualty during wartime. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the provisions of protected status under international humanitarian law and evaluate the historical facts and shreds of evidences of violation of protected status during the Liberation War of Bangladesh. This legal research paper evaluates the international humanitarian laws and case laws regarding protected status of people during wartime and evaluates them against the historical facts and well-documented evidences of violation of protected status during the Liberation War of Bangladesh. This paper will help to create a brief guideline on Protected Status under international humanitarian law, which will help to protect our civilians during wartime if ever required. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=civilian%20protection" title="civilian protection">civilian protection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20humanitarian%20laws" title=" international humanitarian laws"> international humanitarian laws</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liberation%20war%20of%20Bangladesh" title=" liberation war of Bangladesh"> liberation war of Bangladesh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protected%20status" title=" protected status"> protected status</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/119719/protected-status-violation-of-the-provisions-of-protected-status-under-international-humanitarian-law-during-the-liberation-war-of-bangladesh" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/119719.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">220</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3742</span> Avian Bioecological Status In Batna Wetlands (NE, Algeria)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marref%20C.">Marref C.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bezzalla%20A."> Bezzalla A.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marref%20S."> Marref S.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Houhamdi%20M."> Houhamdi M.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Wetlands represent ecosystems of great importance through their ecological and socio-economic functions and biological diversity, even if they are most threatened by anthropization. This study aimed to contribute to the creation of an inventory of bird species in Batna, on Algeria from 2020 to 2022. Counts were carried out from 8:00 to 19:00 using a telescope (20 × 60) and a pair of binoculars (10 × 50) and by employing absolute and relative methods. Birds were categorized by phenology, habitat, biogeography, and diet. A total of 80 species in 58 genera and 19 families were observed. Migratory birds were dominant (38%) phenologically, and the birds of Palearctic origin dominated (26.25%) biogeographically. Invertivorous and carnivorous species were most common (35%). Ecologically, the majority of species were waterbirds (73.75%), which are protected in Algeria. This study highlights the need for the preservation of ecosystem components and enhancement of biological resources of protected, rare, and key species. it observed 43797 individuals of Marmaronetta angustirostris during our study and reported the nesting of Podiceps nigricollis, Porphyrio porphyrio, and Tadorna ferruginea. For this reason, it is recommended to propose the area as a Ramsar site. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biodiversity" title="biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=avifauna" title=" avifauna"> avifauna</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ecologicat%20status" title=" ecologicat status"> ecologicat status</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zone%20humide" title=" zone humide"> zone humide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=algerie" title=" algerie"> algerie</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183046/avian-bioecological-status-in-batna-wetlands-ne-algeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183046.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">69</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3741</span> Avian Ecological Status in the Gadaïne Eco-Complex (Batna, NE Algeria)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marref%20Cherine">Marref Cherine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bezzala%20Adel"> Bezzala Adel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Houhamdimoussa"> Houhamdimoussa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Wetlands represent ecosystems of great importance through their ecological and socio-economic functions and biological diversity, even if they are most threatened by anthropization. This study aimed to contribute to the creation of an inventory of bird species in the Gadaïne eco-complex (Batna, Algeria) from 2019 to 2021. Counts were carried out from 8:00 to 19:00 using a telescope (20 × 60) and a pair of binoculars (10 × 50) and by employing absolute and relative methods. Birds were categorized by phenology, habitat, biogeography, and diet. A total of 80 species in 58 genera and 19 families were observed. Migratory birds were dominant (38%) phenologically, and the birds of Palearctic origin dominated (26.25%) biogeographically. Invertivorous and carnivorous species were the most common (35%). Ecologically, the majority of species were waterbirds (73.75%), which are protected in Algeria. This study highlights the need for the preservation of ecosystem components and the enhancement of biological resources of protected, rare, and key species. We observed 43797 individuals of Marmaronetta angustirostris during our study and reported the nesting of Podiceps nigricollis, Porphyrio porphyrio, and Tadorna ferruginea. For this reason, it is recommended to propose the area as a Ramsar site. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biodiversity" title="biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=avifauna" title=" avifauna"> avifauna</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ecological%20status" title=" ecological status"> ecological status</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wetlands" title=" wetlands"> wetlands</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/181477/avian-ecological-status-in-the-gadaine-eco-complex-batna-ne-algeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/181477.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">63</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3740</span> Communities’ Attitudes and Perceptions of Protected Areas in South Africa: Insights from the Somkhanda Game Reserve</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sakhile%20Nsukwini">Sakhile Nsukwini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Urmilla%20Bob"> Urmilla Bob</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Meaningful community participation is essential to the long-term success of protected areas. Hence, it is important to understand what drives neighbouring communities’ attitudes and perceptions towards protected areas. This study sought to determine local community attitudes towards conservation and protected areas, as well as their perceptions of benefits and participation at Somkhanda Game Reserve. Semi-structured interviews were held with experienced park officials, while a structured household survey and focus group discussions were conducted across two surrounding villages. The results highlighted a number of interesting findings, including support for biodiversity conservation and protected areas balanced by considerable negativity towards the Somkhanda Game Reserve itself. It was also determined that despite stated co-management policies, community residents perceived there was little meaningful participation, and benefits were poorly communicated and unfairly distributed. Practical suggestions were made for cooperatively developing more effective participation with the communities, despite limited available resources. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=communities" title="communities">communities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protected%20areas" title=" protected areas"> protected areas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=perceptions" title=" perceptions"> perceptions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=co-management" title=" co-management"> co-management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=land%20restitution" title=" land restitution"> land restitution</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153869/communities-attitudes-and-perceptions-of-protected-areas-in-south-africa-insights-from-the-somkhanda-game-reserve" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153869.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">114</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3739</span> The Use of Scuba Diving Tourism for Marine Protected Area Management</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Mota">L. Mota</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20Frausto"> O. Frausto</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Marine Protected Areas can benefit from nature based tourism, monitoring environmental impacts and also become target for human presence. From more than 3 million tourists visiting Cozumel Island every year, an average of 2,8 million arrive by cruise ship, and 41% are estimated to have motivation for water activities. The destination is relying so much on the tourism activity, that scuba diving and snorkeling in the National Park Reef of Cozumel sustain the major economic activity. In order to achieve the sustainable development indicator designed for regional environmental development, the PNAC offers a training course for tourism providers acceding the protected area. This way, the update of the last 5 years of such training is directed to diving staff, boat crew and professionals, making them able to assist in managing the natural resource. Moreover, the case study is an example to be used for raising awareness among tourists visiting protected areas. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=education" title="education">education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=marine%20protected%20area" title=" marine protected area"> marine protected area</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scuba%20diving" title=" scuba diving"> scuba diving</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainability" title=" sustainability"> sustainability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tourism" title=" tourism"> tourism</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9397/the-use-of-scuba-diving-tourism-for-marine-protected-area-management" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9397.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">444</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3738</span> Species Distribution Modelling for Assessing the Effect of Land Use Changes on the Habitat of Endangered Proboscis Monkey (Nasalis larvatus) in Kalimantan, Indonesia </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wardatutthoyyibah">Wardatutthoyyibah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Satyawan%20Pudyatmoko"> Satyawan Pudyatmoko</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sena%20Adi%20Subrata"> Sena Adi Subrata</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Ali%20Imron"> Muhammad Ali Imron</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The proboscis monkey is an endemic species to the island of Borneo with conservation status IUCN (The International Union for Conservation of Nature) of endangered. The population of the monkey has a specific habitat and sensitive to habitat disturbances. As a consequence of increasing rates of land-use change in the last four decades, its population was reported significantly decreased. We quantified the effect of land use change on the proboscis monkey’s habitat through the species distribution modeling (SDM) approach with Maxent Software. We collected presence data and environmental variables, i.e., land cover, topography, bioclimate, distance to the river, distance to the road, and distance to the anthropogenic disturbance to generate predictive distribution maps of the monkeys. We compared two prediction maps for 2000 and 2015 data to represent the current habitat of the monkey. We overlaid the monkey’s predictive distribution map with the existing protected areas to investigate whether the habitat of the monkey is protected under the protected areas networks. The results showed that almost 50% of the monkey’s habitat reduced as the effect of land use change. And only 9% of the current proboscis monkey’s habitat within protected areas. These results are important for the master plan of conservation of the endangered proboscis monkey and provide scientific guidance for the future development incorporating biodiversity issue. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=endemic%20species" title="endemic species">endemic species</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=land%20use%20change" title=" land use change"> land use change</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maximum%20entropy" title=" maximum entropy"> maximum entropy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spatial%20distribution" title=" spatial distribution"> spatial distribution</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101537/species-distribution-modelling-for-assessing-the-effect-of-land-use-changes-on-the-habitat-of-endangered-proboscis-monkey-nasalis-larvatus-in-kalimantan-indonesia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101537.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">159</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3737</span> Tourism as Economic Resource for Protecting the Landscape: Introducing Touristic Initiatives in Coastal Protected Areas of Albania</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Enrico%20Porfido">Enrico Porfido</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper aims to investigate the relation between landscape and tourism, with a special focus on coastal protected areas of Albania. The relationship between tourism and landscape is bijective: There is no tourism without landscape attractive features and on the other side landscape needs economic resources to be conserved and protected. The survival of each component is strictly related to the other one. Today, the Albanian protected areas appear as isolated islands, too far away from each other to build an efficient network and to avoid waste in terms of energy, economy and working force. This study wants to stress out the importance of cooperation in terms of common strategies and the necessity of introducing a touristic sustainable model in Albania. Comparing the protection system laws of the neighbor countries of the Adriatic-Ionian region and through a desk review on the best practices of protected areas that benefit from touristic activities, the study proposes the creation of the Albanian Riviera Landscape Park. This action will impact positively the whole southern Albania territory, introducing a sustainable tourism network that aims to valorize the local heritage and to stop the coastal exploitation processes. The main output is the definition of future development scenarios in Albania with the establishment of new protected areas and the introduction of touristic initiatives. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adriatic-Ionian%20region" title="Adriatic-Ionian region">Adriatic-Ionian region</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protected%20areas" title=" protected areas"> protected areas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tourism%20for%20landscape" title=" tourism for landscape"> tourism for landscape</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20tourism" title=" sustainable tourism"> sustainable tourism</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61606/tourism-as-economic-resource-for-protecting-the-landscape-introducing-touristic-initiatives-in-coastal-protected-areas-of-albania" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61606.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">281</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3736</span> The Effects of Land Use Types to Determine the Status of Sustainable River</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michael%20Louis%20Sunaris">Michael Louis Sunaris</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Robby%20Yussac%20Tallar"> Robby Yussac Tallar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The concept of sustainable river is evolving in Indonesia today. Many rivers condition in Indonesia have decreased by quality and quantity. The degradation of this condition is caused by rapid land use change as a result of increased population growth and human activity. It brings the degradation of the existing watersheds including some types of land use that an important factor in determining the status of river sustainability. Therefore, an evaluation method is required to determine the sustainability status of waterbody within watershed. The purpose of this study is to analyze various types of land use in determining the status of river sustainability. This study takes the watersheds of Citarum Upstream as a study area. The results of the analysis prove the index of sustainability status of the river that changes from good to bad or average in the rivers in the study area. The rapid and uncontrolled changes of land use especially in the upper watersheds area are the main causes that happened over time. It was indicated that the cumulative runoff coefficients were increased significantly. These situations indicated that the damage of watersheds has an impact on the water surplus or deficit problem yearly. Therefore, the rivers in Indonesia should be protected and conserved. The sustainability index of the rivers is an index to indicate the condition of watersheds by defining status of rivers in order to achieve sustainable water resource management. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=land%20use%20change" title="land use change">land use change</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=runoff%20coefficient" title=" runoff coefficient"> runoff coefficient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=a%20simple%20index" title=" a simple index"> a simple index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20river" title=" sustainable river"> sustainable river</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/96805/the-effects-of-land-use-types-to-determine-the-status-of-sustainable-river" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/96805.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">157</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3735</span> ‘Transnationalism and the Temporality of Naturalized Citizenship</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Edward%20Shizha">Edward Shizha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Citizenship is not only political, but it is also a socio-cultural expectation that naturalized immigrants desire for. However, the outcomes of citizenship desirability are determined by forces outside the individual’s control based on legislation and laws that are designed at the macro and exosystemic levels by politicians and policy makers. These laws are then applied to determine the status (permanency or temporariness) of citizenship for immigrants and refugees, but the same laws do not apply to non-immigrant citizens who attain it by birth. While theoretically, citizenship has generally been considered an irrevocable legal status and the highest and most secure legal status one can hold in a state, it is not inviolate for immigrants. While Article 8 of the United Nations Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness provides grounds for revocation of citizenship obtained by immigrants and refugees in host countries, nation-states have their own laws tied to the convention that provide grounds for revocation. Ever since the 9/11 attacks in the USA, there has been a rise in conditional citizenship and the state’s withdrawal of citizenship through revocation laws that denaturalize citizens who end up not merely losing their citizenship but also the right to reside in the country of immigration. Because immigrants can be perceived as a security threat, the securitization of citizenship and the legislative changes have been adopted to specifically allow greater discretionary power in stripping people of their citizenship.The paper ‘Do We Really Belong Here?’ Transnationalism and the Temporality of Naturalized Citizenship examines literature on the temporality of naturalized citizenship and questions whether citizenship, for newcomers (immigrants and refugees), is a protected human right or a privilege. The paper argues that citizenship in a host country is a well sought-after status by newcomers. The question is whether their citizenship, if granted, has a permanent or temporary status and whether it is treated in the same way as that of non-immigrant citizens. The paper further argues that, despite citizenship having generally been considered an irrevocable status in most Western countries, in practice, if not in law, for immigrants and refugees, citizenship comes with strings attached because of policies and laws that control naturalized citizenship. These laws can be used to denationalize naturalized citizens through revocations for those stigmatized as ‘undesirables’ who are threatened with deportation. Whereas non-immigrant citizens (those who attain it by birth) have absolute right to their citizenship, this is seldom the case for immigrants.This paper takes a multidisciplinary approach using Urie Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory, the macrosystem and exo-system, to examine and review literature on the temporality of naturalized citizenship and questions whether citizenship is a protected right or a privilege for immigrants. The paper challenges the human rights violation of citizenship revocation and argues for equality of treatment for all citizens despite how they acquired their citizenship. The fragility of naturalized citizenship undermines the basic rights and securities that citizenship status can provide to the person as an inclusive practice in a diverse society. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=citizenship" title="citizenship">citizenship</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=citizenship%20revocation" title=" citizenship revocation"> citizenship revocation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dual%20citizenship" title=" dual citizenship"> dual citizenship</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20rights" title=" human rights"> human rights</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=naturalization" title=" naturalization"> naturalization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=naturalized%20citizenship" title=" naturalized citizenship"> naturalized citizenship</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172659/transnationalism-and-the-temporality-of-naturalized-citizenship" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172659.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">77</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3734</span> The Implications of Instrumental Animal Protection for the Legal and Moral Status of Animals</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ankita%20Shanker">Ankita Shanker</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Angus%20Nurse"> Angus Nurse</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The notion of animal rights is an emerging trend in various spaces, including judicial and societal discourse. But one of the key purposes of recognizing the fundamental rights of anyone is their de-objectification. Animals are a prime example of a group that has rights that are neither recognized nor protected in any meaningful way, and anything that purports differently fails to ameliorate this because it still objectifies animals. Animals are currently treated by law and society as commodities with primarily (though not exclusively) instrumental value to some other rights-holder, such as humans or nature. So most protections that are afforded to them are done so in furtherance of the interests that they allegedly further, be it social morality or environmental protection. Animal rights are thus often seen as an application or extension of the rights of humans or, more commonly, the rights of nature. What this means is that animal rights are not always protected or even recognized in their own regard, but as stemming from some other reason, or worse, instrumentally as means to some other ends. This has two identifiable effects from a legal perspective: animal rights are not seen as inherently justified and are not seen as inherently valuable. Which in turn means that there can be no fundamental protection of animal rights. In other words, judicial protection does not always entail protection of animal ‘rights’ qua animal rights, which is needed for any meaningful protections to be afforded to animals. But the effects of this legal paradigm do not end at the legal status of animals. Because this status, in turn, affects how persons and the societies of which they form part see animals as a part of the rights of others, such as humans or nature, or as valuable only insofar as they further these rights, as opposed to as individuals with inherent worth and value deserving of protection regardless of their instrumental usefulness to these other objectives. This does nothing to truly de-objectify animals. Because even though most people would agree that animals are not objects, they continue to treat them as such wherever it serves them. For individuals and society to resolve, this inconsistency between stance and actions is for them to believe that animals are more than objects on a psychological and societal level. In this paper, we examine the implications of this perception of animals and their rights on the legal protections afforded to them and on the minds of individuals and civil society. We also argue that a change in the legal and societal status of animals can be brought about only through judicial, psychological, and sociological acknowledgment that animals have inherent value and deserve protection on this basis. Animal rights derived in such a way would not need to place reliance on other justifications and would not be subject to subjugation to other rights should a conflict arise. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=animal%20rights%20law" title="animal rights law">animal rights law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=animal%20protection%20laws" title=" animal protection laws"> animal protection laws</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=psycho-socio-legal%20studies" title=" psycho-socio-legal studies"> psycho-socio-legal studies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=animal%20rights" title=" animal rights"> animal rights</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20rights" title=" human rights"> human rights</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rights%20of%20nature" title=" rights of nature"> rights of nature</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165219/the-implications-of-instrumental-animal-protection-for-the-legal-and-moral-status-of-animals" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165219.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">110</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3733</span> Estimating Visitor’s Willingness to Pay for the Conservation Fund: Sustainable Financing Approach in Protected Areas in Ethiopia </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sintayehu%20Aynalem%20Aseres">Sintayehu Aynalem Aseres</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raminder%20Kaur%20Sira"> Raminder Kaur Sira</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Increasingly, protected areas have been confronting with inadequate conservation funds that make it tough to antithesis the continuing of annihilation. The problem is even grave in developing countries, where Protected Areas (Pas) are mainly government-administered. Subsequently, it needs a strong effort to toughen the self-financing capability of PAs by ripening alternative sources of sustainable financing for realizing the conservation goals, in particular, to save the remaining natural planet. This study, therefore, designed to estimate visitors’ willingness to pay (WTP) for the additional conservation fees using a contingent valuation method. The effect relationship between WTP and both socio-demographic and non-economic factors was scrutinized by binary logistic regression. The mean WTP of foreign visitors has estimated at US$ 7.4 and for that of domestic visitors at US$1, with annual aggregate revenue of US$29, 200. The WTP was strongly influenced by income, satisfaction, environmental concern and attitude. The study has policy implications for the conservationists and park authorities to estimate the non-use values of PAs for developing market-based conservation instruments. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conservation" title="conservation">conservation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ecotourism" title=" ecotourism"> ecotourism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20financing" title=" sustainable financing"> sustainable financing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=willingness%20to%20pay" title=" willingness to pay"> willingness to pay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protected%20areas" title=" protected areas"> protected areas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bale%20mountains%20national%20park" title=" bale mountains national park"> bale mountains national park</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/119177/estimating-visitors-willingness-to-pay-for-the-conservation-fund-sustainable-financing-approach-in-protected-areas-in-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/119177.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">163</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3732</span> Tourism and Protected Areas: Challenges and Opportunities in Context of Arunachal Pradesh</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Taba%20Tath">Taba Tath</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Arunachal Pradesh, located in the easternmost part of India, is known for its natural beauty and diverse tribal lifestyles. The state has the highest species richness and biological diversity among Northeast states in terms of flora, fauna, and tribal traditions and culture. The protection of nature and culture is a practice that is widely used by governments or nongovernmental organizations seeking to preserve the scenic beauty of landscapes and their natural resources in spaces that stand out for their natural and cultural value and have not been heavily impacted by human activity. The whole of Arunachal Pradesh comes under the purview of special permits such as the Inner Line Permit (ILP) and Protected Area Permit (PAP) for domestic and foreign travellers, respectively. Due to politically vibrant areas and naturally fragile in nature, the state needs to be protected, but at the same time, the demand for tourism activities is increasing gradually due to its unique blend of nature and socio-cultural richness. There are 13 protected areas in the state which is unexplored, and there are no tourism activities in these protected areas except for Namdapha National Park. Out of 13 protected areas, the Pakke Wildlife Sanctuary is one of the well-managed protected areas located near the Assam-Arunachal border, approximately 40km away from Tezpur town, Assam. The state has great potential for wildlife and nature-based tourism development, which can also indirectly support wildlife and nature-based livelihood options for the local inhabitants living in the peripheral of the sanctuary area due to its high richness in terms of flora and fauna. To promote the richness of the state, boost tourism, and the economic, social and environmental development of the area and local communities, a proper tourism management practice and framework are very much required. The research paper has made an attempt to study the role of stakeholders in preserving and promoting the Protected Areas for tourism development in a sustainable way. This is both a primary and secondary study conducted with field visits, interaction, questionnaire and observation with the various stakeholders and also conducted with the Government reports, magazines and other published sources available. Furthermore, this study will be relevant to all stakeholders for having knowledge and processes for promoting tourism in Protected Areas in a sustainable way. The results will provide relevant information and process for the management and promotion of the protected Areas and to strengthen the sustainable tourism activities in these areas. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protected%20area" title="protected area">protected area</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inner%20line%20permit" title=" inner line permit"> inner line permit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protected%20area%20permit" title=" protected area permit"> protected area permit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=management" title=" management"> management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=government" title=" government"> government</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nongovernmental%20organization" title=" nongovernmental organization"> nongovernmental organization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stakeholders" title=" stakeholders"> stakeholders</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable" title=" sustainable"> sustainable</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20resources" title=" natural resources"> natural resources</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186350/tourism-and-protected-areas-challenges-and-opportunities-in-context-of-arunachal-pradesh" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186350.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">43</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3731</span> Habitat Use by Persian Gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa) in Bydoye Protected Area, Iran</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Aghanajafizadeh">S. Aghanajafizadeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Poursina"> M. Poursina</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We studied the selection of winter habitat by Persian Gazelle (Gazella subguttrosa) in Bydoyeh protected area. Habitat variables such as plant species number, vegetation percent, distance to the nearest water sources and plant patch of present sites were compared with randomly selected non- used sites. The results showed that the most important factors influencing habitat selection were number and vegetation percent of Artemisia sieberi. Vegetation percent of plants. vegetation percent and number of Artemisia sieberi were significantly higher compared with the control area. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Persian%20gazelle" title="Persian gazelle">Persian gazelle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=habitat%20%20use" title=" habitat use"> habitat use</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bydoyeh%20protected%20area" title=" Bydoyeh protected area"> Bydoyeh protected area</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kerman" title=" Kerman"> Kerman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iran" title=" Iran"> Iran</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12667/habitat-use-by-persian-gazelle-gazella-subgutturosa-in-bydoye-protected-area-iran" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12667.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">382</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3730</span> Status of Artisanal Fishery in Libya</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Esmail%20Shakman">Esmail Shakman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khaled%20Etyab"> Khaled Etyab</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ibraheim%20Taboni"> Ibraheim Taboni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Et-wail"> Mohamed Et-wail</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdallah%20Ben%20Abdallah"> Abdallah Ben Abdallah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study was carried out along the Libyan coast during the period from 1st February to 31st March 2013. More than 120 landing sites have been visited in order to investigate their status and fishing activities. The study found that more than 91% of the landing sites were permanent and around 8% were seasonal. The type of landing sites were mostly harbors (42.86%), 31.75% protected bays and 25.4% are open beach. However, seven types of fishing boats were observed; flouka type was the largest percentage (70.06%), then 18.14% for mator, 3.28% for lampara, 0.41% for Tarrad, Gayag (0.16%), 5.97 for Daghesa, and 1.98% for batah. Moreover, the majority of them were concentrated in the western region of the country. The most common used fishing gearsare the trammel nets about 80%, which are used by flouka, mator, Tarrad, and batah. The using of trammel nets rely on the fishing season, fishes size and the target fish species. The other fishing gears are also used but occasionally. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fishery" title="fishery">fishery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=South%20Mediterranean" title=" South Mediterranean"> South Mediterranean</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=landing%20sites" title=" landing sites"> landing sites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=marine%20biology" title=" marine biology"> marine biology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2740/status-of-artisanal-fishery-in-libya" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2740.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">517</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3729</span> Defining Priority Areas for Biodiversity Conservation to Support for Zoning Protected Areas: A Case Study from Vietnam </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xuan%20Dinh%20Vu">Xuan Dinh Vu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elmar%20Csaplovics"> Elmar Csaplovics</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> There has been an increasing need for methods to define priority areas for biodiversity conservation since the effectiveness of biodiversity conservation in protected areas largely depends on the availability of material resources. The identification of priority areas requires the integration of biodiversity data together with social data on human pressures and responses. However, the deficit of comprehensive data and reliable methods becomes a key challenge in zoning where the demand for conservation is most urgent and where the outcomes of conservation strategies can be maximized. In order to fill this gap, the study applied an environmental model Condition–Pressure–Response to suggest a set of criteria to identify priority areas for biodiversity conservation. Our empirical data has been compiled from 185 respondents, categorizing into three main groups: governmental administration, research institutions, and protected areas in Vietnam by using a well - designed questionnaire. Then, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) theory was used to identify the weight of all criteria. Our results have shown that priority level for biodiversity conservation could be identified by three main indicators: condition, pressure, and response with the value of the weight of 26%, 41%, and 33%, respectively. Based on the three indicators, 7 criteria and 15 sub-criteria were developed to support for defining priority areas for biodiversity conservation and zoning protected areas. In addition, our study also revealed that the groups of governmental administration and protected areas put a focus on the 'Pressure' indicator while the group of Research Institutions emphasized the importance of 'Response' indicator in the evaluation process. Our results provided recommendations to apply the developed criteria for identifying priority areas for biodiversity conservation in Vietnam. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biodiversity%20conservation" title="biodiversity conservation">biodiversity conservation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=condition%E2%80%93pressure%E2%80%93response%20model" title=" condition–pressure–response model"> condition–pressure–response model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=criteria" title=" criteria"> criteria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=priority%20areas" title=" priority areas"> priority areas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protected%20areas" title=" protected areas"> protected areas</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105877/defining-priority-areas-for-biodiversity-conservation-to-support-for-zoning-protected-areas-a-case-study-from-vietnam" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105877.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">173</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3728</span> Breastfeeding in Childhood Asthma: A Boon or a Bane</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Harish%20Peri">Harish Peri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amit%20Devgan"> Amit Devgan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of exclusive breastfeeding on asthma and lung function in childhood asthma. A case-control study comprising 80 cases (children with asthma) and 80 controls(children without asthma) in the age group 6-12 years were included. A diagnosis was made by the treating pediatrician. A parental questionnaire was given and data regarding the name, age, sex of the child, duration of asthma, whether breastfed or not, duration, exclusiveness of breastfeeding and maternal asthmatic status were collected. Peak Expiratory Flow Rate was measured for every child using a Peak Expiratory Flow Meter. Results showed Exclusively Breastfed children were found to better protected against asthma and have improved lung function as compared to Non-exclusively Breastfeed children, irrespective of the mother’s asthmatic status. This study demonstrated that exclusive breastfeeding has a protective action against childhood asthma. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asthmatic%20mothers" title="asthmatic mothers">asthmatic mothers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=childhood%20asthma" title=" childhood asthma"> childhood asthma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exclusive%20breastfeeding" title=" exclusive breastfeeding"> exclusive breastfeeding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-asthmatic%20mothers" title=" non-asthmatic mothers"> non-asthmatic mothers</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20442/breastfeeding-in-childhood-asthma-a-boon-or-a-bane" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20442.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">291</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3727</span> Global Historical Distribution Range of Brown Bear (Ursus Arctos)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tariq%20Mahmood">Tariq Mahmood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faiza%20Lehrasab"> Faiza Lehrasab</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faraz%20Akrim"> Faraz Akrim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Sajid%20nadeem"> Muhammad Sajid nadeem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Mushtaq"> Muhammad Mushtaq</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Unza%20waqar"> Unza waqar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ayesha%20Sheraz"> Ayesha Sheraz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shaista%20Andleeb"> Shaista Andleeb</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Brown bear (Ursus arctos), a member of the family Ursidae, is distributed in a wide range of habitats in North America, Europe and Asia. Suspectedly, the global distribution range of brown bears is decreasing at the moment due to various factors. The carnivore species is categorized as ‘Least Concern’ globally by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. However, there are some fragmented, small populations that are on the verge of extinction, as is in Pakistan, where the species is listed as ‘Critically Endangered’, with a declining population trend. Importantly, the global historical distribution range of brown bears is undocumented. Therefore, in the current study, we reconstructed and estimated the historical distribution range of brown bears using QGIS software and also analyzed the network of protected areas in the past and current ranges of the species. Results showed that brown bear was more widely distributed in historic times, encompassing 52.6 million km² area as compared to their current distribution of 38.8 million km², resulting in a total range contraction of up to approximately 28 %. In the past, a total of N = 62,234 protected Areas, covering approximately 3.89 million km² were present in the distribution range of the species, while now a total of N= 33,313 Protected Areas, covering approximately 2.75 million km² area, are present in the current distribution range of the brown bear. The brown bear distribution range in the protected areas has also contracted by 1.15 million km² and the total percentage reduction of PAs is 29%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brown%20bear" title="brown bear">brown bear</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=historic%20distribution" title=" historic distribution"> historic distribution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=range%20contraction" title=" range contraction"> range contraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protected%20areas" title=" protected areas"> protected areas</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184575/global-historical-distribution-range-of-brown-bear-ursus-arctos" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184575.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">60</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3726</span> Understanding and Enhancing Ecotourism Opportunities through Education</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Iakovoglou">V. Iakovoglou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20N.%20Zaimes"> G. N. Zaimes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20P.%20Arraiza%20Berm%C3%BAdez-Ca%C3%B1ete"> M. P. Arraiza Bermúdez-Cañete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20L.%20Garc%C3%ADa"> J. L. García</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20C.%20Gim%C3%A9nez"> M. C. Giménez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Calder%C3%B3n-Guerrero"> C. Calderón-Guerrero</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Ioras"> F. Ioras</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Abrudan"> I. Abrudan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A new fast growing trend in tourism is ecotourism, in which tourists visit natural ecosystems under low impact, non-consumptive and locally oriented activities. Through these activities species and habitats are maintained and typically, underdeveloped regions are emphasized. Ecotourism provides a great alternative, especially for rural and undeveloped area. At the same time, despite its many benefits, it also poses many risks for the naturally protected areas. If ecotourism is practiced improperly degradation and irreversible damages could be the unwanted result. In addition, the lack of MSc programs in the field of Ecotourism in Europe makes it a necessity to be developed. Such an MSc program is being implemented with the lead partner the Technical University of Madrid. The entire partnership has six Universities, seven SMEs and one National Park from seven different countries all over Europe. The MSc will have 10 educational modules that will be available online and will prepare professionals that will be able to implement ecotourism in a sustainable way. Only through awareness and education a sustainable ecotourism will be achieved in the protected areas of Europe. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ERASMUS" title="ERASMUS">ERASMUS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MSc%20program" title=" MSc program"> MSc program</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protected%20Areas" title=" protected Areas"> protected Areas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainability" title=" sustainability"> sustainability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33488/understanding-and-enhancing-ecotourism-opportunities-through-education" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33488.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">456</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3725</span> Current and Emerging Pharmacological Treatment for Status Epilepticus in Adults</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mathew%20Tran">Mathew Tran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Deepa%20Patel"> Deepa Patel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Breann%20Prophete"> Breann Prophete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Irandokht%20Khaki%20Najafabadi"> Irandokht Khaki Najafabadi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Status epilepticus is a neurological disorder requiring emergent control with medical therapy. Based on guideline recommendations for adults with status epilepticus, the first-line treatment is to start a benzodiazepine, as they are quick at seizure control. The second step is to initiate a non-benzodiazepine anti-epileptic drug to prevent refractory seizures. Studies show that the anti-epileptic drugs are approximately equivalent in status epilepticus control once a benzodiazepine has been given. This review provides a brief overview of the management of status epilepticus based on evidence from the literature and evidence-based guidelines. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neurological%20disorder" title="neurological disorder">neurological disorder</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seizure" title=" seizure"> seizure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=status%20epilepticus" title=" status epilepticus"> status epilepticus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=benzo%20diazepines" title=" benzo diazepines"> benzo diazepines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antiepileptic%20agents" title=" antiepileptic agents"> antiepileptic agents</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148671/current-and-emerging-pharmacological-treatment-for-status-epilepticus-in-adults" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148671.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">120</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3724</span> Snow Leopard Conservation in Nepal: Peoples` Perception on the Verge of Rural Livelihood</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bishnu%20Prasad%20Devkota">Bishnu Prasad Devkota</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Peoples` perception is reflected in their attitudes and presumably their behavior towards wildlife conservation. The success of wildlife conservation initiatives in the mountains of Nepal is heavily dependent on local people. Therefore, Nepal has emphasized the involvement of local people in wildlife conservation, especially in the mountainous region. Local peoples` perception towards snow leopard conservation in six mountainous protected area of Nepal was carried out conducting 300 household surveys and 90 face to face key informant interviews. The average livestock holding was 27.74 animals per household with depredation rate of 10.6 % per household per annum. Livestock was the source of 32.74% of the total mean annual income of each household. In average, the economic loss per household per annum due to livestock depredation was US $ 490. There was significant difference in people´s perception towards snow leopard conservation in protected areas of mountainous region of Nepal. These differences were due to economic, educational and cultural factors. 54.4% local people showed preference for snow leopard conservation. The perception of local people toward snow leopard was significantly difference by the economic status of local people. Involvement of local people in conservation activities had positive impact towards wildlife conservation in the mountain region of Nepal. Timely introducing incentive programs can be a supportive way for sustaining the conservation of snow leopards in the Nepalese Himalayas. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20loss" title="economic loss">economic loss</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=livestock%20depredation" title=" livestock depredation"> livestock depredation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=local%20people" title=" local people"> local people</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=perception" title=" perception"> perception</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=snow%20leopard" title=" snow leopard"> snow leopard</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89803/snow-leopard-conservation-in-nepal-peoples-perception-on-the-verge-of-rural-livelihood" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89803.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">252</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3723</span> Changes in Forest Cover Regulate Streamflow in Central Nigerian Gallery Forests</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rahila%20Yilangai">Rahila Yilangai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sonali%20Saha"> Sonali Saha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amartya%20Saha"> Amartya Saha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Augustine%20Ezealor"> Augustine Ezealor</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Gallery forests in sub-Saharan Africa are drastically disappearing due to intensive anthropogenic activities thus reducing ecosystem services, one of which is water provisioning. The role played by forest cover in regulating streamflow and water yield is not well understood, especially in West Africa. This pioneering 2-year study investigated the interrelationships between plant cover and hydrology in protected and unprotected gallery forests. Rainfall, streamflow, and evapotranspiration (ET) measurements/estimates over 2015-2016 were obtained to form a water balance for both catchments. In addition, transpiration in the protected gallery forest with high vegetation cover was calculated from stomatal conductance readings of selected species chosen from plot level data of plant diversity and abundance. Results showed that annual streamflow was significantly higher in the unprotected site than the protected site, even when normalized by catchment area. However, streamflow commenced earlier and lasted longer in the protected site than the degraded unprotected site, suggesting regulation by the greater tree density in the protected site. Streamflow correlated strongly with rainfall with the highest peak in August. As expected, transpiration measurements were less than potential evapotranspiration estimates, while rainfall exceeded ET in the water cycle. The water balance partitioning suggests that the lower vegetation cover in the unprotected catchment leads to a larger runoff in the rainy season and less infiltration, thereby leading to streams drying up earlier, than in the protected catchment. This baseline information is important in understanding the contribution of plants in water cycle regulation, for modeling integrative water management in applied research and natural resource management in sustaining water resources with changing the land cover and climate uncertainties in this data-poor region. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evapotranspiration" title="evapotranspiration">evapotranspiration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gallery%20forest" title=" gallery forest"> gallery forest</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rainfall" title=" rainfall"> rainfall</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=streamflow" title=" streamflow"> streamflow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transpiration" title=" transpiration"> transpiration</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95088/changes-in-forest-cover-regulate-streamflow-in-central-nigerian-gallery-forests" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95088.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">174</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3722</span> Global Migration and Endangered Majorities in Europe</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Liav%20Orgad">Liav Orgad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This article challenges one of the most fundamental propositions in the democratic theory that the majority culture is protected merely by the forces of democracy and thus needs no special legal protection. By describing changes in the patterns of migration to Europe, in the face of the European society, and in the world as a whole, the Article demonstrates that the majority culture is no longer automatically protected by the forces of democracy. It claims that the changing reality is not adequately addressed by political theory and human rights law and advances the promotion of a new concept—'cultural majority rights'. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=European%20migration" title="European migration">European migration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=European%20demography" title=" European demography"> European demography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=democratic%20theory" title=" democratic theory"> democratic theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=majority%20rights" title=" majority rights"> majority rights</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=integration" title=" integration"> integration</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36538/global-migration-and-endangered-majorities-in-europe" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36538.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">402</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3721</span> Recognition and Protection of Indigenous Society in Indonesia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Triyanto">Triyanto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rima%20Vien%20Permata%20Hartanto"> Rima Vien Permata Hartanto</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Indonesia is a legal state. The consequence of this status is the recognition and protection of the existence of indigenous peoples. This paper aims to describe the dynamics of legal recognition and protection for indigenous peoples within the framework of Indonesian law. This paper is library research based on literature. The result states that although the constitution has normatively recognized the existence of indigenous peoples and their traditional rights, in reality, not all rights were recognized and protected. The protection and recognition for indigenous people need to be strengthened. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=indigenous%20peoples" title="indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=customary%20law" title=" customary law"> customary law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=state%20law" title=" state law"> state law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=state%20of%20law" title=" state of law"> state of law</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74295/recognition-and-protection-of-indigenous-society-in-indonesia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74295.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">330</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3720</span> Complex Dynamics in a Model of Management of the Protected Areas</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paolo%20Russu">Paolo Russu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper investigates the economic and ecological dynamics that emerge in Protected Areas (PAs) due to interactions between visitors and the animals that live there. The PAs contain two species whose interactions are determined by the Lotka-Volterra equations system. Visitors' decisions to visit PAs are influenced by the entrance cost required to enter the park and the chance of witnessing the species living there. Visitors have contradictory effects on the species and thus on the sustainability of the protected areas: on the one hand, an increase in the number of tourists damages the natural habitat of the regions and thus the species living there; on the other hand, it increases the total amount of entrance fees that the managing body of the PAs can use to perform defensive expenditures that protect the species from extinction. For a given set of parameter values, saddle-node bifurcation, Hopf bifurcation, homoclinic orbits, and a Bogdanov–Takens bifurcation of codimension two has been investigated. The system displays periodic doubling and chaotic solutions, as numerical examples demonstrate. Pontryagin's Maximum Principle was utilised to develop an optimal admission charge policy that maximised social gain and ecosystem conservation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chaos" title="chaos">chaos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bifurcation%20points" title=" bifurcation points"> bifurcation points</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamical%20model" title=" dynamical model"> dynamical model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimal%20control" title=" optimal control"> optimal control</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164280/complex-dynamics-in-a-model-of-management-of-the-protected-areas" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164280.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">83</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3719</span> Polygamy versus Equality Rights: Polyandry as a Solution</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nqobizwe%20Mvelo%20Ngema">Nqobizwe Mvelo Ngema</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The right to equality has been accepted as one of the principles of jus cogens since the Second World War and it is protected in numerous international and regional human rights instruments. The convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women (CEDAW) is a comprehensive document that serves as the international Bill of Rights for women and it prohibits polygamy. This paper examines whether the most unusual customary practice of polyandry would serve as a solution in elevating the status of women to be on par with that of man that are polygamists or not. This paper concludes by arguing that polyandry cannot solve the problem of inequalities that are confronted by women because even in polyandrous societies there is male domination that is detrimental to the equality rights of women. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20rights" title="human rights">human rights</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polygamy" title=" polygamy"> polygamy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polyandry" title=" polyandry"> polyandry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polygyny" title=" polygyny"> polygyny</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25791/polygamy-versus-equality-rights-polyandry-as-a-solution" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25791.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">499</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3718</span> Importance of Health and Social Capital to Employment Status of Indigenous Peoples in Canada</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Belayet%20Hossain">Belayet Hossain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Laura%20Lamb"> Laura Lamb</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study investigates the importance of health and social capital in determining the labour force status of Canada’s Indigenous population using data from 2006 Aboriginal Peoples Survey. An instrumental variable ordered probit model has been specified and estimated. The study finds that health status and social capital are important in determining Indigenous peoples’ employment status along with other factors. The results of the study imply that human resource development initiatives of Indigenous Peoples need to be broadened by including health status and social capital. Poor health and low degree of inclusion of the Indigenous Peoples need to be addressed in order to improve employment status of Canada’s Indigenous Peoples. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=labour%20force" title="labour force">labour force</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20capital" title=" human capital"> human capital</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20capital" title=" social capital"> social capital</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aboriginal%20people" title=" aboriginal people"> aboriginal people</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Canada" title=" Canada"> Canada</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68525/importance-of-health-and-social-capital-to-employment-status-of-indigenous-peoples-in-canada" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68525.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">300</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3717</span> Evaluating the Impact of Marine Protected Areas on Human-Shark Interactions at a Global Scale</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Delphine%20Duval">Delphine Duval</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Morgan%20Mangeas"> Morgan Mangeas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Charlie%20Huveneers"> Charlie Huveneers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adam%20Barnett"> Adam Barnett</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Laurent%20Vigliola"> Laurent Vigliola</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The global number of shark bites has increased over the past four decades with, however, high regional variability both in space and time. A systematic review, aligned with the 2020 PRISMA guidelines, explored the peer-reviewed literature published between 1960 and 2023 to identify factors potentially explaining trends in human-shark interactions. Results revealed that variations in the frequency of human-shark interactions could be explained by a plethora of factors, including changes in prey availability, environmental conditions, human and shark population density and behavior, as well as habitat destruction. However, to our best knowledge, only five studies have conducted statistical assessments of the relative contribution of these factors. The increased number in human-shark interactions and the frequent clusters of shark bites within short timeframes offer opportunities to test the causative factors that may explain trends in unprovoked shark bites. it study aims to evaluate the impact of marine protected areas (MPAs) on the number of human-shark interactions, using data from the Global Shark Attack File and the World Database on Protected Areas. Results indicate contrasting effects of MPAs at different spatial scales. Enhancing our understanding of the factors contributing to shark bites is essential for improving risk reduction policies for humans and conservation plans for shark populations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unprovoked%20shark%20interactions" title="unprovoked shark interactions">unprovoked shark interactions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=marine%20protected%20areas" title=" marine protected areas"> marine protected areas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=attack%20risk" title=" attack risk"> attack risk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human-wildlife%20interaction" title=" human-wildlife interaction"> human-wildlife interaction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183428/evaluating-the-impact-of-marine-protected-areas-on-human-shark-interactions-at-a-global-scale" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183428.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">44</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3716</span> Protected Cultivation of Horticultural Crops: Increases Productivity per Unit of Area and Time</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Deepak%20Loura">Deepak Loura</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The most contemporary method of producing horticulture crops both qualitatively and quantitatively is protected cultivation, or greenhouse cultivation, which has gained widespread acceptance in recent decades. Protected farming, commonly referred to as controlled environment agriculture (CEA), is extremely productive, land- and water-wise, as well as environmentally friendly. The technology entails growing horticulture crops in a controlled environment where variables such as temperature, humidity, light, soil, water, fertilizer, etc. are adjusted to achieve optimal output and enable a consistent supply of them even during the off-season. Over the past ten years, protected cultivation of high-value crops and cut flowers has demonstrated remarkable potential. More and more agricultural and horticultural crop production systems are moving to protected environments as a result of the growing demand for high-quality products by global markets. By covering the crop, it is possible to control the macro- and microenvironments, enhancing plant performance and allowing for longer production times, earlier harvests, and higher yields of higher quality. These shielding features alter the environment of the plant while also offering protection from wind, rain, and insects. Protected farming opens up hitherto unexplored opportunities in agriculture as the liberalised economy and improved agricultural technologies advance. Typically, the revenues from fruit, vegetable, and flower crops are 4 to 8 times higher than those from other crops. If any of these high-value crops are cultivated in protected environments like greenhouses, net houses, tunnels, etc., this profit can be multiplied. Vegetable and cut flower post-harvest losses are extremely high (20–0%), however sheltered growing techniques and year-round cropping can greatly minimize post-harvest losses and enhance yield by 5–10 times. Seasonality and weather have a big impact on the production of vegetables and flowers. The variety of their products results in significant price and quality changes for vegetables. For the application of current technology in crop production, achieving a balance between year-round availability of vegetables and flowers with minimal environmental impact and remaining competitive is a significant problem. The future of agriculture will be protected since population growth is reducing the amount of land that may be held. Protected agriculture is a particularly profitable endeavor for tiny landholdings. Small greenhouses, net houses, nurseries, and low tunnel greenhouses can all be built by farmers to increase their income. Protected agriculture is also aided by the rise in biotic and abiotic stress factors. As a result of the greater productivity levels, these technologies are not only opening up opportunities for producers with larger landholdings, but also for those with smaller holdings. Protected cultivation can be thought of as a kind of precise, forward-thinking, parallel agriculture that covers almost all aspects of farming and is rather subject to additional inspection for technical applicability to circumstances, farmer economics, and market economics. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protected%20cultivation" title="protected cultivation">protected cultivation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=horticulture" title=" horticulture"> horticulture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=greenhouse" title=" greenhouse"> greenhouse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vegetable" title=" vegetable"> vegetable</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=controlled%20environment%20agriculture" title=" controlled environment agriculture"> controlled environment agriculture</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159205/protected-cultivation-of-horticultural-crops-increases-productivity-per-unit-of-area-and-time" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159205.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">76</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3715</span> Development of Orthogonally Protected 2,1':4,6-Di-O-Diisopropylidene Sucrose as the Versatile Intermediate for Diverse Synthesis of Phenylpropanoid Sucrose Esters</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Li%20Lin%20Ong">Li Lin Ong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Duc%20Thinh%20Khong"> Duc Thinh Khong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zaher%20M.%20A.%20Judeh"> Zaher M. A. Judeh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Phenylpropanoid sucrose esters (PSEs) are natural compounds found in various medicinal plants which exhibit important biological activities such as antiproliferation and α- and β-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Despite their potential as new therapeutics, total synthesis of PSEs has been very limited as their inherent structures contain one or more (substituted) cinnamoyl groups randomly allocated on the sucrose core via ester linkage. Since direct acylation of unprotected sucrose would be complex and tedious due to the presence of eight free hydroxyl groups, partially protected 2,1’:4,6-di-O-diisopropylidene sucrose was used as the starting material instead. However, similar reactivity between the remaining four hydroxyl groups still pose a challenge in the total synthesis of PSEs as the lack of selectivity can restrict customisation where acylation at specific OH is desired. To overcome this problem, a 4-step orthogonal protection scheme was developed. In this scheme, the remaining four hydroxyl groups on 2,1’:4,6-di-O-diisopropylidene sucrose, 6’-OH, 3’-OH, 4’-OH, and 3-OH, were protected with different protecting groups with an overall yield of > 40%. This orthogonally protected intermediate would provide a convenient and divergent access to a wider range of natural and synthetic PSEs as (substituted) cinnamoyl groups can be selectively introduced at desired positions. Using this scheme, three different series of monosubstituted PSEs were successfully synthesized where (substituted) cinnamoyl groups were introduced selectively at O-3, O-3’, and O-4’ positions, respectively. The expanded library of PSEs would aid in structural-activity relationship study of PSEs for identifying key components responsible for their biological activities. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=orthogonal%20protection" title="orthogonal protection">orthogonal protection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phenylpropanoid%20sucrose%20esters" title=" phenylpropanoid sucrose esters"> phenylpropanoid sucrose esters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=selectivity" title=" selectivity"> selectivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sucrose" title=" sucrose"> sucrose</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78652/development-of-orthogonally-protected-2146-di-o-diisopropylidene-sucrose-as-the-versatile-intermediate-for-diverse-synthesis-of-phenylpropanoid-sucrose-esters" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78652.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">159</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3714</span> The Effects of Gender and Socioeconomic Status on Academic Motivation: The Case of Lithuania</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ausra%20Turcinskaite-Balciuniene">Ausra Turcinskaite-Balciuniene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jonas%20Balciunas"> Jonas Balciunas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gediminas%20Merkys"> Gediminas Merkys</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The problematic of gender and socioeconomic status biased differences in academic motivation patterns is discussed. Gender identity is understood according to symbolic interactionism perspective: as a result of reflected appraisals, social comparisons, self-attributions, and identifications, shaped by social environment and family context. The effects of socioeconomic status on academic motivation are conceptualized according to Bourdieu’s habitus concept, reflecting the role of unconscious and internalized cultural signals, proper to low and high socioeconomic status family contexts. Since families differ by various socioeconomic features, the hypothesis about possible impact of parents’ socioeconomic status on their children’s academic motivation interfering with gender socialization effects is held. The survey, aiming to seize gender differences in academic motivation and self-recorded improvement-oriented efforts as a result of socialization processes operating in the families of low and high socioeconomic status, was designed. The results of Lithuanian higher education students’ survey are presented and discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=academic%20motivation" title="academic motivation">academic motivation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender" title=" gender"> gender</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=socialization" title=" socialization"> socialization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=socioeconomic%20status" title=" socioeconomic status"> socioeconomic status</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13764/the-effects-of-gender-and-socioeconomic-status-on-academic-motivation-the-case-of-lithuania" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13764.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">398</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protected%20status&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protected%20status&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protected%20status&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protected%20status&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protected%20status&page=6">6</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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