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id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cultivation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultivation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Growing_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growing_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Growing regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growing_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Hemisphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Hemisphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Southern Hemisphere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Hemisphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pests_and_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pests_and_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Pests and diseases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pests_and_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Diseases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pest_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pest_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Pest management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pest_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pesticides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pesticides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2.1</span> <span>Pesticides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pesticides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integrated_pest_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integrated_pest_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2.2</span> <span>Integrated pest management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integrated_pest_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_quarantine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_quarantine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2.3</span> <span>International quarantine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_quarantine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resistant_cultivars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resistant_cultivars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2.4</span> <span>Resistant cultivars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resistant_cultivars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Regulations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nutrients" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrients"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Nutrients</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrients-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phytochemicals_and_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phytochemicals_and_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Phytochemicals and research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phytochemicals_and_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Blueberry</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C7%A3wenberge" title="Blǣwenberge – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Blǣwenberge" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A3%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%82" title="توت أزرق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توت أزرق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF" title="ব্লুবেরি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্লুবেরি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanococcus" title="Cyanococcus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cyanococcus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A5b%C3%A6r" title="Blåbær – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Blåbær" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzidz%C3%A9_%C5%82ikan%C3%AD_doot%C5%82%CA%BCizh%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Dzidzé łikaní dootłʼizhígíí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Dzidzé łikaní dootłʼizhígíí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultuurmustikas" title="Kultuurmustikas – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kultuurmustikas" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%87_(%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87)" title="سیاه گیله (گونه) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیاه گیله (گونه)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A1ber" title="Bláber – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Bláber" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleuet_(fruit)" title="Bleuet (fruit) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bleuet (fruit)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraoch%C3%A1n_gorm" title="Fraochán gorm – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fraochán gorm" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arando" title="Arando – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Arando" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%94%EB%A3%A8%EB%B2%A0%EB%A6%AC" title="블루베리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="블루베리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BD" title="Հապալաս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հապալաս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentigi_biru" title="Mentigi biru – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mentigi biru" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A1ber" title="Bláber – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bláber" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אוכמנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוכמנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blub%C3%A9ri" title="Blubéri – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Blubéri" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueberry" title="Blueberry – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Blueberry" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Боровинка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Боровинка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF" title="ബ്ലൂബെറി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബ്ലൂബെറി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirtilla" title="Mirtilla – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Mirtilla" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%82" title="توت ازرق – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="توت ازرق" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beri_biru" title="Beri biru – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Beri biru" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%99%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC" title="ブルーベリー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブルーベリー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AA" title="غرني توت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="غرني توت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueberry" title="Blueberry – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Blueberry" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borovnica_(Cyanococcus)" title="Borovnica (Cyanococcus) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Borovnica (Cyanococcus)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Боровнице – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Боровнице" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF" title="அவுரிநெல்லி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அவுரிநெல்லி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%82_%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80" title="బ్లూ బెర్రీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బ్లూ బెర్రీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5" title="บลูเบอร์รี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บลูเบอร์รี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Лохина – Ukrainian" 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id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Section of plants</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the North American blueberry. For the Eurasian blueberry, see <a href="/wiki/Bilberry" title="Bilberry">Bilberry</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Blueberry_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Blueberry (disambiguation)">Blueberry (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Blueberry </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Blueberries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Blueberries.jpg/220px-Blueberries.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Blueberries.jpg/330px-Blueberries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Blueberries.jpg/440px-Blueberries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="418" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_caesariense" title="Vaccinium caesariense">Vaccinium caesariense</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Vaccinium_sect._Cyanococcus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asterids" title="Asterids">Asterids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ericales" title="Ericales">Ericales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ericaceae" title="Ericaceae">Ericaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium" title="Vaccinium"><i>Vaccinium</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Section: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Vaccinium</i> sect. <i>Cyanococcus</i></a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Per_Axel_Rydberg" title="Per Axel Rydberg">Rydb.</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Species </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p>See text </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaccinium_fruechte_reifestadien.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Vaccinium_fruechte_reifestadien.jpg/250px-Vaccinium_fruechte_reifestadien.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Vaccinium_fruechte_reifestadien.jpg/330px-Vaccinium_fruechte_reifestadien.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Vaccinium_fruechte_reifestadien.jpg/500px-Vaccinium_fruechte_reifestadien.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1558" data-file-height="1820" /></a><figcaption>Blueberries showing various stages of maturation. IG = Immature Green, GP = Green Pink, BP = Blue Pink, and R = Ripe.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Blueberries</b> are a widely distributed and widespread group of <a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">perennial</a> <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a> with blue or purple berries. They are classified in the <a href="/wiki/Section_(botany)" title="Section (botany)">section</a> <i><b>Cyanococcus</b></i> with the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium" title="Vaccinium">Vaccinium</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-rowland_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rowland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commercial blueberries—both wild (lowbush) and cultivated (highbush)—are all native to North America. The highbush varieties were introduced into Europe during the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-nauman1993_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nauman1993-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blueberries are usually <a href="/wiki/Prostrate_shrub" title="Prostrate shrub">prostrate</a> <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrubs</a> that can vary in size from 10 centimeters (4 inches) to 4 meters (13 feet) in height. In the commercial production of blueberries, the species with small, pea-size berries growing on low-level bushes are known as "lowbush blueberries" (synonymous with "wild"), while the species with larger berries growing on taller, cultivated bushes are known as "highbush blueberries". <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> is the leading producer of lowbush blueberries, while the United States produces some 40% of the world's supply of highbush blueberries. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueberry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many species of blueberries grow wild in North America, including <i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_myrtilloides" title="Vaccinium myrtilloides">Vaccinium myrtilloides</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_angustifolium" title="Vaccinium angustifolium">V. angustifolium</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_corymbosum" title="Vaccinium corymbosum">V. corymbosum</a></i>, which grow on forest floors or near <a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">swamps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nb_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wild blueberries reproduce by <a href="/wiki/Cross_pollination" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross pollination">cross pollination</a>, with each seed producing a plant with a different genetic composition, causing within the same species differences in growth, productivity, color, leaf characteristics, disease resistance, flavor, and other fruit characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-nb_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mother plant develops underground stems called <a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">rhizomes</a>, allowing the plant to form a network of rhizomes creating a large patch (called a <i>clone</i>) which is genetically distinct.<sup id="cite_ref-nb_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Floral" class="mw-redirect" title="Floral">Floral</a> and leaf buds develop intermittently along the stems of the plant, with each floral bud giving rise to 5–6 flowers and the eventual fruit.<sup id="cite_ref-nb_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wild blueberries prefer an acidic soil between 4.2 and 5.2 pH and only moderate amounts of moisture.<sup id="cite_ref-nb_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have a hardy cold tolerance in their range in Canada and the northern United States.<sup id="cite_ref-nb_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fruit productivity of lowbush blueberries varies by the degree of pollination, genetics of the clone, soil fertility, water availability, insect infestation, plant diseases, and local growing conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-nb_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wild (lowbush) blueberries have an average mature weight of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>0.3 grams (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">128</span></span> oz).<sup id="cite_ref-nb_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lowbush blueberries, sometimes called "wild blueberries", are generally not planted by farmers, but rather are managed on berry fields called "barrens".<sup id="cite_ref-aafc_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aafc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cultivated highbush blueberries prefer sandy or <a href="/wiki/Loam" title="Loam">loam</a> soils, having shallow root systems that benefit from <a href="/wiki/Mulch" title="Mulch">mulch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-unh_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unh-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a> of highbush blueberries can be either <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> or <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a>, ovate to <a href="/wiki/Lanceolate" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanceolate">lanceolate</a>, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" />1–8 cm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>–<span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in) long and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" />0.5–3.5 cm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>–<span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in) broad. The <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> are bell-shaped, white, pale pink or red, sometimes tinged greenish. </p><p>The fruit is a <a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">berry</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" />5–16 mm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span>–<span class="frac"><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in) in diameter with a flared crown at the end; they are pale greenish at first, then reddish-purple, and finally uniformly blue when ripe.<sup id="cite_ref-unh_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unh-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are covered in a protective coating of powdery <a href="/wiki/Epicuticular_wax" title="Epicuticular wax">epicuticular wax</a>, colloquially known as the "bloom".<sup id="cite_ref-nb_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They generally have a sweet taste when mature, with variable acidity.<sup id="cite_ref-nb_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-unh_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unh-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blueberry bushes typically bear fruit in the middle of the growing season: fruiting times are affected by local conditions, such as climate, altitude, and <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a>, so the time of harvest in the northern hemisphere can vary from May to August.<sup id="cite_ref-nb_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-unh_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unh-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identification">Identification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueberry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Identification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commercially offered blueberries are usually from species that naturally occur only in eastern and north-central <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. Other sections in the genus are native to other parts of the world, including the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> and the southern United States,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South America, Europe and Asia. Other wild shrubs in many of these regions produce similar-looking edible berries, such as <a href="/wiki/Huckleberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Huckleberries">huckleberries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whortleberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Whortleberries">whortleberries</a> (North America) and bilberries (Europe). These species are sometimes called "blueberries" and are sold as blueberry jam or other products. </p><p>The names of blueberries in languages other than English often translate as "blueberry", e.g. <a href="/wiki/Scots_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots (language)">Scots</a> <i>blaeberry</i> and Norwegian <i>blåbær</i>. <i>Blaeberry</i>, <i>blåbær</i> and French <i>myrtilles</i> usually refer to the European native <i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_myrtillus" title="Vaccinium myrtillus">V. myrtillus</a></i> (bilberry), while <i>bleuets</i> refers to the North American blueberry. </p><p><i>Cyanococcus</i> blueberries can be distinguished from the nearly identical-looking bilberries by their flesh color when cut in half. Ripe blueberries have light green flesh, while bilberries, whortleberries, and huckleberries are red or purple throughout. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Species">Species</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueberry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Blueberry" title="Special:EditPage/Blueberry">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Note: habitat and range summaries are from the <i>Flora of New Brunswick</i>, published in 1986 by Harold R. Hinds, and <i>Plants of the Pacific Northwest coast</i>, published in 1994 by Pojar and MacKinnon. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_angustifolium" title="Vaccinium angustifolium">Vaccinium angustifolium</a></i> (lowbush blueberry):<sup id="cite_ref-Plunkett_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plunkett-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rodriguez-Saona-et-al-2019_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodriguez-Saona-et-al-2019-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> acidic barrens, bogs and clearings, Manitoba to Labrador, south to Nova Scotia; and in the United States, from Maine westward to Iowa and southward to Virginia</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_boreale" title="Vaccinium boreale">Vaccinium boreale</a></i> (northern blueberry): peaty barrens, Quebec and Labrador (rare in New Brunswick), south to New York and Massachusetts</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_caesariense" title="Vaccinium caesariense">Vaccinium caesariense</a></i> (New Jersey blueberry)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_corymbosum" title="Vaccinium corymbosum">Vaccinium corymbosum</a></i> (northern highbush blueberry)<sup id="cite_ref-Plunkett_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plunkett-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_darrowii" title="Vaccinium darrowii">Vaccinium darrowii</a></i> (evergreen blueberry)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_elliottii" title="Vaccinium elliottii">Vaccinium elliottii</a></i> (Elliott blueberry)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_formosum" title="Vaccinium formosum">Vaccinium formosum</a></i> (southern blueberry)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_fuscatum" title="Vaccinium fuscatum">Vaccinium fuscatum</a></i> (black highbush blueberry; syn. <i>V. atrococcum</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_hirsutum" title="Vaccinium hirsutum">Vaccinium hirsutum</a></i> (hairy-fruited blueberry)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_myrsinites" title="Vaccinium myrsinites">Vaccinium myrsinites</a></i> (shiny blueberry)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_myrtilloides" title="Vaccinium myrtilloides">Vaccinium myrtilloides</a></i> (sour top, velvet leaf, or Canadian blueberry)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_pallidum" title="Vaccinium pallidum">Vaccinium pallidum</a></i> (dryland blueberry)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaccinium_simulatum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaccinium simulatum (page does not exist)">Vaccinium simulatum</a></i> (upland highbush blueberry)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_tenellum" title="Vaccinium tenellum">Vaccinium tenellum</a></i> (southern blueberry)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_virgatum" title="Vaccinium virgatum">Vaccinium virgatum</a></i> (rabbiteye blueberry; syn. <i>V. ashei</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Plunkett_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plunkett-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <p>Some other blue-fruited species of <i>Vaccinium</i>: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_koreanum" title="Vaccinium koreanum">Vaccinium koreanum</a></i> (Korean blueberry)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_myrtillus" title="Vaccinium myrtillus">Vaccinium myrtillus</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Bilberry" title="Bilberry">bilberry</a> or European blueberry)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_uliginosum" title="Vaccinium uliginosum">Vaccinium uliginosum</a></i> (bog bilberry/blueberry, northern bilberry or western blueberry)</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wild_Blueberry_in_autumn_foliage.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Wild blueberry in autumn foliage, Pilot Mountain, North Carolina, in October"><img alt="Wild blueberry in autumn foliage, Pilot Mountain, North Carolina, in October" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Wild_Blueberry_in_autumn_foliage.JPG/200px-Wild_Blueberry_in_autumn_foliage.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Wild_Blueberry_in_autumn_foliage.JPG/300px-Wild_Blueberry_in_autumn_foliage.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Wild_Blueberry_in_autumn_foliage.JPG/400px-Wild_Blueberry_in_autumn_foliage.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wild blueberry in autumn foliage, <a href="/wiki/Pilot_Mountain_(North_Carolina)" title="Pilot Mountain (North Carolina)">Pilot Mountain</a>, North Carolina, in October</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maturing_blueberry.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A maturing 'Polaris' blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum)"><img alt="A maturing 'Polaris' blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Maturing_blueberry.jpg/250px-Maturing_blueberry.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Maturing_blueberry.jpg/330px-Maturing_blueberry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Maturing_blueberry.jpg/500px-Maturing_blueberry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A maturing 'Polaris' blueberry (<i>Vaccinium corymbosum</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaccinium_fruits.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A selection of blueberries, showing the typical sizes of the berries. The scale is marked in centimeters."><img alt="A selection of blueberries, showing the typical sizes of the berries. The scale is marked in centimeters." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Vaccinium_fruits.JPG/250px-Vaccinium_fruits.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Vaccinium_fruits.JPG/330px-Vaccinium_fruits.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Vaccinium_fruits.JPG/500px-Vaccinium_fruits.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A selection of blueberries, showing the typical sizes of the berries. The scale is marked in centimeters.</div> </li> </ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="Highbush"></span><span class="anchor" id="Lowbush"></span> The lowbush varieties are <i>V. angustifolium</i>, <i>V. boreale</i>, <i>V. mytilloides</i>, <i>V. pallidum</i>, and <i>V. angustifolium</i> × <i>V. corymbosum</i>. They are still grown similarly to pre-Columbian semi-wild cultivation, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Slash_and_burn" class="mw-redirect" title="Slash and burn">slash and burn</a>. The highbush varieties are darrowii and corymbosum. Rabbiteye (<i>V. ashei</i>/<i>V. virgatum</i>) differ from both high- and lowbush.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodriguez-Saona-et-al-2019_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodriguez-Saona-et-al-2019-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueberry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaccinium_corymbosum0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Vaccinium_corymbosum0.jpg/250px-Vaccinium_corymbosum0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Vaccinium_corymbosum0.jpg/330px-Vaccinium_corymbosum0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Vaccinium_corymbosum0.jpg/500px-Vaccinium_corymbosum0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Flowers on a cultivated blueberry bush</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fresh_blueberries_(49950742312).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Fresh_blueberries_%2849950742312%29.jpg/250px-Fresh_blueberries_%2849950742312%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Fresh_blueberries_%2849950742312%29.jpg/330px-Fresh_blueberries_%2849950742312%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Fresh_blueberries_%2849950742312%29.jpg/500px-Fresh_blueberries_%2849950742312%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Fresh blueberries</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Vaccinium</i> has a mostly <a href="/wiki/Circumpolar_distribution" title="Circumpolar distribution">circumpolar distribution</a>, with species mainly present in North America, Europe, and Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-rowland_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rowland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many commercially available species with English <a href="/wiki/Common_name" title="Common name">common names</a> including "blueberry" are from North America,<sup id="cite_ref-Rodriguez-Saona-et-al-2019_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodriguez-Saona-et-al-2019-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">northeastern United States</a> for wild (lowbush) blueberries, and several US states and <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> for cultivated (highbush) blueberries.<sup id="cite_ref-aafc_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aafc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hbc_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hbc-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>North American native species of blueberries are grown commercially in the Southern Hemisphere in Australia, New Zealand and South American nations. <i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_meridionale" title="Vaccinium meridionale">Vaccinium meridionale</a></i> (the Andean blueberry) is wild-harvested and commonly available locally.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several other wild <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrubs</a> of the genus <i>Vaccinium</i> also produce commonly eaten blue berries, such as the predominantly European <i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_myrtillus" title="Vaccinium myrtillus">V. myrtillus</a></i> and other <a href="/wiki/Bilberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilberries">bilberries</a>, which in many languages have a name that translates to "blueberry" in English. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueberry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blueberry_harvester.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Blueberry_harvester.jpg/250px-Blueberry_harvester.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Blueberry_harvester.jpg/330px-Blueberry_harvester.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Blueberry_harvester.jpg/500px-Blueberry_harvester.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption>Blueberry harvester in <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Blueberries may be cultivated, or they may be picked from semiwild or wild bushes. In North America, the most common cultivated species is <i>V. corymbosum</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_highbush_blueberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern highbush blueberry">northern highbush blueberry</a>. Hybrids of this with other <i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium" title="Vaccinium">Vaccinium</a></i> species adapted to southern U.S. climates are known collectively as southern highbush blueberries.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Highbush blueberries were first cultivated in <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> around the beginning of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-hbc_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hbc-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rodriguez-Saona-et-al-2019_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodriguez-Saona-et-al-2019-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>So-called "wild" (lowbush) blueberries, smaller than cultivated highbush ones, have intense color. <i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium" title="Vaccinium">V. angustifolium</a></i> (lowbush blueberry) is found from the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_provinces" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic provinces">Atlantic provinces</a> westward to <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> and southward to <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>. In some areas, it produces natural "blueberry barrens", where it is the dominant species covering large areas. Several <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> communities in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> are involved in harvesting wild blueberries. </p><p>"Wild" has been adopted as a marketing term for harvests of managed native stands of lowbush blueberries. The bushes are not planted or <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selectively bred</a>, but they are pruned or burned over every two years, and pests are "managed".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous highbush <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> of blueberries are available, with diversity among them, each having individual qualities. A blueberry breeding program has been established by the <a href="/wiki/USDA-ARS" class="mw-redirect" title="USDA-ARS">USDA-ARS</a> breeding program at <a href="/wiki/Beltsville,_Maryland" title="Beltsville, Maryland">Beltsville, Maryland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chatsworth,_New_Jersey" title="Chatsworth, New Jersey">Chatsworth, New Jersey</a>. This program began when <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Vernon_Coville" title="Frederick Vernon Coville">Frederick Vernon Coville</a> of the USDA-ARS collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Coleman_White" title="Elizabeth Coleman White">Elizabeth Coleman White</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early part of the 20th century, White offered pineland residents cash for wild blueberry plants with unusually large fruit.<sup id="cite_ref-whitesboghistory_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitesboghistory-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1910 Coville began to work on blueberry, and was the first to discover the importance of <a href="/wiki/Soil_acidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil acidity">soil acidity</a> (blueberries need highly acidic soil), that blueberries do not self-pollinate, and the effects of cold on blueberries and other plants.<sup id="cite_ref-mirsky_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mirsky-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1911, he began a program of research in conjunction with White, daughter of the owner of the extensive <a href="/wiki/Cranberry_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranberry bog">cranberry bogs</a> at Whitesbog in the <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Pine_Barrens" title="New Jersey Pine Barrens">New Jersey Pine Barrens</a>. His work doubled the size of some strains' fruit, and by 1916, he had succeeded in cultivating blueberries, making them a valuable crop in the Northeastern United States.<sup id="cite_ref-whitesboghistory_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitesboghistory-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JN62916_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JN62916-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this work he received the George Roberts White Medal of Honor from the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Horticultural_Society" title="Massachusetts Horticultural Society">Massachusetts Horticultural Society</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Rabbiteye_blueberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbiteye blueberry">rabbiteye blueberry</a> (<i>Vaccinium virgatum</i> syn. <i>V. ashei</i>) is a southern type of blueberry produced from <a href="/wiki/The_Carolinas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Carolinas">the Carolinas</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf Coast</a> states. Production of rabbiteye blueberries was a focus in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> in the early 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other important species in North America include <i>V. pallidum</i>, the hillside or dryland blueberry. It is native to the eastern U.S., and common in the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Piedmont_(United_States)" title="Piedmont (United States)">Piedmont</a> of the Southeast. Sparkleberry, <i>V. arboreum</i>, is a common wild species on sandy soils in the Southeast. </p><p>Successful blueberry cultivation requires attention to <a href="/wiki/Soil_pH" title="Soil pH">soil pH</a> (<a href="/wiki/Acidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidity">acidity</a>) measurements in the acidic range.<sup id="cite_ref-msu_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msu-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-purdue_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-purdue-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blueberry bushes often require supplemental fertilization,<sup id="cite_ref-purdue_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-purdue-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but over-fertilization with nitrogen can damage plant health, as evidenced by nitrogen burn visible on the leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-msu_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msu-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-purdue_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-purdue-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growing_regions">Growing regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueberry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Growing regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BlueberryYield.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/BlueberryYield.png/220px-BlueberryYield.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/BlueberryYield.png/330px-BlueberryYield.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/BlueberryYield.png/440px-BlueberryYield.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Worldwide highbush blueberry growing areas (data from 2008)</figcaption></figure> <p>Significant production of highbush blueberries occurs in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Oregon" title="Western Oregon">Western Oregon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Washington_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington (U.S. state)">Washington</a>. The production of southern highbush varieties occurs in California, as varieties originating from <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University" title="North Carolina State University">North Carolina State University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> have been introduced. <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, Spain, and Mexico also have significant production, as of 2018 (see Production).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueberry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> produced the most cultivated blueberries, recording 59 million kilograms (131 million pounds), an amount slightly exceeding the production by <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In descending order of production volume for 2017, other major producers were <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(US_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia (US state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, California, and <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hammonton,_New_Jersey" title="Hammonton, New Jersey">Hammonton, New Jersey</a>, claims to be the "Blueberry Capital of the World",<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with over 80% of New Jersey's cultivated blueberries coming from this town.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every year the town hosts a large festival, which draws thousands of people to celebrate the fruit.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> is known for its wild blueberries,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the state's lowbush (wild) and highbush blueberries combined account for 10% of all blueberries grown in North America. Some 44,000 hectares (110,000 acres) are farmed, but only half of this acreage is harvested each year due to variations in pruning practices.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wild blueberry is the official fruit of Maine.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueberry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wild_blueberry_fields_in_the_fall_near_Parrsboro_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wild_blueberry_fields_in_the_fall_near_Parrsboro_%281%29.jpg/220px-Wild_blueberry_fields_in_the_fall_near_Parrsboro_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wild_blueberry_fields_in_the_fall_near_Parrsboro_%281%29.jpg/330px-Wild_blueberry_fields_in_the_fall_near_Parrsboro_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wild_blueberry_fields_in_the_fall_near_Parrsboro_%281%29.jpg/440px-Wild_blueberry_fields_in_the_fall_near_Parrsboro_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Wild blueberry fields in <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, Canada</figcaption></figure> <p>Canadian production of wild and cultivated blueberries in 2015 was 166,000 tonnes valued at $262 million, the largest fruit crop produced nationally accounting for 29% of all fruit value.<sup id="cite_ref-statcan_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statcan-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> was the largest Canadian producer of cultivated blueberries, yielding 70,000 tonnes in 2015,<sup id="cite_ref-statcan_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statcan-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the world's largest production of blueberries by region.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a> contributes approximately half of the total North American wild/lowbush annual production with <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> having the largest in 2015, an amount expanding in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, Prince Edward Island and <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" class="mw-redirect" title="Québec">Québec</a> are also major producers.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nova Scotia recognizes the wild blueberry as its official provincial berry,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the town of <a href="/wiki/Oxford,_Nova_Scotia" title="Oxford, Nova Scotia">Oxford, Nova Scotia</a> known as the Wild Blueberry Capital of Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Québec is a major producer of wild blueberries, especially in the regions of <a href="/wiki/Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean" class="mw-redirect" title="Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean">Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean</a> (where a popular name for inhabitants of the regions is <i>bleuets</i>, or "blueberries") and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te-Nord" title="Côte-Nord">Côte-Nord</a>, which together provide 40% of Québec's total provincial production. This wild blueberry commerce benefits from <a href="/wiki/Vertical_integration" title="Vertical integration">vertical integration</a> of growing, processing, frozen storage, marketing, and transportation within relatively small regions of the province.<sup id="cite_ref-quebec_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quebec-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On average, 80% of Québec wild blueberries are harvested on farms (21 million kilograms (23,000 short tons)), the remaining 20% being harvested from public forests (5 million kilograms (5,500 short tons)).<sup id="cite_ref-quebec_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quebec-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some 95% of the wild blueberry crop in Québec is frozen for export out of the province.<sup id="cite_ref-quebec_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quebec-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agraz..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Agraz..jpg/170px-Agraz..jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Agraz..jpg/255px-Agraz..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Agraz..jpg/340px-Agraz..jpg 2x" data-file-width="419" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_meridionale" title="Vaccinium meridionale">Vaccinium meridionale</a></i>, a wild species found in the Andes<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueberry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Highbush blueberries were first introduced to Germany, Sweden, and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> in the 1930s, and have since been spread to numerous other countries of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-nauman1993_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nauman1993-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>V. corymbosum</i> only began to be cultivated in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> in a few years leading up to 2018 and rapidly increased in production and sales in that time (as with berries in general). As of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blueberry&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> it remains relatively unmolested by pests and diseases (see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Diseases">Diseases</a> below).<sup id="cite_ref-Slav-et-al-2018_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slav-et-al-2018-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southern_Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueberry&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Southern Hemisphere"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>, Brazil, Chile, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, New Zealand, Australia, South Africa,<sup id="cite_ref-where_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-where-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> grow blueberries commercially.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Brazil, blueberries are produced in the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná, São Paulo and Minas Gerais.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blueberries were first introduced to Australia in the 1950s, but the effort was unsuccessful. In the early 1970s, the Victorian Department of Agriculture imported seed from the U.S. and a selection trial was started. This work was continued into the mid-1970s when the Australian Blueberry Growers' Association was formed.<sup id="cite_ref-australianblueberries.com.au_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-australianblueberries.com.au-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 21st century, the industry grew in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>: "Argentine blueberry production has increased over the last three years with planted area up to 400 percent," according to a 2005 report by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Argentine blueberry production has thrived in four different regions: the province of Entre Rios in northeastern Argentina, the province of Tucuman, the province of Buenos Aires and the southern Patagonian valleys", according to the report.<sup id="cite_ref-gain2005_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gain2005-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_International_Labor_Affairs" title="Bureau of International Labor Affairs">Bureau of International Labor Affairs</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Goods_Produced_by_Child_Labor_or_Forced_Labor" title="List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor">report</a> of 2014 on <a href="/wiki/Child_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor">child labor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forced_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced labor">forced labor</a>, blueberries were listed among the goods produced in such working conditions in Argentina.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Pests"></span><span class="anchor" id="Diseases"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pests_and_diseases">Pests and diseases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueberry&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pests and diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diseases">Diseases</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueberry&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Vaccinium_diseases" title="List of Vaccinium diseases">List of Vaccinium diseases</a></div> <p>As of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blueberry&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> <i>V. corymbosum</i> remains relatively unmolested by pests and diseases in Romania, with <i><a href="/wiki/Phytophthora_cinnamomi" title="Phytophthora cinnamomi">Phytophthora cinnamomi</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Monilinia" title="Monilinia">Monilinia</a> vaccinii-corymbosi</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Botryosphaeria" title="Botryosphaeria">Botryosphaeria</a> corticis</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Godronia" title="Godronia">Godronia</a> cassandrae</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Phomopsis" title="Phomopsis">Phomopsis</a></i> sp., <i><a href="/wiki/Botrytis_cinerea" title="Botrytis cinerea">Botrytis cinerea</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Naohidemyces_vaccinii" title="Naohidemyces vaccinii">Naohidemyces vaccinii</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Microsphaera_penicillata_var._vaccinii" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsphaera penicillata var. vaccinii"><i>Microsphaera penicillata</i> var. <i>vaccinii</i></a>, and various viruses being the most common.<sup id="cite_ref-Slav-et-al-2018_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slav-et-al-2018-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pest_management">Pest management</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueberry&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pest management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Pesticides">Pesticides</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueberry&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pesticides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a> began to be used in blueberry soon after its discovery in 1939, and a few years later in the mid-1940s research began into its use in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodriguez-Saona-et-al-2019_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodriguez-Saona-et-al-2019-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because "wild" is a marketing term generally used for all low-bush blueberries, it does not indicate that such blueberries are free from pesticides.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Insecticide <a href="/wiki/Mode_of_action" title="Mode of action">modes of action</a> must be varied to avoid encouraging resistance in the invasive pest <i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila_suzukii" title="Drosophila suzukii">Drosophila suzukii</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodriguez-Saona-et-al-2019_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodriguez-Saona-et-al-2019-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">insecticides</a> can be counterproductive, harming <a href="/wiki/Natural_enemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural enemy">natural enemies</a> of pests as well. For example, treatment for <i>Illinoia pepperi</i> can reduce populations of its <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predators</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kaolin_clay" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaolin clay">Kaolin clay</a> for <i><a href="/wiki/Rhagoletis_mendax" title="Rhagoletis mendax">Rhagoletis mendax</a></i> also reduced effectiveness of <i><a href="/wiki/Diachasma_alloeum" title="Diachasma alloeum">Diachasma alloeum</a></i>, its <a href="/wiki/Parasitoid" title="Parasitoid">parasitoid</a>. The pest predator <i><a href="/wiki/Harpalus_erraticus" title="Harpalus erraticus">Harpalus erraticus</a></i> maintains greater abundance with selective insecticides rather than broad-spectrum MoAs.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodriguez-Saona-et-al-2019_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodriguez-Saona-et-al-2019-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="IPM"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Integrated_pest_management">Integrated pest management</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueberry&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Integrated pest management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Blueberries are naturally relatively unmolested by <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropod</a> pests. Nonetheless, there are 24 insect taxa known to be <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pest (organism)s</a> in North America, the worst in New Jersey, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, and Eastern Canada being <i><a href="/wiki/Rhagoletis_mendax" title="Rhagoletis mendax">Rhagoletis mendax</a></i>. Secondary but still important are <i><a href="/wiki/Acrobasis_vaccinii" title="Acrobasis vaccinii">Acrobasis vaccinii</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Grapholita" title="Grapholita">Grapholita</a> packardi</i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Conotrachelus" title="Conotrachelus">Conotrachelus</a> <a href="/wiki/Conotrachelus_nenuphar" class="mw-redirect" title="Conotrachelus nenuphar">nenuphar</a></i>. These four are the most common targets for the development of IPM practices. as of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blueberry&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, IPM research has also taken an interest in <i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila_suzukii" title="Drosophila suzukii">Drosophila suzukii</a></i> and arthropods like <a href="/wiki/Aphid" title="Aphid">aphids</a> (that vector diseases such as scorch virus and <a href="/wiki/Blueberry_shoestring_virus" title="Blueberry shoestring virus">shoestring virus</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Cicadellid" class="mw-redirect" title="Cicadellid">cicadellids</a> (vectoring the <a href="/wiki/Phytoplasma" title="Phytoplasma">phytoplasma</a> that causes blueberry stunt). Managing pests down to the cosmetic level is necessary for this fruit because they are a premium product.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodriguez-Saona-et-al-2019_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodriguez-Saona-et-al-2019-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Changes in locale and environment – to new geographies, and into <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouses</a> – have required new pest management regimes, including innovative IPM. Conversely, importing foreign potential enemies into North America may yield good results: <i><a href="/wiki/Operophtera_brumata" class="mw-redirect" title="Operophtera brumata">Operophtera brumata</a></i> is a pest of blueberries and <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birches</a> which is successfully parasitized by <i><a href="/wiki/Cyzenis_albicans" title="Cyzenis albicans">Cyzenis albicans</a></i> despite the lack of historical, natural contact between the two. The same results were obtained with <i><a href="/wiki/Scirtothrips" title="Scirtothrips">Scirtothrips</a> citri</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Beauveria_bassiana" title="Beauveria bassiana">Beauveria bassiana</a></i>. Results are available for <i><a href="/wiki/Choristoneura_rosaceana" title="Choristoneura rosaceana">Choristoneura rosaceana</a></i> and overwhelming numbers of <i><a href="/wiki/Trichogramma" title="Trichogramma">Trichogramma</a> minutum</i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Cyclocephala_longula" title="Cyclocephala longula">Cyclocephala longula</a></i> overwhelmed by <i><a href="/wiki/Steinernema" title="Steinernema">Steinernema</a> scarabaei</i>. This has also been attempted with flower <a href="/wiki/Thrips" title="Thrips">thrips</a> and potential predators but with inconclusive results.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodriguez-Saona-et-al-2019_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodriguez-Saona-et-al-2019-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Quarantine"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="International_quarantine">International quarantine</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueberry&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: International quarantine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Rhagoletis_mendax" title="Rhagoletis mendax">Rhagoletis mendax</a></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Quarantine_pest" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarantine pest">quarantine pest</a> in <a href="/wiki/Phytosanitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytosanitation">phytosanitary</a> regimes of some countries around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodriguez-Saona-et-al-2019_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodriguez-Saona-et-al-2019-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Resistant_cultivars">Resistant cultivars</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueberry&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Resistant cultivars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Insect resistance was not a priority in <a href="/wiki/Breeding_program" title="Breeding program">breeding programs</a> until about the year 2000 and is still not a high priority. However, it may become more common as it becomes easier, especially using <a href="/wiki/Marker-assisted_breeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Marker-assisted breeding">marker-assisted breeding</a>. <i>V. ashei</i> is naturally more <a href="/wiki/Plant_pest_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant pest resistance">resistant</a> than <i>V. corymbosum</i> to <i><a href="/wiki/Scaphytopius" title="Scaphytopius">Scaphytopius</a> magdalensis</i>. <i>V. ashei</i> is less resistant than <i>V. darrowii</i> to <i><a href="/wiki/Prodiplosis" title="Prodiplosis">Prodiplosis</a> vaccinia</i>. There is variation between cultivars of <i>V. ashei</i> in resistance to <i><a href="/wiki/Oberea_myops" title="Oberea myops">Oberea myops</a></i>. There is variation in resistance among cultivars of <i>V. corymbosum</i> to <i><a href="/wiki/Acrobasis_vaccinii" title="Acrobasis vaccinii">Acrobasis vaccinii</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Popillia_japonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Popillia japonica">Popillia japonica</a></i>. Wild <i>V.</i> spp. have greater resistance than highbush cultivars to <i>I. pepperi</i>. There is significant variation between highbush cultivars in the abundance of various <a href="/wiki/Tephritidae" title="Tephritidae">Tephritidae</a>, thrips, and <i><a href="/wiki/Homalodisca_vitripennis" class="mw-redirect" title="Homalodisca vitripennis">Homalodisca vitripennis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodriguez-Saona-et-al-2019_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodriguez-Saona-et-al-2019-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production">Production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueberry&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:right; text-align:center;"> <caption>Blueberry production – 2021 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Production<br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>)</small> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>351,130 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></td> <td>227,971 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td> <td>146,551 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/40px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/60px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></td> <td>122,795 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></td> <td>66,482 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/60px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td>61,230 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>World</b></td> <td><b>1,113,261</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><small>Source: <a href="/wiki/FAOSTAT" class="mw-redirect" title="FAOSTAT">FAOSTAT</a> of the United Nations<sup id="cite_ref-fao_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2021, world production of blueberries (lowbush and highbush combined) was 1.1 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>, led by the United States with 32% of global production, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> with 20%, and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> with 13%.<sup id="cite_ref-fao_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, Canada was the largest producer of wild blueberries, mainly in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_provinces" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic provinces">Atlantic provinces</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-canblue_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canblue-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Canadian production of wild blueberries decreased since 2017 by transitioning to the more profitable cultivated highbush blueberries.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> produced 93% of the Canadian highbush blueberry crop in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-canblue_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canblue-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regulations">Regulations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueberry&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Regulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Canada No. 1 blueberries are all similar in size, shape, weight, and color—the total product can be no more than ten percent off-color and three percent otherwise defective.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Blueberries, raw</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dish_of_blueberries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Dish_of_blueberries.jpg/250px-Dish_of_blueberries.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Dish_of_blueberries.jpg/500px-Dish_of_blueberries.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3448" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A dish of blueberries</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">240 kJ (57 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">14.49 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">9.96 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">2.4 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.33 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.74 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A equiv.</a><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beta-Carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Carotene">beta-Carotene</a></div><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lutein" title="Lutein">lutein</a> <a href="/wiki/Zeaxanthin" title="Zeaxanthin">zeaxanthin</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div>32 μg</div><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;">80 μg</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">54 IU</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">1</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 0.037 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">2</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 0.041 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">3</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 0.418 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">5</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.124 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;">6</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 0.052 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">9</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 6 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">11%</div> 9.7 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">4%</div> 0.57 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">16%</div> 19.3 μg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 6 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.28 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 6 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese#Human_health_and_nutrition" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">15%</div> 0.336 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 12 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 77 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 1 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.165 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em">Other constituents</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">84 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/171711/nutrients">Link to USDA Database entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em"><sup>†</sup>Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<sup id="cite_ref-FDADailyValues_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueberry&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a> has a recipe/module on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Blueberry" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Blueberry"> Blueberry</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Blueberry" title="Special:EditPage/Blueberry">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Blueberry%22">"Blueberry"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Blueberry%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Blueberry%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Blueberry%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Blueberry%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Blueberry%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> peoples of Canada consumed wild blueberries for millennia.<sup id="cite_ref-aafc_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aafc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blueberries are sold fresh or are processed as <a href="/wiki/Individual_Quick_Freezing" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual Quick Freezing">individually quick frozen</a> fruit, <a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9e" title="Purée">purée</a>, juice, or dried or infused berries. These may then be used in a variety of consumer goods, such as <a href="/wiki/Jelly_(fruit_preserves)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jelly (fruit preserves)">jellies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jam">jams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blueberry_pie" title="Blueberry pie">pies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muffin" title="Muffin">muffins</a>, snack foods, pancakes, or as an additive to <a href="/wiki/Breakfast_cereal" title="Breakfast cereal">breakfast cereals</a>. </p><p>Blueberry jam is made from blueberries, sugar, water, and fruit <a href="/wiki/Pectin" title="Pectin">pectin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Blueberry_sauce" title="Blueberry sauce">Blueberry sauce</a> is a sweet sauce prepared using blueberries as a primary ingredient. </p><p>Blueberry wine is made from the flesh and skin of the berries, which is fermented and then matured; usually, the lowbush variety is used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrients">Nutrients</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueberry&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Nutrients"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Blueberries consist of 14% <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, 0.7% <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>, 0.3% fat, and 84% water. They contain only negligible amounts of <a href="/wiki/Micronutrients" class="mw-redirect" title="Micronutrients">micronutrients</a>, with moderate levels (relative to respective <a href="/wiki/Daily_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Value">Daily Values</a>) (DV) of the essential <a href="/wiki/Dietary_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary mineral">dietary mineral</a> <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">vitamin K</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a>. Generally, the nutrient contents of blueberries are a low percentage of the DV. A 100-gram serving provides a relatively low amount of <a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">food energy</a> – 240 kilojoules (57 kcal) – with a <a href="/wiki/Glycemic_load" title="Glycemic load">glycemic load</a> of 6. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phytochemicals_and_research">Phytochemicals and research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueberry&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Phytochemicals and research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Blueberries contain <a href="/wiki/Anthocyanin" title="Anthocyanin">anthocyanins</a>, other <a href="/wiki/Polyphenol" title="Polyphenol">polyphenols</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">phytochemicals</a> under preliminary research for their potential biological effects.<sup id="cite_ref-lpi_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lpi-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most polyphenol studies have been conducted using the highbush cultivar of blueberries (<i>V. corymbosum</i>), while content of polyphenols and anthocyanins in lowbush (wild) blueberries (<i>V. angustifolium</i>) exceeds values found in highbush cultivars.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaccinium_fruit.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A cut blueberry showing how, having been frozen and then thawed, the anthocyanins in the pericarp can run into the damaged cells, staining the flesh."><img alt="A cut blueberry showing how, having been frozen and then thawed, the anthocyanins in the pericarp can run into the damaged cells, staining the flesh." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Vaccinium_fruit.JPG/200px-Vaccinium_fruit.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Vaccinium_fruit.JPG/300px-Vaccinium_fruit.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Vaccinium_fruit.JPG/400px-Vaccinium_fruit.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A cut blueberry showing how, having been frozen and then thawed, the <a href="/wiki/Anthocyanin" title="Anthocyanin">anthocyanins</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pericarp" class="mw-redirect" title="Pericarp">pericarp</a> can run into the <a href="/wiki/Freezing#Freezing_of_living_organisms" title="Freezing">damaged cells</a>, staining the flesh.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anthocyanidine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Core structure common to all anthocyanins, some of which produce the blue pigments in blueberries.[52]"><img alt="Core structure common to all anthocyanins, some of which produce the blue pigments in blueberries.[52]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Anthocyanidine.svg/250px-Anthocyanidine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Anthocyanidine.svg/330px-Anthocyanidine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Anthocyanidine.svg/400px-Anthocyanidine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Core structure common to all <a href="/wiki/Anthocyanin" title="Anthocyanin">anthocyanins</a>, some of which produce the blue pigments in blueberries.<sup id="cite_ref-lpi_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lpi-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueberry&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" 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.reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-rowland-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rowland_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rowland_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLisa_J._RowlandFreddi_A._Hammerschlag2005" class="citation book cs1">Lisa J. Rowland; Freddi A. Hammerschlag (2005). Richard E. Litz (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AxbUJntXepEC&pg=PA222"><i><span></span></i>Vaccinium<i> spp. (8.1: Blueberry). In: Biotechnology of Fruit and Nut Crops: Volume 29 of Biotechnology in Agriculture Series</i></a>. CABI. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85199-066-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-85199-066-5"><bdi>0-85199-066-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201212091802/https://books.google.com/books?id=AxbUJntXepEC&pg=PA222">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vaccinium+spp.+%288.1%3A+Blueberry%29.+In%3A+Biotechnology+of+Fruit+and+Nut+Crops%3A+Volume+29+of+Biotechnology+in+Agriculture+Series&rft.pub=CABI&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-85199-066-5&rft.au=Lisa+J.+Rowland&rft.au=Freddi+A.+Hammerschlag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAxbUJntXepEC%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlueberry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nauman1993-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nauman1993_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nauman1993_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNaumann1993" class="citation book cs1">Naumann, W. D. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.actahort.org/books/346/346_6.htm">"Overview of the Vaccinium Industry in Western Europe"</a>. In K. A. Clayton-Greene (ed.). <i>Fifth International Symposium on Vaccinium Culture</i>. Wageningen, the Netherlands: International Society for Horticultural Science. pp. <span class="nowrap">53–</span>58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6605-475-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6605-475-2"><bdi>978-90-6605-475-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29663461">29663461</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311054006/http://www.actahort.org/books/346/346_6.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 11, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australian+Blueberry+Growers%27+Association&rft.pub=Australianblueberries.com.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.australianblueberries.com.au&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlueberry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fas.usda.gov/gainfiles/200501/146118470.doc">U.S. Department of Agriculture GAIN Report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081016204951/http://www.fas.usda.gov/gainfiles/200501/146118470.doc">Archived</a> October 16, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Retrieved June 30, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gain2005-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gain2005_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPirovano2005" class="citation web cs1">Pirovano, Francisco (January 12, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fas.usda.gov/gainfiles/200501/146118470.doc">"Argentina Blueberries Voluntary 2005"</a>. <i>GAIN Report</i>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Agricultural_Service" title="Foreign Agricultural Service">Foreign Agricultural Service</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081016204951/http://www.fas.usda.gov/gainfiles/200501/146118470.doc">Archived</a> from the original on October 16, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GAIN+Report&rft.atitle=Argentina+Blueberries+Voluntary+2005&rft.date=2005-01-12&rft.aulast=Pirovano&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.usda.gov%2Fgainfiles%2F200501%2F146118470.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlueberry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/">"List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor"</a>. <i>dol.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150610003351/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/">Archived</a> from the original on June 10, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dol.gov&rft.atitle=List+of+Goods+Produced+by+Child+Labor+or+Forced+Labor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dol.gov%2Filab%2Freports%2Fchild-labor%2Flist-of-goods%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlueberry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110301051357/http://www.environmentmaine.org/reports/environmental-health/reduce-pesticide-exposure-reports/catching-the-toxic-drift-how-pesticides-used-in-the-blueberry-industry-threaten-our-communities-our-water-and-the-environment">"Catching the Toxic Drift: How Pesticides Used in the Blueberry Industry Threaten Our Communities, Our Water and the Environment"</a>. Environment Maine. August 16, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environmentmaine.org/reports/environmental-health/reduce-pesticide-exposure-reports/catching-the-toxic-drift-how-pesticides-used-in-the-blueberry-industry-threaten-our-communities-our-water-and-the-environment">the original</a> on March 1, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canadian+blueberries&rft.pub=Agriculture+and+Agri-Food+Canada%2C+Government+of+Canada&rft.date=2019-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agr.gc.ca%2Feng%2Findustry-markets-and-trade%2Fbuying-canadian-food-products%2Fcanadian-blueberries%2F%3Fid%3D1426167712421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlueberry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agr.gc.ca/eng/science-and-innovation/agriculture-and-agri-food-research-centres-and-collections/atlantic-provinces/charlottetown-research-and-development-centre/blueberries-transitioning-from-wild-to-cultivated-production/?id=1517263014132">"Blueberries: transitioning from wild to cultivated production"</a>. Charlottetown Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Government of Canada. January 31, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191216235645/http://agr.gc.ca/eng/science-and-innovation/agriculture-and-agri-food-research-centres-and-collections/atlantic-provinces/charlottetown-research-and-development-centre/blueberries-transitioning-from-wild-to-cultivated-production/?id=1517263014132">Archived</a> from the original on December 16, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 12,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=inspection.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Grades+and+Requirements+for+Blueberries%3B+In%3A+Canadian+Grade+Compendium%3B+Volume+2+%E2%80%93+Fresh+Fruit+or+Vegetables&rft.date=2018-03-02&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Canadian+Food+Inspection+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finspection.gc.ca%2Fabout-the-cfia%2Facts-and-regulations%2Flist-of-acts-and-regulations%2Fdocuments-incorporated-by-reference%2Fcanadian-grade-compendium-volume-2%2Feng%2F1519996239002%2F1519996303947%3Fchap%3D2%23s6c2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlueberry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FDADailyValues-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FDADailyValues_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Food_and_Drug_Administration2024" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">United States Food and Drug Administration</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels">"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"</a>. <i>FDA</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240327175201/https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels">Archived</a> from the original on March 27, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FDA&rft.atitle=Daily+Value+on+the+Nutrition+and+Supplement+Facts+Labels&rft.date=2024&rft.au=United+States+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Ffood%2Fnutrition-facts-label%2Fdaily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlueberry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545428/table/tab_4_7/">"TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report"</a>. p. 120.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TABLE+4-7+Comparison+of+Potassium+Adequate+Intakes+Established+in+This+Report+to+Potassium+Adequate+Intakes+Established+in+the+2005+DRI+Report&rft.pages=120&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK545428%2Ftable%2Ftab_4_7%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlueberry" class="Z3988"></span> In: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStallingsHarrisonOria2019" class="citation book cs1">Stallings, Virginia A.; Harrison, Meghan; Oria, Maria, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". <i>Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">101–</span>124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F25353">10.17226/25353</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-48834-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-48834-1"><bdi>978-0-309-48834-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30844154">30844154</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bookshelf_ID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bookshelf ID (identifier)">NCBI</a><span class="nowrap"> </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545428">NBK545428</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Potassium%3A+Dietary+Reference+Intakes+for+Adequacy&rft.btitle=Dietary+Reference+Intakes+for+Sodium+and+Potassium&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E124&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30844154&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F25353&rft.isbn=978-0-309-48834-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlueberry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lpi-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lpi_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lpi_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/dietary-factors/phytochemicals/flavonoids">"Flavonoids"</a>. Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. November 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191024044103/https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/dietary-factors/phytochemicals/flavonoids">Archived</a> from the original on October 24, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 25,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flavonoids&rft.pub=Micronutrient+Information+Center%2C+Linus+Pauling+Institute%2C+Oregon+State+University%2C+Corvallis%2C+OR&rft.date=2015-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flpi.oregonstate.edu%2Fmic%2Fdietary-factors%2Fphytochemicals%2Fflavonoids&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlueberry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaltRyanDuyPrior2001" class="citation journal cs1">Kalt W, Ryan DA, Duy JC, Prior RL, Ehlenfeldt MK, Vander Kloet SP (October 2001). "Interspecific variation in anthocyanins, phenolics, and antioxidant capacity among genotypes of highbush and lowbush blueberries (<i>Vaccinium cyanococcus</i> spp.)". <i>J Agric Food Chem</i>. <b>49</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">4761–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf010653e">10.1021/jf010653e</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8561">0021-8561</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11600018">11600018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Agric+Food+Chem&rft.atitle=Interspecific+variation+in+anthocyanins%2C+phenolics%2C+and+antioxidant+capacity+among+genotypes+of+highbush+and+lowbush+blueberries+%28Vaccinium+cyanococcus+spp.%29&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4761-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=2001-10&rft.issn=0021-8561&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11600018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjf010653e&rft.aulast=Kalt&rft.aufirst=W&rft.au=Ryan%2C+DA&rft.au=Duy%2C+JC&rft.au=Prior%2C+RL&rft.au=Ehlenfeldt%2C+MK&rft.au=Vander+Kloet%2C+SP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlueberry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueberry&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Retamales, J. B., Hancock, J. F. (2012). <i>Blueberries</i> (Crop Production Science in Horticulture). CABI. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84593-826-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84593-826-0">978-1-84593-826-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSumner,_Judith2004" class="citation book cs1">Sumner, Judith (2004). <i>American Household Botany: A History of Useful Plants, 1620–1900</i>. Timber Press. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88192-652-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-88192-652-3"><bdi>0-88192-652-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Household+Botany%3A+A+History+of+Useful+Plants%2C+1620%E2%80%931900&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Timber+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-88192-652-3&rft.au=Sumner%2C+Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlueberry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wright, Virginia (2011). <i>The Wild Blueberry Book</i>. Down East Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89272-939-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89272-939-5">978-0-89272-939-5</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueberry&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://njaes.rutgers.edu/blueberry-bulletin/"><i>The Blueberry Bulletin</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Blueberries" title="Template:Blueberries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Blueberries" title="Template talk:Blueberries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Blueberries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Blueberries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Blueberries193" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Blueberries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_angustifolium" title="Vaccinium angustifolium">Vaccinium angustifolium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_boreale" title="Vaccinium boreale">Vaccinium boreale</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_caesariense" title="Vaccinium caesariense">Vaccinium caesariense</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_corymbosum" title="Vaccinium corymbosum">Vaccinium corymbosum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_darrowii" title="Vaccinium darrowii">Vaccinium darrowii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_elliottii" title="Vaccinium elliottii">Vaccinium elliottii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_fuscatum" title="Vaccinium fuscatum">Vaccinium fuscatum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_hirsutum" title="Vaccinium hirsutum">Vaccinium hirsutum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_koreanum" title="Vaccinium koreanum">Vaccinium koreanum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_meridionale" title="Vaccinium meridionale">Vaccinium meridionale</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_myrsinites" title="Vaccinium myrsinites">Vaccinium myrsinites</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_myrtilloides" title="Vaccinium myrtilloides">Vaccinium myrtilloides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_pallidum" title="Vaccinium pallidum">Vaccinium pallidum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_tenellum" title="Vaccinium tenellum">Vaccinium tenellum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_virgatum" title="Vaccinium virgatum">Vaccinium virgatum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antioxidant-berries-bilberry-988870.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Blueberries"><img alt="Blueberries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Antioxidant-berries-bilberry-988870.jpg/85px-Antioxidant-berries-bilberry-988870.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Antioxidant-berries-bilberry-988870.jpg/128px-Antioxidant-berries-bilberry-988870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Antioxidant-berries-bilberry-988870.jpg/170px-Antioxidant-berries-bilberry-988870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1640" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Blueberry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">As food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilberry" title="Bilberry">Bilberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%A5b%C3%A4rssoppa" title="Blåbärssoppa">Blåbärssoppa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueberry_pie" title="Blueberry pie">Blueberry pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueberry_sauce" title="Blueberry sauce">Blueberry sauce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blueberry_tea" title="Blueberry tea">Blueberry tea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Blueberries" title="Category:Blueberries">Category: Blueberries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Non-timber_forest_products870" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Template:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Template talk:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Non-timber_forest_products870" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a 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href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilberry" title="Bilberry">Bilberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_binucao" title="Garcinia binucao">Binukaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackberry" title="Blackberry">Blackberry</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Blueberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">Breadfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durian" title="Durian">Durian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_gummi-gutta" title="Garcinia gummi-gutta">Gambooge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huckleberry" title="Huckleberry">Huckleberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper_berry" title="Juniper berry">Juniper berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_vitis-idaea" title="Vaccinium vitis-idaea">Lingonberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raspberry" title="Raspberry">Raspberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">Strawberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">Tamarind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_vesca" title="Fragaria vesca">Woodland strawberry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaf_vegetables" title="List of leaf vegetables">Edible plants</a> / <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betel" title="Betel">Betel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiddlehead" title="Fiddlehead">Fiddlehead ferns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_palm" title="Heart of palm">Heart of palm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Mahuwa_flowers" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahuwa flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metroxylon_sagu" title="Metroxylon sagu">Sago palm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycas_circinalis" title="Cycas circinalis">queen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassafras" title="Sassafras">Sassafras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fil%C3%A9_powder" title="Filé powder">filé powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_beer" title="Root beer">root beer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenoa" title="Serenoa">Saw palmetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginseng#Wild_ginseng" title="Ginseng">Wild ginseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_onion" title="Wild onion">Wild onions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_ursinum" title="Allium ursinum">Bear garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_canadense" title="Allium canadense">Canada onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_vineale" title="Allium vineale">Crow garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_bisceptrum" title="Allium bisceptrum">Twincrest onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_validum" title="Allium validum">Pacific mountain onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tricoccum" title="Allium tricoccum">Ramps</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Edible_mushroom" title="Edible mushroom">Mushrooms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russula_vesca" title="Russula vesca">Bare-toothed russula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imleria_badia" title="Imleria badia">Bay bolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccinum_scabrum" title="Leccinum scabrum">Birch bolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boletus_edulis" title="Boletus edulis">Cep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantharellus" title="Cantharellus">Chanterelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armillaria_mellea" title="Armillaria mellea">Honey mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingzhi_(mushroom)" title="Lingzhi (mushroom)">Lingzhi</a> (reishi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsutake" title="Matsutake">Matsutake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agaricus_campestris" title="Agaricus campestris">Meadow mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morchella" title="Morchella">Morel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleurotus_ostreatus" title="Pleurotus ostreatus">Oyster mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrolepiota_procera" title="Macrolepiota procera">Parasol mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccinum_aurantiacum" title="Leccinum aurantiacum">Red cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactarius_deliciosus" title="Lactarius deliciosus">Saffron milk cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suillus_luteus" title="Suillus luteus">Slippery jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truffle" title="Truffle">Truffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricholoma_equestre" title="Tricholoma equestre">Yellow knight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nuts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allspice" title="Allspice">Allspice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">Areca nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_leaf" title="Bay leaf">Bay leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">Black pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_nut" title="Brazil nut">Brazil nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">Clove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">Hazelnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaphium_affine" title="Scaphium affine">Malva nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">Nutmeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_nut" title="Pine nut">Pine nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">Vanilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Oil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">waxes</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allanblackia_oil" title="Allanblackia oil">Allanblackia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babassu_oil" title="Babassu oil">Babassu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonia" title="Platonia">Bacuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candlenut_oil" title="Candlenut oil">Candlenut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobroma_grandiflorum" title="Theobroma grandiflorum">Capuacu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnauba_wax" title="Carnauba wax">Carnauba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydnocarpus_wightiana_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydnocarpus wightiana seed oil">Chaulmoogra <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<i>Hydnocarpus wightiana</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">Cocoa butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptol" title="Eucalyptol">Eucalyptol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_oil" title="Eucalyptus oil">Eucalyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illipe" title="Illipe">Illipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_wax" title="Japan wax">Japan wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokum_butter" title="Kokum butter">Kokum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pycnanthus_angolensis" title="Pycnanthus angolensis">Kombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentadesma_butyracea" title="Pentadesma butyracea">Kpangnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusum_oil" title="Kusum oil">Kusum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichilia_emetica" title="Trichilia emetica">Mafura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Oil" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_oil" title="Mango oil">Mango butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_murumuru" title="Astrocaryum murumuru">Murumuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagkesar_seed_oil" title="Nagkesar seed oil">Nagkesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel_oil" title="Palm kernel oil">kernel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phulwara_oil" title="Phulwara oil">Phulwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilu_oil" title="Pilu oil">Pilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongamia_oil" title="Pongamia oil">Pongamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorea_robusta_seed_oil" title="Shorea robusta seed oil">Sal-seed <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<i>Shorea robusta</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood_oil" title="Sandalwood oil">Sandalwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shea_butter" title="Shea butter">Shea butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamanu_oil" title="Tamanu oil">Tamanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_seed_oil" title="Tea seed oil">Tea-seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_tree_oil" title="Tea tree oil">Tea-tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_aculeatum" title="Astrocaryum aculeatum">Tucuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucuhuba_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ucuhuba seed oil">Ucuuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vateria_indica_oil" title="Vateria indica oil"><i>Vateria indica</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">Resins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzoin_(resin)" title="Benzoin (resin)">Benzoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch tar">Birch tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creosote#Wood-tar_creosote" title="Creosote">Creosote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">Frankincense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamboge" title="Gamboge">Gamboge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauri_gum" title="Kauri gum">Kauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">Mastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">Myrrh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_tar" title="Pine tar">Pine tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosin" title="Rosin">Rosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpentine" title="Turpentine">Turpentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">Varnish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a> / <a href="/wiki/Natural_gum" title="Natural gum">gum</a> / etc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birch_syrup" title="Birch syrup">Birch syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicle" title="Chicle">Chicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">chewing gum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_sugar" title="Coconut sugar">Coconut sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_sugar" title="Date sugar">Date sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_syrup" title="Fruit syrup">Fruit syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">Gum arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kino_(botany)" title="Kino (botany)">Kino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">Latex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_sugar" title="Maple sugar">Maple sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">Maple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_sugar" title="Palm sugar">Palm sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">Palm wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akpeteshie" title="Akpeteshie">akpeteshie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogogoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogogoro">ogogoro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">Rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_gum" title="Spruce gum">Spruce gum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amadou" title="Amadou">Amadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">Bamboo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_shoot" title="Bamboo shoot">edible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_musical_instruments" title="Bamboo musical instruments">musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_textile" title="Bamboo textile">textiles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_bark" title="Birch bark">Birch bark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_beer" title="Birch beer">Birch beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cork_(material)" title="Cork (material)">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Ferns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">Forage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncaria" title="Uncaria">Gambier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss#Commercial" title="Moss">Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">Natural dyes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henna" title="Henna">henna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine">Quinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">Rattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">Shellac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">Tanbark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diospyros_melanoxylon" title="Diospyros melanoxylon">Tendu leaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatching" title="Thatching">Thatching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_ivory" title="Vegetable ivory">Vegetable ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow#Medicinal" title="Willow">Willow bark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dehesa" title="Dehesa"><i>Dehesa</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Iberian agroforestry)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a> / <a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_hunting" title="Honey hunting">Honey hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_produce_(India)" title="Forest produce (India)">Indian forest produce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hunting" title="Mushroom hunting">Mushroom hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_stores" title="Naval stores">Naval stores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resin_extraction" title="Resin extraction">Resin extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildcrafting" title="Wildcrafting">Wildcrafting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Category:Non-timber forest products">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Non-timber_forest_products" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Non-timber forest products">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers1270" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers1270" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Vaccinium <span style="font-style:normal;">sect.</span> Cyanococcus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13178" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q13178">Q13178</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Vaccinium_sect._Cyanococcus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Vaccinium sect. Cyanococcus">Vaccinium sect. Cyanococcus</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=317367">317367</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?type=section&id=18662">18662</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/317267-2">317267-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/50140387">50140387</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/2163">2163</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox586" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13178#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85015096">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00575945">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007282549305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blueberry&oldid=1280277946">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blueberry&oldid=1280277946</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Blueberries" 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