Genetically encoded chemical crosslinking of RNA in vivo

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Such interactions have mainly been studied by nucleoside-based UV crosslinking methods, which lack broad in vivo compatibility and the ability to resolve specific amino acids. In this study we genetically encoded latent bioreactive unnatural amino acids into proteins to react with bound RNA by proximity-enabled reactivity and demonstrated genetically encoded chemical crosslinking of proteins with target RNA (GECX-RNA) in vivo. Applying GECX-RNA to the RNA chaperone Hfq in Escherichia coli identified target RNAs with amino acid specificity. Combining GECX-RNA with immunoprecipitation and high-throughput sequencing of an N6-methyladenosine reader protein in mammalian cells allowed the in vivo identification of unknown N6-methyladenosine on RNA with single-nucleotide resolution throughout the transcriptome. GECX-RNA thus affords resolution at the nucleotide and amino acid level for interrogating protein–RNA interactions in vivo. It also enables the precise engineering of covalent linkages between a protein and RNA, which will inspire innovative solutions for RNA-related research and therapeutics. \n \n \n \n Protein–RNA interactions regulate RNA fate and function, and are generally non-covalent and reversible. Genetically introducing a latent bioreactive amino acid into a protein is now shown to enable the protein to covalently crosslink a bound RNA molecule in vivo. This method offers innovative avenues for developing protein–RNA research and applications.","datePublished":"2022-10-06T00:00:00Z","dateModified":"2022-10-06T00:00:00Z","pageStart":"21","pageEnd":"32","sameAs":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-022-01038-4","keywords":["Chemical modification","RNA","Synthetic biology","Chemistry/Food Science","general","Analytical Chemistry","Organic Chemistry","Physical Chemistry","Inorganic 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Springer Nature Limited"/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2022 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited"/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="Protein–RNA interactions regulate RNA fate and function, and defects can lead to various disorders. Such interactions have mainly been studied by nucleoside-based UV crosslinking methods, which lack broad in vivo compatibility and the ability to resolve specific amino acids. In this study we genetically encoded latent bioreactive unnatural amino acids into proteins to react with bound RNA by proximity-enabled reactivity and demonstrated genetically encoded chemical crosslinking of proteins with target RNA (GECX-RNA) in vivo. Applying GECX-RNA to the RNA chaperone Hfq in Escherichia coli identified target RNAs with amino acid specificity. Combining GECX-RNA with immunoprecipitation and high-throughput sequencing of an N6-methyladenosine reader protein in mammalian cells allowed the in vivo identification of unknown N6-methyladenosine on RNA with single-nucleotide resolution throughout the transcriptome. GECX-RNA thus affords resolution at the nucleotide and amino acid level for interrogating protein–RNA interactions in vivo. It also enables the precise engineering of covalent linkages between a protein and RNA, which will inspire innovative solutions for RNA-related research and therapeutics. Protein–RNA interactions regulate RNA fate and function, and are generally non-covalent and reversible. Genetically introducing a latent bioreactive amino acid into a protein is now shown to enable the protein to covalently crosslink a bound RNA molecule in vivo. 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It also enables the precise engineering of covalent linkages between a protein and RNA, which will inspire innovative solutions for RNA-related research and therapeutics. Protein–RNA interactions regulate RNA fate and function, and are generally non-covalent and reversible. Genetically introducing a latent bioreactive amino acid into a protein is now shown to enable the protein to covalently crosslink a bound RNA molecule in vivo. 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data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Wei-Sun-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Wei-Sun-Aff1" data-author-search="Sun, Wei">Wei Sun</a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9607-1361"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0001-9607-1361</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup><sup class="u-js-hide"> <a href="#na1">na1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Nanxi-Wang-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Nanxi-Wang-Aff1" data-author-search="Wang, Nanxi">Nanxi Wang</a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2807-1487"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0003-2807-1487</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup><sup class="u-js-hide"> <a href="#na1">na1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Hongjiang-Liu-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Hongjiang-Liu-Aff2" data-author-search="Liu, Hongjiang">Hongjiang Liu</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Bingchen-Yu-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Bingchen-Yu-Aff1" data-author-search="Yu, Bingchen">Bingchen Yu</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Ling-Jin-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Ling-Jin-Aff1" data-author-search="Jin, Ling">Ling Jin</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Xingjie-Ren-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Xingjie-Ren-Aff2" data-author-search="Ren, Xingjie">Xingjie Ren</a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2348-4162"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0002-2348-4162</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Yin-Shen-Aff2-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-Yin-Shen-Aff2-Aff3" data-author-search="Shen, Yin">Yin Shen</a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9901-5613"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0001-9901-5613</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a>,<a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__show-more" aria-label="Show all 8 authors for this article" title="Show all 8 authors for this article">…</li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Lei-Wang-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Lei-Wang-Aff1" data-author-search="Wang, Lei" data-corresp-id="c1">Lei Wang<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5859-2526"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0002-5859-2526</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup> </li></ul><button aria-expanded="false" class="c-article-author-list__button"><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium"></use></svg><span>Show authors</span></button> <p class="c-article-info-details" data-container-section="info"> <a data-test="journal-link" href="/nchem" data-track="click" data-track-action="journal homepage" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link"><i data-test="journal-title">Nature Chemistry</i></a> <b data-test="journal-volume"><span class="u-visually-hidden">volume</span> 15</b>, <span class="u-visually-hidden">pages </span>21–32 (<span data-test="article-publication-year">2023</span>)<a 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data-component="article-subject-links"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Subjects</h3> <ul class="c-article-subject-list"> <li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/chemical-modification" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Chemical modification</a></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/rna" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">RNA</a></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/synthetic-biology" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Synthetic biology</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>Protein–RNA interactions regulate RNA fate and function, and defects can lead to various disorders. Such interactions have mainly been studied by nucleoside-based UV crosslinking methods, which lack broad in vivo compatibility and the ability to resolve specific amino acids. In this study we genetically encoded latent bioreactive unnatural amino acids into proteins to react with bound RNA by proximity-enabled reactivity and demonstrated genetically encoded chemical crosslinking of proteins with target RNA (GECX-RNA) in vivo. Applying GECX-RNA to the RNA chaperone Hfq in <i>Escherichia coli</i> identified target RNAs with amino acid specificity. Combining GECX-RNA with immunoprecipitation and high-throughput sequencing of an <i>N</i><sup>6</sup>-methyladenosine reader protein in mammalian cells allowed the in vivo identification of unknown <i>N</i><sup>6</sup>-methyladenosine on RNA with single-nucleotide resolution throughout the transcriptome. GECX-RNA thus affords resolution at the nucleotide and amino acid level for interrogating protein–RNA interactions in vivo. It also enables the precise engineering of covalent linkages between a protein and RNA, which will inspire innovative solutions for RNA-related research and therapeutics.</p><div class="c-article-section__figure" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure"><figure><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41557-022-01038-4/MediaObjects/41557_2022_1038_Figa_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41557-022-01038-4/MediaObjects/41557_2022_1038_Figa_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="685" height="365"></picture></div></div></figure></div></div></div></section> <noscript> <div class="c-nature-box c-nature-box--side " data-component="entitlement-box"> <div class="js-access-button"> <a 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class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41557-022-01038-4/MediaObjects/41557_2022_1038_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41557-022-01038-4/MediaObjects/41557_2022_1038_Fig1_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="213" height="312"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-2"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig2" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 2: <b>GECX-RNA enables FSY-incorporated Hfq proteins to crosslink target RNA in</b> <b><i>E. coli</i></b>.</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41557-022-01038-4/MediaObjects/41557_2022_1038_Fig4_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41557-022-01038-4/MediaObjects/41557_2022_1038_Fig4_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="281"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-5"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig5" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 5: Design of GRIP-seq for in vivo detection of m<sup>6</sup>A on RNA with single-nucleotide resolution.</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41557-022-01038-4/MediaObjects/41557_2022_1038_Fig5_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41557-022-01038-4/MediaObjects/41557_2022_1038_Fig5_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="310" height="312"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-6"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig6" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 6: GRIP-seq in vivo detected m<sup>6</sup>A on RNA with single-nucleotide resolution in mammalian cells.</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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class="c-article-section__content" id="data-availability-content"> <p>All GRIP-seq data are available in the Sequence Read Archive through accession number <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/?term=PRJNA797913">PRJNA797913</a>. All other data generated or analysed in this study are available within the article and its <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41557-022-01038-4#MOESM1">Supplementary Information</a>. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="section anchor" href="/articles/s41557-022-01038-4#Sec57">Source data</a> are provided with this paper.</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Code availability"><div class="c-article-section" id="code-availability-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="code-availability">Code availability</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="code-availability-content"> <p>The custom code used in this study is available at <a href="https://github.com/Shall-We-Dance/GRIP-seq">https://github.com/Shall-We-Dance/GRIP-seq</a>.</p> </div></div></section><div id="MagazineFulltextArticleBodySuffix"><section aria-labelledby="Bib1" data-title="References"><div class="c-article-section" id="Bib1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Bib1">References</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Bib1-content"><div data-container-section="references"><ol class="c-article-references" data-track-component="outbound reference" data-track-context="references section"><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="1."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR1">Gerstberger, S., Hafner, M. & Tuschl, T. A census of human RNA-binding proteins. <i>Nat. Rev. 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Y.S. acknowledges the support of the NIH (R01AG057497 and R01EY027789).</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><span class="c-article-author-information__subtitle u-visually-hidden" id="author-notes">Author notes</span><ol class="c-article-author-information__list"><li class="c-article-author-information__item" id="na1"><p>These authors contributed equally: Wei Sun, Nanxi Wang.</p></li></ol><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Wei Sun, Nanxi Wang, Bingchen Yu, Ling Jin & Lei Wang</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Hongjiang Liu, Xingjie Ren & Yin Shen</p></li><li id="Aff3"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Yin Shen</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Wei-Sun-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Wei Sun</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=Wei%20Sun" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - 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publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Lei%20Wang" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Lei%20Wang%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li></ol></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="contributions">Contributions</h3><p>W.S. designed and conducted the experiments, analysed the data and wrote the manuscript; N.W. evolved SFYRS and characterized SFY incorporation and the crosslinking of proteins; H.L. conducted the data analysis of GRIP-seq; B.Y. synthesized FSY and SFY, performed the SFY reactions with NMPs in vitro and analysed the data; L.J. helped with the dCas13b target RNA crosslinking and enrichment in mammalian cells; X.R. and Y.S. helped with the GRIP-seq experiments; L.W. conceived, directed and supported the project and wrote the manuscript.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="corresponding-author">Corresponding author</h3><p id="corresponding-author-list">Correspondence to <a id="corresp-c1" href="mailto:Lei.Wang2@ucsf.edu">Lei Wang</a>.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Ethics declarations"><div class="c-article-section" id="ethics-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="ethics">Ethics declarations</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="ethics-content"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar4">Competing interests</h3> <p>The authors declare no competing interests.</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Peer review"><div class="c-article-section" id="peer-review-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="peer-review">Peer review</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="peer-review-content"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar3">Peer review information</h3> <p><i>Nature Chemistry</i> thanks Ryan Flynn, Stephen Fried and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Additional information"><div class="c-article-section" id="additional-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="additional-information">Additional information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="additional-information-content"><p><b>Publisher’s note</b> Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Extended data"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec55-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec55">Extended data</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec55-content"><div data-test="supplementary-info"><div id="figshareContainer" class="c-article-figshare-container" data-test="figshare-container"></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="supp-item" id="Fig7"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="extended data fig. 1 identification of the positiv" href="/articles/s41557-022-01038-4/figures/7" data-supp-info-image="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41557-022-01038-4/MediaObjects/41557_2022_1038_Fig7_ESM.jpg">Extended Data Fig. 1 Identification of the positively charged residues of PsCas13b involved in pre-crRNA cleavage.</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p><b>a</b>) Multiple sequence alignment of Cas13b proteins from different species (Bzo: <i>Bergeyella zoohelcum</i>, Psp: <i>Prevotella sp</i>. P5-125, Pgu: <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i>, Pbu: <i>Prevotella buccae</i>, and Ran: <i>Riemerella anatipestifer</i>) for β-sheets 5 and 6 involved in pre-crRNA cleavage. The secondary structure of BzoCas13b is shown above the sequence<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 28" title="Zhang, B. et al. Structural insights into Cas13b-guided CRISPR RNA maturation and recognition. Cell Res. 28, 1198–1201 (2018)." href="/articles/s41557-022-01038-4#ref-CR28" id="ref-link-section-d63465498e3357">28</a></sup>. Identical and similar residues are highlighted in red and white boxes, respectively. Positive charged catalytic residues in BzoCas13b involved in the pre-crRNA cleavage on β-sheets 5 and 6 (450 R, 452 K, 459 R) are marked with green stars on the bottom. Positive charged residues in PsCas13b located on β-sheets 5 and 6 (367 K, 370 K, 378 R, 380 R) are marked with purple squares. Multiple sequence alignment of full-length Cas13b proteins from different species is shown in Supplementary Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41557-022-01038-4#MOESM1">1</a>. <b>b</b>) Denaturing urea-PAGE demonstrating the pre-crRNA cleavage by dPsCas13b-WT and dPsCas13b-Ala-mutants speculatively involved in the pre-crRNA processing. dPsCas13b-WT and dPsCas13b-Ala-mutants were incubated with pre-crRNA and then separated on denaturing urea-PAGE. The Urea-gel was stained with SybrGold for fluorescent detection of RNA.</p><p><a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41557-022-01038-4#MOESM15">Source data</a></p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="supp-item" id="Fig8"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="extended data fig. 2 grip results demonstrate that" href="/articles/s41557-022-01038-4/figures/8" data-supp-info-image="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41557-022-01038-4/MediaObjects/41557_2022_1038_Fig8_ESM.jpg">Extended Data Fig. 2 GRIP results demonstrate that site 25 of Hfq directly binds with (AAN)4 elements of <i>rpoS</i> RNA.</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>GRIP identified the binding sites of Tyr25 of Hfq on <i>rpoS</i> RNA in <i>E. coli</i> cells. Red triangles indicate cross-linking sites identified from GRIP for <i>rpoS</i> RNA from Hfq-25FSY expressing <i>E. coli</i> cells. Two examples of Sanger sequencing of clones from Hfq-25FSY sample were shown below.</p><p><a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41557-022-01038-4#MOESM16">Source data</a></p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="supp-item" id="Fig9"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="extended data fig. 3 examples of grip-seq data for" href="/articles/s41557-022-01038-4/figures/9" data-supp-info-image="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41557-022-01038-4/MediaObjects/41557_2022_1038_Fig9_ESM.jpg">Extended Data Fig. 3 Examples of GRIP-seq data for m<sup>6</sup>A identification.</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>Genome browser tracks of GRIP-seq data in <i>JUN</i> and <i>DICER1</i> mRNA regions. Reverse-transcription-termination sites (RT-termination sites) from GRIP-seq were marked as yellow triangles. Known m<sup>6</sup>A sites from published datasets were marked as grey triangles.</p></div></div></div></div></div></section><section data-title="Supplementary information"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec56-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec56">Supplementary information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec56-content"><div data-test="supplementary-info"><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM1"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="supplementary information" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41557-022-01038-4/MediaObjects/41557_2022_1038_MOESM1_ESM.pdf" data-supp-info-image="">Supplementary Information</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>Supplementary Figs. 1–7, Tables 1–4 and source data files for the supplementary figures.</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM2"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="reporting summary" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41557-022-01038-4/MediaObjects/41557_2022_1038_MOESM2_ESM.pdf" data-supp-info-image="">Reporting Summary</a></h3></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM3"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="supplementary table 2" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41557-022-01038-4/MediaObjects/41557_2022_1038_MOESM3_ESM.xlsx" data-supp-info-image="">Supplementary Table 2</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>Sequencing statistics for GRIP-seq.</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM4"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="supplementary table 3" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41557-022-01038-4/MediaObjects/41557_2022_1038_MOESM4_ESM.xlsx" data-supp-info-image="">Supplementary Table 3</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>m<sup>6</sup>A sites identified from GRIP-seq (coordinates in hg19 human genome assembly).</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM5"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="supplementary data 1" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41557-022-01038-4/MediaObjects/41557_2022_1038_MOESM5_ESM.xlsx" data-supp-info-image="">Supplementary Data 1</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>Statistical source data for Supplementary Fig. 2b.</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM6"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="supplementary data 2" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41557-022-01038-4/MediaObjects/41557_2022_1038_MOESM6_ESM.xls" data-supp-info-image="">Supplementary Data 2</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>Statistical source data for Supplementary Fig. 4.</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM7"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="supplementary data 3" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41557-022-01038-4/MediaObjects/41557_2022_1038_MOESM7_ESM.xlsx" data-supp-info-image="">Supplementary Data 3</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>Statistical source data for Supplementary Fig. 5.</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM8"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="supplementary data 4" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41557-022-01038-4/MediaObjects/41557_2022_1038_MOESM8_ESM.zip" data-supp-info-image="">Supplementary Data 4</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>Source data for Sanger sequencing in Supplementary Fig. 2d (Ab1 files).</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM9"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="supplementary data 5" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41557-022-01038-4/MediaObjects/41557_2022_1038_MOESM9_ESM.zip" data-supp-info-image="">Supplementary Data 5</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>Source data for Sanger sequencing in Supplementary Fig. 2g (Ab1 files).</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM10"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="supplementary data 6" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41557-022-01038-4/MediaObjects/41557_2022_1038_MOESM10_ESM.zip" data-supp-info-image="">Supplementary Data 6</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>Source data for Sanger sequencing in Supplementary Fig. 7h (Ab1 files).</p></div></div></div></div></div></section><section data-title="Source data"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec57-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec57">Source data</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec57-content"><div data-test="supplementary-info"><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM11"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="source data fig. 1" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41557-022-01038-4/MediaObjects/41557_2022_1038_MOESM11_ESM.zip" data-supp-info-image="">Source Data Fig. 1</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>Unprocessed gels.</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM12"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="source data fig. 2" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41557-022-01038-4/MediaObjects/41557_2022_1038_MOESM12_ESM.zip" data-supp-info-image="">Source Data Fig. 2</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>Unprocessed western blot and statistical source data.</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM13"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="source data fig. 3" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41557-022-01038-4/MediaObjects/41557_2022_1038_MOESM13_ESM.xlsx" data-supp-info-image="">Source Data Fig. 3</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>Statistical source data.</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM14"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="source data fig. 4" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41557-022-01038-4/MediaObjects/41557_2022_1038_MOESM14_ESM.zip" data-supp-info-image="">Source Data Fig. 4</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>Uncropped images, unprocessed gels, unprocessed western blots and statistical source data.</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM15"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="source data extended data fig. 1" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41557-022-01038-4/MediaObjects/41557_2022_1038_MOESM15_ESM.pdf" data-supp-info-image="">Source Data Extended Data Fig. 1</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>Unprocessed gels.</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM16"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="source data extended data fig. 2" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41557-022-01038-4/MediaObjects/41557_2022_1038_MOESM16_ESM.zip" data-supp-info-image="">Source Data Extended Data Fig. 2</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>Source data for Sanger sequencing (Ab1 files).</p></div></div></div></div></div></section><section 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Genetically encoded chemical crosslinking of RNA in vivo | Nature Chemistry