CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9134bea08fed3f4b',cH: 'sunMjsVRaJ8Y0N7rdsdbK7a2myo_9or5NU3E.s8_d9U-1739784478-1.2.1.1-d3TkuCuTL1VKHO91O_0GEp6EXdn9T1WtQnTqAmTECStPrFe25utffjPV_iVKHUlg',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=language%20hybrids&__cf_chl_tk=oFEY0vCZdxIeZfmi4KD2PldyWgpHsKv4AjiBpNmRKUE-1739784478-1.0.1.1-GAqABhZNpTEsuLkKqTwXLtUtubokx_ydYwvgjMgQYcY",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739784478',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=language%20hybrids&__cf_chl_f_tk=oFEY0vCZdxIeZfmi4KD2PldyWgpHsKv4AjiBpNmRKUE-1739784478-1.0.1.1-GAqABhZNpTEsuLkKqTwXLtUtubokx_ydYwvgjMgQYcY",md: "Dd19Hx0c4bzXbJTxJGTpXClcMF4j9MZMMhRsE71gJm8-1739784478-1.2.1.1-4eIvSh6U.Wa2E6aaEeQcXjUUB3ei_72Fx3Am_ewwb1muGF6z1Tq4r1cWT0TYE1M7Q2vIh37T.PYdeqksKtYGySwmJfc_En0FAeigFHsAGBreYjwHu5LLr9gt.8LtU.01KY.4eUUPzE91.vT2uHy0fVuldlurn37l0i4PMim7hF2WLqJBXlYrjTSYxS8nv.qMCZyP04uk2mNj52Yt_SjX7ybd0mC9jrPRtrj7dN7tAJxNk2NyciS1njHAuKTutnq3LF9GDWf47erGFfCwlXlBw8zTtBiCuOrh.tbB4ZSVbTrU0.Fjzci_28eTSu8fhHYJ_SOvXfl8PdiRHLZB5cixuXIN4DwQJRDzV5izdv7QH2sDIY3jTcxIeEDIdRGb6d_acQP9ekJboJacAIrTMC3gvBjBp6jJV8mS0GjyvpNZWzPdPB0qytjbVDIdHT_rfOooKwQ694TmEhtse.8xH0vFnIVCIknaZyKQWMiy9gmVd6oE55oyjq..8Gvs9luiftKI3h_JMDIAbADyjF5F1uy1H0Dr9KSnZfmqw5pLNLyV_f0Hu0iEKo0dpyORZmy2CwZ8nashQvDhQO3DhjHhZmR4QpVt7miwF7l3PbKmra5Klz7.L_P1KTG7WPXWrn9evJnBLQsvBvrFIjVJhYryokXQFXHWTYHyVRjQ5JEAQXyN.iwcUYStJXie780GjVe1yp5uJHE3hzsIf3eAt2.kfy_DpI44Fbg8HSlFmDeHzdvjYgS_BJ90oFYlZOWmtkyyJukesWdZOICeZQiSQAm3monzOAIPkpXSCDWyEw_d_qM6YnWZ.Raua3F6O.YtybKxglRJo3pyrLzVmQeCBJgnsBn2LLhdT_lrMhYf45PJk54GxFqWiNigCtxMEoiTA8TFOXewRijEL0OMzhppJqOS.zeGQYSvq.6rI0.Gq0uBZqsP19Ww8P7G_hIP1OxZOPaxwuU41CaOGaq7OSSzeEQfddgMljTA.NeauPZwbPBfWfymb4P_eUKXqls5DCXNK_cjGwbvOntV17ffz1KHiwbmm3ihpHC9bwFCpWn7Ef1Lq.Q7JnEb7HbWVl5uRxna.AoDGqUHE6RB26SChplIh09GrfSs08B_IHy3V6CUzRPU8g6BrSI7HvpzOb33.fslHntPscZI2uL_5iy1IBrLieDo4xOTXMN5CWNzGAfOcStpfThyUwpBRjywhFzM_jm6gzjtNZ9XLaK8EiOAiGGo0sXKeu34vNlFHsaWSEfn1oEvBESNR5KOZz56olVIlVYWMav7GQjHUusBrI6cVINGs05hhZxPCAlllJ4kPqFqdSw9DECVu6yQJjHUuNF51VMP1s_W1T0AanSn8GZuhMMpNfbFJ4hkQE0wVmEIz.P2odv32LcNPLt6MMlimN0b1lclEPkMyde086TogQVqr7ObtaVygIeHYjUoUm4sKmzdykctd9_1yFzqTg5LZMxE_IK96Nk2KFbJGzit9_C1xjI6UphuIB6G3SLWMeENc.3XyFUuXKY..JudjyiHr47OV6zxgFSedFeqNu26sjhGXLWp.imYU3GBzYnsqQnRAFOUgzeGBb_v8r8rP5jDENbuL6jBfZS3dZBmN4iiSAU0sezBfjcL_CaDDnl7GohSvK4UthYZF6StBU2xNxLqTN.GocvUky7B0ph0OXSZuf.vSZsypeKH3086Rc4sJDh9L8T3eznjFBGdMu0KkMQzBew7yw138OTPOjgqt328uKN6Bira8iWK5Age6YTbapQOGAzoyrr4VSbOzmQbCHReMKCv40GyTp5w6BXfL3bIhyKr5ANGa1zuWe7F3oW6D6EH_5KoZWkgn1TY_Mx.795eFY84dZ3FgC81qURZHuhUJsGWElq3YOxb5dDYzXI_QjR8D9J0nYmdUrEqjpAb3R3Z72xBlA8upJfqwrtOHaqozJkoyAYJel8I3wfi4dp73v1fZmeWmJWx0HhSIYY",mdrd: "T2uLZO3EhNzRnvqWkmi5O8nvna5zdYVYx8.TTN3YKmk-1739784478-1.2.1.1-H4s.mfsde0euQIcpl8Ug8NXy1IPhqmH.3clAJP4PnGz5nacRExqdP2IpQSdLji.KAaQa6vaAe0FxyRIJiwmWMOO.zZdP2vLcZxdq_XBdxbHymZ.Qo315RXpGQncg6Ue4dvnn7fDagn3.twQ6sN.oaLT1STef1emmZvaIyz.6NPfkArYQ0CRgTSa1Z4OpGP9We8x99iTTlUwPhhX7kKDh0_x84bG.SXX1vxF9jZo5G6cmSR3KWq9riYxX4DEWs7RDy8OmVSv.ctAh6x2vfGHg9aTMgpJxoGoAk9vYmDz5ylSu7hEcvXK3f7TLSWLRw_xSROIAZmMNaFAW1YDOGRuGSI8VSR05SvLXINKKB2HlwlNcdrPhMpNltkwyrRd9sNxstZ3xIBzhbJ_Zv73kCCoTheoKV2nZLlmxY51G_OWwFDrRd4JRZmoRqhGDK2hRusKjwT3nZm5Mm2jMswS1QKFxAR3IeS91BusWnf4ioe7H2VKz_HB1KGDbR_wDBrKrS4ERpGTXdXaJIgrzexpvwUE3wT_eQQhVCBiqIzNAqgwA1HhU.2Y_j3yP4Cw2fJH6CRyHykx32FkMp8ecYIRW01QrUbo7VNmxI7yQSe2g7kBllPOSwSOVVssciFeE1hH_LnUBBe2EDm1Y8WbuNHrl0ZDTytsGJzsQZqy4CIP0_.mNrZ299ngk5ZC7IfA4vU39xfAvD1yMByjp9HJ2hTpQUiZUFoCSYLbYE6vnenlG5.gGpLhAcrlRJwTjy8I_GE0rdvmJibUYxEbSUA1gSiI4ZnK9yoHiIvqjze1ZKZvbbJ2vEI7f895r1CcjL_J_MGXakR89ej5J_vaMpnB4KNfuSbi3bFrqSmzG9_RZ3h_G9K3t.SvSPQUyZlAfHlMNFcN.cB5DLs.Dv82PiRvG5Fe782Bj4_6QlsHEzZAgQSxJJXgReSZAVf058ZfGusSarY_qujmgsVbNpnY6mY_3Cn5X7i4G.bcYAFg3otJweAFvzF_SI43TFutqUBMX1z74ZA_xT9u7nyaVZjkPQGYhBQp8tYJLxxISZPSGMvOUsB7y8gm85QZAgQ_GfyO.PIJyEoqPfKA.cuDlrspLE9PJzZLTjF3pZ1RdWBuG15Ow1nfv.2oI3u3ALQLOA01mOvB4iZw76Vox9.fQQ1AkM6B02dFjTsP7FOzwCFDdGlQ8Hb_EDFK6m0w1OQFJixO_gU7K_Fe88lzXwQImujQxphk2uBHpIzdBfIsZ5LazK2Ih6TLue5fhoVt1SzeBwV.MrkAWS7384l8HZ2vH_5Fk4b8.DtrOm9LdWbxDjhr86Jp4tSs00Gn65t_WOXm6i_8j1UJ07IC9JD_DoGoYyk9qAXROVEcq4ceCy37eVHV8ormW07Azhjf.2TpUDEUrRd2yOesWP853Y6h4SUEf79q3Bnf5G3CGvi7NLodUE63I2YfqdeBQ7rlAZwVVUyqsp24yYyGFqMkcxC2hX1cY.6kRTKRQV5EvnBVG.PzOedRlmrbP7jb99u4WJuII4X.a9Aknn62ABewHnjHBP9JIehk47iwIIofNJWyTFiAlH_TMmTiiHvA5HElMy91x3UR9uxfmI_KxYtLlb6OtKT3J947ZVUe6H8.Iio5P0mnoX3ariful3RuSD0FtlLrFAPjs1jjxoudPQRzTDIflRkc1GQgXWNvic.E3gXWWc7PsEmSAIEEDr_Vy4ttyXr9nZW9HUQoa2YE6QzI.CiiQo5gYOoYjEHDaOotN_dDcCqlDRZprH_yhqJGvsBsIe4QuUy2k_1sRin1P2v9tJuwVLKEx7dfAftnwQMSZIiqdoYilq55fY.ZIhORSbKvOp.szFyL1rT5GQUflRm_J9KLUcOCP97ZgxQ0f0fhFw6d8fXO2sRx6mZBzKwihPCPSMq27dSEZHn6s6dKaUOUYPJXmE7nafsPt6nFFhL0yOyEgyg5UiYHvovSSJuZTIXzsvGtuZ5f_xOpN_9ZPno1YwHRmS6.mKYTD0Svpg6eJH5C6PQ"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9134bea08fed3f4b';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=language%20hybrids&__cf_chl_rt_tk=oFEY0vCZdxIeZfmi4KD2PldyWgpHsKv4AjiBpNmRKUE-1739784478-1.0.1.1-GAqABhZNpTEsuLkKqTwXLtUtubokx_ydYwvgjMgQYcY" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>