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<li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_and_Diodotid_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_and_Diodotid_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Independence and Diodotid dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_and_Diodotid_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Euthydemid_dynasty_and_Seleucid_invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Euthydemid_dynasty_and_Seleucid_invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Euthydemid dynasty and Seleucid invasion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Euthydemid_dynasty_and_Seleucid_invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_into_the_Indian_subcontinent_(around_180_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_into_the_Indian_subcontinent_(around_180_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Expansion into the Indian subcontinent (around 180 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_into_the_Indian_subcontinent_(around_180_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eucratides_the_Great" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eucratides_the_Great"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Eucratides the Great</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eucratides_the_Great-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defeats_by_Parthia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defeats_by_Parthia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Defeats by Parthia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defeats_by_Parthia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nomadic_invasions_and_fall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomadic_invasions_and_fall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Nomadic invasions and fall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomadic_invasions_and_fall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Military forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_contacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_contacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Culture and contacts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_and_contacts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture and contacts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_contacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greek_culture_in_Bactria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_culture_in_Bactria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Greek culture in Bactria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_culture_in_Bactria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Takht-i_Sangin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Takht-i_Sangin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Takht-i Sangin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Takht-i_Sangin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coinage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coinage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Coinage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coinage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contacts_with_Han_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contacts_with_Han_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Contacts with Han China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contacts_with_Han_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contacts_with_the_Indian_subcontinent_(250–180_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contacts_with_the_Indian_subcontinent_(250–180_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Contacts with the Indian subcontinent (250–180 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contacts_with_the_Indian_subcontinent_(250–180_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Influence_on_Indian_art_during_the_3rd_century_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_Indian_art_during_the_3rd_century_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Influence on Indian art during the 3rd century BC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_Indian_art_during_the_3rd_century_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_visual_representations_of_Indian_deities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_visual_representations_of_Indian_deities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>First visual representations of Indian deities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_visual_representations_of_Indian_deities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Greco-Bactrian_kings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Greco-Bactrian_kings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>List of Greco-Bactrian kings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Greco-Bactrian_kings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مملكة إغريقية بخترية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مملكة إغريقية بخترية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunan-Baktriya_pad%C5%9Fahl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Yunan-Baktriya padşahlığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yunan-Baktriya padşahlığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A4%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="باکتریا یونانی دؤولتی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="باکتریا یونانی دؤولتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="গ্রিক-ব্যাক্ট্রিয় রাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গ্রিক-ব্যাক্ট্রিয় রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-lia%CC%8Dp_Bactria_%C3%94ng-kok" title="Hi-lia̍p Bactria Ông-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hi-lia̍p Bactria Ông-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Грэка-Бактрыйскае царства – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Грэка-Бактрыйскае царства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Гръко-бактрийско царство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гръко-бактрийско царство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regne_grec_de_Bactriana" title="Regne grec de Bactriana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regne grec de Bactriana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98ecko-baktrijsk%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD" title="Řecko-baktrijské království – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Řecko-baktrijské království" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griechisch-Baktrisches_K%C3%B6nigreich" title="Griechisch-Baktrisches Königreich – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Griechisch-Baktrisches Königreich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreeka-Baktria_kuningriik" title="Kreeka-Baktria kuningriik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kreeka-Baktria kuningriik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Ελληνικό βασίλειο της Βακτριανής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ελληνικό βασίλειο της Βακτριανής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_grecobactriano" title="Reino grecobactriano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reino grecobactriano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greko-Baktriar_Erresuma" title="Greko-Baktriar Erresuma – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Greko-Baktriar Erresuma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="پادشاهی یونانی باختری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پادشاهی یونانی باختری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume_gr%C3%A9co-bactrien" title="Royaume gréco-bactrien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royaume gréco-bactrien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4-%EB%B0%95%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="그리스-박트리아 왕국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그리스-박트리아 왕국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1-%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հունա-բակտրիական թագավորություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հունա-բակտրիական թագավորություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Yunani-Baktria" title="Kerajaan Yunani-Baktria – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Yunani-Baktria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_greco-battriano" title="Regno greco-battriano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regno greco-battriano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="ბერძნულ-ბაქტრიული სამეფო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბერძნულ-ბაქტრიული სამეფო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA-%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8B" title="Грек-Бактрия падышалыгы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Грек-Бактрия падышалыгы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graik%C5%B3-baktr%C5%B3_karalyst%C4%97" title="Graikų-baktrų karalystė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Graikų-baktrų karalystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6r%C3%B6g-Baktria_uralkod%C3%B3inak_list%C3%A1ja" title="Görög-Baktria uralkodóinak listája – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Görög-Baktria uralkodóinak listája" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" title="ഗ്രീക്കോ ബാക്ട്രിയൻ രാജവംശം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗ്രീക്കോ ബാക്ട്രിയൻ രാജവംശം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="ग्रीक-बॅक्ट्रिया राजतंत्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ग्रीक-बॅक्ट्रिया राजतंत्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grieks-Bactrisch_koninkrijk" title="Grieks-Bactrisch koninkrijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grieks-Bactrisch koninkrijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%90%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="グレコ・バクトリア王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グレコ・バクトリア王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresk-baktriske_konged%C3%B8mme" title="Gresk-baktriske kongedømme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gresk-baktriske kongedømme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunon-Baqtriya_podsholigi" title="Yunon-Baqtriya podsholigi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yunon-Baqtriya podsholigi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="یونانی باختری راج – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یونانی باختری راج" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lestwo_Greko-Baktryjskie" title="Królestwo Greko-Baktryjskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Królestwo Greko-Baktryjskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_Greco-B%C3%A1ctrio" title="Reino Greco-Báctrio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino Greco-Báctrio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regatul_Greco-Bactrian" title="Regatul Greco-Bactrian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regatul Greco-Bactrian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Греко-Бактрийское царство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Греко-Бактрийское царство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9cko-baktrijsk%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1%C4%BEovstvo" title="Grécko-baktrijské kráľovstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Grécko-baktrijské kráľovstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C5%A1ko-baktrijsko_kraljestvo" title="Grško-baktrijsko kraljestvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Grško-baktrijsko kraljestvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Грчко-бактријско краљевство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Грчко-бактријско краљевство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dko-baktrijsko_Kraljevstvo" title="Grčko-baktrijsko Kraljevstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Grčko-baktrijsko Kraljevstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreikkalais-baktrialainen_kuningaskunta" title="Kreikkalais-baktrialainen kuningaskunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kreikkalais-baktrialainen kuningaskunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grekisk-baktriska_riket" title="Grekisk-baktriska riket – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Grekisk-baktriska riket" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="கிரேக்க பாக்திரியா பேரரசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிரேக்க பாக்திரியா பேரரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Подшоҳии юнонии Бохтар – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Подшоҳии юнонии Бохтар" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grek-Baktriya_Krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Grek-Baktriya Krallığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Grek-Baktriya Krallığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Греко-Бактрійське царство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Греко-Бактрійське царство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="سلطنت یونانی باختر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سلطنت یونانی باختر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_Hy_L%E1%BA%A1p-Bactria" title="Vương quốc Hy Lạp-Bactria – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vương quốc Hy Lạp-Bactria" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A-%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="希腊-巴克特里亚王国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="希腊-巴克特里亚王国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q488880#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Bactrian&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian">Greco-Bactrian</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hellenistic-era Greek kingdom (256–100 BCE)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Baktria" redirects here. For the historical region, see <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Bactria</div><div class="ib-country-names">Βασιλεία τῆς Βακτριανῆς<br /> <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Basileía tês Baktrianês</i></span></i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">256 BC – c. 120 BC</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eucratide_1er_-_20_stat%C3%A8res.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Eucratide_1er_-_20_stat%C3%A8res.jpg/113px-Eucratide_1er_-_20_stat%C3%A8res.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Eucratide_1er_-_20_stat%C3%A8res.jpg/170px-Eucratide_1er_-_20_stat%C3%A8res.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Eucratide_1er_-_20_stat%C3%A8res.jpg/226px-Eucratide_1er_-_20_stat%C3%A8res.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2060" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Eucratides_I" title="Eucratides I">Eucratides the Great</a> wearing the Bactrian version of the <a href="/wiki/Boeotian_helmet" title="Boeotian helmet">Boeotian helmet</a>, shown on his gold 20-stater, the largest gold coin ever minted in the ancient world, c. 2nd century BC.</div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greco-BactrianKingdomMap.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Approximate maximum extent of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom circa 170 BC, under the reign of Eucratides the Great, including the regions of Tapuria and Traxiane to the west, Sogdiana and Ferghana to the north, Bactria and Arachosia to the south."><img alt="Approximate maximum extent of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom circa 170 BC, under the reign of Eucratides the Great, including the regions of Tapuria and Traxiane to the west, Sogdiana and Ferghana to the north, Bactria and Arachosia to the south." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Greco-BactrianKingdomMap.jpg/280px-Greco-BactrianKingdomMap.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Greco-BactrianKingdomMap.jpg/420px-Greco-BactrianKingdomMap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Greco-BactrianKingdomMap.jpg/560px-Greco-BactrianKingdomMap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1311" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Approximate maximum extent of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom circa 170 BC, under the reign of Eucratides the Great, including the regions of <a href="/wiki/Tapuria" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapuria">Tapuria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Traxiane</a> to the west, <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdiana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferghana">Ferghana</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arachosia" title="Arachosia">Arachosia</a> to the south.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Bactra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum" title="Ai-Khanoum">Ai-Khanoum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Greek</a> (official)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit#Writing_system" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="#Main_Greco-Bactrian_kings">Basileus</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 256–239 BC </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Diodotus_I" title="Diodotus I">Diodotus I</a> (first)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 117–100 BC </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Heliocles_I" title="Heliocles I">Heliocles I</a> (last)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Antiquity</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">256 BC </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data"> c. 120 BC</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">184 BC<sup id="cite_ref-Taagepera132_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taagepera132-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">2,500,000 km<sup>2</sup> (970,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Βασιλεία τῆς Βακτριανῆς</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">Basileía tês Baktrianês</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Kingdom of Bactria') was a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> state of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> located in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. The kingdom was founded by the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a> satrap <a href="/wiki/Diodotus_I" title="Diodotus I">Diodotus I Soter</a> in about 256 BC, and continued to dominate Central Asia until its fall around 120 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At its peak, the kingdom consisted of present-day <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, and for a short time, small parts of <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. An extension further east, with military campaigns and settlements, may have reached the borders of the <a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin State</a> in China by about 230 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although a Greek population was already present in Bactria by the 5th century BC, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> conquered the region by 327 BC<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and founded many cities, most of them named <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_founded_by_Alexander_the_Great" title="List of cities founded by Alexander the Great">Alexandria</a>, and further settled with <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonians" title="Ancient Macedonians">Macedonians</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a>. After the death of Alexander, control of Bactria passed on to his general <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fertility and the prosperity of the land by the early 3rd century BC led to the creation of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom by Diodotus as a successor state of the Seleucid empire. The Bactrian Greeks grew increasingly more powerful and invaded north-western <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> between 190 and 180 BC under king <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_I" title="Euthydemus I">Euthydemus</a>. This invasion led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek kingdom</a>, as a successor state of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom, and was subsequently ruled by kings <a href="/wiki/Pantaleon" title="Pantaleon">Pantaleon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apollodotus_I" title="Apollodotus I">Apollodotus I</a>. Historical records indicate that many rich and prosperous cities were present in the kingdom,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but only a few such cities have been excavated, such as <a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum" title="Ai-Khanoum">Ai-Khanoum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Bactra</a>. The city of Ai-Khanoum, in north-eastern Afghanistan, had all the hallmarks of a true Hellenistic city with a <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Greek theater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(ancient_Greece)" title="Gymnasium (ancient Greece)">gymnasium</a> and some houses with colonnaded courtyards.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The kingdom reached the height of its power under king <a href="/wiki/Eucratides_I" title="Eucratides I">Eucratides the Great</a>, who seems to have seized power through a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup</a> around 171 BC and created his own dynasty. Eucratides also invaded India and successfully fought against the Indo-Greek kings. However, soon after this the kingdom began to decline. The <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthians</a> and nomadic tribes such as <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Sakas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a> became a major threat.<sup id="cite_ref-Strabo_11.11.2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strabo_11.11.2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eucratides was killed by his own son in about 145 BC, which may have further destabilised the kingdom. <a href="/wiki/Heliocles_I" title="Heliocles I">Heliocles</a> was the last Greek king to rule in Bactria.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even after the fall of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom, their rich Hellenistic influence remained strong for many more centuries. The Yuezhi invaders settled in Bactria and became <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenized</a>. They subsequently founded the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan empire</a> around 30 AD, and adopted the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> to write their language and added Greek deities to their <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(religion)" title="Pantheon (religion)">pantheon</a>. The Greco-Bactrian city of Ai-Khanoum was at the doorstep of India and known for its high level of Hellenistic sophistication. Greek art travelled from Bactria with the Indo-Greeks and influenced Indian art, religion and culture, leading to new <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretic</a> art called <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist art</a>. Due to the influence of the Greeks, both <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> deities were represented in human form for the first time. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> was inhabited by Greek settlers since the time of <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius I</a>, when the entire population of <a href="/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)" title="Barca (ancient city)">Barca</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a>, was deported to the region for refusing to surrender assassins.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greek influence increased under <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a>, after the descendants of Greek priests who had once lived near <a href="/wiki/Didyma" title="Didyma">Didyma</a> (western <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a>) were forcibly relocated in Bactria,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later on with other exiled Greeks, most of them prisoners of war. Greek communities and language were already common in the area by the time that <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> conquered Bactria in 328 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_and_Diodotid_dynasty">Independence and Diodotid dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Independence and Diodotid dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DiodotusGoldCoin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/DiodotusGoldCoin.jpg/303px-DiodotusGoldCoin.jpg" decoding="async" width="303" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/DiodotusGoldCoin.jpg/455px-DiodotusGoldCoin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/DiodotusGoldCoin.jpg/606px-DiodotusGoldCoin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="845" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption>Gold coin of <a href="/wiki/Diodotus_of_Bactria" class="mw-redirect" title="Diodotus of Bactria">Diodotus</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 245</span> BC. The reverse shows <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> standing, holding aegis and thunderbolt. The <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> inscription reads: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΔΙΟΔΟΤΟΥ, <i>Basileōs Diodotou</i> – "(of) King Diodotus".</figcaption></figure> <p>Diodotus, the <a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">satrap</a> of Bactria (and probably the surrounding provinces) founded the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom when he seceded from the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> around 250 BC and became <a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">Basileus</a>, or king <a href="/wiki/Diodotus_I" title="Diodotus I">Diodotus I</a> of Bactria. The preserved ancient sources (see below) are somewhat contradictory, and the exact date of Bactrian independence has not been settled. Somewhat simplified, there is a high chronology (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 255</span> BC) and a low chronology (c. 246 BC) for Diodotus' secession.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The high chronology has the advantage of explaining why the Seleucid king <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochus II</a> issued very few coins in Bactria, as Diodotus would have become independent there early in Antiochus' reign.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On the other hand, the low chronology, from the mid-240s BC, has the advantage of connecting the secession of Diodotus I with the <a href="/wiki/Third_Syrian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Syrian War">Third Syrian War</a>, a catastrophic conflict for the Seleucid Empire. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> Diodotus, the governor of the thousand cities of Bactria (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Theodotus, mille urbium Bactrianarum praefectus</i>), defected and proclaimed himself king; all the other people of the Orient followed his example and seceded from the Macedonians.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The new kingdom, highly urbanized and considered one of the richest of the Orient (<i>opulentissimum illud mille urbium Bactrianum imperium</i> "The extremely prosperous Bactrian empire of the thousand cities", according to the historian <a href="/wiki/Justin_(historian)" title="Justin (historian)">Justin</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), was to further grow in power and engage in territorial expansion to the east and the west: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CapitalSharp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/CapitalSharp.jpg/220px-CapitalSharp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/CapitalSharp.jpg/330px-CapitalSharp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/CapitalSharp.jpg/440px-CapitalSharp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Corinthian_order" title="Corinthian order">Corinthian</a> capital, found at <a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum" title="Ai-Khanoum">Ai-Khanoum</a>, 2nd century BC.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> The Greeks who caused Bactria to revolt grew so powerful on account of the fertility of the country that they became masters, not only of <a href="/wiki/Ariana" title="Ariana">Ariana</a>, but also of India, as <a href="/wiki/Apollodorus_of_Artemita" title="Apollodorus of Artemita">Apollodorus of Artemita</a> says: and more tribes were subdued by them than by Alexander… Their cities were <a href="/wiki/Bactra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bactra">Bactra</a> (also called Zariaspa, through which flows a river bearing the same name and emptying into the <a href="/wiki/Oxus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxus">Oxus</a>), and Darapsa, and several others. Among these was <a href="/wiki/Eucratideia" title="Eucratideia">Eucratidia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Eucratidia_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eucratidia-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was named after its ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-Strabo_XI.XI.I_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strabo_XI.XI.I-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 247 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic empire">Ptolemaic empire</a> (the Greek rulers of Egypt following the death of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>) captured the Seleucid capital, <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>. In the resulting power vacuum, <a href="/wiki/Andragoras_(Seleucid_satrap)" title="Andragoras (Seleucid satrap)">Andragoras</a>, the Seleucid satrap of Parthia, proclaimed independence from the Seleucids, declaring himself king. A decade later, he was <a href="/wiki/Parni_conquest_of_Parthia" title="Parni conquest of Parthia">defeated and killed</a> by <a href="/wiki/Arsaces" title="Arsaces">Arsaces</a> of Parthia, leading to the rise of a <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a>. This cut Bactria off from contact with the Greek world. Overland trade continued at a reduced rate, while sea trade between <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Greek Egypt</a> and Bactria developed. </p><p>Diodotus was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Diodotus_II" title="Diodotus II">Diodotus II</a>, who allied himself with the Parthian <a href="/wiki/Arsaces_I_of_Parthia" title="Arsaces I of Parthia">Arsaces</a> in his fight against <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_II_Callinicus" title="Seleucus II Callinicus">Seleucus II</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> Soon after, relieved by the death of Diodotus, Arsaces made peace and concluded an alliance with his son, also by the name of Diodotus; some time later he fought against Seleucos who came to punish the rebels, and he prevailed: the Parthians celebrated this day as the one that marked the beginning of their freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Euthydemid_dynasty_and_Seleucid_invasion">Euthydemid dynasty and Seleucid invasion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Euthydemid dynasty and Seleucid invasion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_tetradrachm_of_Euthydemus_I_as_a_young-man.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Silver_tetradrachm_of_Euthydemus_I_as_a_young-man.jpg/303px-Silver_tetradrachm_of_Euthydemus_I_as_a_young-man.jpg" decoding="async" width="303" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Silver_tetradrachm_of_Euthydemus_I_as_a_young-man.jpg/455px-Silver_tetradrachm_of_Euthydemus_I_as_a_young-man.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Silver_tetradrachm_of_Euthydemus_I_as_a_young-man.jpg/606px-Silver_tetradrachm_of_Euthydemus_I_as_a_young-man.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1184" /></a><figcaption>Coin depicting the Greco-Bactrian king <a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_I" title="Euthydemus I">Euthydemus</a>, 230–200 BC. The reverse shows <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> seated, holding club in right hand. The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Greek</a> inscription reads: <span title="Hellenistic Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΕΥΘΥΔΗΜΟΥ</span></span>, <i>Basileōs Euthydēmou</i> – "(of) King Euthydemus".</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_I" title="Euthydemus I">Euthydemus</a>, an Ionian Greek from <a href="/wiki/Magnesia_on_the_Meander" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnesia on the Meander">Magnesia</a> according to <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Polybius_11.34_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polybius_11.34-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and possibly satrap of <a href="/wiki/Sogdiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdiana">Sogdiana</a>, overthrew the dynasty of Diodotus II around 230–220 BC and started his own dynasty. Euthydemus's control extended to Sogdiana, going beyond the city of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Eschate" title="Alexandria Eschate">Alexandria Eschate</a> founded by Alexander the Great in <a href="/wiki/Ferghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferghana">Ferghana</a>:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <blockquote><p>And they also held Sogdiana, situated above Bactriana towards the east between the Oxus River, which forms the boundary between the Bactrians and the Sogdians, and the <a href="/wiki/Iaxartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Iaxartes">Iaxartes</a> River. And the Iaxartes forms also the boundary between the Sogdians and the nomads.<sup id="cite_ref-Strabo_11.11.2_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strabo_11.11.2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Euthydemus was attacked by the Seleucid ruler <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus III">Antiochus III</a> around 210 BC. Although he commanded 10,000 horsemen, Euthydemus initially lost a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Arius" title="Battle of the Arius">battle</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Hari_River,_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hari River, Afghanistan">Arius</a><sup id="cite_ref-Polybius_10.49,_Battle_of_the_Arius_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polybius_10.49,_Battle_of_the_Arius-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had to retreat. He then successfully <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bactra" title="Siege of Bactra">resisted a three-year siege</a> in the fortified city of <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Bactra</a>, before Antiochus finally decided to recognize the new ruler, and to offer one of his daughters to Euthydemus's son <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius</a> around 206 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classical accounts also relate that Euthydemus negotiated peace with Antiochus III by suggesting that he deserved credit for overthrowing the original rebel Diodotus and that he was protecting Central Asia from nomadic invasions thanks to his defensive efforts: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> ... for if he did not yield to this demand, neither of them would be safe: Seeing that great hordes of Nomads were close at hand, who were a danger to both; and that if they admitted them into the country, it would certainly be utterly barbarised.<sup id="cite_ref-Polybius_11.34_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polybius_11.34-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In an inscription found in the <a href="/wiki/Kulab,_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulab, Tajikistan">Kuliab</a> area of <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, in eastern Greco-Bactria, and dated to 200–195 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-SW_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a Greek by the name of Heliodotus, dedicating a fire altar to <a href="/wiki/Hestia" title="Hestia">Hestia</a>, mentions Euthydemus as the greatest of all kings, and his son <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius I</a> as "Demetrios Kallinikos", meaning "Demetrius the Glorious Conqueror":<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SW_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><div class="poem"> <p><span title="Hellenistic Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">τόνδε σοι βωμὸν θυώδη, πρέσβα κυδίστη θεῶν Ἑστία, Διὸς κ(α)τ᾽ ἄλσος καλλίδενδρον ἔκτισεν καὶ κλυταῖς ἤσκησε λοιβαῖς ἐμπύροις Ἡλιόδοτος ὄφρα τὸμ πάντων μέγιστον Εὐθύδημον βασιλέων τοῦ τε παῖδα καλλίνικον ἐκπρεπῆ Δημήτριον πρευμενὴς σώιζηις ἐκηδεῖ(ς) σὺν τύχαι θεόφρον[ι].</span></span><br /> <br /> <i>tónde soi bōmòn thuṓdē, présba kydístē theôn Hestía, Diòs kat' álsos kallídendron éktisen kaì klytaîs ḗskēse loibaîs empýrois Hēliodótos óphra tòm pántōn mégiston Euthýdēmon basiléōn toû te paîda kallínikon ekprepê Dēmḗtrion preumenḕs sṓizēis ekēdeîs sỳn Týchai theόphroni.</i><br /> <br /> "Heliodotus dedicated this fragrant altar for <a href="/wiki/Hestia" title="Hestia">Hestia</a>, venerable goddess, illustrious amongst all, in the grove of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, with beautiful trees; he made libations and sacrifices so that the greatest of all kings <a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_I" title="Euthydemus I">Euthydemus</a>, as well as his son, the glorious, victorious and remarkable <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius</a>, be preserved of all pains, with the help of <a href="/wiki/Tyche" title="Tyche">Tyche</a> with divine thoughts."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>Following the departure of the Seleucid army, the Bactrian kingdom seems to have expanded. In the west, areas in north-eastern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> may have been absorbed, possibly as far as into <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a>, whose ruler had been defeated by <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus III">Antiochus the Great</a>. These territories possibly are identical with the Bactrian satrapies of <a href="/wiki/Tapuria" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapuria">Tapuria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Traxiane</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion_into_the_Indian_subcontinent_(around_180_BC)"><span id="Expansion_into_the_Indian_subcontinent_.28around_180_BC.29"></span>Expansion into the Indian subcontinent (around 180 BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Expansion into the Indian subcontinent (around 180 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:196px;max-width:196px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:184px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Demetrius_I_of_Bactria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria.jpg/194px-Demetrius_I_of_Bactria.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="201" data-file-height="191" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-left">Silver coin of king <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius I of Bactria</a> (reigned c. 200–180 BC), wearing an elephant scalp, symbol of his conquests in northwest <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius</a>, the son of Euthydemus, started an invasion of the subcontinent before 180 BC, and a few years after the <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan empire">Mauryan empire</a> had been overthrown by the <a href="/wiki/Shunga_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunga dynasty">Shunga dynasty</a>. Historians differ on the motivations behind the invasion. Some historians suggest that the invasion of the subcontinent was intended to show their support for the <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan empire">Mauryan empire</a>, and to protect the Buddhist faith from the religious persecutions of the <a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shungas</a> as alleged by Buddhist scriptures (Tarn). Other historians have argued however that the accounts of these persecutions have been exaggerated (<a href="/wiki/Romila_Thapar" title="Romila Thapar">Thapar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etienne_Lamotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Etienne Lamotte">Lamotte</a>). </p><p>Demetrius may have been as far as the imperial capital <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a> in today's eastern India (today <a href="/wiki/Patna,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Patna, India">Patna</a>). However, these campaigns are typically attributed to <a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander</a>. His conquests were mentioned along with that of Menander by the historian Strabo, as having "subdued more tribes than Alexander." The invasion was completed by 175 BC. This established in the northwestern Indian Subcontinent what is called the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a>, which lasted for almost two centuries until around 10 AD. The Buddhist faith flourished under the Indo-Greek kings, especially Menander who was arguably the most powerful of them all. It was also a period of great cultural syncretism, exemplified by the development of <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> in the region of <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eucratides_the_Great">Eucratides the Great</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Eucratides the Great"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_tetradrachm,_Greco-Baktrian_kingdom,_Eukratides_I,_170-145_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Silver_tetradrachm%2C_Greco-Baktrian_kingdom%2C_Eukratides_I%2C_170-145_BC.jpg/303px-Silver_tetradrachm%2C_Greco-Baktrian_kingdom%2C_Eukratides_I%2C_170-145_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="303" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Silver_tetradrachm%2C_Greco-Baktrian_kingdom%2C_Eukratides_I%2C_170-145_BC.jpg/455px-Silver_tetradrachm%2C_Greco-Baktrian_kingdom%2C_Eukratides_I%2C_170-145_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Silver_tetradrachm%2C_Greco-Baktrian_kingdom%2C_Eukratides_I%2C_170-145_BC.jpg/606px-Silver_tetradrachm%2C_Greco-Baktrian_kingdom%2C_Eukratides_I%2C_170-145_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption>Silver <a href="/wiki/Tetradrachm" title="Tetradrachm">tetradrachm</a> of King <a href="/wiki/Eucratides_I" title="Eucratides I">Eucratides I</a>, 171–145 BC. The <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> inscription reads: <span title="Hellenistic Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΜΕΓΑΛΟΥ ΕΥΚΡΑΤΙΔΟΥ</span></span>, <i>Basileōs Megalou Eukratidou</i> – "(of) Great King Eucratides".</figcaption></figure> <p>Back in Bactria, <a href="/wiki/Eucratides_I" title="Eucratides I">Eucratides I</a>, either a general of Demetrius or an ally of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucids" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucids">Seleucids</a>, managed to overthrow the Euthydemid dynasty and establish his own rule, the short-lived Eucratid dynasty,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> around 170 BC, probably dethroning <a href="/wiki/Antimachus_I" title="Antimachus I">Antimachus I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antimachus_II" title="Antimachus II">Antimachus II</a>. The Indian branch of the Euthydemids tried to strike back. An Indian king called Demetrius (very likely <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_of_India" title="Demetrius II of India">Demetrius II</a>) is said to have returned to Bactria with 60,000 men to oust the usurper, but he apparently was defeated and killed in the encounter: </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BilingualCoinOfEucratides.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/BilingualCoinOfEucratides.jpg/303px-BilingualCoinOfEucratides.jpg" decoding="async" width="303" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/BilingualCoinOfEucratides.jpg/455px-BilingualCoinOfEucratides.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/BilingualCoinOfEucratides.jpg/606px-BilingualCoinOfEucratides.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1389" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Bilingual coin of Eucratides I in the Indian standard, on the obverse <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> inscription reads: <span title="Hellenistic Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΜΕΓΑΛΟΥ ΕΥΚΡΑΤΙΔΟΥ</span></span>, <i>Basileōs Megalou Eukratidou</i> – "(of) Great King Eucratides"; on the reverse <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali language</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kharoshthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharoshthi">Kharoshthi</a> legend reads: <i>Maharajasa Evukratidasa</i>, "of Great King Eucratides"<i>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <blockquote><p>Eucratides led many wars with great courage, and, while weakened by them, was put under siege by Demetrius, king of the Indians. He made numerous sorties, and managed to vanquish 60,000 enemies with 300 soldiers, and thus liberated after four months, he put India under his rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Justin_XLI,6_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Justin_XLI,6-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Eucratides campaigned extensively in present-day northwestern India, and ruled a vast territory, as indicated by his minting of coins in many Indian mints, possibly as far as the <a href="/wiki/Jhelum_River" title="Jhelum River">Jhelum River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a>. In the end, however, he was repulsed by the Indo-Greek king <a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a>, who managed to create a huge unified territory. </p><p>In a rather confused account, <a href="/wiki/Justin_(historian)" title="Justin (historian)">Justin</a> explains that Eucratides was killed on the field by "his son and joint king", who would be his own son, either <a href="/wiki/Eucratides_II" title="Eucratides II">Eucratides II</a> or <a href="/wiki/Heliocles_I" title="Heliocles I">Heliocles I</a> (although there are speculations that it could have been his enemy's son <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_of_India" title="Demetrius II of India">Demetrius II</a>). The son drove over Eucratides' bloodied body with his chariot and left him dismembered without a sepulcher: </p> <blockquote><p>As Eucratides returned from India, he was killed on the way back by his son, whom he had associated to his rule, and who, without hiding his parricide, as if he didn't kill a father but an enemy, ran with his chariot over the blood of his father, and ordered the corpse to be left without a sepulture.<sup id="cite_ref-Justin_XLI,6_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Justin_XLI,6-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defeats_by_Parthia">Defeats by Parthia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Defeats by Parthia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During or after his Indian campaigns, Eucratides was attacked and defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates I of Parthia">Mithridates I</a>, possibly in alliance with partisans of the Euthydemids: </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monnaie_de_Bactriane,_Eucratide_I,_2_faces.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Monnaie_de_Bactriane%2C_Eucratide_I%2C_2_faces.jpg/303px-Monnaie_de_Bactriane%2C_Eucratide_I%2C_2_faces.jpg" decoding="async" width="303" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Monnaie_de_Bactriane%2C_Eucratide_I%2C_2_faces.jpg/455px-Monnaie_de_Bactriane%2C_Eucratide_I%2C_2_faces.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Monnaie_de_Bactriane%2C_Eucratide_I%2C_2_faces.jpg/606px-Monnaie_de_Bactriane%2C_Eucratide_I%2C_2_faces.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6740" data-file-height="3224" /></a><figcaption>Gold 20-<a href="/wiki/Stater" title="Stater">stater</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eucratides_I" title="Eucratides I">Eucratides I</a>, the largest gold coin of Antiquity. The coin weighs 169.2 grams, and has a diameter of 58 millimeters. The reverse shows the <a href="/wiki/Castor_and_Pollux" title="Castor and Pollux">Dioscuri</a> on horseback.</figcaption></figure> <blockquote><p>The Bactrians, involved in various wars, lost not only their rule but also their freedom, as, exhausted by their wars against the Sogdians, the Arachotes, the Dranges, the Arians and the Indians, they were finally crushed, as if drawn of all their blood, by an enemy weaker than them, the Parthians.<sup id="cite_ref-Justin_XLI,6_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Justin_XLI,6-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Following his victory, Mithridates I gained Bactria's territory west of the <a href="/wiki/Hari_River,_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hari River, Afghanistan">Arius</a>, the regions of <a href="/wiki/Tapuria" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapuria">Tapuria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Traxiane</a>: "The satrapy Turiva and that of Aspionus were taken away from Eucratides by the Parthians."<sup id="cite_ref-Strabo_11.11.2_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strabo_11.11.2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the year 141 BC, the Greco-Bactrians seem to have entered in an alliance with the Seleucid king <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Nicator" title="Demetrius II Nicator">Demetrius II</a> to fight again against Parthia: </p> <blockquote><p>The people of the Orient welcomed his (Demetrius II's) arrival, partly because of the cruelty of the Arsacid king of the Parthians, partly because, used to the rule of the Macedonians, they disliked the arrogance of this new people. Thus, Demetrius, supported by the Persians, Elymes and Bactrians, routed the Parthians in numerous battles. At the end, deceived by a false peace treaty, he was taken prisoner.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The 5th century historian <a href="/wiki/Paulus_Orosius" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulus Orosius">Orosius</a> reports that Mithridates I managed to occupy territory between the <a href="/wiki/Indus" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus">Indus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hydaspes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydaspes">Hydaspes</a> towards the end of his reign (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 138</span> BC, before his kingdom was weakened by his death in 136 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Heliocles_I" title="Heliocles I">Heliocles I</a> ended up ruling what territory remained. The defeat, both in the west and the east, may have left Bactria very weakened and open to nomadic invasions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nomadic_invasions_and_fall">Nomadic invasions and fall</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nomadic invasions and fall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuezhi_migrations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Yuezhi_migrations.jpg/275px-Yuezhi_migrations.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Yuezhi_migrations.jpg/413px-Yuezhi_migrations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Yuezhi_migrations.jpg/550px-Yuezhi_migrations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1539" /></a><figcaption>The migrations of the <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a> through Central Asia, from around 176 BC–AD 30.</figcaption></figure> <p>A nomadic steppe people called the <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a> inhabited a region thousands of miles to the east of Bactria on the edges of the <a href="/wiki/Han_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Han Empire">Han Empire</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Hexi_Corridor" title="Hexi Corridor">Hexi Corridor</a>. Shortly before 176 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> invaded the Hexi Corridor, forcing the Yuezhi to flee the region. In 162 BC the Yuezhi were driven west to the <a href="/wiki/Ili_River" title="Ili River">Ili River</a> valley by the Xiongnu. In 132 they were driven out of the Ili valley by the <a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a>. The surviving Yuezhi migrated again south towards the territory just north of the Oxus River where they encountered and expelled a nomadic steppe nation called <a href="/wiki/Sakastan_(Sasanian_province)" title="Sakastan (Sasanian province)">Sakastan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MenWithDragons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/MenWithDragons.jpg/275px-MenWithDragons.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/MenWithDragons.jpg/413px-MenWithDragons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/MenWithDragons.jpg/550px-MenWithDragons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1190" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption>Gold artefacts of the Scythians in Bactria, at the site of <a href="/wiki/Tillia_tepe" class="mw-redirect" title="Tillia tepe">Tillia tepe</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Around 140 BC, eastern <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a>, or Sacaraucae of Greek sources), apparently being pushed forward by the southward migration of the <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a> started to invade various parts of Parthia and Bactria. Their invasion of Parthia is well documented: they attacked in the direction of the cities of <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hecatompolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hecatompolis">Hecatompolis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecbatana" title="Ecbatana">Ecbatana</a>. They managed to defeat and kill the Parthian king <a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates II</a>, son of Mithridates I, routing the Greek mercenary troops under his command (troops he had acquired during his victory over <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus VII">Antiochus VII</a>). Again in 123 BC, Phraates's successor, his uncle <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Artabanus I">Artabanus I</a>, was killed by the Scythians.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="History of the Han dynasty">Han Chinese</a> diplomat <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Qian" title="Zhang Qian">Zhang Qian</a> visited the Yuezhi in 126 BC, trying to obtain their alliance to fight the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>, he explained that the Yuezhi were settled north of the <a href="/wiki/Oxus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxus">Oxus</a> but also held under their sway the territory south of Oxus, which makes up the remainder of Bactria. </p><p>According to Zhang Qian, the Yuezhi represented a considerable force of between 100,000 and 200,000 mounted archer warriors,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with customs identical to those of the Xiongnu, which would probably have easily defeated Greco-Bactrian forces (in 208 BC when the Greco-Bactrian king <a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_I" title="Euthydemus I">Euthydemus I</a> confronted the invasion of the Seleucid king <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III the Great</a>, he commanded 10,000 horsemen).<sup id="cite_ref-Polybius_10.49,_Battle_of_the_Arius_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polybius_10.49,_Battle_of_the_Arius-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zhang Qian actually visited Bactria (named <a href="/wiki/Daxia" title="Daxia">Daxia</a> in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Chinese">Chinese</a>) in 126 BC, and portrays a country which was totally demoralized and whose political system had vanished, although its urban infrastructure remained: </p> <blockquote><p>Daxia (Bactria) is located over 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Li_(Chinese_unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li (Chinese unit)">li</a> southwest of Dayuan, south of the Gui (Oxus) river. Its people cultivate the land and have cities and houses. Their customs are like those of Dayuan. It has no great ruler but only a number of petty chiefs ruling the various cities. The people are poor in the use of arms and afraid of battle, but they are clever at commerce. After the Great Yuezhi moved west and attacked Daxia, the entire country came under their sway. The population of the country is large, numbering some 1,000,000 or more persons. The capital is called the city of Lanshi (<a href="/wiki/Bactra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bactra">Bactra</a>) and has a market where all sorts of goods are bought and sold. (<i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Great_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Great Historian">Records of the Great Historian</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a>, quoting Zhang Qian, trans. Burton Watson)</p></blockquote> <p>The Yuezhi further expanded southward into Bactria around 120 BC, apparently further pushed out by invasions from the northern <a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a>. It seems they also pushed Scythian tribes before them, which continued to India, where they came to be identified as <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plato_Epiphanes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Plato_Epiphanes.jpg/303px-Plato_Epiphanes.jpg" decoding="async" width="303" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Plato_Epiphanes.jpg/455px-Plato_Epiphanes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Plato_Epiphanes.jpg/606px-Plato_Epiphanes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption>Silver coin of <a href="/wiki/Plato_of_Bactria" title="Plato of Bactria">Plato of Bactria</a>, wearing a diadem. The reverse shows <a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a> on his chariot facing forward. Greek legend reads: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΕΠΙΦΑΝΟΥΣ ΠΛΑΤΩΝΟΣ, <i>Basileōs Epiphanous Platōnos</i> – "(of) King Plato the God-Manifest."</figcaption></figure> <p>This invasion of Bactria is also described in western Classical sources from the 1st century BC: </p> <blockquote><p>The best known tribes are those who deprived the Greeks of Bactriana, the Asii, Pasiani, <a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tochari</a>, and Sacarauli, who came from the country on the other side of the <a href="/wiki/Jaxartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaxartes">Jaxartes</a>, opposite the <a href="/wiki/Sakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakas">Sacae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sogdians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdians">Sogdiani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Around that time the king <a href="/wiki/Heliocles" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliocles">Heliocles</a> abandoned Bactria and moved his capital to the <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> valley, from where he ruled his Indian holdings. Apparently there were two other Greco-Bactrian kings preceding Heliocles in the same region and from the same dynasty, named Eucratides II and <a href="/wiki/Plato_of_Bactria" title="Plato of Bactria">Plato Epiphanes</a>, the latter probably being a brother of Eucratides I. Since Heliocles left the Bactrian territory, he is technically the last Greco-Bactrian king, although several of his descendants, moving beyond the Hindu Kush, would form the western part of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek kingdom">Indo-Greek kingdom</a>. The last of these "western" Indo-Greek kings, <a href="/wiki/Hermaeus" title="Hermaeus">Hermaeus</a>, would rule until around 70 BC, when the Yuezhi again invaded his territory in the <a href="/wiki/Paropamisadae" title="Paropamisadae">Paropamisadae</a> (while the "eastern" Indo-Greek kings would continue to rule until around AD 10 in the area of the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab region</a>). </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HelioclesCoin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/HelioclesCoin.jpg/310px-HelioclesCoin.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/HelioclesCoin.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="423" data-file-height="181" /></a><figcaption>Silver coin of <a href="/wiki/Heliocles_I" title="Heliocles I">Heliocles</a> (r. 150–125 BC), the last Greco-Bactrian king. The reverse shows <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> holding thunderbolt and sceptre. Greek legend reads: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΔΙΚΑΙΟΥ ΗΛΙΟΚΛΕΟΥΣ, <i>Basileōs Dikaiou Hēliokleous</i> – "(of) King Heliocles the Just".</figcaption></figure> <p>Overall, the <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a> remained in Bactria for more than a century. They became Hellenized to some degree, as suggested by their adoption of the Greek alphabet to write their later Iranian court language,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarain1990153_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarain1990153-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by numerous remaining coins, minted in the style of the Greco-Bactrian kings, with the text in Greek. </p><p>There is evidence for the persistence of Greek populations in Bactria after the collapse of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom. For example, an <a href="/wiki/Obol_(coin)" title="Obol (coin)">obol</a> of a previously unknown ruler called Antigonus has been found and it seems he ruled after the kingdom's collapse, as evidenced by the use of a lunate sigma and the lower art quality of the coin, perhaps dating from the end of the 1st century BC. Antigonus might have briefly won a battle against the Yuezhi or the Saka before he was overrun himself.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 12 BC the Yuezhi then moved further to northern India where they established the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_forces">Military forces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Military forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetradrachm_Eukratides_I_obverse_NMAT_RN474-1_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Tetradrachm_Eukratides_I_obverse_NMAT_RN474-1_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Tetradrachm_Eukratides_I_obverse_NMAT_RN474-1_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Tetradrachm_Eukratides_I_obverse_NMAT_RN474-1_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Tetradrachm_Eukratides_I_obverse_NMAT_RN474-1_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Tetradrachm_Eukratides_I_obverse_NMAT_RN474-1_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Tetradrachm_Eukratides_I_obverse_NMAT_RN474-1_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1893" data-file-height="1785" /></a><figcaption>Coin showing Eucratides I as a warrior wearing a crested helmet adorned with bull's horn and ear. He also wears a <a href="/wiki/Diadem" title="Diadem">diadem</a> underneath, while holding a spear in his right hand; obverse.</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the Greek conquest, the armies of Bactria were overwhelmingly composed of cavalry and were well known as effective soldiers, making up large portions of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid">Achaemenid</a> cavalry contingents. 2,000 Bactrian horsemen fought at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Granicus" title="Battle of the Granicus">Granicus</a> against Alexander and 9,000 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaugamela" title="Battle of Gaugamela">Battle of Gaugamela</a> on the left flank of Darius' army. <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> also mentions the widespread use of chariots among the Bactrians. After Alexander's conquest of Bactria, Bactrian cavalry units served in his army during the <a href="/wiki/Indian_campaign_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Indian campaign of Alexander the Great">invasion of India</a> and after the Indian campaign, Alexander enlarged his elite <a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">companion cavalry</a> by adding Bactrians, Sogdians and other east Iranian cavalrymen.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> (The Persians, v. 318) and <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus" title="Quintus Curtius Rufus">Curtius</a> mention that Bactria was able to field a force of 30,000 horse. Most of these horsemen were lightly armed, using bows and javelins before closing with sword and spear. Herodotus describes the Persian cavalry of Mardonius at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plataea" title="Battle of Plataea">Battle of Plataea</a> (which included Bactrians) as horse archers (<i>hippotoxotai</i>). Bactrian infantry is described by Herodotus as wearing caps in the Median style, short spears and reed <a href="/wiki/Scythian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian">Scythian</a> style bows.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Alexander and <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucus I">Seleucus I</a> both settled <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonians" title="Ancient Macedonians">Macedonians</a> and other Greeks in Bactria, and archeological finds in the region have also attested to a major Macedonian presence, as evidenced by the presence of symbols, style of coinage, and epigraphic names.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greek garrisons in the satrapy of Bactria were housed in fortresses called <i>phrouria</i> and at major cities. Military colonists were settled in the countryside and were each given an allotment of land called a <i>kleros</i>. These colonists numbered in the tens of thousands, and were trained in the fashion of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Macedonian army</a>. A Greek army in Bactria during the anti-Macedonian revolt of 323 BC numbered 23,000.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The army of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom was then a multi-ethnic force with Greek colonists making up large portions of the infantry as pike phalanxes, supported by light infantry units of local Bactrians and mercenary javelin-wielding <a href="/wiki/Thureophoroi" class="mw-redirect" title="Thureophoroi">Thureophoroi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cavalry arm was very large for a Hellenistic army and composed mostly of native Bactrian, <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdian</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranian</a> light horsemen. Polybius mentions 10,000 horse at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Arius" title="Battle of the Arius">Battle of the Arius</a> river in 208 BC. Greco-Bactrian armies also included units of heavily armored <a href="/wiki/Cataphracts" class="mw-redirect" title="Cataphracts">cataphracts</a> and small elite units of <a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">companion cavalry</a>. The third arm of the Greco-Bactrian army was the Indian <a href="/wiki/War_elephants" class="mw-redirect" title="War elephants">war elephants</a>, which are depicted in some coins with a tower (<i>thorakion</i>) or <a href="/wiki/Howdah" title="Howdah">howdah</a> housing men armed with bows and javelins. This force grew as the Greco-Bactrian kingdom expanded into India and was widely depicted in Greco-Bactrian coinage. Other units in the Bactrian military included mercenaries or levies from various surrounding peoples such as the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dahae" title="Dahae">Dahae</a>, Indians, and <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthians</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_contacts">Culture and contacts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Culture and contacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek_culture_in_Bactria">Greek culture in Bactria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Greek culture in Bactria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Termez_Kampyr_Tepe_(Alexandria_Oxiana)_end_4th_cent_BCE-1st_cent_CE_Hellenistic_Port_model.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Termez_Kampyr_Tepe_%28Alexandria_Oxiana%29_end_4th_cent_BCE-1st_cent_CE_Hellenistic_Port_model.jpg/275px-Termez_Kampyr_Tepe_%28Alexandria_Oxiana%29_end_4th_cent_BCE-1st_cent_CE_Hellenistic_Port_model.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Termez_Kampyr_Tepe_%28Alexandria_Oxiana%29_end_4th_cent_BCE-1st_cent_CE_Hellenistic_Port_model.jpg/413px-Termez_Kampyr_Tepe_%28Alexandria_Oxiana%29_end_4th_cent_BCE-1st_cent_CE_Hellenistic_Port_model.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Termez_Kampyr_Tepe_%28Alexandria_Oxiana%29_end_4th_cent_BCE-1st_cent_CE_Hellenistic_Port_model.jpg/550px-Termez_Kampyr_Tepe_%28Alexandria_Oxiana%29_end_4th_cent_BCE-1st_cent_CE_Hellenistic_Port_model.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5424" data-file-height="1985" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of <a href="/wiki/Kampyr_Tepe" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampyr Tepe">Kampyr Tepe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Oxiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandria Oxiana">Alexandria Oxiana</a>) end 4th cent BCE-1st cent CE. <a href="/wiki/Termez_Archaeological_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Termez Archaeological Museum">Termez Archaeological Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Greeks first began settling the region long before Alexander conquered it. The <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persian</a> Empire had a policy of exiling rebelling Greek communities to that region long before it fell to Greek conquest. Therefore, it had a considerable Greek community that was expanded upon after Macedonian conquest. </p><p>The Greco-Bactrians were known for their high level of <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> sophistication, and kept regular contact with both the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> and neighbouring India. They were on friendly terms with India and exchanged ambassadors. During ancient times, it was known as a wealthy state with many settled cities and the historian Justin claims the kingdom possessed 'a thousand cities'. </p><p>Their cities, such as <a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum" title="Ai-Khanoum">Ai-Khanoum</a> in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> (probably <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_on_the_Oxus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandria on the Oxus">Alexandria on the Oxus</a>), and Bactra (modern <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>) where Hellenistic remains have been found, demonstrate a sophisticated Hellenistic urban culture. This site gives a snapshot of Greco-Bactrian culture around 145 BC, as the city was burnt to the ground around that date during nomadic invasions and never re-settled. Ai-Khanoum "has all the hallmarks of a Hellenistic city, with a Greek <a href="/wiki/Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Theater">theater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(ancient_Greece)" title="Gymnasium (ancient Greece)">gymnasium</a> and some Greek houses with colonnaded courtyards" (Boardman). Remains of Classical <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_order" title="Corinthian order">Corinthian</a> columns were found in excavations of the site, as well as various sculptural fragments. In particular a huge foot fragment in excellent Hellenistic style was recovered, which is estimated to have belonged to a 5–6 meter tall statue. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KineasInscriptionSharp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/KineasInscriptionSharp.jpg/275px-KineasInscriptionSharp.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/KineasInscriptionSharp.jpg/413px-KineasInscriptionSharp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/KineasInscriptionSharp.jpg/550px-KineasInscriptionSharp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2604" data-file-height="1579" /></a><figcaption>Stone block with the inscriptions of Kineas in Greek. <a href="/wiki/Ai_Khanoum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ai Khanoum">Ai Khanoum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the inscriptions in Greek found at Ai-Khanoum, the Herôon of Kineas, has been dated to 300–250 BC, and describes <a href="/wiki/Delphic_maxims" title="Delphic maxims">Delphic maxims</a>: </p> <blockquote><div class="poem"> <p>παῖς ὢν κόσμιος γίνου<br /> ἡβῶν ἐγκρατής<br /> μέσος δίκαιος<br /> πρεσβύτης εὔβουλος<br /> τελευτῶν ἄλυπος<br /> <br /> As children, learn good manners.<br /> As young men, learn to control the passions.<br /> In middle age, be just.<br /> In old age, give good advice.<br /> Then die, without regret. </p> </div></blockquote> <p>Many other Greco-Bactrian cities have been identified, for example <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Eschate" title="Alexandria Eschate">Alexandria Eschate</a> (in modern <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Eucratideia" title="Eucratideia">Eucratideia</a>, and another city named Amphipolis. The latter being a previously unknown city which was mentioned on a Bactrian document and was clearly named after <a href="/wiki/Amphipolis" title="Amphipolis">Amphipolis</a> in ancient Macedonia.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excavated cities include Kampir Tepe in <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Saksanokhur" title="Saksanokhur">Saksanokhur</a> and Takht-i Sangin in Tajikistan (archaeological searches by a Soviet team under B.A. Litvinski),<sup id="cite_ref-Litvin-Pichik-1994_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Litvin-Pichik-1994-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or in <a href="/wiki/Dal%27verzin_Tepe" class="mw-redirect" title="Dal'verzin Tepe">Dal'verzin Tepe</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173px; height: 173px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HeraklesStatuette.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze Heracles statuette. Ai Khanoum. 2nd century BC."><img alt="Bronze Heracles statuette. Ai Khanoum. 2nd century BC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/HeraklesStatuette.jpg/79px-HeraklesStatuette.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/HeraklesStatuette.jpg/119px-HeraklesStatuette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/HeraklesStatuette.jpg/158px-HeraklesStatuette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="1066" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bronze <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> statuette. Ai Khanoum. 2nd century BC.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173px; height: 173px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Philosopher2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sculpture of an old man, possibly a philosopher. Ai Khanoum, 2nd century BC."><img alt="Sculpture of an old man, possibly a philosopher. Ai Khanoum, 2nd century BC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Philosopher2.JPG/92px-Philosopher2.JPG" decoding="async" width="92" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Philosopher2.JPG/139px-Philosopher2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Philosopher2.JPG/184px-Philosopher2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="882" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sculpture of an old man, possibly a philosopher. Ai Khanoum, 2nd century BC.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173px; height: 173px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ManWithChlamys5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frieze of a naked man wearing a chlamys. Ai Khanoum, 2nd century BC."><img alt="Frieze of a naked man wearing a chlamys. Ai Khanoum, 2nd century BC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/ManWithChlamys5.jpg/80px-ManWithChlamys5.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/ManWithChlamys5.jpg/121px-ManWithChlamys5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/ManWithChlamys5.jpg/161px-ManWithChlamys5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="842" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Frieze of a naked man wearing a <a href="/wiki/Chlamys" title="Chlamys">chlamys</a>. Ai Khanoum, 2nd century BC.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173px; height: 173px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GorgoyleSharp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gargoyle in the form of a Greek comic mask. Ai Khanoum, 2nd century BC."><img alt="Gargoyle in the form of a Greek comic mask. Ai Khanoum, 2nd century BC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/GorgoyleSharp.jpg/115px-GorgoyleSharp.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/GorgoyleSharp.jpg/173px-GorgoyleSharp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/GorgoyleSharp.jpg/230px-GorgoyleSharp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="956" data-file-height="1188" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gargoyle in the form of a Greek comic mask. Ai Khanoum, 2nd century BC.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173px; height: 173px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AiKhanoumPlateSharp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plate depicting Cybele pulled by lions. Ai Khanoum."><img alt="Plate depicting Cybele pulled by lions. Ai Khanoum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/AiKhanoumPlateSharp.jpg/143px-AiKhanoumPlateSharp.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/AiKhanoumPlateSharp.jpg/215px-AiKhanoumPlateSharp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/AiKhanoumPlateSharp.jpg/286px-AiKhanoumPlateSharp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1064" data-file-height="1053" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plate depicting <a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a> pulled by lions. Ai Khanoum.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173px; height: 173px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ai-Khanoum_mosaic.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mosaic depicting the Macedonian sun, Ai Khanoum, 2nd century BC."><img alt="Mosaic depicting the Macedonian sun, Ai Khanoum, 2nd century BC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Ai-Khanoum_mosaic.jpg/139px-Ai-Khanoum_mosaic.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Ai-Khanoum_mosaic.jpg/209px-Ai-Khanoum_mosaic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Ai-Khanoum_mosaic.jpg/278px-Ai-Khanoum_mosaic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="471" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mosaic depicting the <a href="/wiki/Vergina_Sun" title="Vergina Sun">Macedonian sun</a>, Ai Khanoum, 2nd century BC.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173px; height: 173px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ai_Khanoum_Portrait_of_a_man,_found_in_the_administrative_palace.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of a man, found in the administrative palace, 2nd century BC."><img alt="Portrait of a man, found in the administrative palace, 2nd century BC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ai_Khanoum_Portrait_of_a_man%2C_found_in_the_administrative_palace.jpg/123px-Ai_Khanoum_Portrait_of_a_man%2C_found_in_the_administrative_palace.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ai_Khanoum_Portrait_of_a_man%2C_found_in_the_administrative_palace.jpg/185px-Ai_Khanoum_Portrait_of_a_man%2C_found_in_the_administrative_palace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ai_Khanoum_Portrait_of_a_man%2C_found_in_the_administrative_palace.jpg/246px-Ai_Khanoum_Portrait_of_a_man%2C_found_in_the_administrative_palace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="696" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portrait of a man, found in the administrative palace, 2nd century BC.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173px; height: 173px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bactrian_tax_receipt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Bactrian tax receipt written in Greek mentioning the Greco-Bactrian king Antimachus I Theos, Eumenes and perhaps Antimachus II, 2nd century BC."><img alt="A Bactrian tax receipt written in Greek mentioning the Greco-Bactrian king Antimachus I Theos, Eumenes and perhaps Antimachus II, 2nd century BC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bactrian_tax_receipt.jpg/143px-Bactrian_tax_receipt.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bactrian_tax_receipt.jpg/215px-Bactrian_tax_receipt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bactrian_tax_receipt.jpg/286px-Bactrian_tax_receipt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="342" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Bactrian tax receipt written in Greek mentioning the Greco-Bactrian king Antimachus I Theos, Eumenes and perhaps Antimachus II, 2nd century BC.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Takht-i_Sangin">Takht-i Sangin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Takht-i Sangin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Takht-i_Sangin" title="Takht-i Sangin">Takht-i Sangin</a></div> <p>Takht-i Sangin (<a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a>: "Throne of Stone") is an archaeological site located near the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Vakhsh_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Vakhsh River">Vakhsh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panj" title="Panj">Panj</a> rivers, the source of the <a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Amu Darya</a>, in southern <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> it was a city of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom with a large temple dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Oxus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxus">Oxus</a> (Vakhsh river), which remained in use in the following <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a> period, until the third century AD. The site may have been the source of the <a href="/wiki/Oxus_Treasure" title="Oxus Treasure">Oxus Treasure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolt198943_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt198943-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 165px; height: 165px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ionic_pillar,_cella_of_the_Temple_of_the_Oxus,_Takht-i_Sangin,_late_4th_-_early_3rd_century_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ionic pillar, cella of the Temple of the Oxus, Takht-i Sangin, late 4th – early 3rd century BCE.[48]"><img alt="Ionic pillar, cella of the Temple of the Oxus, Takht-i Sangin, late 4th – early 3rd century BCE.[48]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ionic_pillar%2C_cella_of_the_Temple_of_the_Oxus%2C_Takht-i_Sangin%2C_late_4th_-_early_3rd_century_BCE.jpg/90px-Ionic_pillar%2C_cella_of_the_Temple_of_the_Oxus%2C_Takht-i_Sangin%2C_late_4th_-_early_3rd_century_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ionic_pillar%2C_cella_of_the_Temple_of_the_Oxus%2C_Takht-i_Sangin%2C_late_4th_-_early_3rd_century_BCE.jpg/136px-Ionic_pillar%2C_cella_of_the_Temple_of_the_Oxus%2C_Takht-i_Sangin%2C_late_4th_-_early_3rd_century_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ionic_pillar%2C_cella_of_the_Temple_of_the_Oxus%2C_Takht-i_Sangin%2C_late_4th_-_early_3rd_century_BCE.jpg/181px-Ionic_pillar%2C_cella_of_the_Temple_of_the_Oxus%2C_Takht-i_Sangin%2C_late_4th_-_early_3rd_century_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1532" data-file-height="2286" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ionic pillar, cella of the Temple of the Oxus, Takht-i Sangin, late 4th – early 3rd century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Litvin-Pichik-1994_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Litvin-Pichik-1994-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 165px; height: 165px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Head_of_a_Greco-Bactrian_ruler,_Temple_of_the_Oxus,_Takht-i-Sangin,_3rd-2nd_century_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Head of a Greco-Bactrian ruler with diadem, Temple of the Oxus, Takht-i Sangin, 3rd–2nd century BCE. This could also be a portrait of Seleucus I.[50]"><img alt="Head of a Greco-Bactrian ruler with diadem, Temple of the Oxus, Takht-i Sangin, 3rd–2nd century BCE. This could also be a portrait of Seleucus I.[50]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Head_of_a_Greco-Bactrian_ruler%2C_Temple_of_the_Oxus%2C_Takht-i-Sangin%2C_3rd-2nd_century_BCE.jpg/100px-Head_of_a_Greco-Bactrian_ruler%2C_Temple_of_the_Oxus%2C_Takht-i-Sangin%2C_3rd-2nd_century_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Head_of_a_Greco-Bactrian_ruler%2C_Temple_of_the_Oxus%2C_Takht-i-Sangin%2C_3rd-2nd_century_BCE.jpg/151px-Head_of_a_Greco-Bactrian_ruler%2C_Temple_of_the_Oxus%2C_Takht-i-Sangin%2C_3rd-2nd_century_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Head_of_a_Greco-Bactrian_ruler%2C_Temple_of_the_Oxus%2C_Takht-i-Sangin%2C_3rd-2nd_century_BCE.jpg/201px-Head_of_a_Greco-Bactrian_ruler%2C_Temple_of_the_Oxus%2C_Takht-i-Sangin%2C_3rd-2nd_century_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1567" data-file-height="2106" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Head of a <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian">Greco-Bactrian</a> ruler with diadem, Temple of the Oxus, <a href="/wiki/Takht-i_Sangin" title="Takht-i Sangin">Takht-i Sangin</a>, 3rd–2nd century BCE. This could also be a portrait of <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OB27_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OB27-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 165px; height: 165px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Altar_to_God_Oxus,_with_Marsias_playing_the_aolos,_Temple_of_the_Oxus,_Takht-i_Sangin,_dated_2nd_century_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hellenistic silenus Marsyas from Takhti Sangin, with dedication in Greek to the god of the Oxus, by "Atrosokes" (a Bactrian name). Temple of the Oxus, Takht-i Sangin, 200–150 BCE. Tajikistan National Museum.[48][51]"><img alt="Hellenistic silenus Marsyas from Takhti Sangin, with dedication in Greek to the god of the Oxus, by "Atrosokes" (a Bactrian name). Temple of the Oxus, Takht-i Sangin, 200–150 BCE. Tajikistan National Museum.[48][51]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Altar_to_God_Oxus%2C_with_Marsias_playing_the_aolos%2C_Temple_of_the_Oxus%2C_Takht-i_Sangin%2C_dated_2nd_century_BCE.jpg/90px-Altar_to_God_Oxus%2C_with_Marsias_playing_the_aolos%2C_Temple_of_the_Oxus%2C_Takht-i_Sangin%2C_dated_2nd_century_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Altar_to_God_Oxus%2C_with_Marsias_playing_the_aolos%2C_Temple_of_the_Oxus%2C_Takht-i_Sangin%2C_dated_2nd_century_BCE.jpg/135px-Altar_to_God_Oxus%2C_with_Marsias_playing_the_aolos%2C_Temple_of_the_Oxus%2C_Takht-i_Sangin%2C_dated_2nd_century_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Altar_to_God_Oxus%2C_with_Marsias_playing_the_aolos%2C_Temple_of_the_Oxus%2C_Takht-i_Sangin%2C_dated_2nd_century_BCE.jpg/179px-Altar_to_God_Oxus%2C_with_Marsias_playing_the_aolos%2C_Temple_of_the_Oxus%2C_Takht-i_Sangin%2C_dated_2nd_century_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1642" data-file-height="2470" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hellenistic silenus <a href="/wiki/Marsyas" title="Marsyas">Marsyas</a> from Takhti Sangin, with dedication in Greek to the god of the Oxus, by "Atrosokes" (a Bactrian name). Temple of the Oxus, Takht-i Sangin, 200–150 BCE. <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan_National_Museum" title="Tajikistan National Museum">Tajikistan National Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Litvin-Pichik-1994_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Litvin-Pichik-1994-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RW2011_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RW2011-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 165px; height: 165px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander-Herakles_head,_Takht-i_Sangin,_Temple_of_the_Oxus,_3rd_century_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alexander-Heracles head, Takht-i Sangin, Temple of the Oxus, 3rd century BCE.[48]"><img alt="Alexander-Heracles head, Takht-i Sangin, Temple of the Oxus, 3rd century BCE.[48]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Alexander-Herakles_head%2C_Takht-i_Sangin%2C_Temple_of_the_Oxus%2C_3rd_century_BCE.jpg/101px-Alexander-Herakles_head%2C_Takht-i_Sangin%2C_Temple_of_the_Oxus%2C_3rd_century_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Alexander-Herakles_head%2C_Takht-i_Sangin%2C_Temple_of_the_Oxus%2C_3rd_century_BCE.jpg/152px-Alexander-Herakles_head%2C_Takht-i_Sangin%2C_Temple_of_the_Oxus%2C_3rd_century_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Alexander-Herakles_head%2C_Takht-i_Sangin%2C_Temple_of_the_Oxus%2C_3rd_century_BCE.jpg/203px-Alexander-Herakles_head%2C_Takht-i_Sangin%2C_Temple_of_the_Oxus%2C_3rd_century_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="987" data-file-height="1315" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Alexander-Heracles head, Takht-i Sangin, Temple of the Oxus, 3rd century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Litvin-Pichik-1994_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Litvin-Pichik-1994-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coinage">Coinage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Coinage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the Greco-Bactrian coins, and those of their successors the Indo-Greeks, are considered the finest examples of Greek numismatic art with "a nice blend of realism and idealization", including the largest coins to be minted in the Hellenistic world: the largest gold coin was minted by <a href="/wiki/Eucratides_I" title="Eucratides I">Eucratides</a> (reigned 171–145 BC), the largest silver coin by the Indo-Greek king <a href="/wiki/Amyntas_Nicator" title="Amyntas Nicator">Amyntas Nicator</a> (reigned c. 95–90 BC). The portraits "show a degree of individuality never matched by the often bland depictions of their royal contemporaries further West" (Roger Ling, "Greece and the Hellenistic World"). </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antimachos_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Antimachos_I.jpg/190px-Antimachos_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Antimachos_I.jpg/285px-Antimachos_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Antimachos_I.jpg/380px-Antimachos_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1499" data-file-height="1516" /></a><figcaption>Coin of king <a href="/wiki/Antimachus_I" title="Antimachus I">Antimachus I</a> wearing a Macedonian kausia hat. His portrait is oftentimes shown possessing a slight smile, as in this example.</figcaption></figure> <p>Such portraits show high levels of detail with some kings seen smiling, while others are shown aging throughout their reign, even depicting old age on their coins. Such realistic imagery on coins seems to have been very important to the Greco-Bactrian kings, who wanted to display their individuality or to distinguish themselves from the style of other contemporary Hellenistic kingdoms.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greco-Bactrian coins also depict the kings wearing distinct headgear, such as helmets modelled on the <a href="/wiki/Boeotian_helmet" title="Boeotian helmet">Boeotian</a> cavalry helmet of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, or the Macedonian <a href="/wiki/Kausia" title="Kausia">kausia</a>. This is unique to the Greco-Bactrian kings, who first featured such designs on their coins as other Hellenistic rulers are shown to only wear the diadem.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such the Greco-Bactrians are especially known for their innovative coinage designs. Further examples include the use of different metal alloys for their coins and the issue of bilingual coinage, using Greek on the obverse and an Indian language (such as <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharoshti</a> or <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi</a> scripts on the reverse. Local Indian symbols and deities are also depicted, i.e. Buddhist symbols and some Hindu deities (see Influence on Indian art subsection below). This syncretic design was first introduced after king Demetrius I of Bactria conquered areas of the Indian subcontinent between 190 and 180 BC, with king <a href="/wiki/Pantaleon" title="Pantaleon">Pantaleon</a> being the first to issue coins of the Indian standard, when the Greeks truly started ruling over Indian populations.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contacts_with_Han_China">Contacts with Han China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Contacts with Han China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> To the north, Euthydemus also ruled <a href="/wiki/Sogdiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdiana">Sogdiana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fergana_Valley" title="Fergana Valley">Ferghana</a>, and there are indications that from <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Eschate" title="Alexandria Eschate">Alexandria Eschate</a> the Greco-Bactrians may have led expeditions as far as <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, leading to the first known contacts between China and the West around 220 BC. The Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> too writes that: "they extended their empire even as far as the <a href="/wiki/Serica" title="Serica">Seres</a> (Chinese) and the <a href="/wiki/Phryni" title="Phryni">Phryni</a>". (<a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, XI.XI.I).<sup id="cite_ref-Strabo_XI.XI.I_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strabo_XI.XI.I-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_Warrior_Statue_without_shade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bronze_Warrior_Statue_without_shade.jpg/131px-Bronze_Warrior_Statue_without_shade.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bronze_Warrior_Statue_without_shade.jpg/196px-Bronze_Warrior_Statue_without_shade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bronze_Warrior_Statue_without_shade.jpg/262px-Bronze_Warrior_Statue_without_shade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="672" /></a><figcaption>Possible statuette of a Greek hoplite, wearing a version of the Greek <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_helmet" title="Phrygian helmet">Phrygian helmet</a>, from a 3rd-century BC burial site north of the <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Region_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinjiang Region Museum">Xinjiang Region Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p>Several statuettes and representations of Greek soldiers have been found north of the <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a>, on the doorstep to China, and are today on display in the <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> museum at <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a> (Boardman).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Middle Eastern or Greek influences on Chinese art have also been suggested (<a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hirth" title="Friedrich Hirth">Hirth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rostovtzeff" class="mw-redirect" title="Rostovtzeff">Rostovtzeff</a>). Designs with <a href="/wiki/Rosette_(design)" title="Rosette (design)">rosette</a> flowers, geometric lines, <a href="/wiki/Meander_(art)" title="Meander (art)">meanders</a> and glass inlays, suggestive of Egyptian, Persian, and/or Hellenistic influences,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can be found on some early <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> bronze mirrors.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some speculate that Greek influence is found in the artworks of the burial site of China's first Emperor <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a>, dating back to the 3rd century BC, including in the manufacture of the famous <a href="/wiki/Terracotta_Army" title="Terracotta Army">Terracotta Army</a>. This idea suggested that Greek artists may have come to China at that time to train local artisans in making sculptures<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this idea is disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Numismatics" title="Numismatics">Numismatics</a> also suggest that some technology exchanges may have occurred on these occasions: the Greco-Bactrians were the first in the world to issue <a href="/wiki/Cupro-nickel" class="mw-redirect" title="Cupro-nickel">cupro-nickel</a> (75:25 ratio) coins,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an alloy technology only known by the Chinese at the time under the name "White copper" (some weapons from the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a> were in copper-nickel alloy).<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice of exporting Chinese metals, in particular iron, for trade is attested around that period. Kings Euthydemus, Euthydemus II, <a href="/wiki/Agathocles_of_Bactria" title="Agathocles of Bactria">Agathocles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pantaleon" title="Pantaleon">Pantaleon</a> made these coin issues around 170 BC. An alternative suggestion is that the metal in the coinage derived from a mine where a cupro-nickel alloy occurred naturally, perhaps <a href="/wiki/Anarak" title="Anarak">Anarak</a> in eastern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Copper-nickel would not be used again in coinage until the 19th century. </p><p>The presence of Chinese people in India from ancient times is also suggested by the accounts of the "<a href="/wiki/Chinas" title="Chinas">Ciñas</a>" in the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Manu_Smriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Manu Smriti">Manu Smriti</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> explorer and ambassador <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Qian" title="Zhang Qian">Zhang Qian</a> visited Bactria in 126 BC, and reported the presence of Chinese products in the Bactrian markets: </p> <blockquote><p>"When I was in Bactria (<a href="/wiki/Daxia" title="Daxia">Daxia</a>)", Zhang Qian reported, "I saw bamboo canes from <a href="/wiki/Xichang" title="Xichang">Qiong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_embroidery" title="Sichuan embroidery">cloth made</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">province of Shu</a> (territories of southwestern China). When I asked the people how they had gotten such articles, they replied, "Our merchants go buy them in the markets of Shendu (India)." </p><dl><dd>— <i><a href="/wiki/Shiji" title="Shiji">Shiji</a></i> 123, <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a>, trans. Burton Watson).</dd></dl></blockquote> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_200bc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Asia_200bc.jpg/330px-Asia_200bc.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Asia_200bc.jpg/495px-Asia_200bc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Asia_200bc.jpg/660px-Asia_200bc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2037" data-file-height="1191" /></a><figcaption>Map of Asia in 200 BC showing the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>, the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The purpose of Zhang Qian's journey was to look for civilizations on the steppe that the Han could ally with against the Xiongnu. Upon his return, Zhang Qian informed the Chinese emperor Han <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Wu of Han China">Wudi</a> of the level of sophistication of the urban civilizations of Ferghana, Bactria and Parthia, who became interested in developing commercial relationships with them: </p> <blockquote><p>The Son of Heaven on hearing all this reasoned thus: <a href="/wiki/Ferghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferghana">Ferghana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dayuan" title="Dayuan">Dayuan</a>) and the possessions of <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Daxia" title="Daxia">Daxia</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a> (Anxi) are large countries, full of rare things, with a population living in fixed abodes and given to occupations somewhat identical with those of the Chinese people, and placing great value on the rich produce of China. (<i><a href="/wiki/Hanshu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanshu">Hanshu</a></i>, Former Han History).</p></blockquote> <p>A number of Chinese envoys were then sent to Central Asia, triggering the development of the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> from the end of the 2nd century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contacts_with_the_Indian_subcontinent_(250–180_BC)"><span id="Contacts_with_the_Indian_subcontinent_.28250.E2.80.93180_BC.29"></span>Contacts with the Indian subcontinent (250–180 BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Contacts with the Indian subcontinent (250–180 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Indian emperor <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan dynasty">Mauryan dynasty</a>, conquered the northwestern subcontinent upon the death of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> around 323 BC. However, contacts were kept with his Greek neighbours in the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>, a dynastic alliance or the recognition of intermarriage between Greeks and Indians were established (described as an agreement on <a href="/wiki/Epigamia" title="Epigamia">Epigamia</a> in Ancient sources), and several Greeks, such as the historian <a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a>, resided at the Mauryan court. Subsequently, each Mauryan emperor had a Greek ambassador at his court. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AsokaKandahar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/AsokaKandahar.jpg/220px-AsokaKandahar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/AsokaKandahar.jpg/330px-AsokaKandahar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/AsokaKandahar.jpg/440px-AsokaKandahar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="717" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Bilingual_Rock_Inscription" title="Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription">Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>), found in <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250</span> BC, <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> Museum.</figcaption></figure> <p>Chandragupta's grandson <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> converted to the Buddhist faith and became a great proselytizer in the line of the traditional Pali canon of <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> Buddhism, directing his efforts towards the Indo-Iranic and the Hellenistic worlds from around 250 BC. According to the <a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">Edicts of Ashoka</a>, set in stone, some of them written in Greek, he sent Buddhist emissaries to the Greek lands in Asia and as far as the Mediterranean. The edicts name each of the rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic civilization">Hellenistic</a> world at the time. </p> <blockquote><p>The conquest by <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> has been won here, on the borders, and even six hundred <a href="/wiki/Yojana" title="Yojana">yojanas</a> (4,000 miles) away, where the Greek king <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochos</a> rules, beyond there where the four kings named <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_II_Gonatas" title="Antigonus II Gonatas">Antigonos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magas_of_Cyrene" title="Magas of Cyrene">Magas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Epirus" title="Alexander II of Epirus">Alexander</a> rule, likewise in the south among the <a href="/wiki/Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola">Cholas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pandya" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandya">Pandyas</a>, and as far as <a href="/wiki/Tamraparni" title="Tamraparni">Tamraparni</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">Edicts of Ashoka</a>, 13th Rock Edict, S. Dhammika).</p></blockquote> <p>Some of the Greek populations that had remained in northwestern India apparently converted to Buddhism: </p> <blockquote><p>Here in the king's domain among the Greeks, the <a href="/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Kambojas</a>, the Nabhakas, the Nabhapamkits, the Bhojas, the Pitinikas, the <a href="/wiki/Satavahanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Satavahanas">Andhras</a> and the Palidas, everywhere people are following Beloved-of-the-Gods' instructions in <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">Edicts of Ashoka</a>, 13th Rock Edict, S. Dhammika).</p></blockquote> <p>Furthermore, according to <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> sources, some of Ashoka's emissaries were Greek Buddhist monks, indicating close religious exchanges between the two cultures: </p> <blockquote><p>When the <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">thera</i></span> (elder) Moggaliputta, the illuminator of the religion of the Conqueror (Ashoka), had brought the (third) council to an end ... he sent forth theras, one here and one there: ... and to Aparantaka (the "Western countries" corresponding to <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>) he sent the Greek (<a href="/wiki/Yona" title="Yona">Yona</a>) named <a href="/wiki/Dharmaraksita" title="Dharmaraksita">Dhammarakkhita</a> ... and the <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">thera</i></span> Maharakkhita he sent into the country of the Yona. (<a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a>, XII).</p></blockquote> <p>Greco-Bactrians probably received these Buddhist emissaries (at least Maharakkhita, lit. "The Great Saved One", who was "sent to the country of the Yona") and somehow tolerated the Buddhist faith, although little proof remains. In the 2nd century AD, the Christian dogmatist <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> recognized the existence of Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Sramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sramana">Sramanas</a> among the Bactrians ("Bactrians" meaning "Oriental Greeks" in that period), and even their influence on Greek thought: </p> <blockquote><p>Thus philosophy, a thing of the highest utility, flourished in antiquity among the barbarians, shedding its light over the nations. And afterwards it came to Greece. First in its ranks were the prophets of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptians</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)#Mesopotamia" title="Magic (supernatural)">Chaldeans</a> among the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Druids" class="mw-redirect" title="Druids">Druids</a> among the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a>; and the <b><a href="/wiki/Sramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sramana">Sramanas</a></b> among the <a href="/wiki/Bactrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Bactrians">Bactrians</a> ("<span title="Patristic Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">Σαρμαναίοι Βάκτρων</span></span>"); and the philosophers of the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Magi" title="Magi">Magi</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a>, who foretold the Saviour's birth, and came into the land of <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a> guided by a star. The Indian <a href="/wiki/Gymnosophist" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymnosophist">gymnosophists</a> are also in the number, and the other barbarian philosophers. And of these there are two classes, some of them called <b><a href="/wiki/Sramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sramana">Sramanas</a></b> ("<span title="Patristic Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">Σαρμάναι</span></span>"), and others <a href="/wiki/Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmins">Brahmins</a> ("<span title="Patristic Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">Βραφμαναι</span></span>").<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Influence_on_Indian_art_during_the_3rd_century_BC">Influence on Indian art during the 3rd century BC</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Influence on Indian art during the 3rd century BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_influence_on_Indian_art" title="Hellenistic influence on Indian art">Hellenistic influence on Indian art</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rampurva_bull_capital_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Rampurva_bull_capital_detail.jpg/275px-Rampurva_bull_capital_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Rampurva_bull_capital_detail.jpg/413px-Rampurva_bull_capital_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Rampurva_bull_capital_detail.jpg/550px-Rampurva_bull_capital_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="185" /></a><figcaption>One of the Hellenistic-inspired "<a href="/wiki/Flame_palmette" title="Flame palmette">flame palmettes</a>" and <a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_known_as_lotus" title="List of plants known as lotus">lotus</a> designs, which may have been transmitted through Ai-Khanoum. <a href="/wiki/Rampurva" class="mw-redirect" title="Rampurva">Rampurva bull capital</a>, India, circa 250 BC.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Greco-Bactrian city of <a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum" title="Ai-Khanoum">Ai-Khanoum</a>, being located at the doorstep of India, interacting with the Indian subcontinent, and having a rich Hellenistic culture, was in a unique position to influence Indian culture as well. It is considered that Ai-Khanoum may have been one of the primary actors in transmitting Western artistic influence to India, for example in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Ashoka" title="Pillars of Ashoka">Pillars of Ashoka</a> or the manufacture of the quasi-Ionic <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra_capital" title="Pataliputra capital">Pataliputra capital</a>, all of which were posterior to the establishment of Ai-Khanoum.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The scope of adoption goes from designs such as the <a href="/wiki/Bead_and_reel" title="Bead and reel">bead and reel</a> pattern, the central <a href="/wiki/Flame_palmette" title="Flame palmette">flame palmette</a> design and a variety of other <a href="/wiki/Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">moldings</a>, to the lifelike rendering of animal sculpture and the design and function of the Ionic <a href="/wiki/Anta_capital" title="Anta capital">anta capital</a> in the palace of <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_visual_representations_of_Indian_deities">First visual representations of Indian deities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: First visual representations of Indian deities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_the_Bactrian_King_Agathokles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coin_of_the_Bactrian_King_Agathokles.jpg/303px-Coin_of_the_Bactrian_King_Agathokles.jpg" decoding="async" width="303" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coin_of_the_Bactrian_King_Agathokles.jpg/455px-Coin_of_the_Bactrian_King_Agathokles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coin_of_the_Bactrian_King_Agathokles.jpg/606px-Coin_of_the_Bactrian_King_Agathokles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption>Coin of <a href="/wiki/Agathocles_of_Bactria" title="Agathocles of Bactria">Agathocles</a> showing Indian deities. Obverse with Greek legend: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΓΑΘΟΚΛΕΟΥΣ, <i>Basileōs Agathokleous</i>, "(of) King Agathocles". Reverse with <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi</a> legend: 𑀭𑀚𑀦𑁂 𑀅𑀕𑀣𑀼𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀮𑁂𑀬𑁂𑀲, <i>Rajane Agathuklayesa</i>, "King Agathocles".</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the last Greco-Bactrian kings, <a href="/wiki/Agathocles_of_Bactria" title="Agathocles of Bactria">Agathocles of Bactria</a> (ruled 190–180 BC), issued remarkable Indian-standard square coins bearing the first known representations of Indian deities, which have been variously interpreted as <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasudeva" title="Vasudeva">Vasudeva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> or <a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a>. Altogether, six such Indian-standard silver <a href="/wiki/Ancient_drachma" title="Ancient drachma">drachmas</a> in the name of Agathocles were discovered at Ai-Khanoum in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-books.google.fr_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.fr-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Hellenistic_World_2016,_p.101_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Hellenistic_World_2016,_p.101-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These coins seem to be the first known representations of <a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Vedic deities</a> on coins, and they display early <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatars</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>: <a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a>-<a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Sankarshana</a> with attributes consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Gada_(mace)" title="Gada (mace)">Gada</a> mace and the <a href="/wiki/Plow" class="mw-redirect" title="Plow">plow</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vasudeva" title="Vasudeva">Vasudeva</a>-<a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> attributes of the <a href="/wiki/Shankha" title="Shankha">Shankha</a> (a pear-shaped case or conch) and the <a href="/wiki/Sudarshana_Chakra" title="Sudarshana Chakra">Sudarshana Chakra</a> wheel.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.fr_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.fr-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some other coins by Agathocles are also thought to represent the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> lion and the Indian goddess <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a>, consort of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Hellenistic_World_2016,_p.101_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Hellenistic_World_2016,_p.101-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indian coinage of Agathocles is few but spectacular. These coins at least demonstrate the readiness of Greek kings to represent deities of foreign origin. The dedication of a Greek envoy to the cult of <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Heliodorus_pillar" title="Heliodorus pillar">Heliodorus pillar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Besnagar" class="mw-redirect" title="Besnagar">Besnagar</a> could also be indicative of some level of religious <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Greco-Bactrian_kings">List of Greco-Bactrian kings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: List of Greco-Bactrian kings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The below table lists the known Greek rulers of Bactria, along with their dates and titles or epithets. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; border: none; background: #F8F9FA;"> <caption><span style="font-size:115%;"> Greco-Bactrian Kings</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 255 BC–130 BC)</span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background: #EAECF0;">Reign (approx.)</th> <th style="background: #EAECF0;">King</th> <th style="background: #EAECF0;">Title </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 100px;">255–239 BC</td> <td style="width: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/Diodotus_I" title="Diodotus I">Diodotus I</a></td> <td style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/Soter" title="Soter">Soter</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>239–223 BC</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Diodotus_II" title="Diodotus II">Diodotus II</a></td> <td>Theos </td></tr> <tr> <td>230–200 BC</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_I" title="Euthydemus I">Euthydemus I</a></td> <td>Theos </td></tr> <tr> <td>200–180 BC</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius I</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anicetus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Anicetus (disambiguation)">Anicetus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>200–180 BC</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pantaleon" title="Pantaleon">Pantaleon</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soter" title="Soter">Soter</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>190–180 BC</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agathocles_of_Bactria" title="Agathocles of Bactria">Agathocles</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dikaios" title="Dikaios">Dikaios</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>185–180 BC</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_II" title="Euthydemus II">Euthydemus II</a></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>180–170 BC</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antimachus_I" title="Antimachus I">Antimachus I</a></td> <td>Theos </td></tr> <tr> <td>180–160 BC</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apollodotus_I" title="Apollodotus I">Apollodotus I</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soter" title="Soter">Soter</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>175–160 BC</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_of_India" title="Demetrius II of India">Demetrius II</a></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>171–145 BC</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eucratides_I" title="Eucratides I">Eucratides I</a></td> <td>Megas </td></tr> <tr> <td>145–140 BC</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eucratides_II" title="Eucratides II">Eucratides II</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soter" title="Soter">Soter</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>145–140 BC</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plato_of_Bactria" title="Plato of Bactria">Plato</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Epiphanes_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Epiphanes (disambiguation)">Epiphanes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>140–130 BC</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Heliocles_I" title="Heliocles I">Heliocles I</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dikaios" title="Dikaios">Dikaios</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Dates that overlap show that multiple kings ruled at the same time, but in different regions whose exact details are not known very well. For example, Apollodotus I likely ruled areas south of Bactria and the Indian subcontinent while Antimachus I ruled in Bactria.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eucratides II and Plato would have each ruled smaller parts of southern Bactria. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some cities were still controlled by Greek kings such as <a href="/wiki/Hermaeus" title="Hermaeus">Hermaeus Soter</a> (90–70 BC) in what is today <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mentioned in "Hellenism in ancient India", Banerjee, p 140,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (January 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> to be taken carefully since Orosius is often rather unreliable in his accounts.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"They are a nation of nomads, moving from place to place with their herds, and their customs are like those of the Xiongnu. They have some 100,000 or 200,000 archer warriors ... The Yuezhi originally lived in the area between the <a href="/wiki/Qilian_Mountains" title="Qilian Mountains">Qilian</a> or Heavenly mountains and <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a>, but after they were defeated by the Xiongnu they moved far away to the west, beyond <a href="/wiki/Ta-Yuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta-Yuan">Dayuan</a>, where they attacked and conquered the people of <a href="/wiki/Daxia" title="Daxia">Daxia</a> (Bactria) and set up the court of their king on the northern bank of the Gui (Oxus) river".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On the image of the Greek kneeling warrior: "A bronze figurine of a kneeling warrior, not Greek work, but wearing a version of the Greek Phrygian helmet ... From a burial, said to be of the 4th century BC, just north of the Tien Shan range".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Notice of the British Museum on the Zhou vase (2005, attached image): "Red earthenware bowl, decorated with a slip and inlaid with glass paste. Eastern Zhou period, 4th–3rd century BC. This bowl may have intended to copy a possibly foreign vessel in bronze or even silver. Glass has been both imported from the Near East and produced domestically by the Zhou States since the 5th century BC."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The things which China received from the Graeco-Iranian world-the pomegranate and other "Chang-Kien" plants, the heavy equipment of the cataphract, the traces of Greeks influence on Han art (such as) the famous white bronze mirror of the Han period with Graeco-Bactrian designs ... in the Victoria and Albert Museum"<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its popularity at the end of the Eastern Zhou period may have been due to foreign influence."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Taagepera132-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taagepera132_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTaagepera1979" class="citation journal cs1">Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.". <i>Social Science History</i>. <b>3</b> (3–4): 132. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1170959">10.2307/1170959</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1170959">1170959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+History&rft.atitle=Size+and+Duration+of+Empires%3A+Growth-Decline+Curves%2C+600+B.C.+to+600+A.D.&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=132&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1170959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1170959%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Taagepera&rft.aufirst=Rein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brewminate.com/the-ancient-greco-bactrian-kingdom-and-hellenistic-afghanistan/">The Ancient Greco-Bactrian kingdom and Hellenistic Afghanistan</a> <i>Brewminate</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210924155537/https://brewminate.com/the-ancient-greco-bactrian-kingdom-and-hellenistic-afghanistan/">Archived</a> 2021-09-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – <i>Matthew A. McIntosh</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCribb2005" class="citation journal cs1">Cribb, Joe (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3026258">"The Greek Kingdom of Bactria, its coinage and its collapse"</a>. <i>Afghanistan Ancien Carrefour Entre Lʼest et Lʼouest</i>: 1 – via Academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Afghanistan+Ancien+Carrefour+Entre+L%CA%BCest+et+L%CA%BCouest&rft.atitle=The+Greek+Kingdom+of+Bactria%2C+its+coinage+and+its+collapse&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Cribb&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3026258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMairs2016" class="citation journal cs1">Mairs, Rachel (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/23031604">"Bactrian or Graeco-Bactrian Kingdom"</a>. <i>The Encyclopedia of Empire</i>: 1–4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Empire&rft.atitle=Bactrian+or+Graeco-Bactrian+Kingdom&rft.pages=1-4&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Mairs&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F23031604&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lucas, Christopoulos. Dionysian Rituals and the Golden Zeus of China. Sino-Platonic Papers 326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strabo, Geography 11.11.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrabben" class="citation web cs1">Crabben, Jan van der. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Bactria/">"Bactria"</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Bactria&rft.aulast=Crabben&rft.aufirst=Jan+van+der&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FBactria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Bactria">"Bactria | Map, History, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 2024-08-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Bactria+%7C+Map%2C+History%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2024-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FBactria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doumanis, Nicholas (16 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vuEcBQAAQBAJ&dq=indo-greek+180+bc+established&pg=PA64"><i>A History of Greece</i></a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> Palgrave Macmillan. p. 64. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137013675" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137013675">978-1137013675</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Baumer" title="Christoph Baumer">Baumer, Christoph</a> (11 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yglkwD7pKV8C&q=greco-bactrians+establish+indo-greeks"><i>The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors</i></a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221119145809/https://books.google.com/books?id=yglkwD7pKV8C&dq=greco-bactrians+establish+indo-greeks&hl=nl&source=gbs_navlinks_s">Archived</a> 2022-11-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) Vol. <b>1</b>. I. B. Tauris, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780760605" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780760605">978-1780760605</a> p. 289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaushik Roy (28 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GpNECgAAQBAJ&dq=indo-greek+kingdom+invaded+india&pg=PT34"><i>Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia</i></a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221119145817/https://books.google.com/books?id=GpNECgAAQBAJ&pg=PT34&dq=indo-greek+kingdom+invaded+india&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAzgKahUKEwjYyoSrwvLIAhVCgA8KHQhgC-g#v=onepage&q=indo-greek%20kingdom%20invaded%20india&f=false">Archived</a> 2022-11-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317321279" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317321279">978-1317321279</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoardman2015" class="citation book cs1">Boardman, John (2015). <i>The Greeks in Asia</i>. Thames and Hudson. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-77278-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-77278-2"><bdi>978-0-500-77278-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greeks+in+Asia&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-500-77278-2&rft.aulast=Boardman&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strabo_11.11.2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strabo_11.11.2_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strabo_11.11.2_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strabo_11.11.2_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+11.11.1">"Strabo 11.11.2"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080419032744/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+11.11.1">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-04-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strabo+11.11.2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fptext%3Flookup%3DStrab.%2B11.11.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jakobsson, J. (2007). "The Greeks of Afghanistan Revisited". Nomismatika Khronika: p 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus, 4.200–204</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strabo, 11.11.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201223080249/https://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/afgh02-06enl.html">"Afghanistan: Graeco-Bactrian Kingdom"</a>. 2020-12-23. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/afgh02-06enl.html">the original</a> on 2020-12-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%3A+Graeco-Bactrian+Kingdom&rft.date=2020-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cemml.colostate.edu%2Fcultural%2F09476%2Fafgh02-06enl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. D. Lerner (1999), <i>The Impact of Seleucid Decline on the Eastern Iranian Plateau: The foundations of Arsacid Parthia and Graeco-Bactria</i>, Stuttgart</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Holt" title="Frank Holt">F. L. Holt</a> (1999), <i>Thundering Zeus</i>, Berkeley.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191110100422/http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/justin/texte41.html">"Justin XLI, paragraph 4"</a>. Archived from the original on 2019-11-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-01-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Justin+XLI%2C+paragraph+4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forumromanum.org%2Fliterature%2Fjustin%2Ftexte41.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191110100422/http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/justin/texte41.html">"Justin XLI, paragraph 1"</a>. Archived from the original on 2019-11-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-01-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Justin+XLI%2C+paragraph+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forumromanum.org%2Fliterature%2Fjustin%2Ftexte41.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eucratidia-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eucratidia_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Possibly present day <a href="/wiki/Qarshi" title="Qarshi">Qarshi</a>; Encyclopaedia Metropolitana: Or Universal Dictionary of Knowledge, Volume 23, ed. by Edward Smedley, Hugh James Rose, Henry John Rose, 1923, p. 260: "Eucratidia, named from its ruler, (Strabo, xi. p. 516.) was, according to Ptolemy, 2° North and 1° West of Bactra." As these coordinates are relative to, and close to, <a href="/wiki/Bactra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bactra">Bactra</a>, it is reasonable to disregard the imprecision in Ptolemy's coordinates and accept them without adjustment. If the coordinates for Bactra are taken to be <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom&params=36_45_N_66_55_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°45′N</span> <span class="longitude">66°55′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.750°N 66.917°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.750; 66.917</span></span></span></a></span></span>, then the coordinates <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom&params=38_45_N_65_55_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°45′N</span> <span class="longitude">65°55′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.750°N 65.917°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.750; 65.917</span></span></span></a></span></span> can be seen to be close to the modern day city of <a href="/wiki/Qarshi" title="Qarshi">Qarshi</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strabo_XI.XI.I-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strabo_XI.XI.I_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strabo_XI.XI.I_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+11.11.1">"Strabo XI.XI.I"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080419032744/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+11.11.1">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-04-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strabo+XI.XI.I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fptext%3Flookup%3DStrab.%2B11.11.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191110100422/http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/justin/texte41.html">"Justin XLI"</a>. Archived from the original on 2019-11-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-01-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Justin+XLI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forumromanum.org%2Fliterature%2Fjustin%2Ftexte41.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Euthydemus". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/euthydemus"><i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Euthydemus&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Feuthydemus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polybius_11.34-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Polybius_11.34_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polybius_11.34_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plb.+11.34">"Polybius 11.34"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080420074248/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plb.+11.34">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-04-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polybius+11.34&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fptext%3Flookup%3DPlb.%2B11.34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polybius_10.49,_Battle_of_the_Arius-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Polybius_10.49,_Battle_of_the_Arius_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polybius_10.49,_Battle_of_the_Arius_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plb.+10.49">"Polybius 10.49, Battle of the Arius"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080319072118/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plb.+10.49">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-03-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polybius+10.49%2C+Battle+of+the+Arius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fptext%3Flookup%3DPlb.%2B10.49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plb.+11.34">"Polybius 11.34 Siege of Bactra"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080420074248/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plb.+11.34">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-04-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polybius+11.34+Siege+of+Bactra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fptext%3Flookup%3DPlb.%2B11.34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SW-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SW_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SW_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shane Wallace <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/25638818">Greek Culture in Afghanistan and India: Old Evidence and New Discoveries</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200112215954/https://www.academia.edu/25638818">Archived</a> 2020-01-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> p.206</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Osmund_Bopearachchi" title="Osmund Bopearachchi">Osmund Bopearachchi</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/22821570">Some Observations on the Chronology of the Early Kushans</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308060357/https://www.academia.edu/22821570/Some_observations_on_the_chronology_of_the_early_Kushans">Archived</a> 2021-03-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p.48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shane Wallace <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/25638818">Greek Culture in Afghanistan and India: Old Evidence and New Discoveries</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200112215954/https://www.academia.edu/25638818">Archived</a> 2020-01-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> p. 211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attalus.org/docs/seg/s54_1569.html">"Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum: 54.1569"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210207033247/http://www.attalus.org/docs/seg/s54_1569.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Supplementum+Epigraphicum+Graecum%3A+54.1569&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.attalus.org%2Fdocs%2Fseg%2Fs54_1569.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCary1963" class="citation book cs1">Cary, M. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-aUcI5B_wDAC&q=Helioclid+dynasty"><i>A History of the Greek World Form 323 to 146 B.C</i></a>. p. 75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Greek+World+Form+323+to+146+B.C&rft.pages=75&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Cary&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-aUcI5B_wDAC%26q%3DHelioclid%2Bdynasty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coinindia.com/galleries-eucratides1.html">"The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Greek: Eucratides I (Eukratides I)"</a>. <i>coinindia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=coinindia.com&rft.atitle=The+COININDIA+Coin+Galleries%3A+Greek%3A+Eucratides+I+%28Eukratides+I%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcoinindia.com%2Fgalleries-eucratides1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Justin_XLI,6-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Justin_XLI,6_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Justin_XLI,6_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Justin_XLI,6_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191110100422/http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/justin/texte41.html">"Justin XLI,6"</a>. Archived from the original on 2019-11-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-01-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Justin+XLI%2C6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forumromanum.org%2Fliterature%2Fjustin%2Ftexte41.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051120223706/http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/justin/texte36.html">"Justin XXXVI, 1,1"</a>. Archived from the original on 2005-11-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-02-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Justin+XXXVI%2C+1%2C1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forumromanum.org%2Fliterature%2Fjustin%2Ftexte36.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLaughlin,_Raoul2016" class="citation book cs1">McLaughlin, Raoul (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/961065049"><i>The Roman Empire and the Silk Routes : the Ancient World Economy and the Empires of Parthia, Central Asia and Han China</i></a>. Havertown: Pen and Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-8982-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-8982-8"><bdi>978-1-4738-8982-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/961065049">961065049</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Empire+and+the+Silk+Routes+%3A+the+Ancient+World+Economy+and+the+Empires+of+Parthia%2C+Central+Asia+and+Han+China&rft.place=Havertown&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F961065049&rft.isbn=978-1-4738-8982-8&rft.au=McLaughlin%2C+Raoul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F961065049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Parthians and Sassanid Persians", Peter Wilcox, p 15 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (January 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSima_Qian" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Great_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Great Historian">Records of the Great Historian</a></i>. Translated by Watson, Burton. p. 234.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Records+of+the+Great+Historian&rft.pages=234&rft.au=Sima+Qian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+11.8.1">"Strabo 11-8-1 on the nomadic invasions of Bactria"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221119145824/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Strab.+11.8.1&redirect=true">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strabo+11-8-1+on+the+nomadic+invasions+of+Bactria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fptext%3Flookup%3DStrab.%2B11.8.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENarain1990153-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarain1990153_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNarain1990">Narain 1990</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckwith2009">Beckwith 2009</a>, p. 5, footnote 16, as well as pp. 380–383 in appendix B, but also see <a href="#CITEREFHitch2010">Hitch 2010</a>, p. 655: "He equates the Tokharians with the Yuezhi, and the Wusun with the Asvins, as if these are established facts, and refers to his arguments in appendix B. But these identifications remain controversial, rather than established, for most scholars."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=282365">"CNG: Feature Auction CNG 99. BAKTRIA, Greco-Baktrian Kingdom. Uncertain. Early-mid 1st century BC(?). AR Obol (11mm, 0.49 g, 1h)"</a>. <i>cngcoins.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cngcoins.com&rft.atitle=CNG%3A+Feature+Auction+CNG+99.+BAKTRIA%2C+Greco-Baktrian+Kingdom.+Uncertain.+Early-mid+1st+century+BC%28%3F%29.+AR+Obol+%2811mm%2C+0.49+g%2C+1h%29.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cngcoins.com%2FCoin.aspx%3FCoinID%3D282365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nikonorov, Valerii; The Armies of Bactria 700 B.C. – 450 A.D</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Willy, Clarysse & Thompson, Dorothy. (2007). Two greek texts on skin from hellenistic bactria. 159. 273–279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coinindia.com/galleries-antimachus1.html">"The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Greek: Antimachus I (Antimachos I)"</a>. <i>coinindia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=coinindia.com&rft.atitle=The+COININDIA+Coin+Galleries%3A+Greek%3A+Antimachus+I+%28Antimachos+I%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcoinindia.com%2Fgalleries-antimachus1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nikonorov, Valerii; The Armies of Bactria 700 B.C. – 450 A.D, page 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Litvin-Pichik-1994-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Litvin-Pichik-1994_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Litvin-Pichik-1994_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Litvin-Pichik-1994_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Litvin-Pichik-1994_51-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitvinskiiPichikian1994" class="citation journal cs1">Litvinskii, B.A.; Pichikian, I.R. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/24048765.pdf">"The Hellenistic architecture and art of the Temple of the Oxus"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bulletin of the Asia Institute</i>. <b>8</b>: 47–66. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0890-4464">0890-4464</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24048765">24048765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Asia+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Hellenistic+architecture+and+art+of+the+Temple+of+the+Oxus&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=47-66&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24048765%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0890-4464&rft.aulast=Litvinskii&rft.aufirst=B.A.&rft.au=Pichikian%2C+I.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fpdf%2F24048765.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt198943-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolt198943_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolt1989">Holt 1989</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OB27-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OB27_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBopearachchi1998" class="citation journal cs1">Bopearachchi, Osmund (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24049090">"A faience head of a Graeco-Bactrian king from Ai Khanum"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Asia Institute</i>. <b>12</b>: 27. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0890-4464">0890-4464</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24049090">24049090</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Asia+Institute&rft.atitle=A+faience+head+of+a+Graeco-Bactrian+king+from+Ai+Khanum&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=27&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24049090%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0890-4464&rft.aulast=Bopearachchi&rft.aufirst=Osmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24049090&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RW2011-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RW2011_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2011" class="citation journal cs1">Wood, Rachel (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3850105">"Cultural convergence in Bactria: the votives from the Temple of the Oxus at Takht-i Sangin, in "From Pella to Gandhara"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>In A. Kouremenos, S. Chandrasekaran & R. Rossi ed. 'From Pella to Gandhara: Hybridization and Identity in the Art and Architecture of the Hellenistic East'<span></span></i>. Oxford: Archaeopress: 141–151.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=In+A.+Kouremenos%2C+S.+Chandrasekaran+%26+R.+Rossi+ed.+%27From+Pella+to+Gandhara%3A+Hybridization+and+Identity+in+the+Art+and+Architecture+of+the+Hellenistic+East%27&rft.atitle=Cultural+convergence+in+Bactria%3A+the+votives+from+the+Temple+of+the+Oxus+at+Takht-i+Sangin%2C+in+%22From+Pella+to+Gandhara%22&rft.pages=141-151&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3850105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coinweek.com/ngc-ancients-unusual-bactrian-portraits/">"NGC Ancient Coins: Unusual Bactrian Portraits"</a>. <i>CoinWeek: Rare Coin, Currency, and Bullion News for Collectors</i>. Numismatic Guaranty Company. 2016-10-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CoinWeek%3A+Rare+Coin%2C+Currency%2C+and+Bullion+News+for+Collectors&rft.atitle=NGC+Ancient+Coins%3A+Unusual+Bactrian+Portraits&rft.date=2016-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcoinweek.com%2Fngc-ancients-unusual-bactrian-portraits%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/cngcoins/docs/cng_cnr_2022-01/s/14508358">"EMPIRES OF MYSTERY: Collecting Greco-Baktrian Coins by David S. Michaels"</a>. <i>Issuu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Issuu&rft.atitle=EMPIRES+OF+MYSTERY%3A+Collecting+Greco-Baktrian+Coins+by+David+S.+Michaels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fcngcoins%2Fdocs%2Fcng_cnr_2022-01%2Fs%2F14508358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Eucratides">"Eucratides | King of Bactria & Greco-Bactrian Empire | Britannica"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Eucratides+%7C+King+of+Bactria+%26+Greco-Bactrian+Empire+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FEucratides&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coinindia.com/galleries-pantaleon.html">"The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Greek: Pantaleon"</a>. <i>coinindia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=coinindia.com&rft.atitle=The+COININDIA+Coin+Galleries%3A+Greek%3A+Pantaleon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcoinindia.com%2Fgalleries-pantaleon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBettsViczianyJiaCastro2019" class="citation book cs1">Betts, Alison; Vicziany, Marika; Jia, Peter Weiming; Castro, Angelo Andrea Di (19 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rxUSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA103"><i>The Cultures of Ancient Xinjiang, Western China: Crossroads of the Silk Roads</i></a>. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78969-407-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78969-407-9"><bdi>978-1-78969-407-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cultures+of+Ancient+Xinjiang%2C+Western+China%3A+Crossroads+of+the+Silk+Roads&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Archaeopress+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2019-12-19&rft.isbn=978-1-78969-407-9&rft.aulast=Betts&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft.au=Vicziany%2C+Marika&rft.au=Jia%2C+Peter+Weiming&rft.au=Castro%2C+Angelo+Andrea+Di&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrxUSEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ürümqi Xinjiang Museum. (Boardman "The diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity")<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (January 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tarn, <i>The Greeks in Bactria and India</i>, pp. 363–364<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (January 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-37624943">"BBC Western contact with China began long before Marco Polo, experts say"</a>. BBC News. 12 October 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200316221530/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-37624943">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=BBC+Western+contact+with+China+began+long+before+Marco+Polo%2C+experts+say&rft.date=2016-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-china-37624943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20161011006769/en/Mausoleum-China%E2%80%99s-Emperor-Partners-BBC-National-Geographic">"The mausoleum of China's first emperor partners with the BBC and National Geographic Channel to reveal groundbreaking evidence that China was in contact with the west during the reign of the first emperor"</a> (Press release). 12 October 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200216223830/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20161011006769/en/Mausoleum-China%E2%80%99s-Emperor-Partners-BBC-National-Geographic">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-02-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+mausoleum+of+China%27s+first+emperor+partners+with+the+BBC+and+National+Geographic+Channel+to+reveal+groundbreaking+evidence+that+China+was+in+contact+with+the+west+during+the+reign+of+the+first+emperor&rft.date=2016-10-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesswire.com%2Fnews%2Fhome%2F20161011006769%2Fen%2FMausoleum-China%25E2%2580%2599s-Emperor-Partners-BBC-National-Geographic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/56939-china-terracotta-warriors-stir-controversy.html">"Why China's terracotta warriors are stirring controversy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Live_Science" title="Live Science">Live Science</a></i>. 20 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Live+Science&rft.atitle=Why+China%27s+terracotta+warriors+are+stirring+controversy&rft.date=2016-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F56939-china-terracotta-warriors-stir-controversy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050306233802/http://dougsmith.ancients.info/feac58bak.html">"Copper-Nickel coinage in Greco-Bactria"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dougsmith.ancients.info/feac58bak.html">the original</a> on 2005-03-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2004-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Copper-Nickel+coinage+in+Greco-Bactria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdougsmith.ancients.info%2Ffeac58bak.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120527042518/http://www.chinatoday.com.cn/English/e20026/images/t20026/p581.jpg">"A halberd of copper-nickel alloy, from the Warring States Period"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinatoday.com.cn/English/e20026/images/t20026/p581.jpg">the original</a> on 27 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+halberd+of+copper-nickel+alloy%2C+from+the+Warring+States+Period.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinatoday.com.cn%2FEnglish%2Fe20026%2Fimages%2Ft20026%2Fp581.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.A. Moss pp 317–318 <i>Numismatic Chronicle</i> 1950</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=18006">"C.Michael Hogan, <i>Silk Road, North China</i>, Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002140921/http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=18006">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-10-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C.Michael+Hogan%2C+Silk+Road%2C+North+China%2C+Megalithic+Portal%2C+ed.+A.+Burnham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.megalithic.co.uk%2Farticle.php%3Fsid%3D18006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViglas2016" class="citation journal cs1">Viglas, Katelis (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311924083">"Chaldean and Neo-Platonic Theology"</a>. <i>Philosophia e-Journal of Philosophy and Culture</i> (14): 171–189. <q>The name "Chaldeans" refers generally to the <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldean</a> people who lived in the land of <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>, and especially to the Chaldean "magi" of Babylon. ... The "Chaldeans" were the guardians of the sacred science: The astrological knowledge and the divination mixed with religion and magic. They were considered the last representatives of the Babylonian sages. ... In Classical Antiquity, the name "Chaldeans" primarily stood for the priests of the Babylonian temples. In Hellenistic times, the term "Chaldeos" was synonymous with the words "mathematician" and "astrologer". ... The <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neo-Platonists</a> connected the <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Oracles" title="Chaldean Oracles">Chaldean Oracles</a> with the ancient Chaldeans, obtaining a prestige coming from the East and legitimizing their existence as bearers and successors of an ancient tradition.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophia+e-Journal+of+Philosophy+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Chaldean+and+Neo-Platonic+Theology&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=171-189&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Viglas&rft.aufirst=Katelis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F311924083&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/clement-stromata-book1.html">"Clement of Alexandria "The Stromata, or Miscellanies" Book I, Chapter XV"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100510193118/http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/clement-stromata-book1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-05-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2005-12-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clement+of+Alexandria+%22The+Stromata%2C+or+Miscellanies%22+Book+I%2C+Chapter+XV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlychristianwritings.com%2Ftext%2Fclement-stromata-book1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24049089">"John Boardman, "The Origins of Indian Stone Architecture", p.15"</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24049089">24049089</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202062456/http://www.jstor.org/stable/24049089">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-02-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Boardman%2C+%22The+Origins+of+Indian+Stone+Architecture%22%2C+p.15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24049089%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24049089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24049089">"John Boardman, "The Origins of Indian Stone Architecture", p.13-22"</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24049089">24049089</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202062456/http://www.jstor.org/stable/24049089">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-02-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Boardman%2C+%22The+Origins+of+Indian+Stone+Architecture%22%2C+p.13-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24049089%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24049089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank Lee Holt, (1988), <i>Alexander the Great and Bactria: The formation of a Greek frontier in central Asia</i>, Brill Archive p. 2 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VSA4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA2">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.fr-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.fr_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.fr_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Iconography of Balarāma, Nilakanth Purushottam Joshi, Abhinav Publications, 1979, p.22 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5vd-lKzyFg0C&pg=PA22">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Hellenistic_World_2016,_p.101-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Hellenistic_World_2016,_p.101_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Hellenistic_World_2016,_p.101_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Thonemann, (2016), <i>The Hellenistic World: Using coins as sources</i>, Cambridge University Press, p. 101 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kMLrCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA101">[3]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coinindia.com/galleries-apollodotus1.html">"The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Greek: Apollodotus I (Apollodotos I)"</a>. <i>coinindia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=coinindia.com&rft.atitle=The+COININDIA+Coin+Galleries%3A+Greek%3A+Apollodotus+I+%28Apollodotos+I%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcoinindia.com%2Fgalleries-apollodotus1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_I._Beckwith" title="Christopher I. Beckwith">Beckwith, Christopher I.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Ue8BxLEMt4C"><i>Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2994-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2994-1"><bdi>978-1-4008-2994-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+of+the+Silk+Road%3A+A+History+of+Central+Eurasia+from+the+Bronze+Age+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-2994-1&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=Christopher+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Ue8BxLEMt4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Boardman, John (1994). <i>The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity</i>. Princeton University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-03680-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-03680-2">0-691-03680-2</a>.</li> <li>Boardman, John, Jasper Griffin, and Oswyn Murray (2001). <i>The Oxford Illustrated History of Greece and the Hellenistic World</i>. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285438-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285438-4">978-0-19-285438-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopearachchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bopearachchi">Bopearachchi</a>, Osmund (1991). <i>Monnaies Gréco-Bactriennes et Indo-Grecques, Catalogue Raisonné</i>. <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Nationale" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque Nationale">Bibliothèque Nationale</a> de France, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7177-1825-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-7177-1825-7">2-7177-1825-7</a>.</li> <li>Bopearachchi, Osmund and Christine Sachs (2003). <i>De l'Indus à l'Oxus, Archéologie de l'Asie Centrale: catalogue de l'exposition</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-9516679-2-2" title="Special:BookSources/2-9516679-2-2">2-9516679-2-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitch2010" class="citation journal cs1">Hitch, Doug (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131226105908/http://www.ynlc.ca/ynlc/staff/hitch/review_of_Beckwith.pdf">"Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>130</b> (4): 654–658. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010IJNAr..39..207P">2010IJNAr..39..207P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-9270.2009.00260_11.x">10.1111/j.1095-9270.2009.00260_11.x</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynlc.ca/ynlc/staff/hitch/review_of_Beckwith.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-12-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Empires+of+the+Silk+Road%3A+A+History+of+Central+Eurasia+from+the+Bronze+Age+to+the+Present&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=654-658&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-9270.2009.00260_11.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010IJNAr..39..207P&rft.aulast=Hitch&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynlc.ca%2Fynlc%2Fstaff%2Fhitch%2Freview_of_Beckwith.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolt1989" class="citation book cs1">Holt, F. L. (1989). <i>Alexander the Great and Bactria: The Formation of a Greek Frontier in Central Asia: 2nd Edition</i>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08612-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-08612-9"><bdi>90-04-08612-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+the+Great+and+Bactria%3A+The+Formation+of+a+Greek+Frontier+in+Central+Asia%3A+2nd+Edition&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=90-04-08612-9&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=F.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>McEvilley, Thomas (2002). <i>The Shape of Ancient Thought. Comparative studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies</i>. Allworth Press and the School of Visual Arts. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58115-203-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-58115-203-5">1-58115-203-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarain1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._K._Narain" title="A. K. Narain">Narain, A. K.</a> (1990). "Indo-Europeans in Central Asia". In <a href="/wiki/Denis_Sinor" title="Denis Sinor">Sinor, Denis</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_History_of_Early_Inner_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia"><i>The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia</i></a>. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 151–177. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521243049.007">10.1017/CHOL9780521243049.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05489-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05489-8"><bdi>978-1-139-05489-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indo-Europeans+in+Central+Asia&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Early+Inner+Asia&rft.pages=151-177&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCHOL9780521243049.007&rft.isbn=978-1-139-05489-8&rft.aulast=Narain&rft.aufirst=A.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreco-Bactrian+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Puri, B. N. (2000). <i>Buddhism in Central Asia</i>. Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0372-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0372-8">81-208-0372-8</a>.</li> <li>Tarn, W. W. (1966). <i>The Greeks in Bactria and India</i>. 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Watson, Burton, trans. (1993). <i>Records of the Great Historian: Han Dynasty II</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a>. Columbia University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-08167-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-08167-7">0-231-08167-7</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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<li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakhsh_culture" title="Vakhsh culture">Vakhsh culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture" title="Tagar culture">Tagar culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyuk_culture" title="Uyuk culture">Uyuk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Empire">Macedonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiyi_Circuit" title="Guiyi Circuit">Guiyi Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Kushano-Sasanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Ushrusana" title="Principality of Ushrusana">Ustrushana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Khuttal" title="Principality of Khuttal">Khuttal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferghana_Kingdom" title="Ferghana Kingdom">Ferghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Anxi Protectorate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhshids_of_Sogdia" title="Ikhshids of Sogdia">Ikhshids of Sogdia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Tokhara Yabghus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State">Oghuz Yabgus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanids">Samanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27munids" title="Ma'munids">Ma'munids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farighunids" title="Farighunids">Farighunids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuq_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Seljuq Empire">Great Seljuq Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_dynasty" title="Sufi dynasty">Sufi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kart_dynasty" title="Kart dynasty">Kart dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Fergana" title="Principality of Fergana">Principality of Fergana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Khanate of Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khanate of Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Turkestan" title="Chinese Turkestan">Chinese Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Turkestan" title="Russian Turkestan">Russian Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Asia" title="Soviet Central Asia">Soviet Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Central Asia">Chinese Central Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_art" title="Central Asian art">Central Asian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_art" title="Silk Road transmission of art">Silk Road transmission of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serindian_art" title="Serindian art">Serindian art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta" title="Sintashta">Sintashta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arzhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arzhan">Arzhan kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_burials" title="Pazyryk burials">Pazyryk burials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salbyk_kurgan" title="Salbyk kurgan">Salbyk kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippovka_kurgans" title="Filippovka kurgans">Filippovka kurgans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_China" title="Western China">Western China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulay%C3%AFq" title="Bulayïq">Bulayïq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizilgaha_caves" title="Kizilgaha caves">Kizilgaha caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumtura_Caves" title="Kumtura Caves">Kumtura Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subashi_Temple" title="Subashi Temple">Subashi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miran_(Xinjiang)" title="Miran (Xinjiang)">Miran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niya_ruins" title="Niya ruins">Niya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawak_Stupa" title="Rawak Stupa">Rawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Caves" title="Mogao Caves">Mogao Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumxuk" title="Tumxuk">Tumshuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezeklik_Caves" title="Bezeklik Caves">Bezeklik Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunhuang Caves">Dunhuang Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loulan_Kingdom" title="Loulan Kingdom">Loulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Khotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beshbalik" title="Beshbalik">Beshbalik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noin-Ula_burial_site" title="Noin-Ula burial site">Noin-Ula burial site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Begash" title="Begash">Begash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issyk_kurgan" title="Issyk kurgan">Issyk kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jankent" title="Jankent">Jankent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karsakpay_inscription" title="Karsakpay inscription">Karsakpay inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerderi" title="Kerderi">Kerderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnyi_Yar_(Kazakhstan)" title="Krasnyi Yar (Kazakhstan)">Krasnyi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merke_Turkic_Sanctuaries" title="Merke Turkic Sanctuaries">Merke Turkic Sanctuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otrar" title="Otrar">Otrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyphs_of_Arpa-Uzen" title="Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen">Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrovka_settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrovka settlement">Petrovka settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boralday_(archaeological_site)" title="Boralday (archaeological site)">Boralday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawran_(Kazakhstan)" title="Sawran (Kazakhstan)">Sawran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilikty" title="Shilikty">Shilikty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe_Geoglyphs" title="Steppe Geoglyphs">Steppe Geoglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumbe_(ancient_settlement)" title="Sumbe (ancient settlement)">Sumbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talapty_Settlement" title="Talapty Settlement">Talapty Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkistan_(city)" title="Turkistan (city)">Turkistan (city)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urpek" title="Urpek">Urpek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Khoja_Ahmed_Yasawi" title="Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi">Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araltobe_kurgan" title="Araltobe kurgan">Araltobe kurgan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aigyr-Zhal_2" title="Aigyr-Zhal 2">Aigyr-Zhal 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balasagun" title="Balasagun">Balasagun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burana_Tower" title="Burana Tower">Burana Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issyk-Kul" title="Issyk-Kul">Issyk-Kul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshoy_Korgon" title="Koshoy Korgon">Koshoy Korgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manas_Ordo" title="Manas Ordo">Manas Ordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navekat" title="Navekat">Navekat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zg%C3%B6n" title="Özgön">Özgön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakh_Fazil" title="Shakh Fazil">Shakh Fazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suyab" title="Suyab">Suyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tash_Rabat" title="Tash Rabat">Tash Rabat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrasiyab_(Samarkand)" title="Afrasiyab (Samarkand)">Afrasiyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akchakhan-Kala" title="Akchakhan-Kala">Akchakhan-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhsikath" title="Akhsikath">Akhsikath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Pap" title="Ancient Pap">Ancient Pap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayaz-Kala" title="Ayaz-Kala">Ayaz-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balalyk_Tepe" title="Balalyk Tepe">Balalyk Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burchmulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Burchmulla">Burchmulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalverzin_Tepe" title="Dalverzin Tepe">Dalverzin Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_castles_of_ancient_Khorezm" title="Desert castles of ancient Khorezm">Desert castles of ancient Khorezm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayaz_Tepe" title="Fayaz Tepe">Fayaz Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guldursun-Kala" title="Guldursun-Kala">Guldursun-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazorasp" title="Hazorasp">Hazorasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itchan_Kala" title="Itchan Kala">Itchan Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir-kala_(Uzbekistan)" title="Kafir-kala (Uzbekistan)">Kafir-kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampir_Tepe" title="Kampir Tepe">Kampir Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Tepe" title="Kara Tepe">Kara Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalchayan" title="Khalchayan">Khalchayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiva" title="Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koi_Krylgan_Kala" title="Koi Krylgan Kala">Koi Krylgan Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koktepe" title="Koktepe">Koktepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyzyl-Kala" title="Kyzyl-Kala">Kyzyl-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obi-Rakhmat_Grotto" title="Obi-Rakhmat Grotto">Obi-Rakhmat Grotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poykent" class="mw-redirect" title="Poykent">Poykent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmishsay" title="Sarmishsay">Sarmishsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrukhiya" title="Shahrukhiya">Shahrukhiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siypantosh_Rock_Paintings" title="Siypantosh Rock Paintings">Siypantosh Rock Paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavka_Kurgan" title="Tavka Kurgan">Tavka Kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toprak-Kala" title="Toprak-Kala">Toprak-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varakhsha" title="Varakhsha">Varakhsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarautsoy_Rock_Paintings" title="Zarautsoy Rock Paintings">Zarautsoy Rock Paintings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunjikat_(archeological_site)" title="Bunjikat (archeological site)">Bunjikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjikent" class="mw-redirect" title="Penjikent">Penjikent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajina_tepe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajina tepe">Ajina tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyropolis" title="Cyropolis">Cyropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir-kala_(Tajikistan)" title="Kafir-kala (Tajikistan)">Kafir-kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarazm" title="Sarazm">Sarazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-i_Kuwad" title="Takht-i Kuwad">Takht-i Kuwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-i_Sangin" title="Takht-i Sangin">Takht-i Sangin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalai_Kafirnigan" title="Kalai Kafirnigan">Kalai Kafirnigan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Dzhebel" title="Cave of Dzhebel">Cave of Dzhebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiward" title="Abiward">Abiward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altyndepe" title="Altyndepe">Altyndepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anau_culture" title="Anau culture">Anau culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anau,_Turkmenistan" title="Anau, Turkmenistan">Anau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dev-Kesken" class="mw-redirect" title="Dev-Kesken">Dev-Kesken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonur_Depe" title="Gonur Depe">Gonur Depe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeitun" title="Jeitun">Jeitun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konye-Urgench" title="Konye-Urgench">Konye-Urgench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutlug_Timur_Minaret" title="Kutlug Timur Minaret">Kutlug Timur Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monjukli_Depe" title="Monjukli Depe">Monjukli Depe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namazga-Tepe" title="Namazga-Tepe">Namazga-Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisa,_Turkmenistan" title="Nisa, Turkmenistan">Nisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolok" title="Togolok">Togolok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulug_Depe" title="Ulug Depe">Ulug Depe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Fullol" title="Tepe Fullol">Tepe Fullol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum" title="Ai-Khanoum">Ai-Khanoum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilberjin_Tepe" title="Dilberjin Tepe">Dilberjin Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadda,_Afghanistan" title="Hadda, Afghanistan">Hadda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Shotor" title="Tapa Shotor">Tapa Shotor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakhil-i-Ghoundi_Stupa" title="Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa">Chakhil-i-Ghoundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotorak_monastery" title="Shotorak monastery">Shotorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paitava" title="Paitava">Paitava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaran" title="Bimaran">Bimaran</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tapa-i_Kafariha_Monastery" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tapa-i Kafariha Monastery">Tapa-i Kafariha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mes_Aynak" title="Mes Aynak">Mes Aynak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fondukistan_monastery" title="Fondukistan monastery">Fondukistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khair_Khaneh" title="Khair Khaneh">Khair Khaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Sardar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapa Sardar">Tapa Sardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Narenj" title="Tepe Narenj">Tepe Narenj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-e_Rostam" title="Takht-e Rostam">Takht-e Rostam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Fullol" title="Tepe Fullol">Tepe Fullol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillya_Tepe" title="Tillya Tepe">Tillya Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemshi_Tepe" title="Yemshi Tepe">Yemshi Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Prophthasia" title="Alexandria Prophthasia">Alexandria Prophthasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Kupruk" title="Aq Kupruk">Aq Kupruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asqalan,_Afghanistan" title="Asqalan, Afghanistan">Asqalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakhil-i-Ghoundi_Stupa" title="Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa">Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darra-e_Kur" title="Darra-e Kur">Darra-e Kur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Nawar" title="Dasht-e Nawar">Dasht-e Nawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan" title="Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan">Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firozkoh" title="Firozkoh">Firozkoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawhar_Shad_Mausoleum" title="Gawhar Shad Mausoleum">Gawhar Shad Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Piyada" title="Haji Piyada">Haji Piyada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khair_Khaneh" title="Khair Khaneh">Khair Khaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundigak" title="Mundigak">Mundigak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musalla_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Musalla Complex">Musalla Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagara_(ancient_city)" title="Nagara (ancient city)">Nagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qala-i-Jangi" title="Qala-i-Jangi">Qala-i-Jangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rag-i-Bibi" title="Rag-i-Bibi">Rag-i-Bibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surkh_Kotal" title="Surkh Kotal">Surkh Kotal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandian_complex" title="Bandian complex">Bandian complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Khajeh" title="Mount Khajeh">Mount Khajeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahr-e_Sukhteh" title="Shahr-e Sukhteh">Shahr-e Sukhteh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artifacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sokh_snakes" title="Sokh snakes">Sokh snakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlat_plaques" title="Orlat plaques">Orlat plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_silver_bowl" title="Hephthalite silver bowl">Hephthalite silver bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilek_silver_bowl" title="Chilek silver bowl">Chilek silver bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardez_Ganesha" title="Gardez Ganesha">Gardez Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Christian_painting" title="Mogao Christian painting">Mogao Christian painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murals_from_the_Christian_temple_at_Qocho" title="Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho">Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjikent_murals" title="Penjikent murals">Penjikent murals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampul_tapestry" title="Sampul tapestry">Sampul tapestry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_Da%C4%93n%C4%81s" title="Sogdian Daēnās">Sogdian Daēnās</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxus_Treasure" title="Oxus Treasure">Oxus Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaran_Casket" class="mw-redirect" title="Bimaran Casket">Bimaran Casket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul_hoard" title="Kabul hoard">Kabul hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_Inscription_of_Laghman" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic Inscription of Laghman">Aramaic Inscription of Laghman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Aramaic_inscription" title="Kandahar Aramaic inscription">Kandahar Aramaic inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pul-i-Darunteh_Aramaic_inscription" title="Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription">Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Bilingual_Rock_Inscription" title="Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription">Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Greek_Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka">Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrasiab_murals" title="Afrasiab murals">Afrasiab murals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_seal_(BM_119999)" title="Stamp seal (BM 119999)">Stamp seal (BM 119999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Khingila" title="Seal of Khingila">Seal of Khingila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Ice_Maiden" title="Siberian Ice Maiden">Siberian Ice Maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum_plaque" title="Ai-Khanoum plaque">Ai-Khanoum plaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saksanokhur_gold_buckle" title="Saksanokhur gold buckle">Saksanokhur gold buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar_hunter_(Hermitage_Museum)" title="Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)">Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Collection_of_Peter_the_Great" title="Siberian Collection of Peter the Great">Siberian Collection of Peter the Great</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rulers_of_Ancient_Central_Asia" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_Ancient_Central_Asia" title="Template:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Rulers_of_Ancient_Central_Asia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers_of_Ancient_Central_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_of_Ancient_Central_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rulers of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Asia" title="History of Central Asia">Ancient Central Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0; font-size:100%;"> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 80%; width:100%; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Territories/<br />dates</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Margiana" title="Margiana">Margiana</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a></th> <th colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Jaxartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaxartes">Trans-Jaxartes steppes</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1"> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="13"><i>Preceded by: <a href="/wiki/Template:Neolithic_Chronology" title="Template:Neolithic Chronology">Chronology of the Neolithic period</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">3500–2500 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="13">(Eastern migration of the <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Pontic_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic steppe">Pontic steppe</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a>,as far as the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai</a> region) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="12" rowspan="1"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo culture</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Proto-Tocharian_language" title="Proto-Tocharian language">Proto-Tocharian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2400–2000 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seated_Goddess,_Western_Central_Asia,_Bronze_Age_Bactria,_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE,_chlorite_and_limestone,_Miho_Museum,_Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg/35px-Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg/53px-Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg/70px-Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="2138" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="10"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000–1900 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="10" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Andronovo Culture">Andronovo Culture</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000–900 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>626–539 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="3"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Median_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Median Empire">Median Empire</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Deioces" title="Deioces">Deioces</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraortes" title="Phraortes">Phraortes</a> <a href="/wiki/Madyes" title="Madyes">Madyes</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyaxares" title="Cyaxares">Cyaxares</a> <a href="/wiki/Astyages" title="Astyages">Astyages</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Tomyris" title="Tomyris">Tomyris</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="7" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Skunkha" title="Skunkha">Skunkha</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Arzhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arzhan">Arzhan culture</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Pazyryk Culture">Pazyryk Culture</a>)<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PazyrikHorseman.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PazyrikHorseman.JPG/30px-PazyrikHorseman.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PazyrikHorseman.JPG/45px-PazyrikHorseman.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PazyrikHorseman.JPG/60px-PazyrikHorseman.JPG 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">539–331 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_In_Parse.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/30px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/45px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/60px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1775" data-file-height="3130" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b><big><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus</a> <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes IV">Artaxerxes IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>331–256 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5"><b><big>Hellenistic Period</big></b><br /><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon"><img alt="Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/60px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/90px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/120px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon</figcaption></figure><b><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead dynasty</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander I</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander II</a> <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus</a><br /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochus II</a> </p> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>256–160 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5"><b><big><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Diodotus_I" title="Diodotus I">Diodotus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Diodotus_II" title="Diodotus II">Diodotus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_I" title="Euthydemus I">Euthydemus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius I</a> <a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_II" title="Euthydemus II">Euthydemus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Antimachus_I" title="Antimachus I">Antimachus I</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="7" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8BFD8;" colspan="1" rowspan="8"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Modu_Chanyu" title="Modu Chanyu">Modu Chanyu</a> <a href="/wiki/Laoshang" title="Laoshang">Laoshang</a><br /><br /><b><big><a href="/wiki/Hunnic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunnic tribes">Hunnic tribes</a></big></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>160–141 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDEAD;" colspan="2" rowspan="3"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates I of Parthia">Mithridates I</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates</a> <a href="/wiki/Hyspaosines" title="Hyspaosines">Hyspaosines</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_I_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus I of Parthia">Artabanus</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates II of Parthia">Mithridates II</a> <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_I" title="Gotarzes I">Gotarzes</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates III of Parthia">Mithridates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_I_of_Parthia" title="Orodes I of Parthia">Orodes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces of Parthia">Sinatruces</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_III" title="Phraates III">Phraates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_IV_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates IV of Parthia">Mithridates IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_II" title="Orodes II">Orodes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_IV" title="Phraates IV">Phraates IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates II of Parthia">Tiridates II</a> <a href="/wiki/Musa_of_Parthia" title="Musa of Parthia">Musa</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_V" title="Phraates V">Phraates V</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_III_of_Parthia" title="Orodes III of Parthia">Orodes III</a> <a href="/wiki/Vonones_I" title="Vonones I">Vonones I</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates III of Parthia">Tiridates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vardanes_I" title="Vardanes I">Vardanes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_II_of_Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotarzes II of Parthia">Gotarzes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Meherdates" title="Meherdates">Meherdates</a> <a href="/wiki/Vonones_II" title="Vonones II">Vonones II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_I_of_Parthia" title="Vologases I of Parthia">Vologases I</a> <a href="/wiki/Vardanes_II" title="Vardanes II">Vardanes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Pacorus_II" title="Pacorus II">Pacorus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_II_of_Parthia" title="Vologases II of Parthia">Vologases II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_III_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus III of Parthia">Artabanus III</a> <a href="/wiki/Osroes_I" title="Osroes I">Osroes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_III_of_Parthia" title="Vologases III of Parthia">Vologases III</a> <a href="/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia" title="Parthamaspates of Parthia">Parthamaspates</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_II_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces II of Parthia">Sinatruces II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_V_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates V of Parthia">Mithridates V</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_IV" title="Vologases IV">Vologases IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Osroes_II" title="Osroes II">Osroes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_V" title="Vologases V">Vologases V</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_VI" title="Vologases VI">Vologases VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_IV_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus IV of Parthia">Artabanus IV</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Eucratides" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucratides">Eucratides</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">141 BCE–30 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Arseiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Arseiles">Arseiles</a> <a href="/wiki/Sapadbizes" title="Sapadbizes">Sapadbizes</a> <a href="/wiki/Heraios" title="Heraios">Heraios</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">30 –224 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Kujula_Kadphises" title="Kujula Kadphises">Kujula Kadphises</a> <a href="/wiki/Vima_Takto" title="Vima Takto">Vima Takto</a> <a href="/wiki/Vima_Kadphises" title="Vima Kadphises">Vima Kadphises</a> <a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka I</a> <a href="/wiki/Huvishka" title="Huvishka">Huvishka</a> <a href="/wiki/Vasudeva_I" title="Vasudeva I">Vasudeva I</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">224–350 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2" rowspan="7"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></big></b><br /><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Ardashir_I_(phase_3),_Hamadan_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint."><img alt="Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/40px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/60px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/80px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_I" title="Hormizd I">Hormizd I</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_I" title="Bahram I">Bahram I</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_II" title="Bahram II">Bahram II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_III" title="Bahram III">Bahram III</a> <a href="/wiki/Narseh" title="Narseh">Narseh</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_II" title="Hormizd II">Hormizd II</a> <a href="/wiki/Adur_Narseh" title="Adur Narseh">Adur Narseh</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_II" title="Ardashir II">Ardashir II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_III" title="Shapur III">Shapur III</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_IV" title="Bahram IV">Bahram IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_I" title="Yazdegerd I">Yazdegerd I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_IV" title="Shapur IV">Shapur IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_(son_of_Bahram_IV)" title="Khosrow (son of Bahram IV)">Khosrow</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_V" title="Bahram V">Bahram V</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_II" title="Yazdegerd II">Yazdegerd II</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_III" title="Hormizd III">Hormizd III</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_I" title="Peroz I">Peroz I</a> <a href="/wiki/Balash" title="Balash">Balash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Jamasp" title="Jamasp">Jamasp</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khosrow I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_IV" title="Hormizd IV">Hormizd IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_Chobin" title="Bahram Chobin">Bahram VI Chobin</a> <a href="/wiki/Vistahm" title="Vistahm">Vistahm</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_II" title="Kavad II">Kavad II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_III" title="Ardashir III">Ardashir III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_III" title="Khosrow III">Khosrow III</a> <a href="/wiki/Boran" title="Boran">Boran</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur-i_Shahrvaraz" title="Shapur-i Shahrvaraz">Shapur-i Shahrvaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Azarmidokht" title="Azarmidokht">Azarmidokht</a> <a href="/wiki/Farrukh_Hormizd" title="Farrukh Hormizd">Farrukh Hormizd</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_VI" title="Hormizd VI">Hormizd VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_IV" title="Khosrow IV">Khosrow IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Boran" title="Boran">Boran</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_III" title="Yazdegerd III">Yazdegerd III</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_III" title="Peroz III">Peroz III</a> <a href="/wiki/Narsieh" title="Narsieh">Narsieh</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushano-Sasanians">Kushano-Sasanians</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I_Kushanshah" title="Ardashir I Kushanshah">Ardashir I</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_I_Kushanshah" title="Peroz I Kushanshah">Peroz I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_I_Kushanshah" title="Hormizd I Kushanshah">Hormizd I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_II_Kushanshah" title="Hormizd II Kushanshah">Hormizd II</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_II_Kushanshah" title="Peroz II Kushanshah">Peroz II</a> <a href="/wiki/Varahran_Kushanshah" title="Varahran Kushanshah">Varahran</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Kangju" title="Kangju">Kangju</a></big></b><br />Wanunkhur </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">320 CE–467 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8B438;" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a></big></b><br />Yosada <a href="/wiki/Kirada" title="Kirada">Kirada</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_(Kidarite)" title="Peroz (Kidarite)">Peroz</a> <a href="/wiki/Kidara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidara">Kidara</a> <a href="/wiki/Grumbates" title="Grumbates">Grumbates</a> Kungas Brahmi Buddhatala Varhran (II) <a href="/wiki/Goboziko" class="mw-redirect" title="Goboziko">Goboziko</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">370 CE–540 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8B438;" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Khingila" class="mw-redirect" title="Khingila">Khingila</a> <a href="/wiki/Javukha" title="Javukha">Javukha</a> <a href="/wiki/Mehama" title="Mehama">Mehama</a> Lakhana Udayaditya Aduman <a href="/wiki/Toramana" title="Toramana">Toramana</a> <a href="/wiki/Mihirakula" title="Mihirakula">Mihirakula</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">440 CE–560 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8B438;" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Akhshunwar" title="Akhshunwar">Akhshunwar</a> Kun-khi Ghadfar </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">560 CE–651 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8BFD8;" colspan="11" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a></big></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_Tuwu" title="Ashina Tuwu">Ashina Tuwu</a>) <a href="/wiki/Bumin_Qaghan" title="Bumin Qaghan">Bumin Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Issik_Qaghan" title="Issik Qaghan">Issik Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Muqan_Qaghan" title="Muqan Qaghan">Muqan Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Taspar_Qaghan" title="Taspar Qaghan">Taspar Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Amrak" class="mw-redirect" title="Amrak">Ashina Anluo</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishbara_Qaghan" title="Ishbara Qaghan">Ishbara Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Bagha_Qaghan" title="Bagha Qaghan">Bagha Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Tulan_Qaghan" title="Tulan Qaghan">Tulan Qaghan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%A4mi" title="Istämi">Istämi</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Empress_Ashina" title="Empress Ashina">Empress Ashina</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Apa_Qaghan" title="Apa Qaghan">Apa Qaghan</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Yangsu_Tegin" title="Yangsu Tegin">Yangsu Tegin</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Tamgan" title="Tamgan">Tamgan</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">560 CE–625 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8BFD8;" colspan="11" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Western_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Turks">Western Turks</a></big></b><br />(vassal of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> 657–742)<br /><a href="/wiki/Niri_Qaghan" title="Niri Qaghan">Niri Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Heshana_Khagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Heshana Khagan">Heshana Khagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Sheguy" title="Sheguy">Sheguy</a> <a href="/wiki/Tong_Yabghu_Qaghan" title="Tong Yabghu Qaghan">Tong Yabghu Qaghan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">625 CE–651 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8BFD8;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Tokhara Yabghus</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Tardush_Shad" title="Tardush Shad">Tardush Shad</a> Ishbara Yabgu Wu-shih-po Pantu Nili </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8BFD8;" colspan="10" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCl%C3%BCg_Sibir" title="Külüg Sibir">Külüg Sibir</a> <a href="/wiki/Irbis_Bolun_Cabgu" class="mw-redirect" title="Irbis Bolun Cabgu">Irbis Bolun Cabgu</a> <a href="/wiki/Duolu_Qaghan" title="Duolu Qaghan">Duolu Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishbara_Tolis" title="Ishbara Tolis">Ishbara Tolis</a> <a href="/wiki/Yukuk_Shad" title="Yukuk Shad">Yukuk Shad</a> <a href="/wiki/Irbis_Seguy" title="Irbis Seguy">Irbis Seguy</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashina_Helu" title="Ashina Helu">Ashina Helu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>651–673 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a></big></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>673–751 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="3"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Transoxiana" title="Muslim conquest of Transoxiana">Muslim conquest of Transoxiana</a></big></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8BFD8;" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a></big></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg/12px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg/18px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg/24px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="585" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" title="Template:Rulers of the Ancient Near East">Rulers of the Ancient Near-East</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hellenistic_rulers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hellenistic_rulers" title="Template:Hellenistic rulers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hellenistic_rulers" title="Template talk:Hellenistic rulers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hellenistic_rulers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hellenistic rulers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hellenistic_rulers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> rulers</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argeads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander III the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III Arrhidaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Antipatrid_dynasty" title="Antipatrid dynasty">Antipatrids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassander" title="Cassander">Cassander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Macedon" title="Philip IV of Macedon">Philip IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_V_of_Macedon" title="Alexander V of Macedon">Alexander V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipater_II_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipater II of Macedon">Antipater II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipater_Etesias" title="Antipater Etesias">Antipater Etesias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosthenes_of_Macedon" title="Sosthenes of Macedon">Sosthenes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_dynasty" title="Antigonid dynasty">Antigonids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus I Monophthalmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrius I of Macedon">Demetrius I Poliorcetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonus_II_Gonatas" title="Antigonus II Gonatas">Antigonus II Gonatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Aetolicus" title="Demetrius II Aetolicus">Demetrius II Aetolicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonus_III_Doson" title="Antigonus III Doson">Antigonus III Doson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Macedon" title="Philip V of Macedon">Philip V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseus_of_Macedon" title="Perseus of Macedon">Perseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriscus" title="Andriscus">Philip VI</a> (pretender)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Keraunos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy Keraunos">Ptolemy Keraunos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemy V Epiphanes">Ptolemy V Epiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_I_Syra" title="Cleopatra I Syra">Cleopatra I Syra</a> (regent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor" title="Ptolemy VI Philometor">Ptolemy VI Philometor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VII_Neos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator">Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_II_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra II of Egypt">Cleopatra II Philometor Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Physcon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_III_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra III of Egypt">Cleopatra III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IX_Lathyros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy IX Lathyros">Ptolemy IX Lathyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_X_Alexander_I" title="Ptolemy X Alexander I">Ptolemy X Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_III_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice III of Egypt">Berenice III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XI_Alexander_II" title="Ptolemy XI Alexander II">Ptolemy XI Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes" title="Ptolemy XII Auletes">Ptolemy XII Auletes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VI" title="Cleopatra VI">Cleopatra VI Tryphaena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_IV" title="Berenice IV">Berenice IV Epiphanea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIII_Theos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator">Ptolemy XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy XIV of Egypt">Ptolemy XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra VII Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Ptolemy XV Caesarion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Cyrene" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Cyrene">Monarchs of Cyrene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magas_of_Cyrene" title="Magas of Cyrene">Magas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_II_of_Egypt" title="Berenice II of Egypt">Berenice II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_the_Fair" title="Demetrius the Fair">Demetrius the Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Physcon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Apion" title="Ptolemy Apion">Ptolemy Apion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_Selene_II" title="Cleopatra Selene II">Cleopatra Selene II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochus II Theos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_II_Callinicus" title="Seleucus II Callinicus">Seleucus II Callinicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_III_Ceraunus" title="Seleucus III Ceraunus">Seleucus III Ceraunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_IV_Philopator" title="Seleucus IV Philopator">Seleucus IV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_V_Eupator" title="Antiochus V Eupator">Antiochus V Eupator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Balas" title="Alexander Balas">Alexander I Balas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Nicator" title="Demetrius II Nicator">Demetrius II Nicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VI_Dionysus" title="Antiochus VI Dionysus">Antiochus VI Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodotus_Tryphon" title="Diodotus Tryphon">Diodotus Tryphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VII_Sidetes" title="Antiochus VII Sidetes">Antiochus VII Sidetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_Zabinas" title="Alexander II Zabinas">Alexander II Zabinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_Thea" title="Cleopatra Thea">Cleopatra Thea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_V_Philometor" title="Seleucus V Philometor">Seleucus V Philometor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VIII_Grypus" title="Antiochus VIII Grypus">Antiochus VIII Grypus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IX_Cyzicenus" title="Antiochus IX Cyzicenus">Antiochus IX Cyzicenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_VI_Epiphanes" title="Seleucus VI Epiphanes">Seleucus VI Epiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_X_Eusebes" title="Antiochus X Eusebes">Antiochus X Eusebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XI_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus XI Epiphanes">Antiochus XI Epiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_III_Eucaerus" title="Demetrius III Eucaerus">Demetrius III Eucaerus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_I_Philadelphus" title="Philip I Philadelphus">Philip I Philadelphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XII_Dionysus" title="Antiochus XII Dionysus">Antiochus XII Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_Selene_of_Syria" title="Cleopatra Selene of Syria">Cleopatra Selene I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XIII_Asiaticus" title="Antiochus XIII Asiaticus">Antiochus XIII Asiaticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_Philoromaeus" title="Philip II Philoromaeus">Philip II Philoromaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Lysimachus" title="Lysimachus">Lysimachids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lysimachus" title="Lysimachus">Lysimachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Epigonos" title="Ptolemy Epigonos">Ptolemy Epigonos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philetaerus" title="Philetaerus">Philetaerus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eumenes_I" title="Eumenes I">Eumenes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalus_I" title="Attalus I">Attalus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eumenes_II" title="Eumenes II">Eumenes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalus_II_Philadelphus" title="Attalus II Philadelphus">Attalus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalus_III" title="Attalus III">Attalus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eumenes_III" title="Eumenes III">Eumenes III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greco-Bactrians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diodotus_I" title="Diodotus I">Diodotus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodotus_II" title="Diodotus II">Diodotus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_I" title="Euthydemus I">Euthydemus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_II" title="Euthydemus II">Euthydemus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimachus_I" title="Antimachus I">Antimachus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantaleon" title="Pantaleon">Pantaleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agathocles_of_Bactria" title="Agathocles of Bactria">Agathocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_of_India" title="Demetrius II of India">Demetrius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucratides_I" title="Eucratides I">Eucratides I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato_of_Bactria" title="Plato of Bactria">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucratides_II" title="Eucratides II">Eucratides II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliocles_I" title="Heliocles I">Heliocles I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greeks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimachus_I" title="Antimachus I">Antimachus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantaleon" title="Pantaleon">Pantaleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agathocles_of_Bactria" title="Agathocles of Bactria">Agathocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollodotus_I" title="Apollodotus I">Apollodotus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_of_India" title="Demetrius II of India">Demetrius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimachus_II" title="Antimachus II">Antimachus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoilos_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoilos I">Zoilos I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agathokleia" class="mw-redirect" title="Agathokleia">Agathokleia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysias_Anicetus" title="Lysias Anicetus">Lysias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strato_I" title="Strato I">Strato I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antialcidas" title="Antialcidas">Antialcidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliokles_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliokles II">Heliokles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyxenos_Epiphanes_Soter" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyxenos Epiphanes Soter">Polyxenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_III_Aniketos" title="Demetrius III Aniketos">Demetrius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philoxenus_Anicetus" title="Philoxenus Anicetus">Philoxenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diomedes_Soter" title="Diomedes Soter">Diomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyntas_Nikator" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyntas Nikator">Amyntas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epander" title="Epander">Epander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theophilos (king)">Theophilos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peukolaos" class="mw-redirect" title="Peukolaos">Peukolaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraso" title="Thraso">Thraso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicias_(Indo-Greek_king)" title="Nicias (Indo-Greek king)">Nicias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_II" title="Menander II">Menander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemidoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemidoros">Artemidoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaeus" title="Hermaeus">Hermaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archebius" title="Archebius">Archebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephos_Euergetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephos Euergetes">Telephos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollodotus_II" title="Apollodotus II">Apollodotus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippostratos" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippostratos">Hippostratos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysios_Soter" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysios Soter">Dionysios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoilos_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoilos II">Zoilos II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollophanes" title="Apollophanes">Apollophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strato_II" title="Strato II">Strato II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strato_III" title="Strato III">Strato III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bithynia" title="List of rulers of Bithynia">Monarchs of Bithynia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boteiras_of_Bithynia" title="Boteiras of Bithynia">Boteiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bas_of_Bithynia" title="Bas of Bithynia">Bas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipoetes_I_of_Bithynia" title="Zipoetes I of Bithynia">Zipoetes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomedes_I_of_Bithynia" title="Nicomedes I of Bithynia">Nicomedes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipoetes_II_of_Bithynia" title="Zipoetes II of Bithynia">Zipoetes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etazeta_of_Bithynia" title="Etazeta of Bithynia">Etazeta</a> (regent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziaelas_of_Bithynia" title="Ziaelas of Bithynia">Ziaelas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prusias_I_of_Bithynia" title="Prusias I of Bithynia">Prusias I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prusias_II_of_Bithynia" title="Prusias II of Bithynia">Prusias II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomedes_II_of_Bithynia" title="Nicomedes II of Bithynia">Nicomedes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomedes_III_of_Bithynia" title="Nicomedes III of Bithynia">Nicomedes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomedes_IV_of_Bithynia" title="Nicomedes IV of Bithynia">Nicomedes IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates_Chrestus" title="Socrates Chrestus">Socrates Chrestus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Pontus">Monarchs of Pontus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Pontus" title="Mithridates I of Pontus">Mithridates I Ctistes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariobarzanes_of_Pontus" title="Ariobarzanes of Pontus">Ariobarzanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Pontus" title="Mithridates II of Pontus">Mithridates II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_III_of_Pontus" title="Mithridates III of Pontus">Mithridates III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharnaces_I_of_Pontus" title="Pharnaces I of Pontus">Pharnaces I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_IV_of_Pontus" title="Mithridates IV of Pontus">Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos</a> with <a href="/wiki/Laodice_(sister-wife_of_Mithridates_IV_of_Pontus)" title="Laodice (sister-wife of Mithridates IV of Pontus)">Laodice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_V_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithridates V of Pontus">Mithridates V Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_VI_Eupator" title="Mithridates VI Eupator">Mithridates VI Eupator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharnaces_II_of_Pontus" title="Pharnaces II of Pontus">Pharnaces II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_of_Pontus" title="Darius of Pontus">Darius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsaces_of_Pontus" title="Arsaces of Pontus">Arsaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemon_I_of_Pontus" title="Polemon I of Pontus">Polemon I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythodorida_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pythodorida of Pontus">Pythodorida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemon_II_of_Pontus" title="Polemon II of Pontus">Polemon II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Monarchs of Commagene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaeus_of_Commagene" title="Ptolemaeus of Commagene">Ptolemaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sames_II_Theosebes_Dikaios" title="Sames II Theosebes Dikaios">Sames II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_Callinicus" title="Mithridates I Callinicus">Mithridates I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Theos_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus I Theos of Commagene">Antiochus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Commagene" title="Mithridates II of Commagene">Mithridates II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_of_Commagene" title="Antiochus II of Commagene">Antiochus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_III_of_Commagene" title="Mithridates III of Commagene">Mithridates III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_of_Commagene" title="Antiochus III of Commagene">Antiochus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_of_Commagene" title="Antiochus IV of Commagene">Antiochus IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Cappadocia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Cappadocia">Monarchs of Cappadocia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_I_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes I of Cappadocia">Ariarathes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_II_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes II of Cappadocia">Ariarathes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariamnes_of_Cappadocia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariamnes of Cappadocia">Ariamnes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_III_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes III of Cappadocia">Ariarathes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_IV_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes IV of Cappadocia">Ariarathes IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_V_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes V of Cappadocia">Ariarathes V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orophernes_of_Cappadocia" title="Orophernes of Cappadocia">Orophernes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_VI_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes VI of Cappadocia">Ariarathes VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_VII_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes VII of Cappadocia">Ariarathes VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_VIII_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes VIII of Cappadocia">Ariarathes VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_IX_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes IX of Cappadocia">Ariarathes IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariobarzanes_I_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariobarzanes I of Cappadocia">Ariobarzanes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariobarzanes_II_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariobarzanes II of Cappadocia">Ariobarzanes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariobarzanes_III_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariobarzanes III of Cappadocia">Ariobarzanes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_X_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes X of Cappadocia">Ariarathes X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archelaus_of_Cappadocia" title="Archelaus of Cappadocia">Archelaus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Bosporan_Kingdom" title="Bosporan Kingdom">Monarchs of the<br />Cimmerian Bosporus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paerisades_I" title="Paerisades I">Paerisades I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyros_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyros II">Satyros II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prytanis_of_Bosporus" title="Prytanis of Bosporus">Prytanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eumelos_of_Bosporus" class="mw-redirect" title="Eumelos of Bosporus">Eumelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartokos_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartokos III">Spartokos III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygiainon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hygiainon">Hygiainon</a> (regent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paerisades_II" title="Paerisades II">Paerisades II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartokos_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartokos IV">Spartokos IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukon_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Leukon II">Leukon II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spartokos_V&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spartokos V (page does not exist)">Spartokos V</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA_V" class="extiw" title="ru:Спарток V">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamasarye_Philoteknos" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasarye Philoteknos">Kamasarye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paerisades_III" title="Paerisades III">Paerisades III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paerisades_IV_Philometor" title="Paerisades IV Philometor">Paerisades IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paerisades_V" title="Paerisades V">Paerisades V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_VI_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithridates VI of Pontus">Mithridates I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharnaces_II_of_Pontus" title="Pharnaces II of Pontus">Pharnaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asander_(Bosporan_king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asander (Bosporan king)">Asander</a> with <a href="/wiki/Dynamis_(Bosporan_queen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamis (Bosporan queen)">Dynamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_the_Bosporus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithridates I of the Bosporus">Mithridates II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asander_(Bosporan_king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asander (Bosporan king)">Asander</a> with <a href="/wiki/Dynamis_(Bosporan_queen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamis (Bosporan queen)">Dynamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribonius_(Bosporan_usurper)" title="Scribonius (Bosporan usurper)">Scribonius</a>'s attempted rule with <a href="/wiki/Dynamis_(Bosporan_queen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamis (Bosporan queen)">Dynamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamis_(Bosporan_queen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamis (Bosporan queen)">Dynamis</a> with <a href="/wiki/Polemon_I_of_Pontus" title="Polemon I of Pontus">Polemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemon_I_of_Pontus" title="Polemon I of Pontus">Polemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Aspurgus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiberius Julius Aspurgus">Aspurgus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepaepyris" title="Gepaepyris">Gepaepyris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Mithridates" title="Tiberius Julius Mithridates">Mithridates III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Cotys_I" title="Tiberius Julius Cotys I">Cotys I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_kings_of_Epirus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the kings of Epirus">Monarchs of Epirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admetus_of_Epirus" title="Admetus of Epirus">Admetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharrhypas" title="Tharrhypas">Tharrhypas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcetas_I_of_Epirus" title="Alcetas I of Epirus">Alcetas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoptolemus_I_of_Epirus" title="Neoptolemus I of Epirus">Neoptolemus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arybbas" class="mw-redirect" title="Arybbas">Arybbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Epirus" title="Alexander I of Epirus">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeacides_of_Epirus" title="Aeacides of Epirus">Aeacides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoptolemus_II_of_Epirus" title="Neoptolemus II of Epirus">Neoptolemus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcetas_II_of_Epirus" title="Alcetas II of Epirus">Alcetas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Epirus" title="Alexander II of Epirus">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympias_II_of_Epirus" title="Olympias II of Epirus">Olympias II</a> (regent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_II_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus II of Epirus">Pyrrhus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_of_Epirus" title="Ptolemy of Epirus">Ptolemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_III_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus III of Epirus">Pyrrhus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deidamia_II_of_Epirus" title="Deidamia II of Epirus">Deidamia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Hellenistic rulers were preceded by <a href="/wiki/Template:Hellenistic_satraps" title="Template:Hellenistic satraps">Hellenistic satraps</a> in most of their territories.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom&oldid=1260000843">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom&oldid=1260000843</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Category:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:125_BC" title="Category:125 BC">125 BC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:250s_BC_establishments" 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