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href="#Research_institutes_in_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Research institutes in Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_institutes_in_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_research_in_the_20th_century_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_research_in_the_20th_century_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Scientific research in the 20th century United States</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scientific_research_in_the_20th_century_United_States-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Scientific research in the 20th century United States subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Scientific_research_in_the_20th_century_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1900–1939" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1900–1939"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>1900–1939</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1900–1939-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1940_onward" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1940_onward"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>1940 onward</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1940_onward-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_research_centres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_research_centres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable research centres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_research_centres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Research institute</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AB" title="معهد أبحاث – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معهد أبحاث" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmi-t%C9%99dqiqat_institutu" title="Elmi-tədqiqat institutu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elmi-tədqiqat institutu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="গবেষণা প্রতিষ্ঠান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গবেষণা প্রতিষ্ঠান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82" title="Научноизследователски институт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Научноизследователски институт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_de_recerca" title="Centre de recerca – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Centre de recerca" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forschungseinrichtung" title="Forschungseinrichtung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Forschungseinrichtung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teadusinstituut" title="Teadusinstituut – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Teadusinstituut" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_de_investigaci%C3%B3n" title="Instituto de investigación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Instituto de investigación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikerketa_institutu" title="Ikerketa institutu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ikerketa institutu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%BE%DA%98%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="بنیاد پژوهشی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بنیاد پژوهشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_de_recherche" title="Institut de recherche – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Institut de recherche" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D1%80%D3%99%D0%BB%D2%A3" title="Күрәлң – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Күрәлң" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC_%EA%B8%B0%EA%B4%80" title="연구 기관 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="연구 기관" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF" title="Գիտահետազոտական ինստիտուտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գիտահետազոտական ինստիտուտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="अनुसन्धान संस्थान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अनुसन्धान संस्थान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istituto_di_ricerca" title="Istituto di ricerca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Istituto di ricerca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%A8" title="מכון מחקר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מכון מחקר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B8-%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%83_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Ғылыми-зерттеу институты – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ғылыми-зерттеу институты" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokslini%C5%B3_tyrim%C5%B3_institutas" title="Mokslinių tyrimų institutas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mokslinių tyrimų institutas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onderzoeksinstituut" title="Onderzoeksinstituut – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Onderzoeksinstituut" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="अनुसन्धान संस्थान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अनुसन्धान संस्थान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80" title="研究所 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="研究所" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forskningsorganisasjon" title="Forskningsorganisasjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Forskningsorganisasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmiy_tadqiqot_institutlari" title="Ilmiy tadqiqot institutlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ilmiy tadqiqot institutlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%91%DA%86%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پڑچولستھان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پڑچولستھان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instytut_badawczy" title="Instytut badawczy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Instytut badawczy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_de_pesquisa" title="Instituto de pesquisa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Instituto de pesquisa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centru_de_cercetare" title="Centru de cercetare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Centru de cercetare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82" title="Научно-исследовательский институт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Научно-исследовательский институт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forskningsinstitut" title="Forskningsinstitut – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Forskningsinstitut" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆய்வு மையம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆய்வு மையம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rma_enstit%C3%BCs%C3%BC" title="Araştırma enstitüsü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Araştırma enstitüsü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82" title="Науково-дослідний інститут – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Науково-дослідний інститут" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istitusion_de_investigasion" title="Istitusion de investigasion – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Istitusion de investigasion" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_centre&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Research centre">Research centre</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Establishment endowed for doing research</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Researcher_at_work_in_her_laboratory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Researcher_at_work_in_her_laboratory.jpg/220px-Researcher_at_work_in_her_laboratory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Researcher_at_work_in_her_laboratory.jpg/330px-Researcher_at_work_in_her_laboratory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Researcher_at_work_in_her_laboratory.jpg/440px-Researcher_at_work_in_her_laboratory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4181" data-file-height="2769" /></a><figcaption>Researcher working in a laboratory.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>research institute</b>, <b>research centre</b>, or <b>research organization</b> is an establishment founded for doing <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a>. Research institutes may specialize in <a href="/wiki/Basic_research" title="Basic research">basic research</a> or may be oriented to <a href="/wiki/Applied_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Applied research">applied research</a>. Although the term often implies <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural science</a> research, there are also many research institutes in the <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social science</a> as well, especially for <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociological</a> and <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">historical</a> research purposes. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Famous_research_institutes">Famous research institutes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_institute&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Famous research institutes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early medieval period, several astronomical observatories were built in the Islamic world. The first of these was the 9th-century <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> observatory built during the time of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun" title="Al-Ma'mun">al-Ma'mun</a>, though the most famous were the 13th-century <a href="/wiki/Maragheh_observatory" title="Maragheh observatory">Maragheh observatory</a>, and the 15th-century <a href="/wiki/Ulugh_Beg_Observatory" title="Ulugh Beg Observatory">Ulugh Beg Observatory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kerala_School_of_Astronomy_and_Mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics">Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics</a> was a school of mathematics and astronomy founded by <a href="/wiki/Madhava_of_Sangamagrama" title="Madhava of Sangamagrama">Madhava of Sangamagrama</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. The school flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries and the original discoveries of the school seems to have ended with <a href="/wiki/Narayana_Bhattathiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Narayana Bhattathiri">Narayana Bhattathiri</a> (1559–1632). In attempting to solve astronomical problems, the Kerala school independently discovered a number of important mathematical concepts. </p><p>The earliest research institute in Europe was <a href="/wiki/Tycho_Brahe" title="Tycho Brahe">Tycho Brahe</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Uraniborg" title="Uraniborg">Uraniborg</a> complex on the island of <a href="/wiki/Hven" class="mw-redirect" title="Hven">Hven</a>, a 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomical</a> laboratory set up to make highly accurate measurements of the stars. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> there are numerous notable research institutes including <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xerox_Parc" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerox Parc">Xerox Parc</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Scripps_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="The Scripps Research Institute">The Scripps Research Institute</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Beckman_Institute_for_Advanced_Science_and_Technology" title="Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology">Beckman Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/RTI_International" title="RTI International">RTI International</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SRI_International" title="SRI International">SRI International</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Hughes Aircraft">Hughes Aircraft</a> used a research institute structure for its organizational model.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>, dubbed "The Wizard of Menlo Park",<sup id="cite_ref-Wizard_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wizard-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was one of the first <a href="/wiki/Inventors" class="mw-redirect" title="Inventors">inventors</a> to apply the principles of <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a> and large-scale teamwork to the process of invention in the late 1800s, and because of that, he is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory.<sup id="cite_ref-Walsh_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walsh-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_institutes_in_Europe">Research institutes in Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_institute&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Research institutes in Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the throes of the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a> came the 17th century scientific academy. In London, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> was founded in 1660, and in France <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">Académie royale des sciences</a> in 1666 which came after private academic assemblies had been created earlier in the seventeenth century to foster research. </p><p>In the early 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> established an educational-research institute to be built in his newly created imperial capital, <a href="/wiki/St_Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St Petersburg">St Petersburg</a>. His plan combined provisions for linguistic, philosophical and scientific instruction with a separate academy in which graduates could pursue further scientific research. It was the first institution of its kind in Europe to conduct scientific research within the structure of a university. The St Petersburg Academy was established by decree on 28 January 1724.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the European level, there are now several government-funded institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA), the nuclear research centre <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Southern_Observatory" title="European Southern Observatory">European Southern Observatory</a> (ESO) (Grenoble), the <a href="/wiki/European_Synchrotron_Radiation_Facility" title="European Synchrotron Radiation Facility">European Synchrotron Radiation Facility</a> (ESRF) (Grenoble), <a href="/wiki/EUMETSAT" title="EUMETSAT">EUMETSAT</a>, the Italian-European Sistema Trieste with, among others, the International Centre for Theoretical Physics and the research complex Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, the biology project EMBL, and the fusion project <a href="/wiki/ITER" title="ITER">ITER</a> which in addition to technical developments has a strong research focus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_research_in_the_20th_century_United_States">Scientific research in the 20th century United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_institute&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Scientific research in the 20th century United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Research_I_university" class="mw-redirect" title="Research I university">Research I university</a></div> <p>Research institutes came to emerge at the beginning of the twentieth century. In 1900, at least in Europe and the United States, the scientific profession had only evolved so far as to include the theoretical implications of science and not its application. Research scientists had yet to establish a leadership in expertise. Outside scientific circles it was generally assumed that a person in an occupation related to the sciences carried out work which was necessarily "scientific" and that the skill of the scientist did not hold any more merit than the skill of a labourer. A philosophical position on science was not thought by all researchers to be intellectually superior to applied methods. However any research on scientific application was limited by comparison. A loose definition attributed all naturally occurring phenomena to "science". The growth of scientific study stimulated a desire to reinvigorate the scientific discipline by robust research in order to extract <a href="/wiki/Basic_research" title="Basic research">"pure" science</a> from such broad categorisation.<sup id="cite_ref-Ida_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ida-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1900–1939"><span id="1900.E2.80.931939"></span>1900–1939</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_institute&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1900–1939"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This began with research conducted autonomously away from public utility and governmental supervision. Enclaves for industrial investigations became established. These included the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_University" title="Rockefeller University">Rockefeller Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Institution_of_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnegie Institution of Washington">Carnegie Institution of Washington</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Institute for Advanced Study">Institute for Advanced Study</a>. Research was advanced in both theory and application. This was aided by substantial private donation.<sup id="cite_ref-Ida_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ida-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1940_onward">1940 onward</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_institute&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1940 onward"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2006, there were over 14,000 research centres in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The expansion of universities into the faculty of research fed into these developments as mass education produced mass <a href="/wiki/Scientific_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific communities">scientific communities</a>. A growing public consciousness of scientific research brought public perception to the fore in driving specific research developments. After the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Atom_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom bomb">atom bomb</a> specific research threads were followed: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental pollution">environmental pollution</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national defence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ida_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ida-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_research_centres">Notable research centres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_institute&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notable research centres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Centre_for_Theoretical_Physics" title="International Centre for Theoretical Physics">International Centre for Theoretical Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ames_Research_Center" title="Ames Research Center">Ames Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bose_Institute" title="Bose Institute">Bose Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_Research_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological Research Centre">Biological Research Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Advanced_Life_Cycle_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Advanced Life Cycle Engineering">Center for Advanced Life Cycle Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrum_Wiskunde_%26_Informatica" title="Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica">Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraunhofer_Society" title="Fraunhofer Society">Fraunhofer Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmholtz_Association" title="Helmholtz Association">Helmholtz Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Institute for Advanced Study">Institute for Advanced Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Association_for_the_Cultivation_of_Science" title="Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science">Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science</a> is Asia's oldest research institute.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Council_of_Medical_Research" title="Indian Council of Medical Research">Indian Council of Medical Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Sciences_Research_Center" title="Marine Sciences Research Center">Marine Sciences Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Society" title="Max Planck Society">Max Planck Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Organisation_for_Applied_Scientific_Research" title="Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research">Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Palo Alto Research Center">Palo Alto Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennington_Biomedical_Research_Center" title="Pennington Biomedical Research Center">Pennington Biomedical Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_University" title="Rockefeller University">Rockefeller Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI_International" title="RTI International">RTI International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRI_International" title="SRI International">SRI International</a>, or SRI. Also known as Stanford Research Institute prior to 1977.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Institute_of_Nanotechnology" title="Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology">Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tata_Institute_of_Fundamental_Research" title="Tata Institute of Fundamental Research">Tata Institute of Fundamental Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson_Research_Center" title="Thomas J. Watson Research Center">Thomas J. Watson Research Center</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_institute&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">Think tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Survey_Research_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="European Survey Research Association">European Survey Research Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Research_Institute" title="London Research Institute">London Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_funding" class="mw-redirect" title="Research funding">Research funding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_research_organization" title="Contract research organization">Contract research organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_Organization_Registry" title="Research Organization Registry">Research Organization Registry</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_institute&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. S. Kennedy (1962), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/228039">Reviewed Work: <i>The Observatory in Islam and Its Place in the General History of the Observatory</i></a><i> by <a href="/wiki/Aydin_Sayili" class="mw-redirect" title="Aydin Sayili">Aydin Sayili</a>", </i><a href="/wiki/Isis_(journal)" title="Isis (journal)">Isis</a><i> <b>53</b> (2): 237–239.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F349558">10.1086/349558</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scripps.edu/e_index.html">The Scripps Research Institute</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020914202346/http://www.scripps.edu/e_index.html">Archived</a> 2002-09-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> Web Archives</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes After Howard, Kenneth Richardson, 2011, pg88, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9708050-8-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9708050-8-9">978-0-9708050-8-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wizard-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wizard_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130305131049/http://fi.edu/franklin/inventor/edison.html">"The Wizard of Menlo Park"</a>. <i>The Franklin Institute</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fi.edu/franklin/inventor/edison.html">the original</a> on 5 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Franklin+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Wizard+of+Menlo+Park&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffi.edu%2Ffranklin%2Finventor%2Fedison.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walsh-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walsh_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2009" class="citation news cs1">Walsh, Bryan (15 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090718030306/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1910417_1910419_1910460,00.html">"The Electrifying Edison"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1910417_1910419_1910460,00.html">the original</a> on July 18, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Electrifying+Edison&rft.date=2009-07-15&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fspecials%2Fpackages%2Farticle%2F0%2C28804%2C1910417_1910419_1910460%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">History of Universities: 1994, Volume 13, Peter Denley, Oxford University Press.1995, p142 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820531-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820531-9">978-0-19-820531-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ida-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ida_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ida_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ida_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReingold1981" class="citation book cs1">Reingold, Ida H. (1981). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scienceinamerica00rein"><i>Science in America, a documentary history, 1900–1939</i></a></span>. The Chicago History of Science and Medicine. University of Chicago Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scienceinamerica00rein/page/221">221</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-70946-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-70946-8"><bdi>978-0-226-70946-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+in+America%2C+a+documentary+history%2C+1900%E2%80%931939&rft.series=The+Chicago+History+of+Science+and+Medicine&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-226-70946-8&rft.aulast=Reingold&rft.aufirst=Ida+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscienceinamerica00rein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evaluating Research Centers and Institutes for Success: A Manual and Guide with Case Studies William R. Tash WT & Associates, 2006. 229 pages</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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