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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Analog_vs._digital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analog_vs._digital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Analog <i>vs</i>. digital</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analog_vs._digital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Reception issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indoor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indoor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Indoor</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Indoor-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Indoor subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Indoor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rabbit_ears" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rabbit_ears"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Rabbit ears</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rabbit_ears-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Whip_antenna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whip_antenna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Whip antenna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whip_antenna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loop_antenna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loop_antenna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Loop antenna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loop_antenna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flat_antenna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flat_antenna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Flat antenna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flat_antenna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outdoor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outdoor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Outdoor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outdoor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Installation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Installation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Installation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Installation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Installation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Installation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rooftop_and_other_outdoor_antennas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rooftop_and_other_outdoor_antennas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Rooftop and other outdoor antennas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rooftop_and_other_outdoor_antennas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indoor_antennas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indoor_antennas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Indoor antennas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indoor_antennas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attic_installation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attic_installation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Attic installation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attic_installation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiple_antennas,_rotators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple_antennas,_rotators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Multiple antennas, rotators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple_antennas,_rotators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antena_de_televisi%C3%B3" title="Antena de televisió – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Antena de televisió" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antena_de_televisi%C3%B3n" title="Antena de televisión – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antena de televisión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A1" title="Հեռուստատեսային անտենա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հեռուստատեսային անտենա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B3nvarpsloftnet" title="Sjónvarpsloftnet – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sjónvarpsloftnet" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_televisiva" title="Antenna televisiva – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Antenna televisiva" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Antenna used with a television to receive television programs</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antenne_VHF_UHF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Antenne_VHF_UHF.jpg/200px-Antenne_VHF_UHF.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Antenne_VHF_UHF.jpg/300px-Antenne_VHF_UHF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Antenne_VHF_UHF.jpg/400px-Antenne_VHF_UHF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Two <a href="/wiki/Yagi-Uda" class="mw-redirect" title="Yagi-Uda">Yagi-Uda</a> type outdoor antennas mounted at the side of a building.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rabbit-ears_dipole_antenna_with_UHF_loop_20090204.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Rabbit-ears_dipole_antenna_with_UHF_loop_20090204.jpg/200px-Rabbit-ears_dipole_antenna_with_UHF_loop_20090204.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Rabbit-ears_dipole_antenna_with_UHF_loop_20090204.jpg/300px-Rabbit-ears_dipole_antenna_with_UHF_loop_20090204.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Rabbit-ears_dipole_antenna_with_UHF_loop_20090204.jpg/400px-Rabbit-ears_dipole_antenna_with_UHF_loop_20090204.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1672" data-file-height="2291" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <i>rabbit ears</i> indoor antenna. This model also has a loop antenna for UHF reception.</div></div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Antennas" title="Category:Antennas">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">Antennas</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maszt_radiowy_w_Konstantynowie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Maszt_radiowy_w_Konstantynowie.jpg/100px-Maszt_radiowy_w_Konstantynowie.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Maszt_radiowy_w_Konstantynowie.jpg/150px-Maszt_radiowy_w_Konstantynowie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Maszt_radiowy_w_Konstantynowie.jpg/200px-Maszt_radiowy_w_Konstantynowie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Antenna_types" title="Antenna types">Common types</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid#aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dipole_antenna" title="Dipole antenna">Dipole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractal_antenna" title="Fractal antenna">Fractal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loop_antenna" title="Loop antenna">Loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopole_antenna" title="Monopole antenna">Monopole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_dish" title="Satellite dish">Satellite dish</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whip_antenna" title="Whip antenna">Whip</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Components</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid#aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balun" title="Balun">Balun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_upconverter" title="Block upconverter">Block upconverter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterpoise_(ground_system)" title="Counterpoise (ground system)">Counterpoise (ground system)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_feed" title="Antenna feed">Feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Feed line">Feed line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-noise_block_downconverter" title="Low-noise block downconverter">Low-noise block downconverter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_radiator" class="mw-redirect" title="Passive radiator">Passive radiator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receiver_(radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Receiver (radio)">Receiver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_rotator" title="Antenna rotator">Rotator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stub_(electronics)" title="Stub (electronics)">Stub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmitter" title="Transmitter">Transmitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_tuner" title="Antenna tuner">Tuner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-lead" title="Twin-lead">Twin-lead</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Systems</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid#aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_farm" title="Antenna farm">Antenna farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">Amateur radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotspot_(Wi-Fi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotspot (Wi-Fi)">Hotspot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_wireless_network" title="Municipal wireless network">Municipal wireless network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_masts_and_towers" title="Radio masts and towers">Radio masts and towers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">Wireless</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Safety and regulation</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid#aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_device_radiation_and_health" title="Wireless device radiation and health">Wireless device radiation and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_electronic_devices_and_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless electronic devices and health">Wireless electronic devices and health</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/ITU_Radio_Regulations" title="ITU Radio Regulations">Radio Regulations</a>)</div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Radiocommunication_Conference" title="World Radiocommunication Conference">World Radiocommunication Conference</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="nowrap">Radiation sources / regions</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid#aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_boresight" title="Antenna boresight">Boresight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_cloud" title="Focal cloud">Focal cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_plane" title="Ground plane">Ground plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_lobe" title="Main lobe">Main lobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_and_far_field" title="Near and far field">Near and far field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_lobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Side lobe">Side lobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical plane">Vertical plane</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Characteristics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid#aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Array_gain" title="Array gain">Array gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directivity" title="Directivity">Directivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_efficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenna efficiency">Efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_length" title="Electrical length">Electrical length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_equivalent_radius" title="Antenna equivalent radius">Equivalent radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_factor" title="Antenna factor">Factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friis_transmission_equation" title="Friis transmission equation">Friis transmission equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_gain" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenna gain">Gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_height_considerations" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenna height considerations">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_pattern" title="Radiation pattern">Radiation pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_resistance" title="Radiation resistance">Radiation resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_propagation" title="Radio propagation">Radio propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum" title="Radio spectrum">Radio spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio" title="Signal-to-noise ratio">Signal-to-noise ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spurious_emission" title="Spurious emission">Spurious emission</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Techniques</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid#aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beam_steering" title="Beam steering">Beam steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_tilt" title="Beam tilt">Beam tilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beamforming" title="Beamforming">Beamforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_cell" title="Small cell">Small cell</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Bell_Laboratories_Layered_Space-Time" title="Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time">Bell Laboratories Layered<br />Space-Time (BLAST)</a></div></li> <li>Massive <a href="/wiki/MIMO" title="MIMO">Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconfigurable_antenna" title="Reconfigurable antenna">Reconfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_spectrum" title="Spread spectrum">Spread spectrum</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/WSDMA" title="WSDMA">Wideband Space Division<br />Multiple Access (WSDMA)</a></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antennas" title="Template:Antennas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antennas" title="Template talk:Antennas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antennas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antennas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>television antenna</b>, also called a <b>television aerial</b> (in <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>), is an <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">antenna</a> specifically designed for use with a <a href="/wiki/Television_receiver" class="mw-redirect" title="Television receiver">television receiver</a> (TV) to receive <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">terrestrial over-the-air (OTA) broadcast television</a> signals from a <a href="/wiki/Television_station" title="Television station">television station</a>. Terrestrial television is broadcast on frequencies from about 47 to 250 <a href="/wiki/MHz" class="mw-redirect" title="MHz">MHz</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">very high frequency</a> (VHF) band, and 470 to 960 MHz in the <a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">ultra high frequency</a> (UHF) band <a href="/wiki/Television_channel_frequencies" title="Television channel frequencies">in different countries</a>. </p><p>Television antennas are manufactured in two different types: <i>indoor</i> and <i>outdoor</i> antennas. Indoor antennas are designed to be located on top of or next to the <a href="/wiki/Television_set" title="Television set">television set</a>, but are ideally placed near a window in a room and as high up as possible for the best reception.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common types of indoor antennas are the <a href="/wiki/Dipole_antenna" title="Dipole antenna">dipole</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gulati_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gulati-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ("rabbit ears"), which work best for VHF channels, and <a href="/wiki/Loop_antenna" title="Loop antenna">loop antennas</a>, which work best for UHF.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outdoor antennas on the other hand are designed to be mounted on a <a href="/wiki/Radio_masts_and_towers" title="Radio masts and towers">mast</a> on top of the owner's house,<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or in a <a href="/wiki/Loft" title="Loft">loft</a> or <a href="/wiki/Attic" title="Attic">attic</a> where the dry conditions and increased elevation are advantageous for reception and antenna longevity. Outdoor antennas are more expensive and difficult to install but are necessary for adequate reception in <a href="/wiki/Fringe_reception" class="mw-redirect" title="Fringe reception">fringe</a> areas far from television stations; the most common types of these are the <a href="/wiki/Yagi%E2%80%93Uda_antenna" title="Yagi–Uda antenna">Yagi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Gulati_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gulati-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Log-periodic_antenna" title="Log-periodic antenna">log periodic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Gulati_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gulati-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and (for UHF) the multi-bay <a href="/wiki/Reflective_array_antenna" title="Reflective array antenna">reflective array antenna</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_antenna&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The purpose of the antenna is to intercept <a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio waves</a> from the desired <a href="/wiki/Television_station" title="Television station">television stations</a> and convert them to tiny <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio frequency</a> <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating currents</a> which are applied to the television's <a href="/wiki/Television_tuner" class="mw-redirect" title="Television tuner">tuner</a>, which extracts the television signal.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The antenna is connected to the television with a specialized cable designed to carry radio current, called <a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">transmission line</a>. Earlier antennas used a flat cable called 300 <a href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm">ohm</a> <a href="/wiki/Twin-lead" title="Twin-lead">twin-lead</a>. The standard today is 75 ohm <a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">coaxial cable</a>, which is less susceptible to interference which plugs into an <a href="/wiki/F_connector" title="F connector">F connector</a> or <a href="/wiki/Belling-Lee_connector" title="Belling-Lee connector">Belling-Lee connector</a> (depending on region) on the back of the TV.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson4_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To convert the signal from antennas that use a twin-lead line to the modern coaxial cable input, a small transformer called a <a href="/wiki/Balun" title="Balun">balun</a> is used in the line. </p><p>In most countries, television broadcasting is allowed in the <a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">very high frequency</a> (VHF) band from 47 to 68 MHz, called VHF low band or <a href="/wiki/Band_I" title="Band I">band I</a> in Europe; 174 to 216 MHz, called VHF high band or <a href="/wiki/Band_III" title="Band III">band III</a> in Europe, and in the <a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">ultra high frequency</a> (UHF) band from 470 to 698 MHz, called <a href="/wiki/Band_IV" title="Band IV">band IV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Band_V" title="Band V">V</a> in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The boundaries of each band vary somewhat in different countries. Radio waves in these bands travel by <a href="/wiki/Line-of-sight_propagation" title="Line-of-sight propagation">line-of-sight</a>; they are blocked by hills and the <a href="/wiki/Horizon" title="Horizon">visual horizon</a>, limiting a television station's reception area to 65–95 km (40–60 miles), depending on terrain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analog_vs._digital">Analog <i>vs</i>. digital</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_antenna&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Analog vs. digital"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the previous standard <a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">analog television</a>, used before 2006, the VHF and UHF bands required separate <a href="/wiki/Television_tuner" class="mw-redirect" title="Television tuner">tuners</a> in the television receiver, which had separate antenna inputs. The <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio wave</a> equals the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a> (c), divided by the frequency. The above frequency bands cover a 15:1 <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> ratio, or almost 4 <a href="/wiki/Octave" title="Octave">octaves</a>. It is difficult to design a single antenna to receive such a wide wavelength range, and there is an octave gap from 216 to 470 MHz between the VHF and UHF frequencies. So traditionally, separate antennas (outdoor antennas with separate sets of elements on a single support boom) have been used to receive the VHF and UHF channels.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson4_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in 2006, many countries in the world switched from broadcasting using an older <a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">analog television</a> standard to newer <a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital television</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (DTV). However, the same broadcast frequencies are generally used, so the antennas used for the older analog television will also receive the new DTV broadcasts. Sellers often claim to supply a special <i>digital</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">high-definition television</a></i> (HDTV) antenna advised as a replacement for an existing <a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">analog television</a> antenna; at best this is misinformation to generate sales of unneeded equipment,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At worst, it may leave the viewer with a UHF-only antenna in a local market (particularly in North America) where some digital stations remain on their original <a href="/wiki/Band_III" title="Band III">high VHF</a> or <a href="/wiki/Band_I" title="Band I">low VHF</a> frequencies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reception_issues">Reception issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_antenna&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reception issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_german_tv_penetration.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/West_german_tv_penetration.svg/220px-West_german_tv_penetration.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/West_german_tv_penetration.svg/330px-West_german_tv_penetration.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/West_german_tv_penetration.svg/440px-West_german_tv_penetration.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="715" /></a><figcaption>West-German TV penetration in East Germany.</figcaption></figure> <p>Places unable to be reached by television broadcast transmitters are known as <i>black spots</i> in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, the areas that could not receive western TV signals were referred to as the <i><a href="/wiki/Tal_der_Ahnungslosen" title="Tal der Ahnungslosen">Tal der Ahnungslosen</a></i>, or <i>Valley of the Clueless</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indoor">Indoor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_antenna&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Indoor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indoor_antenna" title="Indoor antenna">Indoor antenna</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TV_aerial_by_One_For_All.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/TV_aerial_by_One_For_All.jpg/220px-TV_aerial_by_One_For_All.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/TV_aerial_by_One_For_All.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption>A loop antenna for UHF reception. This model also has two telescopic poles for VHF. It also has a mains-powered amplifier to improve signal strength.</figcaption></figure> <p>Indoor antennas may be mounted on the television itself or stand on a table next to it, connected to the television by a short <a href="/wiki/Feed_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Feed line">feed line</a>. Due to space constraints, indoor antennas cannot be as large and elaborate as outdoor antennas, they are not mounted at as high an elevation, and the building walls block some of the radio waves; for these reasons, indoor antennas generally do not give as good reception as outdoor antennas.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson4_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are often perfectly adequate in urban and suburban areas, which are usually within the strong radiation <i>footprint</i> of local television stations. Still, in rural <a href="/wiki/Fringe_reception" class="mw-redirect" title="Fringe reception">fringe reception</a> areas, only an outdoor antenna may give adequate reception. A few of the simplest indoor antennas are described below, but a great variety of designs and types exist. Many have a dial on the antenna with a number of different settings to alter the antenna's reception pattern. This should be rotated with the set on while looking at the screen until the best picture is obtained. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rabbit_ears">Rabbit ears</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_antenna&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rabbit ears"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_rabbit_antenna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Simple_rabbit_antenna.jpg/220px-Simple_rabbit_antenna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Simple_rabbit_antenna.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption>The 'rabbit ears' antenna with its coaxial plug</figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest and most widely used (at least in the United States) indoor antenna is the <i>rabbit ears</i> or <i>bunny ears</i>, which are often provided with new television sets.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson4_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a simple <a href="/wiki/Half-wave_dipole" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-wave dipole">half-wave dipole</a> antenna used to receive the VHF television bands, consisting in the US of 54 to 88 MHz (<a href="/wiki/Band_I" title="Band I">band I</a>) and 174 to 216 MHz (<a href="/wiki/Band_III" title="Band III">band III</a>), with wavelengths of 5.5 to 1.4 m (18 to 5 feet). It is constructed of two telescoping rods attached to a base, which extend out to about 1 m (3.3 feet) length (approximately one-quarter wavelength at 54 MHz) and can be collapsed when not in use. For best reception, the rods should be adjusted to be a little less than <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">4</span></span>⁠</span> <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> at the frequency of the television channel being received. However, the dipole has a wide <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">bandwidth</a>, so often adequate reception is achieved without adjusting the length. </p><p>The measured <a href="/wiki/Gain_(antenna)" title="Gain (antenna)">gain</a> of rabbit ears is low, about ―2 dBi, or ―4 dB with respect to a half wave dipole.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson4_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means it is not as directional and sensitive to distant stations as a large rooftop antenna. Still, its wide-angle reception pattern may allow it to receive several stations located in different directions without requiring readjustment when the channel is changed. Dipole antennas are bi-directional; that is, they have two <a href="/wiki/Main_lobe" title="Main lobe">main lobes</a> in opposite directions, 180° apart. Instead of being fixed in position like other antennas, the elements are mounted on ball-and-socket joints. They can be adjusted to various angles in a V shape, allowing them to be moved out of the way in crowded quarters. Another reason for the V shape is that when receiving channels at the top of the band with the rods fully extended, the antenna elements will typically resonate at their 3rd <a href="/wiki/Harmonic_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonic (music)">harmonic</a>. In this mode, the direction of maximum gain (the <a href="/wiki/Main_lobe" title="Main lobe">main lobe</a>) is no longer perpendicular to the rods. Still, the radiation pattern will have lobes at an angle to the rods, making it advantageous to be able to adjust them to various angles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whip_antenna">Whip antenna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_antenna&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Whip antenna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casio_TV-770_portable_television_set-4660.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Casio_TV-770_portable_television_set-4660.jpg/160px-Casio_TV-770_portable_television_set-4660.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Casio_TV-770_portable_television_set-4660.jpg/240px-Casio_TV-770_portable_television_set-4660.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Casio_TV-770_portable_television_set-4660.jpg/320px-Casio_TV-770_portable_television_set-4660.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3252" data-file-height="4129" /></a><figcaption>A 'whip' antenna at the side of a <a href="/wiki/Casio" title="Casio">Casio</a> portable TV</figcaption></figure> <p>Some portable televisions use a <a href="/wiki/Whip_antenna" title="Whip antenna">whip antenna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson4_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This consists of a single telescoping rod about a meter (3.3 feet) long attached to the television, which can be retracted when not in use. It functions as a <a href="/wiki/Quarter-wave_antenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarter-wave antenna">quarter-wave</a> <a href="/wiki/Monopole_antenna" title="Monopole antenna">monopole antenna</a>. The other side of the feedline is connected to the <a href="/wiki/Ground_plane" title="Ground plane">ground plane</a> on the TV's circuit board, which acts as <a href="/wiki/Ground_(electricity)" title="Ground (electricity)">ground</a>. The whip antenna generally has an <a href="/wiki/Omnidirectional_antenna" title="Omnidirectional antenna">omnidirectional</a> reception pattern, with maximum sensitivity in directions perpendicular to the antenna axis and gain similar to rabbit ears. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loop_antenna">Loop antenna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_antenna&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Loop antenna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_loop_antenna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Simple_loop_antenna.jpg/200px-Simple_loop_antenna.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Simple_loop_antenna.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption>A simple wire loop antenna</figcaption></figure> <p>The UHF channels are often received by a single turn <a href="/wiki/Loop_antenna" title="Loop antenna">loop antenna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson4_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since a <i>rabbit ears</i> antenna only covers the VHF bands, it is often combined with a UHF loop mounted on the same base to cover all the TV channels. This of course also depends by country and region: for example in the UK and Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Digital_terrestrial_television" title="Digital terrestrial television">terrestrial TV broadcasts</a> are only on the UHF band, meaning that a loop antenna is necessary and the rabbit ears would only be useful for <a href="/wiki/FM_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="FM radio">FM radio</a> reception.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flat_antenna">Flat antenna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_antenna&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Flat antenna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flat_black_antenna.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flat_black_antenna.png/220px-Flat_black_antenna.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flat_black_antenna.png/330px-Flat_black_antenna.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Flat_black_antenna.png 2x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>A flat antenna</figcaption></figure> <p>A more recent phenomenon for indoor antennas are <i>flat</i> antennas, which are lightweight, thin, and usually square-shaped with the claim of having more omnidirectional reception. They are also marketed as being more in line with <i>modern</i> minimalistic home designs.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flat antennas may have a stand or could be hung on a wall or a window.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Internally, the thin, flat square is a loop antenna with its circular metallic wiring embedded into conductive plastic.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outdoor">Outdoor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_antenna&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Outdoor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Yagi%E2%80%93Uda_antenna" title="Yagi–Uda antenna">Yagi–Uda antenna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Log-periodic_antenna" title="Log-periodic antenna">Log-periodic antenna</a></div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_antenna.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Aerial_antenna.JPG/260px-Aerial_antenna.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Aerial_antenna.JPG/390px-Aerial_antenna.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Aerial_antenna.JPG/520px-Aerial_antenna.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A Winegard 68 element <a href="/wiki/VHF" class="mw-redirect" title="VHF">VHF</a>/<a href="/wiki/UHF" class="mw-redirect" title="UHF">UHF</a> aerial antenna. This common multi-band antenna type uses a <a href="/wiki/UHF" class="mw-redirect" title="UHF">UHF</a> <a href="/wiki/Yagi%E2%80%93Uda_antenna" title="Yagi–Uda antenna">Yagi</a> at the front and a <a href="/wiki/VHF" class="mw-redirect" title="VHF">VHF</a> <a href="/wiki/Log-periodic" class="mw-redirect" title="Log-periodic">log-periodic</a> at the back coupled together.</figcaption></figure><p>When a <a href="/wiki/Gain_(antenna)" title="Gain (antenna)">higher-gain</a> antenna is needed to achieve adequate reception in suburban or <a href="/wiki/Fringe_reception" class="mw-redirect" title="Fringe reception">fringe reception</a> areas, an outdoor <a href="/wiki/Directional_antenna" title="Directional antenna">directional antenna</a> is usually used. Although most simple antennas have <a href="/wiki/Null_(radio)" title="Null (radio)">null</a> directions where they have zero response, the directions of useful gain are very broad. In contrast, directional antennas can have an almost unidirectional <a href="/wiki/Radiation_pattern" title="Radiation pattern">radiation pattern</a>, so the correct end of the antenna must be pointed at the TV station. As an antenna design provides higher gain (compared to a dipole), the <a href="/wiki/Main_lobe" title="Main lobe">main lobe</a> of the radiation pattern becomes narrower. Outdoor antennas provide up to a 15 dB gain in signal strength and 15-20 dB greater rejection of <a href="/wiki/Ghosting_(television)" title="Ghosting (television)">ghost signals</a> in analog TV.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson4_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Combined with a signal increase of 14 dB due to height and 11 dB due to lack of attenuating building walls, an outdoor antenna can result in a signal strength increase of up to 40 dB at the TV receiver.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson4_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outdoor antenna designs are often based on the <a href="/wiki/Yagi%E2%80%93Uda_antenna" title="Yagi–Uda antenna">Yagi–Uda antenna</a><sup id="cite_ref-Johnson5_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Log-periodic_dipole_array" class="mw-redirect" title="Log-periodic dipole array">log-periodic dipole array</a> (LPDA).<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson7_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson7-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are composed of multiple <a href="/wiki/Half-wave_dipole" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-wave dipole">half-wave dipole</a> elements, consisting of metal rods approximately half of the <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> of the television signal, mounted in a line on a support boom. These act as <a href="/wiki/Resonator" title="Resonator">resonators</a>; the electric field of the incoming radio wave pushes the electrons in the rods back and forth, creating <a href="/wiki/Standing_wave" title="Standing wave">standing waves</a> of oscillating voltage in the rods. The antenna can have a smaller or larger number of rod elements; in general, the more elements, the higher the gain and the more directional. Another design used mainly for UHF reception is the <a href="/wiki/Reflective_array_antenna" title="Reflective array antenna">reflective array antenna</a>, consisting of a vertical metal screen with multiple dipole elements mounted in front of it. </p><p>The television broadcast bands are too wide in frequency to be covered by a single antenna, so the two options are separate antennas used for the VHF and UHF bands or a combination (combo) VHF/UHF antenna.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson4_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A VHF/UHF antenna combines two antennas feeding the same feedline mounted on the same support boom. More extended elements that pick up <a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF</a> frequencies are located at the <i>back</i> of the boom and often function as a <a href="/wiki/Log-periodic_antenna" title="Log-periodic antenna">log-periodic antenna</a>. Shorter elements that receive the <a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">UHF</a> stations are located at the <i>front</i> of the boom and often function as a <a href="/wiki/Yagi_antenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Yagi antenna">Yagi antenna</a>. </p><p>Since directional antennas must be pointed at the transmitting antenna, this is a problem when the television stations to be received are located in different directions. In this case, two or more directional rooftop antennas, each pointed at a different transmitter, are often mounted on the same mast and connected to one receiver for best performance <a href="/wiki/Electronic_filter" title="Electronic filter">filter</a> or <a href="/wiki/Impedance_matching" title="Impedance matching">matching</a> circuits are used to keep each antenna from degrading the performance of the others connected to the same transmission line. An alternative is to use a single antenna mounted on a <i>rotator</i>, a remote <a href="/wiki/Servo_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Servo system">servo system</a> that rotates the antenna to a new direction when a dial next to the television is turned. </p><p>Sometimes television transmitters are deliberately located such that receivers in a given region need only receive transmissions in a relatively narrow band of the full UHF television spectrum and from the same direction, hence allowing the use of a higher gain grouped aerial.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mast_1-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mast_1-2.jpg/200px-Mast_1-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mast_1-2.jpg/300px-Mast_1-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mast_1-2.jpg/400px-Mast_1-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UHF_TV_Antenna_001.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A UHF television antenna"><img alt="A UHF television antenna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/UHF_TV_Antenna_001.JPG/200px-UHF_TV_Antenna_001.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/UHF_TV_Antenna_001.JPG/300px-UHF_TV_Antenna_001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/UHF_TV_Antenna_001.JPG/400px-UHF_TV_Antenna_001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A UHF television antenna</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rabbit_ear_dipole_antenna_rooftop_elevated.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A rabbit ear indoor antenna weatherproofed and installed outdoors"><img alt="A rabbit ear indoor antenna weatherproofed and installed outdoors" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Rabbit_ear_dipole_antenna_rooftop_elevated.jpg/150px-Rabbit_ear_dipole_antenna_rooftop_elevated.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Rabbit_ear_dipole_antenna_rooftop_elevated.jpg/225px-Rabbit_ear_dipole_antenna_rooftop_elevated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Rabbit_ear_dipole_antenna_rooftop_elevated.jpg/300px-Rabbit_ear_dipole_antenna_rooftop_elevated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A rabbit ear indoor antenna weatherproofed and installed outdoors</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Installation">Installation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_antenna&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Installation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Radio_masts_and_towers" title="Radio masts and towers">Radio masts and towers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_aerial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Little_aerial.jpg/220px-Little_aerial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Little_aerial.jpg/330px-Little_aerial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Little_aerial.jpg/440px-Little_aerial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A short antenna pole next to a house</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antenna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Antenna.jpg/220px-Antenna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Antenna.jpg/330px-Antenna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Antenna.jpg/440px-Antenna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1863" data-file-height="2532" /></a><figcaption>Multiple Yagi TV aerials</figcaption></figure> <p>Antennas are commonly placed on rooftops and sometimes in attics. Placing an antenna indoors significantly attenuates the level of the available signal.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Directional antennas must be pointed at the <a href="/wiki/Transmitter" title="Transmitter">transmitter</a> they are receiving; in most cases great accuracy is not needed. In a given region, it is sometimes arranged that all television transmitters are located in roughly the same direction and use frequencies spaced closely enough that a single antenna suffices for all. A single transmitter location may transmit signals for several channels.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CABD (communal antenna broadcast distribution) is a system installed inside a building to receive free-to-air TV/FM signals transmitted via radio frequencies and distribute them to the audience.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">Analog television</a> signals are susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Ghosting_(television)" title="Ghosting (television)">ghosting</a> in the image, multiple closely spaced images giving the impression of blurred and repeated images of edges in the picture. This is due to the signal being reflected from nearby objects (buildings, trees, mountains); several copies of the signal, of different strengths and subject to different delays, are picked up. This is different for other transmissions. Careful positioning of the antenna can produce a compromise position, which minimizes the ghosts on different channels. Ghosting is also possible if multiple antennas connected to the same receiver pick up the same station, especially if the lengths of the cables connecting them to the splitter/merger are different lengths or the antennas are too close together.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Analog television is being replaced by digital, which is not subject to ghosting; the same reflected signal that causes ghosting in an analog signal would produce no viewable content at all in digital. However, in this case, interference causes significantly more significant image quality degradation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rooftop_and_other_outdoor_antennas">Rooftop and other outdoor antennas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_antenna&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rooftop and other outdoor antennas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sixteen_chimneys,_I_wouldn%27t_like_to_have_been_a_scullery_maid_in_the_old_days.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sixteen_chimneys%2C_I_wouldn%27t_like_to_have_been_a_scullery_maid_in_the_old_days.jpg/220px-Sixteen_chimneys%2C_I_wouldn%27t_like_to_have_been_a_scullery_maid_in_the_old_days.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sixteen_chimneys%2C_I_wouldn%27t_like_to_have_been_a_scullery_maid_in_the_old_days.jpg/330px-Sixteen_chimneys%2C_I_wouldn%27t_like_to_have_been_a_scullery_maid_in_the_old_days.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sixteen_chimneys%2C_I_wouldn%27t_like_to_have_been_a_scullery_maid_in_the_old_days.jpg/440px-Sixteen_chimneys%2C_I_wouldn%27t_like_to_have_been_a_scullery_maid_in_the_old_days.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Aerials mounted on the rooftops of houses in England</figcaption></figure> <p>Aerials are attached to roofs in various ways, usually on a pole to elevate it above the roof. This is generally sufficient in most areas. In some places, however, such as a deep valley or near taller structures, the antenna may need to be placed significantly higher, using a <a href="/wiki/Guyed_mast" title="Guyed mast">guyed mast</a> or <a href="/wiki/Radio_masts_and_towers" title="Radio masts and towers">mast</a>. The wire connecting the antenna indoors is referred to as the <i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="downlead"></span><span class="vanchor-text">downlead</span></span></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Drop_(telecommunication)" title="Drop (telecommunication)">drop</a></i>, and the longer the downlead is, the greater the signal degradation in the wire. Certain cables may help reduce this tendency. </p><p>The higher the antenna is placed, the better it will perform. An antenna of higher <a href="/wiki/Gain_(antenna)" title="Gain (antenna)">gain</a> will be able to receive weaker signals from its preferred direction. Intervening buildings, topographical features (mountains), and dense forests will weaken the signal; in many cases, the signal will be reflected such that a usable signal is still available. There are physical dangers inherent to high or complex antennas, such as the structure falling or being destroyed by weather. There are also varying <a href="/wiki/Local_ordinance" title="Local ordinance">local ordinances</a> which restrict and limit such things as the height of a structure without obtaining <a href="/wiki/Construction_permit" class="mw-redirect" title="Construction permit">permits</a>. For example, in the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_Act_of_1996" title="Telecommunications Act of 1996">Telecommunications Act of 1996</a> allows any homeowner to install "An antenna that is designed to receive local television broadcast signals" but that "masts higher than 12 feet [3.5 m] above the roof-line may be subject to local permitting requirements."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indoor_antennas">Indoor antennas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_antenna&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Indoor antennas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As discussed previously, antennas may be placed indoors where signals are strong enough to overcome antenna shortcomings. The antenna is simply plugged into the television receiver and placed conveniently, often on the top of the receiver ("set-top"). Sometimes, the position needs to be experimented with to get the best picture. Indoor antennas can also benefit from RF amplification, commonly called a TV booster. Reception from indoor antennas can be problematic in weak signal areas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attic_installation">Attic installation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_antenna&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Attic installation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sometimes, it is desirable not to put an antenna on the roof; in these cases, antennas designed for outdoor use are often mounted in the attic or loft, although antennas designed for attic use are also available. Putting an antenna indoors significantly decreases its performance due to lower elevation above ground level and intervening walls; however, in strong signal areas, reception may be satisfactory.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One layer of <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">asphalt</a> <a href="/wiki/Roof_shingle" title="Roof shingle">shingles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roof_felt" class="mw-redirect" title="Roof felt">roof felt</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">plywood</a> <a href="/wiki/Roof_deck" class="mw-redirect" title="Roof deck">roof deck</a> is considered to attenuate the signal to about half.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiple_antennas,_rotators"><span id="Multiple_antennas.2C_rotators"></span>Multiple antennas, rotators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_antenna&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Multiple antennas, rotators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Multiple_Antenna.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Multiple_Antenna.JPG/220px-Multiple_Antenna.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Multiple_Antenna.JPG/330px-Multiple_Antenna.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Multiple_Antenna.JPG/440px-Multiple_Antenna.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Two aerials set up on a roof. Spaced horizontally and vertically</figcaption></figure> <p>It is sometimes desired to receive signals from transmitters which are not in the same direction. This can be achieved, for one station at a time, by using a <a href="/wiki/Antenna_rotator" title="Antenna rotator">rotator</a> operated by an electric motor to turn the antenna as desired. Alternatively, two or more antennas, each pointing at a desired transmitter and coupled by appropriate circuitry, can be used. To prevent the antennas from interfering with each other, the vertical spacing between the booms must be at least half the wavelength of the lowest frequency to be received (Distance = <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num"><a href="/wiki/%CE%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="Λ">λ</a></span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">2</span></span>⁠</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wavelength of 54 MHz (Channel 2) is 5.5 m (18 feet) (λ × f = <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">c</a>) so the antennas must be a minimum of 2.25 m (90 inches) apart. It is also important that the cables connecting the antennas to the signal splitter/merger be precisely the same length to prevent <a href="/wiki/Phase_(waves)" title="Phase (waves)">phasing</a> issues, which cause ghosting with analog reception. That is, the antennas might both pick up the same station; the signal from the one with the shorter cable will reach the receiver slightly sooner, supplying the receiver with two pictures slightly offset. There may be phasing issues even with the same length of down-lead cable. <a href="/wiki/Band-pass_filter" title="Band-pass filter">Band-pass filters</a> or <i>signal traps</i> may help to reduce this problem. </p><p>For side-by-side placement of multiple antennas, as is common in a space of limited height such as an attic, they should be separated by at least one full wavelength of the lowest frequency to be received at their closest point. </p><p>When multiple antennas are often used, one is for a range of co-located stations, and the other is for a single transmitter in a different direction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety">Safety</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_antenna&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>TV antennas are good conductors of electricity and attract lightning, acting as a <a href="/wiki/Lightning_rod" title="Lightning rod">lightning rod</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Lightning_arrester" title="Lightning arrester">lightning arrester</a> is usually used to protect against this. A large grounding rod connected to both the antenna and the mast or pole is required.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Properly installed masts, especially tall ones, are <a href="/wiki/Guy-wire" title="Guy-wire">guyed</a> with <a href="/wiki/Galvanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Galvanized">galvanized</a> cable; no insulators are needed. They are designed to withstand worst-case weather conditions in the area and are positioned so that they do not interfere with <a href="/wiki/Power_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Power lines">power lines</a> if they fall.</li> <li>There is an inherent danger in being on the rooftop of a house, required for installing or adjusting a television antenna.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_antenna&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television_systems" title="Broadcast television systems">Broadcast television systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_masts_and_towers" title="Radio masts and towers">Radio masts and towers</a>, sometimes called Radio and TV antennas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_dish" title="Satellite dish">Satellite dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Satellite television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">Terrestrial television</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_antenna&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oneforall.com/en-gb/tips-tricks-aerials">"Tips & Tricks Aerials"</a>. <i>One For All</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=One+For+All&rft.atitle=Tips+%26+Tricks+Aerials&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oneforall.com%2Fen-gb%2Ftips-tricks-aerials&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision+antenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gulati-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gulati_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gulati_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gulati_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulati2007" class="citation book cs1">Gulati, R.R. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dRGMkQKNjccC&q=dipole&pg=PA164"><i>Monochrome And Colour Television</i></a>. New Age International. pp. <span class="nowrap">164–</span>170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8122416077" title="Special:BookSources/978-8122416077"><bdi>978-8122416077</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701123539/https://books.google.com/books?id=dRGMkQKNjccC&pg=PA164&q=dipole">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-07-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monochrome+And+Colour+Television&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E164-%3C%2Fspan%3E170&rft.pub=New+Age+International&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-8122416077&rft.aulast=Gulati&rft.aufirst=R.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdRGMkQKNjccC%26q%3Ddipole%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision+antenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2022" class="citation web cs1">Davis, Clint (2022-03-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreetvproject.org/rabbit-ears-vs-flat-antennas-which-one-is-best-for-my-needs/">"Rabbit ears vs. flat antennas: Which one is best for my needs?"</a>. <i>The Free TV Project</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Free+TV+Project&rft.atitle=Rabbit+ears+vs.+flat+antennas%3A+Which+one+is+best+for+my+needs%3F&rft.date=2022-03-22&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Clint&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreetvproject.org%2Frabbit-ears-vs-flat-antennas-which-one-is-best-for-my-needs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision+antenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson2_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson 1993 <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RLfBwAEACAAJ">Antenna Engineering Handbook, 3rd Ed.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701123539/https://books.google.com/books?id=RLfBwAEACAAJ">Archived</a> 2023-07-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, p. 29.5-29.6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joy, Edward B. <i>TV Receiving Antennas</i> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1993" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Richard C. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RLfBwAEACAAJ"><i>Antenna Engineering Handbook, 3rd Ed</i></a>. McGraw-Hill, Inc. pp. Chapter 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780070323810" title="Special:BookSources/9780070323810"><bdi>9780070323810</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701123539/https://books.google.com/books?id=RLfBwAEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-07-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antenna+Engineering+Handbook%2C+3rd+Ed.&rft.pages=Chapter+29&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780070323810&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRLfBwAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision+antenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson4-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson4_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson4_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson4_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson4_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson4_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson4_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson4_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson4_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson4_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson4_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson 1993 <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RLfBwAEACAAJ">Antenna Engineering Handbook, 3rd Ed.</a></i>, p. 29.6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701123539/https://books.google.com/books?id=RLfBwAEACAAJ">Archived</a> 2023-07-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson1_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson 1993 <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RLfBwAEACAAJ">Antenna Engineering Handbook, 3rd Ed.</a></i>, p. 29.2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701123539/https://books.google.com/books?id=RLfBwAEACAAJ">Archived</a> 2023-07-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeimouriGhobadiNouriniaKaboutari2022" class="citation journal cs1">Teimouri, M.H.; Ghobadi, Ch.; Nourinia, J.; Kaboutari, Keivan; Shokri, Majid; Virdee, B.S. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1434841122000589">"Broadband printed dipole antenna with integrated balun and tuning element for DTV application"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/AEU_%E2%80%94_International_Journal_of_Electronics_and_Communications" title="AEU — International Journal of Electronics and Communications">AEU — International Journal of Electronics and Communications</a></i>. <b>148</b>: 154161. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aeue.2022.154161">10.1016/j.aeue.2022.154161</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247126109">247126109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AEU+%E2%80%94+International+Journal+of+Electronics+and+Communications&rft.atitle=Broadband+printed+dipole+antenna+with+integrated+balun+and+tuning+element+for+DTV+application&rft.volume=148&rft.pages=154161&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.aeue.2022.154161&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247126109%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Teimouri&rft.aufirst=M.H.&rft.au=Ghobadi%2C+Ch.&rft.au=Nourinia%2C+J.&rft.au=Kaboutari%2C+Keivan&rft.au=Shokri%2C+Majid&rft.au=Virdee%2C+B.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS1434841122000589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision+antenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511133646/http://www.dennysantennaservice.com/1496626.html">"TV Antenna Range"</a>. <i>www.dennysantennaservice.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dennysantennaservice.com/1496626.html">the original</a> on 2021-05-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dennysantennaservice.com&rft.atitle=TV+Antenna+Range&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dennysantennaservice.com%2F1496626.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision+antenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/dorset/7667221.stm">BBC: Digital switch advice 'shocking'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170905150556/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/dorset/7667221.stm">Archived</a> 2017-09-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> October 13, 2008, 9 of 14 installers gave bad or misleading advice, suggesting that people are likely to need a new aerial for digital switchover ... 5 told the mystery shopper they would need a "digital aerial", when in fact there is no such thing.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aph.gov.au/about_parliament/parliamentary_departments/parliamentary_library/pubs/rp/rp1011/11rp07#_Toc277864266">"Going digital: tracing the transition to digital terrestrial television in Australia digital"</a>. <i>Parliament of Australia</i>. 12 June 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210806072621/https://www.aph.gov.au/about_parliament/parliamentary_departments/parliamentary_library/pubs/rp/rp1011/11rp07#_Toc277864266">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliament+of+Australia&rft.atitle=Going+digital%3A+tracing+the+transition+to+digital+terrestrial+television+in+Australia+digital&rft.date=2011-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2Fabout_parliament%2Fparliamentary_departments%2Fparliamentary_library%2Fpubs%2Frp%2Frp1011%2F11rp07%23_Toc277864266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision+antenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacfarlane2024" class="citation web cs1">Macfarlane, Andrew (2024-02-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://counteract.co/film-and-tv-videogames/understanding-tv-aerial-frequencies-and-channels-in-the-uk/">"Understanding TV Aerial Frequencies and Channels in the UK"</a>. <i>Counteract – Music | News | Food | Travel</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Get This Antenna for Next Year"</a>. <i>WSJ Buyside</i>. 2024-02-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WSJ+Buyside&rft.atitle=Frustrated+After+Trying+to+Stream+the+Super+Bowl%3F+Get+This+Antenna+for+Next+Year&rft.date=2024-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Fbuyside%2Ftechnology%2Ftelevisions%2Fmohu-leaf-indoor-tv-antenna-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision+antenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoren2024" class="citation web cs1">Goren, Or (2024-01-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cordbusters.co.uk/best-indoor-aerial-freeview-tv/">"Best Indoor TV Aerial For Freeview In 2024"</a>. <i>Cord Busters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cord+Busters&rft.atitle=Best+Indoor+TV+Aerial+For+Freeview+In+2024&rft.date=2024-01-04&rft.aulast=Goren&rft.aufirst=Or&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cordbusters.co.uk%2Fbest-indoor-aerial-freeview-tv%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision+antenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson5-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson5_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson 1993 <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RLfBwAEACAAJ">Antenna Engineering Handbook, 3rd Ed.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701123539/https://books.google.com/books?id=RLfBwAEACAAJ">Archived</a> 2023-07-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, p. 29.16-29.21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson7-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson7_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson 1993 <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RLfBwAEACAAJ">Antenna Engineering Handbook, 3rd Ed.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701123539/https://books.google.com/books?id=RLfBwAEACAAJ">Archived</a> 2023-07-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, p. 29.14-29.16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aerialsandtv.com/knowledge/aerials/tv-aerial-groups-widebands#wideband-v-grouped-TV-aerials-gain-curves">UK aerial groups</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191219122649/https://www.aerialsandtv.com/knowledge/aerials/tv-aerial-groups-widebands#wideband-v-grouped-TV-aerials-gain-curves">Archived</a> 2019-12-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> In the UK transmitters are grouped into A, B, C, D, E, and K frequency bands and located so that, as far as possible, they are all in the same direction for receivers in a given region. This allows optimal reception of all stations by a single fixed narrow-band (and hence high-gain) antenna pointing in a fixed direction.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110304202902/http://www.robsaerials.com.au/What_you_Need.php">"Rob's TV Digital Aerial installations"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.robsaerials.com.au/What_you_Need.php">the original</a> on 2011-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rob%27s+TV+Digital+Aerial+installations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.robsaerials.com.au%2FWhat_you_Need.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision+antenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tvantenna.com/support/tutorials/atticantennas.html">"Attic Mounted TV Antennas - Stallions Satellite and Antenna"</a>. <i>tvantenna.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091213220201/http://www.tvantenna.com/support/tutorials/atticantennas.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-12-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tvantenna.com&rft.atitle=Attic+Mounted+TV+Antennas+-+Stallions+Satellite+and+Antenna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvantenna.com%2Fsupport%2Ftutorials%2Fatticantennas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision+antenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aerialsandtv.com/knowledge/transmitters#which-tv-transmitter-am-i-on">"UK TV Transmitters"</a>. <i>www.aerialsandtv.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191219122603/https://www.aerialsandtv.com/knowledge/transmitters#which-tv-transmitter-am-i-on">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aerialsandtv.com&rft.atitle=UK+TV+Transmitters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aerialsandtv.com%2Fknowledge%2Ftransmitters%23which-tv-transmitter-am-i-on&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision+antenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitaltv.gov.hk/general/glossary.htm">"Digital TV"</a>. <i>www.digitaltv.gov.hk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091551/http://www.digitaltv.gov.hk/general/glossary.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.digitaltv.gov.hk&rft.atitle=Digital+TV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitaltv.gov.hk%2Fgeneral%2Fglossary.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision+antenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tvantenna.com/support/tutorials/combining.html">"Combining or Stacking Two TV Antennas - Stallions Satellite and Antenna"</a>. <i>tvantenna.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091124043659/http://www.tvantenna.com/support/tutorials/combining.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-11-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tvantenna.com&rft.atitle=Combining+or+Stacking+Two+TV+Antennas+-+Stallions+Satellite+and+Antenna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvantenna.com%2Fsupport%2Ftutorials%2Fcombining.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision+antenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/media/over-air-reception-devices-rule">"Over-the-Air Reception Devices Rule"</a>. <i>Federal Communications Commission</i>. December 9, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170108094807/https://www.fcc.gov/media/over-air-reception-devices-rule">Archived</a> from the original on January 8, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Communications+Commission&rft.atitle=Over-the-Air+Reception+Devices+Rule&rft.date=2015-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcc.gov%2Fmedia%2Fover-air-reception-devices-rule&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision+antenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.terrestrial-digital.com/faqs.html#faq9">"Antennas Direct - FAQs About HD Television Antennas"</a>. <i>www.terrestrial-digital.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090329081407/http://www.terrestrial-digital.com/faqs.html#faq9">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-03-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.terrestrial-digital.com&rft.atitle=Antennas+Direct+-+FAQs+About+HD+Television+Antennas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.terrestrial-digital.com%2Ffaqs.html%23faq9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision+antenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nojolt.com/lightning_protection_for_tv_antennas.shtml">"Lightning Protection for TV and Radio Antennas"</a>. <i>nojolt.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100330085532/http://www.nojolt.com/lightning_protection_for_tv_antennas.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nojolt.com&rft.atitle=Lightning+Protection+for+TV+and+Radio+Antennas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nojolt.com%2Flightning_protection_for_tv_antennas.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision+antenna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_antenna&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aerialsandtv.com/knowledge/aerials">Article on the basic theory of TV aerials and their use</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tvfool.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=66&Itemid=1">See Which TV Stations You Can Get on a Map</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siber-sonic.com/FM_reception/rooftop.html">'Up on the roof' antenna page</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications802" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Telecommunications">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Antenna_types153" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antenna_types" title="Template:Antenna types"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antenna_types" title="Template talk:Antenna types"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antenna_types" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antenna types"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Antenna_types153" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">Antenna</a> types</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Isotropy" title="Isotropy">Isotropic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isotropic_radiator" title="Isotropic radiator">Isotropic radiator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Omnidirectional_antenna" title="Omnidirectional antenna">Omnidirectional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batwing_antenna" title="Batwing antenna">Batwing antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biconical_antenna" title="Biconical antenna">Biconical antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cage_aerial" title="Cage aerial">Cage aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_antenna" title="Coaxial antenna">Coaxial antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossed_field_antenna" title="Crossed field antenna">Crossed field antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dielectric_resonator_antenna" title="Dielectric resonator antenna">Dielectric resonator antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipole_antenna" title="Dipole antenna">Dipole antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discone_antenna" title="Discone antenna">Discone antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folded_unipole_antenna" title="Folded unipole antenna">Folded unipole antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Samuel_Franklin#High-efficiency_Medium-wave_Transmitting_Antenna" title="Charles Samuel Franklin">Franklin antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whip_antenna#Gain_and_radiation_resistance" title="Whip antenna">Ground-plane antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G5RV_antenna" title="G5RV antenna">G5RV antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halo_antenna" title="Halo antenna">Halo antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helical_antenna" title="Helical antenna">Helical antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted-F_antenna" title="Inverted-F antenna">Inverted-F antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_vee_antenna" title="Inverted vee antenna">Inverted vee antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J-pole_antenna" title="J-pole antenna">J-pole antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_radiator" title="Mast radiator">Mast radiator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopole_antenna" title="Monopole antenna">Monopole antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random_wire_antenna" title="Random wire antenna">Random wire antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_ducky_antenna" title="Rubber ducky antenna">Rubber ducky antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloper_antenna" title="Sloper antenna">Sloper antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnstile_antenna" title="Turnstile antenna">Turnstile antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T2FD_antenna" title="T2FD antenna">T2FD antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-antenna" title="T-antenna">T-antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrella_antenna" title="Umbrella antenna">Umbrella antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whip_antenna" title="Whip antenna">Whip antenna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Directional_antenna" title="Directional antenna">Directional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adcock_antenna" title="Adcock antenna">Adcock antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_vertical_incidence_skywave#The_AS-2259_Antenna" title="Near vertical incidence skywave">AS-2259 Antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AWX_antenna" title="AWX antenna">AWX antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverage_antenna" title="Beverage antenna">Beverage antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantenna" title="Cantenna">Cantenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassegrain_antenna" title="Cassegrain antenna">Cassegrain antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choke_ring_antenna" title="Choke ring antenna">Choke ring antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collinear_antenna_array" title="Collinear antenna array">Collinear antenna array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conformal_antenna" title="Conformal antenna">Conformal antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corner_reflector_antenna" title="Corner reflector antenna">Corner reflector antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtain_array" title="Curtain array">Curtain array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folded_inverted_conformal_antenna" title="Folded inverted conformal antenna">Folded inverted conformal antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractal_antenna" title="Fractal antenna">Fractal antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gizmotchy" title="Gizmotchy">Gizmotchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helical_antenna" title="Helical antenna">Helical antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horn_antenna" title="Horn antenna">Horn antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log-periodic_antenna" title="Log-periodic antenna">Log-periodic antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loop_antenna" title="Loop antenna">Loop antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microstrip_antenna" title="Microstrip antenna">Microstrip antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxon_antenna" title="Moxon antenna">Moxon antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offset_dish_antenna" title="Offset dish antenna">Offset dish antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patch_antenna" title="Patch antenna">Patch antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phased_array" title="Phased array">Phased array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planar_array" class="mw-redirect" title="Planar array">Planar array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabolic_antenna" title="Parabolic antenna">Parabolic antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_antenna" title="Plasma antenna">Plasma antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quad_antenna" title="Quad antenna">Quad antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflective_array_antenna" title="Reflective array antenna">Reflective array antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regenerative_loop_antenna" title="Regenerative loop antenna">Regenerative loop antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhombic_antenna" title="Rhombic antenna">Rhombic antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sector_antenna" title="Sector antenna">Sector antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_backfire_antenna" title="Short backfire antenna">Short backfire antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slot_antenna" title="Slot antenna">Slot antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterba_antenna" title="Sterba antenna">Sterba antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaldi_antenna" title="Vivaldi antenna">Vivaldi antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WokFi" title="WokFi">WokFi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagi%E2%80%93Uda_antenna" title="Yagi–Uda antenna">Yagi–Uda antenna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Application-specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALLISS" title="ALLISS">ALLISS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corner_reflector" title="Corner reflector">Corner reflector</a> (passive)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolved_antenna" title="Evolved antenna">Evolved antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_dipole" title="Ground dipole">Ground dipole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconfigurable_antenna" title="Reconfigurable antenna">Reconfigurable antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectenna" title="Rectenna">Rectenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_antenna" title="Reference antenna">Reference antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_antenna" title="Spiral antenna">Spiral antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circularly_disposed_antenna_array" title="Circularly disposed antenna array">Circularly disposed antenna array</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Television antenna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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