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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_and_regional_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_and_regional_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Etymology and regional names</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Etymology_and_regional_names-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Etymology and regional names subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_regional_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eggplant-type_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eggplant-type_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span><i>Eggplant</i>-type names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eggplant-type_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aubergine-type_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aubergine-type_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span><i>Aubergine</i>-type names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aubergine-type_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-From_Dravidian_to_Arabic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_Dravidian_to_Arabic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>From Dravidian to Arabic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_Dravidian_to_Arabic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_Arabic_into_Iberia_and_beyond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_Arabic_into_Iberia_and_beyond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>From Arabic into Iberia and beyond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_Arabic_into_Iberia_and_beyond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_Arabic_into_Greek_and_beyond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_Arabic_into_Greek_and_beyond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>From Arabic into Greek and beyond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_Arabic_into_Greek_and_beyond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_English_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_English_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Other English names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_English_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cultivars</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultivars-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultivars subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultivars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Varieties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genetically_engineered_eggplant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetically_engineered_eggplant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Genetically engineered eggplant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetically_engineered_eggplant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Culinary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culinary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Culinary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culinary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>South Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East_and_the_Mediterranean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East_and_the_Mediterranean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Middle East and the Mediterranean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East_and_the_Mediterranean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.5</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Nutrition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation_and_pests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation_and_pests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Cultivation and pests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultivation_and_pests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Chemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allergies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allergies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Allergies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allergies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Eggplant</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 156 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-156" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">156 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trueng" title="Trueng – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Trueng" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiervrug" title="Eiervrug – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eiervrug" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%8B%9A%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%80%E1%8A%95" title="ባዚንጀን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ባዚንጀን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C7%A2gwyrt" title="Ǣgwyrt – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ǣgwyrt" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9F%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Абаклаџьан – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Абаклаџьан" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B0%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86" title="باذنجان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="باذنجان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanum_melongena" title="Solanum melongena – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Solanum melongena" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinit%C3%A2" title="Vinitâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Vinitâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanum_melongena" title="Solanum melongena – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Solanum melongena" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad%C4%B1mcan" title="Badımcan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Badımcan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بادیمجان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بادیمجان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuung" title="Tuung – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Tuung" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8" title="বেগুন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বেগুন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarung" title="Tarung – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Tarung" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C3%B4-%C3%A1" title="Kiô-á – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kiô-á" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Баклажан – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Баклажан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Баклажан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Баклажан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE" title="भंटा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="भंटा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talong" title="Talong – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Talong" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesin" title="Obesin – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Obesin" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Патладжан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Патладжан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="རྡོ་ལུ་མ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྡོ་ལུ་མ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patlid%C5%BEan" title="Patlidžan – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Patlidžan" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berjinez" title="Berjinez – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Berjinez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberginiera" title="Alberginiera – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alberginiera" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Баклажан – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Баклажан" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanum_melongena" title="Solanum melongena – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Solanum melongena" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilek_vejcoplod%C3%BD" title="Lilek vejcoplodý – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lilek vejcoplodý" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milanzana" title="Milanzana – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Milanzana" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wylys" title="Wylys – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Wylys" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamli" title="Kamli – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Kamli" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubergine" title="Aubergine – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aubergine" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubergine" title="Aubergine – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aubergine" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%A6%DE%81%DE%A8" title="ބަށި – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބަށި" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ay%C4%99%C4%99zhii_yilt%CA%BC%C4%85%C4%85%CA%BC%C3%AD" title="Ayęęzhii yiltʼąąʼí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Ayęęzhii yiltʼąąʼí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ober%C5%BEina" title="Oberžina – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Oberžina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakla%C5%BEaan" title="Baklažaan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Baklažaan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Μελιτζάνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μελιτζάνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanum_melongena" title="Solanum melongena – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Solanum melongena" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melongeno" title="Melongeno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Melongeno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberjinia" title="Alberjinia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alberjinia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بادنجان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بادنجان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubergine" title="Aubergine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aubergine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huytaare" title="Huytaare – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Huytaare" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubhthoradh" title="Ubhthoradh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ubhthoradh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lus_ny_h-oohyn" title="Lus ny h-oohyn – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Lus ny h-oohyn" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berenxena" title="Berenxena – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Berenxena" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Жакъоп – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Жакъоп" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%A3" title="રીંગણ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="રીંગણ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD" title="𐌰𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌽 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌽" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaingim" title="Vaingim – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Vaingim" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiau-chhoi" title="Tiau-chhoi – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tiau-chhoi" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%A7%80_(%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC)" title="가지 (식물) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가지 (식물)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF" title="Սմբուկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սմբուկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8" title="बैंगन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बैंगन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ober%C5%BEina" title="Oberžina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Oberžina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patlid%C5%BEan" title="Patlidžan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Patlidžan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihu" title="Ihu – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Ihu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berenjeno" title="Berenjeno – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Berenjeno" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarong" title="Tarong – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Tarong" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terung" title="Terung – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Terung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бадырджан – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бадырджан" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggaldin" title="Eggaldin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eggaldin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanum_melongena" title="Solanum melongena – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Solanum melongena" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C" title="חציל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חציל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9rong" title="Térong – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Térong" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kela" title="Kela – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kela" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86" title="ಬದನೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬದನೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balasenas" title="Balasenas – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Balasenas" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ბადრიჯანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბადრიჯანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%9B%DA%AF%D9%8F%D9%86" title="وانٛگُن – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="وانٛگُن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Баклажан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Баклажан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urutoryi" title="Urutoryi – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Urutoryi" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbiringani" title="Mbiringani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mbiringani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsukulu" title="Kitsukulu – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kitsukulu" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berej%C3%A8n" title="Berejèn – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Berejèn" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacanre%C5%9Fk" title="Bacanreşk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bacanreşk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Баклажан – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Баклажан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бадуржан – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Бадуржан" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanum_melongena" title="Solanum melongena – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Solanum melongena" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakla%C5%BE%C4%81ns" title="Baklažāns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Baklažāns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakla%C5%BEanas" title="Baklažanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Baklažanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru" title="Toru – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Toru" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3l%C3%B3" title="Sóló – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Sóló" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padlizs%C3%A1n" title="Padlizsán – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Padlizsán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Модар патлиџан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Модар патлиџан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baranjely" title="Baranjely – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Baranjely" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8" title="വഴുതന – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വഴുതന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87" title="वांगे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वांगे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ბადრიჯანი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბადრიჯანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بتنجان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بتنجان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%87%D9%85" title="وینگۇم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="وینگۇم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terung" title="Terung – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Terung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%B2_(s%C4%ADk-%C5%ADk)" title="Giò (sĭk-ŭk) – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Giò (sĭk-ŭk)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%9B%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ခရမ်းပင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ခရမ်းပင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubergine_(plant)" title="Aubergine (plant) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aubergine (plant)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE" title="भान्टा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भान्टा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B9" title="ナス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ナス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulignana" title="Mulignana – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Mulignana" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubergine" title="Aubergine – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Aubergine" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubergine" title="Aubergine – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aubergine" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubergine" title="Aubergine – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Aubergine" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubergina" title="Aubergina – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Aubergina" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%A3" title="ବାଇଗଣ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବାଇଗଣ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baqlajon" title="Baqlajon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Baqlajon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A3" title="ਬੈਂਗਣ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੈਂਗਣ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A4%DA%BA" title="بتاؤں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بتاؤں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بانجان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بانجان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oub%C3%A0rjine" title="Oubàrjine – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Oubàrjine" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psianka_pod%C5%82u%C5%BCna" title="Psianka podłużna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Psianka podłużna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringela" title="Beringela – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Beringela" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baklajan" title="Baklajan – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Baklajan" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A2n%C4%83t%C4%83" title="Vânătă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vânătă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Баклажан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Баклажан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%83" title="वृन्ताकः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="वृन्ताकः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B2" title="ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱮᱸᱜᱟᱲ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanum_melongena" title="Solanum melongena – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Solanum melongena" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat%C3%ABllxhani" title="Patëllxhani – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Patëllxhani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milinciana" title="Milinciana – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Milinciana" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubergine" title="Aubergine – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Aubergine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%B1%DA%BB" title="واڱڻ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="واڱڻ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%BDu%C4%BEok_bakla%C5%BE%C3%A1nov%C3%BD" title="Ľuľok baklažánový – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ľuľok baklažánový" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaj%C4%8Devec" title="Jajčevec – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jajčevec" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86" title="باینجان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="باینجان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Плави патлиџан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Плави патлиџан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patlid%C5%BEan" title="Patlidžan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Patlidžan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9rong" title="Térong – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Térong" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munakoiso" title="Munakoiso – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Munakoiso" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubergine" title="Aubergine – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aubergine" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talong" title="Talong – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Talong" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="கத்தரி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கத்தரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бадымжан – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бадымжан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%81%A2%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%81%B6%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA" title="မၢၵ်ႇၶိူဝ် – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မၢၵ်ႇၶိူဝ်" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF" title="వంకాయ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వంకాయ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7" title="มะเขือยาว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มะเขือยาว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%88%88%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%9B%E1%8A%93" title="መለንዛና – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="መለንዛና" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D2%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бодинҷон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бодинҷон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paingani" title="Paingani – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Paingani" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%95%E1%8E%AD%E1%8E%B7%E1%8E%A8_%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%9B%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9" title="ᏕᎭᎷᎨ ᎠᏓᏛᏍᎩ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏕᎭᎷᎨ ᎠᏓᏛᏍᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B3" title="ಗುಳ್ಳ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಗುಳ್ಳ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patl%C4%B1can" title="Patlıcan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Patlıcan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Баклажан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Баклажан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%86" title="بینگن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بینگن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%89%D8%AF%D9%89%DA%AF%DB%95%D9%86" title="پىدىگەن – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پىدىگەن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lwggwz" title="Lwggwz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Lwggwz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0_t%C3%ADm" title="Cà tím – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cà tím" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belindjele" title="Belindjele – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Belindjele" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubergine" title="Aubergine – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Aubergine" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarong" title="Tarong – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tarong" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Plant species, Solanum melongena</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Aubergine" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Eggplant_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Eggplant (disambiguation)">Eggplant (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aubergine_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Aubergine (disambiguation)">Aubergine (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Eggplant </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Solanum_melongena_24_08_2012_(1).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Solanum_melongena_24_08_2012_%281%29.JPG/220px-Solanum_melongena_24_08_2012_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Solanum_melongena_24_08_2012_%281%29.JPG/330px-Solanum_melongena_24_08_2012_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Solanum_melongena_24_08_2012_%281%29.JPG/440px-Solanum_melongena_24_08_2012_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2397" data-file-height="2617" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">The fruit developing on the plant </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Solanum_sect._Melongena" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asterids" title="Asterids">Asterids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Solanales" title="Solanales">Solanales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Solanaceae" title="Solanaceae">Solanaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Solanum" title="Solanum"><i>Solanum</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subgenus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Solanum#Subgenus_Leptostemonum" title="Solanum"><i>Solanum <span style="font-style:normal;">subg.</span> Leptostemonum</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Section: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Solanum#Subgenus_Leptostemonum" title="Solanum"><i>Solanum <span style="font-style:normal;">sect.</span> Melongena</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>S. melongena</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Solanum melongena</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p><i>Solanum ovigerum</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Dunal</span><br /> <i>Solanum trongum</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Poir.</span><br /> and see <a href="#Varieties">text</a> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Eggplant</b> (<a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">CA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">AU</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">NZ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">PH</a>), <b>aubergine</b> (<a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hiberno_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiberno English">IE</a>), <b>brinjal</b> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">IN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">SG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">MY</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">ZA</a>), or <b>baigan</b> (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">IN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">GY</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_Dic_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Dic-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a plant <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Solanaceae" title="Solanaceae">nightshade family</a> Solanaceae. <i><b>Solanum melongena</b></i> is grown worldwide for its edible fruit. </p><p>Most commonly purple, the spongy, absorbent fruit is used in <a href="/wiki/List_of_cuisines" title="List of cuisines">several cuisines</a>. Typically used as a <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetable</a> in cooking, it is a <a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">berry</a> by <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botanical</a> definition. As a member of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Solanum" title="Solanum">Solanum</a></i>, it is related to the <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potato</a>, although those are of the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> while the eggplant is of the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a>. Like the tomato, its skin and seeds can be eaten, but it is usually eaten cooked. Eggplant is nutritionally low in <a href="/wiki/Macronutrient" class="mw-redirect" title="Macronutrient">macronutrient</a> and <a href="/wiki/Micronutrient" title="Micronutrient">micronutrient</a> content, but the capability of the fruit to absorb oils and flavors into its flesh through cooking expands its use in the <a href="/wiki/Culinary_arts" title="Culinary arts">culinary arts</a>. </p><p>It was originally <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domesticated</a> from the wild nightshade species <i>thorn</i> or <i>bitter apple</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Solanum_incanum" title="Solanum incanum">S. incanum</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Tsaoand_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsaoand-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Doijode_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doijode-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> probably with two independent domestications: one in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, and one in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GRIN_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRIN-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, world production of eggplants was 59 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>, with China and India combined accounting for 86% of the total. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div> <p>The eggplant is a delicate, tropical <a href="/wiki/Perennial_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial plant">perennial</a> plant often cultivated as a <a href="/wiki/Hardiness_(plants)" title="Hardiness (plants)">tender or half-hardy</a> <a href="/wiki/Annual_plant" title="Annual plant">annual</a> in <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate climates</a>. The stem is often <a href="/wiki/Spine_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spine (botany)">spiny</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> are white to purple in color, with a five-lobed <a href="/wiki/Corolla_(flower)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corolla (flower)">corolla</a> and yellow <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">stamens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some common cultivars have fruit that is egg-shaped, glossy, and purple with white flesh and a spongy, "meaty" texture. Some other cultivars are white and longer in shape. The cut surface of the flesh rapidly turns brown when the fruit is cut open (<a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eggplant grows 40 to 150 cm (1 ft 4 in to 4 ft 11 in) tall,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with large, coarsely <a href="/wiki/Lobed" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobed">lobed</a> <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a> that are 10 to 20 cm (4 to 8 in) long and 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in) broad.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Semiwild types can grow much larger, to 225 cm (7 ft 5 in), with large leaves over 30 cm (12 in) long and 15 cm (6 in) broad. On wild plants, the fruit is less than <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>3 cm (<span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in) in diameter<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Botanically classified as a <a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">berry</a>, the fruit contains numerous small, soft, edible <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a> that taste bitter because they contain or are covered in <a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">nicotinoid</a> <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloids</a>, like the related <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The eggplant genome has 12 chromosomes.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:592px;max-width:592px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:120px;max-width:120px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:88px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eggplant_Flower_in_Hong_Kong.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Eggplant_Flower_in_Hong_Kong.JPG/118px-Eggplant_Flower_in_Hong_Kong.JPG" decoding="async" width="118" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Eggplant_Flower_in_Hong_Kong.JPG/177px-Eggplant_Flower_in_Hong_Kong.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Eggplant_Flower_in_Hong_Kong.JPG/236px-Eggplant_Flower_in_Hong_Kong.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:120px;max-width:120px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:88px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89pines_sous_branches_de_plante_%C3%A0_%C5%93ufs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%C3%89pines_sous_branches_de_plante_%C3%A0_%C5%93ufs.jpg/118px-%C3%89pines_sous_branches_de_plante_%C3%A0_%C5%93ufs.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%C3%89pines_sous_branches_de_plante_%C3%A0_%C5%93ufs.jpg/177px-%C3%89pines_sous_branches_de_plante_%C3%A0_%C5%93ufs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%C3%89pines_sous_branches_de_plante_%C3%A0_%C5%93ufs.jpg/236px-%C3%89pines_sous_branches_de_plante_%C3%A0_%C5%93ufs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:77px;max-width:77px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:88px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:An_eggplant_fruit_developing_on_the_plant_in_Howrah_district_of_West_Bengal,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/An_eggplant_fruit_developing_on_the_plant_in_Howrah_district_of_West_Bengal%2C_India.jpg/75px-An_eggplant_fruit_developing_on_the_plant_in_Howrah_district_of_West_Bengal%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/An_eggplant_fruit_developing_on_the_plant_in_Howrah_district_of_West_Bengal%2C_India.jpg/113px-An_eggplant_fruit_developing_on_the_plant_in_Howrah_district_of_West_Bengal%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/An_eggplant_fruit_developing_on_the_plant_in_Howrah_district_of_West_Bengal%2C_India.jpg/150px-An_eggplant_fruit_developing_on_the_plant_in_Howrah_district_of_West_Bengal%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3560" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:175px;max-width:175px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:88px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aubergine_coupe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Aubergine_coupe.jpg/173px-Aubergine_coupe.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Aubergine_coupe.jpg/260px-Aubergine_coupe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Aubergine_coupe.jpg/346px-Aubergine_coupe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1410" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:90px;max-width:90px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:88px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eggplant-sliced.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Eggplant-sliced.jpg/88px-Eggplant-sliced.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Eggplant-sliced.jpg/132px-Eggplant-sliced.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Eggplant-sliced.jpg/176px-Eggplant-sliced.jpg 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left to right: a) Closeup of eggplant flower; b) Thorns and leaves of the plant; c) A developing fruit; d) Transversal section of the fruit showcasing the arrangement of seeds; e) Longitudinal section of eggplant. There are almost no seeds at the top but they become plentiful at the bottom. Although the photograph was taken just a few moments after slicing, the flesh of the eggplant has already begun to oxidize.</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eleven_long_purple_eggplants.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Eleven_long_purple_eggplants.jpg/220px-Eleven_long_purple_eggplants.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Eleven_long_purple_eggplants.jpg/330px-Eleven_long_purple_eggplants.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Eleven_long_purple_eggplants.jpg/440px-Eleven_long_purple_eggplants.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Long purple eggplants</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_aubergine-eggplant-brinjal_plant_with_a_hanging_fruit..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/An_aubergine-eggplant-brinjal_plant_with_a_hanging_fruit..jpg/220px-An_aubergine-eggplant-brinjal_plant_with_a_hanging_fruit..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="488" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/An_aubergine-eggplant-brinjal_plant_with_a_hanging_fruit..jpg/330px-An_aubergine-eggplant-brinjal_plant_with_a_hanging_fruit..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/An_aubergine-eggplant-brinjal_plant_with_a_hanging_fruit..jpg/440px-An_aubergine-eggplant-brinjal_plant_with_a_hanging_fruit..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1816" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Purple eggplant, ready for harvesting.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leiden_University_Library_-_Seikei_Zusetsu_vol._26,_page_027_-_%E6%B8%A4%E6%B5%B7%E8%8C%84,_%E6%B0%B4%E8%8C%84_-_Solanum_melongena_L._-_%E8%8C%84%E5%AD%90_-_idem,_1804.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Leiden_University_Library_-_Seikei_Zusetsu_vol._26%2C_page_027_-_%E6%B8%A4%E6%B5%B7%E8%8C%84%2C_%E6%B0%B4%E8%8C%84_-_Solanum_melongena_L._-_%E8%8C%84%E5%AD%90_-_idem%2C_1804.jpg/220px-Leiden_University_Library_-_Seikei_Zusetsu_vol._26%2C_page_027_-_%E6%B8%A4%E6%B5%B7%E8%8C%84%2C_%E6%B0%B4%E8%8C%84_-_Solanum_melongena_L._-_%E8%8C%84%E5%AD%90_-_idem%2C_1804.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Leiden_University_Library_-_Seikei_Zusetsu_vol._26%2C_page_027_-_%E6%B8%A4%E6%B5%B7%E8%8C%84%2C_%E6%B0%B4%E8%8C%84_-_Solanum_melongena_L._-_%E8%8C%84%E5%AD%90_-_idem%2C_1804.jpg/330px-Leiden_University_Library_-_Seikei_Zusetsu_vol._26%2C_page_027_-_%E6%B8%A4%E6%B5%B7%E8%8C%84%2C_%E6%B0%B4%E8%8C%84_-_Solanum_melongena_L._-_%E8%8C%84%E5%AD%90_-_idem%2C_1804.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Leiden_University_Library_-_Seikei_Zusetsu_vol._26%2C_page_027_-_%E6%B8%A4%E6%B5%B7%E8%8C%84%2C_%E6%B0%B4%E8%8C%84_-_Solanum_melongena_L._-_%E8%8C%84%E5%AD%90_-_idem%2C_1804.jpg/440px-Leiden_University_Library_-_Seikei_Zusetsu_vol._26%2C_page_027_-_%E6%B8%A4%E6%B5%B7%E8%8C%84%2C_%E6%B0%B4%E8%8C%84_-_Solanum_melongena_L._-_%E8%8C%84%E5%AD%90_-_idem%2C_1804.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption>Varieties of <i>Solanum melongena</i> from the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Seikei_Zusetsu" title="Seikei Zusetsu">Seikei Zusetsu</a> agricultural encyclopedia </figcaption></figure> <p>There is no consensus about the place of origin of eggplant; the plant species has been described as native to South Asia,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it continues to grow wild, or Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been cultivated in southern and eastern Asia since prehistory. The first known written record of the plant is found in <i><a href="/wiki/Qimin_Yaoshu" title="Qimin Yaoshu">Qimin Yaoshu</a></i>, an ancient Chinese agricultural treatise completed in 544 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eggplant was introduced to Europe through the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, where it became a staple among <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Spain" title="Islam in Spain">Muslim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Jewish</a> communities.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of numerous <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and North African names for the vegetable, coupled with the absence of ancient Greek and Roman names, suggests that it was cultivated in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean area</a> by <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early Middle Ages</a>, arriving in Spain in the 8th century.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A book on agriculture by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Al-Awwam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Al-Awwam">Ibn Al-Awwam</a> in 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Muslim Spain</a> described how to grow aubergines.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Records exist from later medieval Catalan and Spanish,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as from 14th-century Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike its popularity in Spain and limited presence in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">southern Italy</a>, the eggplant remained relatively obscure in other regions of Europe until the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The aubergine is unrecorded in England until the 16th century. An English botany book in 1597 described the madde or raging Apple: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This plant groweth in Egypt almost everywhere... bringing foorth fruite of the bignes of a great Cucumber.... We have had the same in our London gardens, where it hath borne flowers, but the winter approching before the time of ripening, it perished: notwithstanding it came to beare fruite of the bignes of a goose egge one extraordinarie temperate yeere... but never to the full ripenesse.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Europeans brought it to the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of the plant's relationship with various other <a href="/wiki/Solanaceae" title="Solanaceae">nightshades</a>, the fruit was at one time believed to be extremely poisonous. The flowers and leaves can be poisonous if consumed in large quantities due to the presence of <a href="/wiki/Solanine" title="Solanine">solanine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The eggplant has a special place in <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>. In 13th-century Italian traditional folklore, the eggplant can cause insanity.<sup id="cite_ref-oed-mad-apple_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-mad-apple-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 19th-century Egypt, insanity was said to be "more common and more violent" when the eggplant is in season in the summer.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_regional_names">Etymology and regional names</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eggplant_with_chicken_eggs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Eggplant_with_chicken_eggs.jpg/200px-Eggplant_with_chicken_eggs.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Eggplant_with_chicken_eggs.jpg/300px-Eggplant_with_chicken_eggs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Eggplant_with_chicken_eggs.jpg/400px-Eggplant_with_chicken_eggs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="717" /></a><figcaption>White eggplant compared to two chicken eggs</figcaption></figure> <p>The plant and fruit have a profusion of English names. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eggplant-type_names"><i>Eggplant</i>-type names</h3></div> <p>The name <i>eggplant</i> is usual in <a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North American English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a>. First recorded in 1763, the word "eggplant" was originally applied to white cultivars, which look very much like hen's eggs (see image).<sup id="cite_ref-oed_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-www_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar names are widespread in other languages, such as the <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> term <i>eggaldin</i> or the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> <i>planhigyn ŵy</i>. </p><p>The white, egg-shaped varieties of the eggplant's fruits are also known as <i>garden eggs</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a term first attested in 1811.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> records that between 1797 and 1888, the name <i>vegetable egg</i> was also used.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aubergine-type_names"><i>Aubergine</i>-type names</h3></div> <p>Whereas <i>eggplant</i> was coined in English, most of the diverse other European names for the plant derive from the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">باذنجان</span> <i>bāḏinjān</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[bæːðɪnˈd͡ʒæːn]</a></span> <span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b7\/Q7540-ar.ogg\/Q7540-ar.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Q7540-ar.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/Q7540-ar.ogg/Q7540-ar.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">listen</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Q7540-ar.ogg" title="File:Q7540-ar.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-oed-brinjal_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-brinjal-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Bāḏinjān</i> is itself a loan-word in Arabic, whose earliest traceable origins lie in the <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Hobson-Jobson" title="Hobson-Jobson">Hobson-Jobson</a></i> dictionary comments that "probably there is no word of the kind which has undergone such extraordinary variety of modifications, whilst retaining the same meaning, as this".<sup id="cite_ref-hj_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hj-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In English usage, modern names deriving from Arabic <i>bāḏinjān</i> include: </p> <ul><li><i>Aubergine</i>, usual in <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a> (as well as <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>).</li> <li><i>Brinjal</i> or <i>brinjaul</i>, usual in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South African English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Solanum melongena</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Linnaean_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Linnaean name">Linnaean name</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="From_Dravidian_to_Arabic">From Dravidian to Arabic</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muhammad_ibn_Muhammad_Shakir_Ruzmah-%27i_Nathani_-_An_Eggplant,_a_Plant_Called_Parsiyavushan,_and_Dungwort_-_Walters_W659225B_-_Full_Page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Muhammad_ibn_Muhammad_Shakir_Ruzmah-%27i_Nathani_-_An_Eggplant%2C_a_Plant_Called_Parsiyavushan%2C_and_Dungwort_-_Walters_W659225B_-_Full_Page.jpg/220px-Muhammad_ibn_Muhammad_Shakir_Ruzmah-%27i_Nathani_-_An_Eggplant%2C_a_Plant_Called_Parsiyavushan%2C_and_Dungwort_-_Walters_W659225B_-_Full_Page.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Muhammad_ibn_Muhammad_Shakir_Ruzmah-%27i_Nathani_-_An_Eggplant%2C_a_Plant_Called_Parsiyavushan%2C_and_Dungwort_-_Walters_W659225B_-_Full_Page.jpg/330px-Muhammad_ibn_Muhammad_Shakir_Ruzmah-%27i_Nathani_-_An_Eggplant%2C_a_Plant_Called_Parsiyavushan%2C_and_Dungwort_-_Walters_W659225B_-_Full_Page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Muhammad_ibn_Muhammad_Shakir_Ruzmah-%27i_Nathani_-_An_Eggplant%2C_a_Plant_Called_Parsiyavushan%2C_and_Dungwort_-_Walters_W659225B_-_Full_Page.jpg/440px-Muhammad_ibn_Muhammad_Shakir_Ruzmah-%27i_Nathani_-_An_Eggplant%2C_a_Plant_Called_Parsiyavushan%2C_and_Dungwort_-_Walters_W659225B_-_Full_Page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of an eggplant (upper picture) in a 1717 manuscript of a work by the thirteenth-century Persian <a href="/wiki/Zakariya_al-Qazwini" title="Zakariya al-Qazwini">Zakariya al-Qazwini</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>All the <i>aubergine</i>-type names have the same origin, in the Dravidian languages. Modern descendants of this <a href="/wiki/Proto-Dravidian_language" title="Proto-Dravidian language">ancient Dravidian</a> word include <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> <i>vaṟutina</i> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> <i>vaṟutuṇai</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-oed-brinjal_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-brinjal-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Dravidian word was borrowed into the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a>, giving ancient forms such as <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> <i>vātiṅ-gaṇa</i> (alongside Sanskrit <i>vātigama</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> <i>vāiṃaṇa</i>. According to the entry <i>brinjal</i> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>, the Sanskrit word <i>vātin-gāna</i> denoted 'the class (that removes) the wind-disorder (windy humour)': that is, <i>vātin-gāna</i> came to be the name for eggplants because they were thought to cure <a href="/wiki/Flatulence" title="Flatulence">flatulence</a>. The modern <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> words descending directly from the Sanskrit name are <i>baingan</i> and <i>began</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Indic word <i>vātiṅ-gaṇa</i> was then borrowed into <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> as <i>bādingān</i>. Persian <i>bādingān</i> was borrowed in turn into Arabic as <i>bāḏinjān</i> (or, with the <a href="/wiki/Definite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Definite article">definite article</a>, <i>al-bāḏinjān</i>). From Arabic, the word was borrowed into European languages.<sup id="cite_ref-oed-brinjal_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-brinjal-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="From_Arabic_into_Iberia_and_beyond">From Arabic into Iberia and beyond</h4></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a>, the Arabic word <i>(al-)bāḏinjān</i> was borrowed into the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> in forms beginning with <i>b</i>- or, with the definite article included, <i>alb</i>-:<sup id="cite_ref-oed-brinjal_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-brinjal-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">bringella</i></span>, <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">bringiela</i></span>, <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">beringela</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">berenjena</i></span>, <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">alberenjena</i></span>.</li></ul> <p>The Spanish word <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">alberenjena</i></span> was then borrowed into French, giving <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">aubergine</i></span> (along with French dialectal forms like <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">albergine</i></span>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">albergaine</i></span>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">albergame</i></span>, and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">belingèle</i></span>). The French name was then borrowed into British English, appearing there first in the late eighteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-oed-brinjal_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-brinjal-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through the <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial expansion</a> of Portugal, the Portuguese form <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">bringella</i></span> was borrowed into a variety of other languages:<sup id="cite_ref-oed-brinjal_35-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-brinjal-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Indian, Malaysian, Singaporean and South African English <i>brinjal</i>, <i>brinjaul</i> (first attested in the seventeenth century).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indian_English" class="mw-redirect" title="West Indian English">West Indian English</a> <i>brinjalle</i> and (through <a href="/wiki/Folk-etymology" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk-etymology">folk-etymology</a>) <i>brown-jolly</i>.</li> <li>French <i>bringelle</i> in La Réunion.</li></ul> <p>Thus although Indian English <i>brinjal</i> ultimately originates in languages of the Indian Subcontinent, it actually came into Indian English via Portuguese. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="From_Arabic_into_Greek_and_beyond">From Arabic into Greek and beyond</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MS_626,_folio_CLXXV_Wellcome_L0075018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/MS_626%2C_folio_CLXXV_Wellcome_L0075018.jpg/220px-MS_626%2C_folio_CLXXV_Wellcome_L0075018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/MS_626%2C_folio_CLXXV_Wellcome_L0075018.jpg/330px-MS_626%2C_folio_CLXXV_Wellcome_L0075018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/MS_626%2C_folio_CLXXV_Wellcome_L0075018.jpg/440px-MS_626%2C_folio_CLXXV_Wellcome_L0075018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4661" data-file-height="6192" /></a><figcaption>Illustrations of an eggplant from a possibly fifteenth-century French manuscript of a work by <a href="/wiki/Matthaeus_Platearius" title="Matthaeus Platearius">Matthaeus Platearius</a>. The word <i>melonge</i>, below the illustration, has a blue initial <i>M</i>-.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Arabic word <i>bāḏinjān</i> was borrowed into <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> by the eleventh century CE. The Greek loans took a variety of forms, but crucially they began with <i>m-</i>, partly because Greek lacked the initial <i>b-</i> sound and partly through <a href="/wiki/Folk-etymology" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk-etymology">folk-etymological</a> association with the Greek word <i>μέλας</i> (<i>melas</i>), 'black'. Attested Greek forms include <i>ματιζάνιον</i> (<i>matizanion</i>, eleventh-century), <i>μελιντζάνα</i> (<i>melintzana</i>, fourteenth-century), and <i>μελιντζάνιον</i> (<i>melintzanion</i>, seventeenth-century).<sup id="cite_ref-oed-brinjal_35-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-brinjal-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From Greek, the word was borrowed into <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> and medieval <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, and onwards into French. Early forms include:<sup id="cite_ref-oed-brinjal_35-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-brinjal-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Melanzāna</i>, recorded in <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> in the twelfth century.</li> <li><i>Melongena</i>, recorded in Latin in the thirteenth century.</li> <li><i>Melongiana</i>, recorded in Veronese in the fourteenth century.</li> <li><i>Melanjan</i>, recorded in <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a>.</li></ul> <p>From these forms came the botanical Latin <i>melongēna</i>. This was used by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pitton_de_Tournefort" title="Joseph Pitton de Tournefort">Tournefort</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> name in 1700, then by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> name in 1753. It remains in scientific use.<sup id="cite_ref-oed-brinjal_35-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-brinjal-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These forms also gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean English</a> <i>melongene</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-oed-brinjal_35-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-brinjal-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Italian <i>melanzana</i>, through <a href="/wiki/Folk-etymology" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk-etymology">folk-etymology</a>, was adapted to <i>mela insana</i> ('mad apple'): already by the thirteenth century, this name had given rise to a tradition that eggplants could cause insanity. Translated into English as 'mad-apple',<sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'rage-apple', or 'raging apple', this name for eggplants is attested from 1578 and the form 'mad-apple' may still be found in <a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern American English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-guineasquash_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guineasquash-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_English_names">Other English names</h3></div> <p>The plant is also known as <i>guinea squash</i> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern American English</a>. The term <i>guinea</i> in the name originally denoted the fact that the fruits were associated with West Africa, specifically the region that is now the modern day country <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-guineasquash_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guineasquash-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been known as 'Jew's apple',<sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> apparently in relation to a belief that the fruit was first imported to the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> by Jewish people.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivars">Cultivars</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-No_footnotes plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-No_footnotes" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section includes a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">list of references</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">related reading</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, <b>but its sources remain unclear because it lacks <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this section by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_Types_of_Eggplant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Three_Types_of_Eggplant.jpg/220px-Three_Types_of_Eggplant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Three_Types_of_Eggplant.jpg/330px-Three_Types_of_Eggplant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Three_Types_of_Eggplant.jpg/440px-Three_Types_of_Eggplant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Three <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> of eggplant, showing size, shape, and color differences</figcaption></figure> <p>Different <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> of the plant produce fruit of different size, shape, and color, though typically purple. The less common white varieties of eggplant are also known as Easter white eggplants, garden eggs, Casper or white eggplant. The most widely cultivated varieties—<a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a>—in Europe and North America today are elongated ovoid, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">12–25 cm (<span class="frac">4<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>–10 in) long and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">6–9 cm (<span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>–<span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in) broad with a dark purple skin. </p><p>A much wider range of shapes, sizes, and colors is grown in India and elsewhere in Asia. Larger cultivars weighing up to a kilogram (2.2 pounds) grow in the region between the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a> Rivers, while smaller ones are found elsewhere.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Colors vary from white to yellow or green, as well as reddish-purple and dark purple. Some cultivars have a color gradient—white at the stem, to bright pink, deep purple or even black. Green or purple cultivars with white striping also exist. Chinese cultivars are commonly shaped like a narrower, slightly pendulous <a href="/wiki/Cucumber" title="Cucumber">cucumber</a>. Also, Asian cultivars of Japanese breeding are grown. </p> <ul><li>Oval or elongated oval-shaped and black-skinned cultivars include 'Harris Special Hibush', 'Burpee Hybrid', 'Bringal Bloom', 'Black Magic', 'Classic', 'Dusky', and 'Black Beauty'.</li> <li>Slim cultivars in purple-black skin include 'Little Fingers', 'Ichiban', 'Pingtung Long', and 'Tycoon' <ul><li>In green skin, 'Louisiana Long Green' and 'Thai (Long) Green'</li> <li>In white skin, 'Dourga'.</li></ul></li> <li>Traditional, white-skinned, egg-shaped cultivars include 'Casper' and 'Easter Egg'.</li> <li>Bicolored cultivars with color gradient include 'Rosa Bianca', 'Violetta di Firenze', 'Bianca Sfumata di Rosa' (heirloom), and 'Prosperosa' (heirloom).</li> <li>Bicolored cultivars with striping include 'Listada de Gandia' and 'Udumalapet'.</li> <li>In some parts of India, miniature cultivars, most commonly called <i>baigan,</i> are popular.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Varieties">Varieties</h3></div> <ul><li><i>S. m.</i> var. <i>esculentum</i> – common aubergine, including white varieties, with many cultivars<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>S. m.</i> var. <i>depressum</i> – dwarf aubergine</li> <li><i>S. m.</i> var. <i>serpentium</i> – snake aubergine</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Genetically_engineered_eggplant">Genetically engineered eggplant</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bt_brinjal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bt brinjal">Bt brinjal</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food" title="Genetically modified food">transgenic</a> eggplant that contains a gene from the soil bacterium <i><a href="/wiki/Bacillus_thuringiensis" title="Bacillus thuringiensis">Bacillus thuringiensis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-kumar_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kumar-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This variety was designed to give the plant resistance to <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">lepidopteran</a> insects such as the brinjal fruit and shoot borer (<i><a href="/wiki/Leucinodes_orbonalis" title="Leucinodes orbonalis">Leucinodes orbonalis</a></i>) and fruit borer (<i><a href="/wiki/Helicoverpa_armigera" title="Helicoverpa armigera">Helicoverpa armigera</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-kumar_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kumar-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 9 February 2010, the Environment Ministry of India imposed a moratorium on the cultivation of Bt brinjal after protests against regulatory approval of cultivated Bt brinjal in 2009, stating the moratorium would last "for as long as it is needed to establish public trust and confidence".<sup id="cite_ref-kumar_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kumar-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This decision was deemed controversial, as it deviated from previous practices with other <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_crops" title="Genetically modified crops">genetically modified crops</a> in India.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bt brinjal was approved for commercial cultivation in Bangladesh in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culinary">Culinary</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a> has a recipe/module on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Eggplant" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Eggplant"> Eggplant</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></div></div> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Eggplant" title="Special:EditPage/Eggplant">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Eggplant%22">"Eggplant"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Eggplant%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Eggplant%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Eggplant%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Eggplant%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Eggplant%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Raw eggplant can have a <a href="/wiki/Bitter_taste" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitter taste">bitter taste</a>, with an <a href="/wiki/Astringent" title="Astringent">astringent</a> quality, but it becomes tender when cooked and develops a rich, complex flavor. Rinsing, draining, and salting the sliced fruit before cooking may remove the bitterness.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fruit is capable of absorbing <a href="/wiki/Cooking_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooking fat">cooking fats</a> and sauces, which may enhance the flavor of eggplant dishes. </p><p>Eggplant is used in <a href="/wiki/List_of_cuisines" title="List of cuisines">the cuisines of many countries</a>. Due to its texture and bulk, it is sometimes used as a <a href="/wiki/Meat_substitute" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat substitute">meat substitute</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vegan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan cuisine">vegan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_cuisine" title="Vegetarian cuisine">vegetarian cuisines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eggplant flesh is smooth. Its numerous seeds are small, soft and edible, along with the rest of the fruit, and do not have to be removed. Its thin skin is also edible, and so it does not have to be peeled. However, the green part at the top, the <a href="/wiki/Calyx_(flower)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calyx (flower)">calyx</a>, does have to be removed when preparing an eggplant for cooking. </p><p>Eggplant can be steamed, stir-fried, pan fried, deep fried, barbecued, roasted, stewed, curried, or pickled. Many eggplant dishes are sauces made by mashing the cooked fruit. It can be stuffed. It is frequently, but not always, cooked with oil or fat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h4></div> <p>Korean and Japanese eggplant varieties are typically thin-skinned.<sup id="cite_ref-JinPittsburgh_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JinPittsburgh-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese cuisine</a>, eggplants are known as <i>qiézi</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">茄子</span></span>). They are often <a href="/wiki/Deep_frying" title="Deep frying">deep fried</a> and made into dishes such as <i><a href="/wiki/Yuxiang" title="Yuxiang">yúxiāng</a>-qiézi</i> ("fish fragrance eggplant")<sup id="cite_ref-Leary_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leary-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i><a href="/wiki/Di_s%C4%81n_xi%C4%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Di sān xiān">di sān xiān</a></i> ("three earthen treasures"). Elsewhere in China, such as in <a href="/wiki/Yunnan_cuisine" title="Yunnan cuisine">Yunnan cuisine</a> (in particular the cuisine of the <a href="/wiki/Dai_people" title="Dai people">Dai people</a>) they are barbecued or roasted, then split and either eaten directly with garlic, chilli, oil and coriander, or the flesh is removed and pounded to a mash (typically with a wooden pestle and mortar) before being eaten with rice or other dishes. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese cuisine</a>, eggplants are known as <i>nasu</i> or <i>nasubi</i> and use the <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">same characters</a> as Chinese (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">茄子</span></span>). An example of it use is in the dish <i>hasamiyaki</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">挟み焼き</span></span>) in which slices of eggplant are grilled and filled with a meat stuffing.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eggplants also feature in several Japanese expression and proverbs, such as "Don't feed autumn eggplant to your wife"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A7%8B%E8%8C%84%E5%AD%90%E3%81%AF%E5%AB%81%E3%81%AB%E9%A3%9F%E3%82%8F%E3%81%99%E3%81%AA#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:秋茄子は嫁に食わすな">秋茄子は嫁に食わすな</a></span></span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">akinasu wa yome ni kuwasuna</i></span>)</span> (because their lack of seeds will reduce her fertility) and "Always listen to your parents"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A6%AA%E3%81%AE%E6%84%8F%E8%A6%8B%E3%81%A8%E8%8C%84%E5%AD%90%E3%81%AE%E8%8A%B1%E3%81%AF%E5%8D%83%E3%81%AB%E4%B8%80%E3%81%A4%E3%82%82%E7%84%A1%E9%A7%84%E3%81%AF%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:親の意見と茄子の花は千に一つも無駄はない">親の意見と茄子の花は千に一つも無駄はない</a></span></span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">oya no iken to nasu no hana wa sen ni hitotsu mo muda wa nai</i></span>, literally: "not even one in a thousand of one's parents' opinions or the eggplant flowers is in vain")</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean cuisine</a>, eggplants are known as <i>gaji</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">가지</span></span>). They are steamed, <a href="/wiki/Stir_frying" title="Stir frying">stir-fried</a>, or pan-fried and eaten as <a href="/wiki/Banchan" title="Banchan">banchan</a> (side dishes), such as <i><a href="/wiki/Namul" title="Namul">namul</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bokkeum" title="Bokkeum">bokkeum</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Jeon_(food)" title="Jeon (food)">jeon</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Maclang_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maclang-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TKH_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TKH-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qiezi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinese yúxiāng-qiézi (fish-fragrance eggplants)"><img alt="Chinese yúxiāng-qiézi (fish-fragrance eggplants)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Qiezi.jpg/270px-Qiezi.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Qiezi.jpg/405px-Qiezi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Qiezi.jpg/540px-Qiezi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6048" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chinese <i><a href="/wiki/Yuxiang" title="Yuxiang">yúxiāng</a>-qiézi</i> (fish-fragrance eggplants)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dureup-gaji-jeon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Korean dureup-gaji-jeon (pan-fried eggplants and angelica tree shoots)"><img alt="Korean dureup-gaji-jeon (pan-fried eggplants and angelica tree shoots)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Dureup-gaji-jeon.jpg/271px-Dureup-gaji-jeon.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Dureup-gaji-jeon.jpg/406px-Dureup-gaji-jeon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Dureup-gaji-jeon.jpg/541px-Dureup-gaji-jeon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Korean <i><a href="/wiki/Dureup" class="mw-redirect" title="Dureup">dureup</a>-gaji-<a href="/wiki/Jeon_(food)" title="Jeon (food)">jeon</a></i> (pan-fried eggplants and angelica tree shoots)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baby_eggplant_tsukemono_by_wilbanks_in_Nishiki-ichiba,_Kyoto.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Japanese asazuke pickles with baby eggplants"><img alt="Japanese asazuke pickles with baby eggplants" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Baby_eggplant_tsukemono_by_wilbanks_in_Nishiki-ichiba%2C_Kyoto.jpg/135px-Baby_eggplant_tsukemono_by_wilbanks_in_Nishiki-ichiba%2C_Kyoto.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Baby_eggplant_tsukemono_by_wilbanks_in_Nishiki-ichiba%2C_Kyoto.jpg/202px-Baby_eggplant_tsukemono_by_wilbanks_in_Nishiki-ichiba%2C_Kyoto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Baby_eggplant_tsukemono_by_wilbanks_in_Nishiki-ichiba%2C_Kyoto.jpg/270px-Baby_eggplant_tsukemono_by_wilbanks_in_Nishiki-ichiba%2C_Kyoto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Japanese <i><a href="/wiki/Asazuke" title="Asazuke">asazuke</a></i> pickles with baby eggplants</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h4></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, eggplants are of the long and slender purple variety. They are known as <i>talong</i> and is widely used in many stew and soup dishes, like <i><a href="/wiki/Pinakbet" title="Pinakbet">pinakbet</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-olizon_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olizon-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the most popular eggplant dish is <i><a href="/wiki/Tortang_talong" title="Tortang talong">tortang talong</a></i>, an omelette made from grilling an eggplant, dipping it into beaten eggs, and pan-frying the mixture. The dish is characteristically served with the stalk attached. The dish has several variants, including <i>rellenong talong</i> which is stuffed with meat and vegetables.<sup id="cite_ref-Ponseca_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ponseca-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eggplant can also be grilled, skinned and eaten as a salad called <i>ensaladang talong</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another popular dish is <i>adobong talong</i>, which is diced eggplant prepared with vinegar, soy sauce, and garlic as an <i><a href="/wiki/Philippine_adobo" title="Philippine adobo">adobo</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SAMBAL_BALADO_TERONG_UDANG.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indonesian chili terong sauce with shrimp"><img alt="Indonesian chili terong sauce with shrimp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/SAMBAL_BALADO_TERONG_UDANG.jpg/270px-SAMBAL_BALADO_TERONG_UDANG.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/SAMBAL_BALADO_TERONG_UDANG.jpg/405px-SAMBAL_BALADO_TERONG_UDANG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/SAMBAL_BALADO_TERONG_UDANG.jpg/540px-SAMBAL_BALADO_TERONG_UDANG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4369" data-file-height="2913" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Indonesian chili <i>terong</i> sauce with shrimp</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 154.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 152.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Terong_Balado_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Minang (West Sumatra) balado terong"><img alt="Minang (West Sumatra) balado terong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Terong_Balado_1.jpg/229px-Terong_Balado_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Terong_Balado_1.jpg/344px-Terong_Balado_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Terong_Balado_1.jpg/458px-Terong_Balado_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="1782" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Minang (West Sumatra) balado <i>terong</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 262.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kepala_Ikan_Tenggiri_Asam_Pedas_Terung.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sweet and sour fish head with terong"><img alt="Sweet and sour fish head with terong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kepala_Ikan_Tenggiri_Asam_Pedas_Terung.jpg/391px-Kepala_Ikan_Tenggiri_Asam_Pedas_Terung.jpg" decoding="async" width="261" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kepala_Ikan_Tenggiri_Asam_Pedas_Terung.jpg/587px-Kepala_Ikan_Tenggiri_Asam_Pedas_Terung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kepala_Ikan_Tenggiri_Asam_Pedas_Terung.jpg/782px-Kepala_Ikan_Tenggiri_Asam_Pedas_Terung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="1680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sweet and sour fish head with <i>terong</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Terong_Goreng.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Simple fried terong from Gorontalo (Sulawesi)"><img alt="Simple fried terong from Gorontalo (Sulawesi)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Terong_Goreng.jpg/135px-Terong_Goreng.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Terong_Goreng.jpg/203px-Terong_Goreng.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Terong_Goreng.jpg/270px-Terong_Goreng.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2808" data-file-height="3738" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Simple fried <i>terong</i> from Gorontalo (Sulawesi)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:03073jfEnsaladang_Talong_Bulacanfvf_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Philippine ensaladang talong, a salad on grilled and skinned green eggplant"><img alt="Philippine ensaladang talong, a salad on grilled and skinned green eggplant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/03073jfEnsaladang_Talong_Bulacanfvf_06.jpg/240px-03073jfEnsaladang_Talong_Bulacanfvf_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/03073jfEnsaladang_Talong_Bulacanfvf_06.jpg/360px-03073jfEnsaladang_Talong_Bulacanfvf_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/03073jfEnsaladang_Talong_Bulacanfvf_06.jpg/480px-03073jfEnsaladang_Talong_Bulacanfvf_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Philippine <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ensaladang_talong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ensaladang talong (page does not exist)">ensaladang talong</a></i>, a salad on grilled and skinned green eggplant</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h4></div> <p>Eggplant is widely used in its native <a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">India</a>, for example in <i><a href="/wiki/Sambar_(dish)" title="Sambar (dish)">sambar</a></i> (a tamarind lentil stew), <i>dalma</i> (a <i><a href="/wiki/Dal" title="Dal">dal</a></i> preparation with vegetables, native to <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>), <a href="/wiki/Chutney" title="Chutney">chutney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curry" title="Curry">curry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vankai" title="Vankai">vankai</a><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and <i><a href="/wiki/Indian_pickle" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian pickle">achaar</a></i> (a pickled dish). Owing to its versatile nature and wide use in both everyday and festive Indian food, it is often described as the "king of vegetables". Roasted, skinned, mashed, mixed with <a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomatoes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a>, and then slow cooked gives the <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cuisine" title="South Asian cuisine">South Asian</a> dish <i><a href="/wiki/Baingan_bharta" title="Baingan bharta">baingan bharta</a></i> or <i>gojju</i>, similar to <i><a href="/wiki/Salat%C4%83_de_vinete" class="mw-redirect" title="Salată de vinete">salată de vinete</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Romanian_cuisine" title="Romanian cuisine">Romania</a>. Another version of the dish, <i>begun-pora</i> (eggplant charred or burnt), is very popular in Bangladesh and the east Indian states of <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> where the pulp of the vegetable is mixed with raw chopped shallot, green chilies, salt, fresh coriander, and mustard oil. Sometimes fried tomatoes and deep-fried potatoes are also added, creating a dish called <i>begun bhorta</i>. In a dish from Maharashtra called <span title="Marathi-language romanization"><i lang="mr-Latn">bharli vangi</i></span>, small brinjals are stuffed with ground <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">peanuts</a>, onions, tamarind, jaggery and <a href="/wiki/Masala_(spice)" class="mw-redirect" title="Masala (spice)">masala spices</a>, and then cooked in oil. Maharashtra and the adjacent state of Karnataka also have an eggplant-based vegetarian pilaf called 'vangi bhat'.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brinjal_Masala_Fry.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Brinjal masala fry"><img alt="Brinjal masala fry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Brinjal_Masala_Fry.JPG/270px-Brinjal_Masala_Fry.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Brinjal_Masala_Fry.JPG/405px-Brinjal_Masala_Fry.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Brinjal_Masala_Fry.JPG/540px-Brinjal_Masala_Fry.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Brinjal masala fry</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brinjal%26Mango_Sambar.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Brinjal and mango sambar"><img alt="Brinjal and mango sambar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Brinjal%26Mango_Sambar.JPG/240px-Brinjal%26Mango_Sambar.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Brinjal%26Mango_Sambar.JPG/360px-Brinjal%26Mango_Sambar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Brinjal%26Mango_Sambar.JPG/480px-Brinjal%26Mango_Sambar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Brinjal and mango sambar</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_East_and_the_Mediterranean">Middle East and the Mediterranean</h4></div> <p>Eggplant is often stewed, as in the French <i><a href="/wiki/Ratatouille" title="Ratatouille">ratatouille</a></i>, or deep-fried as in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Parmigiana" title="Parmigiana">parmigiana di melanzane</a></i>, the Turkish <i><a href="/wiki/Karn%C4%B1yar%C4%B1k" title="Karnıyarık">karnıyarık</a></i>, or Turkish, Greek, and <a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Levantine</a> <i>musakka/<a href="/wiki/Moussaka" title="Moussaka">moussaka</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Middle Eastern</a> and South Asian dishes. Eggplants can also be battered before deep-frying and served with a sauce made of <a href="/wiki/Tahini" title="Tahini">tahini</a> and tamarind. In <a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Iranian cuisine</a>, it is blended with whey as <i><a href="/wiki/Kashk_e_bademjan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashk e bademjan">kashk e bademjan</a></i>, tomatoes as <i><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghassemi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirza Ghassemi">mirza ghassemi</a></i>, or made into stew as <i><a href="/wiki/Khoresh_bademjan" title="Khoresh bademjan">khoresht-e-bademjan</a></i>. It can be sliced and deep-fried, then served with plain <a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">yogurt</a> (optionally topped with a tomato and garlic sauce), such as in the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkish dish</a> <i>patlıcan kızartması</i> (meaning fried aubergines), or without yogurt, as in <i>patlıcan şakşuka</i>. Perhaps the best-known Turkish eggplant dishes are <i><a href="/wiki/Imam_bay%C4%B1ld%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam bayıldı">imam bayıldı</a></i> (vegetarian) and <i><a href="/wiki/Karn%C4%B1yar%C4%B1k" title="Karnıyarık">karnıyarık</a></i> (with minced meat). It may also be roasted in its skin until charred, so the pulp can be removed and blended with other ingredients, such as lemon, tahini, and garlic, as in the <a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Levantine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Baba_ghanoush" title="Baba ghanoush">baba ghanoush</a>,</i> <a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Melitzanosalata" class="mw-redirect" title="Melitzanosalata">melitzanosalata</a>,</i> Moroccan <i><a href="/wiki/Zaalouk" title="Zaalouk">zaalouk</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Romanian <i>salată de vinete</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marin_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marin-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jurcovan_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jurcovan-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mix of roasted eggplant, roasted red peppers, chopped onions, tomatoes, mushrooms, carrots, celery, and spices is called <i><a href="/wiki/Zacusc%C4%83" title="Zacuscă">zacuscă</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Romanian_cuisine" title="Romanian cuisine">Romania</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Ajvar" title="Ajvar">ajvar</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Pinjur" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinjur">pinjur</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_cuisine" title="Balkan cuisine">Balkans</a>. </p><p>A Spanish dish called <i><a href="/wiki/Escalivada" title="Escalivada">escalivada</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> calls for strips of roasted aubergine, sweet pepper, onion, and tomato. In <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>, eggplant is mostly cooked thinly sliced, deep-fried in olive oil and served hot with honey (<i>berenjenas a la Cordobesa</i>). In the <a href="/wiki/La_Mancha" title="La Mancha">La Mancha</a> region of central Spain, a small eggplant is pickled in vinegar, paprika, olive oil, and red peppers. The result is berenjena of <a href="/wiki/Almagro,_Ciudad_Real" title="Almagro, Ciudad Real">Almagro, Ciudad Real</a>. A Levantine specialty is <i><a href="/wiki/Makdous" title="Makdous">makdous</a></i>, another pickling of eggplants, stuffed with red peppers and walnuts in olive oil. Eggplant can be hollowed out and stuffed with meat, rice, or other fillings, and then baked. In <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, for example, it is fried and stuffed with <a href="/wiki/Walnut_paste" class="mw-redirect" title="Walnut paste">walnut paste</a> to make <i><a href="/wiki/Nigvziani_badrijani" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigvziani badrijani">nigvziani badrijani</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Spain in the Middle Ages">medieval Spain</a>, eggplant, along with ingredients such as Swiss chard and chickpeas, was closely associated with <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> cuisine.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kit%C4%81b_al-%E1%B9%ACabikh_f%C4%AB_al-Maghrib_wa_al-Andalus_f%C4%AB_%CA%BDA%E1%B9%A3r_al-Muwa%E1%B8%A5%E1%B8%A5id%C4%ABn,_li-mu%CA%BDallif_majh%C5%ABl" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitāb al-Ṭabikh fī al-Maghrib wa al-Andalus fī ʽAṣr al-Muwaḥḥidīn, li-muʽallif majhūl"><i>Kitāb al-Ṭabikh</i></a>, a 13th-century Andalusian cookbook, features eggplant as the main ingredient in fifteen out of its nineteen vegetable dishes, indicating its significance in the local cuisine at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jewish communities in Spain prepared eggplant in various ways, including in dishes like <i>almodrote</i>, a casserole of eggplant and cheese. This dish and others became identifiers for Jews during their <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain" title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain">expulsion from Spain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a>, and they were carried by the expelled Jews to their new homes in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The classic <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a> song "<i>Siete modos de gizar la berendgena</i>" lists various methods of preparing eggplant that persisted among Jews in the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, eggplant remains a defining ingredient of <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic Jewish cuisine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Melanzane_alla_Parmigiana.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Parmigiana di melanzane (eggplant Parmesan)"><img alt="Parmigiana di melanzane (eggplant Parmesan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Melanzane_alla_Parmigiana.jpg/240px-Melanzane_alla_Parmigiana.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Melanzane_alla_Parmigiana.jpg/360px-Melanzane_alla_Parmigiana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Melanzane_alla_Parmigiana.jpg/480px-Melanzane_alla_Parmigiana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1982" data-file-height="1486" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Parmigiana" title="Parmigiana">Parmigiana di melanzane</a> (eggplant Parmesan)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MussakasMeMelitsanesKePatates01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Greek moussaka"><img alt="Greek moussaka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/MussakasMeMelitsanesKePatates01.JPG/270px-MussakasMeMelitsanesKePatates01.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/MussakasMeMelitsanesKePatates01.JPG/405px-MussakasMeMelitsanesKePatates01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/MussakasMeMelitsanesKePatates01.JPG/540px-MussakasMeMelitsanesKePatates01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="933" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Greek <a href="/wiki/Moussaka" title="Moussaka">moussaka</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 158px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Penne_with_eggplant_and_basil_in_yogurt-tomato_sauce.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Penne with eggplant and basil in yogurt-tomato sauce"><img alt="Penne with eggplant and basil in yogurt-tomato sauce" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Penne_with_eggplant_and_basil_in_yogurt-tomato_sauce.jpg/237px-Penne_with_eggplant_and_basil_in_yogurt-tomato_sauce.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Penne_with_eggplant_and_basil_in_yogurt-tomato_sauce.jpg/355px-Penne_with_eggplant_and_basil_in_yogurt-tomato_sauce.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Penne_with_eggplant_and_basil_in_yogurt-tomato_sauce.jpg/473px-Penne_with_eggplant_and_basil_in_yogurt-tomato_sauce.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4424" data-file-height="3368" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Penne" title="Penne">Penne</a> with eggplant and <a href="/wiki/Basil" title="Basil">basil</a> in yogurt-tomato sauce</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Berenjenas-Almagro.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Almagro eggplant"><img alt="Almagro eggplant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Berenjenas-Almagro.jpg/270px-Berenjenas-Almagro.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Berenjenas-Almagro.jpg/405px-Berenjenas-Almagro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Berenjenas-Almagro.jpg/540px-Berenjenas-Almagro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Almagro,_Ciudad_Real" title="Almagro, Ciudad Real">Almagro</a> eggplant</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 144.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 142.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ratatouille.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ratatouille niçoise"><img alt="Ratatouille niçoise" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ratatouille.jpg/214px-Ratatouille.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ratatouille.jpg/321px-Ratatouille.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ratatouille.jpg/428px-Ratatouille.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1427" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ratatouille" title="Ratatouille">Ratatouille</a> niçoise</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 123.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salat%C4%83_de_vinete.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Romanian eggplant salad (salată de vinete)"><img alt="Romanian eggplant salad (salată de vinete)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Salat%C4%83_de_vinete.jpg/185px-Salat%C4%83_de_vinete.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Salat%C4%83_de_vinete.jpg/277px-Salat%C4%83_de_vinete.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Salat%C4%83_de_vinete.jpg/369px-Salat%C4%83_de_vinete.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3065" data-file-height="2990" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Romanian eggplant salad (salată de vinete)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iran">Iran</h4></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Iranian cuisine</a>, eggplant (called <i>bādenjān</i> or <i>bādemjān</i> in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>) can be used in both appetizers and main courses.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can also be pickled in vinegar.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ideal eggplant in Iranian cuisine is long, straight, firm, and black.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on how <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Zakariya_al-Razi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi">al-Razi</a> uses the color of eggplant as a shorthand for purpleness in his <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Hawi" title="Al-Hawi">Kitab al-hawi</a></i>, it can be assumed that the dark purple kind of eggplant was the widely grown variety in Iran at his time (9th century).<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_70-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its importance in Iran is alluded to in the <i><a href="/wiki/Ain-i-Akbari" title="Ain-i-Akbari">Ain-i-Akbari</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fazl_ibn_Mubarak" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak">Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak</a>, which says "this vegetable is on sale in the markets in Iran all the year round and in such abundance that it is sold for 1.5 <i><a href="/wiki/Dam_(Indian_coin)" title="Dam (Indian coin)">dam</a></i>s per <a href="/wiki/Seer_(unit)" title="Seer (unit)">seer</a>" (which was a cheap price at that time).<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_70-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Iran, unlike places like Greece, Turkey, and North Africa, eggplant is cooked peeled and usually seasoned with <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a> or especially <a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_70-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most eggplant dishes are classified as <i>nankhoreshi</i> (eaten with bread), and they are commonly served as snacks alongside alcoholic beverages.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_70-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 14th-century poet Boshaq At'ema refers to an early eggplant dish called <i>burani-e badenjan</i>: chopped eggplant sautéed with onions and turmeric, then slowly cooked, and finally mixed with <a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">yogurt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_70-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The combination of eggplant and <a href="/wiki/Kashk" title="Kashk">kashk</a> (condensed whey) is popular in Iranian cuisine; it is found in dishes like <i><a href="/wiki/Kashk_o_badenjan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashk o badenjan">kashk o badenjan</a></i> as well as <i><a href="/wiki/Aush" title="Aush">ash</a>-e kashk o badenjan</i> (involving layers of sautéed eggplant, grilled onions, and red beans topped by kashk seasoned with turmeric).<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_70-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another eggplant dish is <i>mast o badenjan</i>, also known as <i>nazkhatun</i> in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, which involves eggplant, yogurt, and dried <a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">mint</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_70-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eggplant can also be cooked in stews (<i><a href="/wiki/Khoresh" title="Khoresh">khoresh</a></i>es), either with lamb (<i>khoresh-e badenjan</i>) or with chicken and either unripe grapes or pomegranate juice (<i>mosamma-ye badenjan</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_70-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Variants of <a href="/wiki/Ab-gusht" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab-gusht">ab-gusht</a>, eshkana, <a href="/wiki/Fesenjan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fesenjan">fesenjan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kuku_(food)" title="Kuku (food)">kuku</a> also make use of eggplant.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_70-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some regional dishes involving eggplant include <i>badenjan-polow</i>, a dish mainly from <a href="/wiki/Fars_province" title="Fars province">Fars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kerman_province" title="Kerman province">Kerman</a> that combines white rice with a paste of chopped sautéed eggplant, chopped meat, and spices; as well as the northern Iranian <i><a href="/wiki/Badenjan-e_qasemi" class="mw-redirect" title="Badenjan-e qasemi">badenjan-e qasemi</a></i>, a casserole using grilled eggplant, garlic, tomatoes, and eggs.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_70-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eggplants are traditionally among the foods that get preserved and stored for winter in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_70-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are selected in the last month of summer, when they are most readily available, then peeled, and finally preserved in one of two ways.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_70-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first way, the peeled eggplants are cut, salted, and left to "sweat" (to make them less <a href="/wiki/Bilious" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilious">bilious</a>); then they are sun-dried by hanging them on a line.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_70-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dried eggplants are then rehydrated 24 hours before being cooked.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_70-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the second way, the peeled eggplants are cooked in oil, put in a copper pot, and finally covered with plenty of hot oil, "which congeals to seal them".<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_70-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Medieval Iranian writers such as al-Razi and <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">al-Biruni</a> cautioned that eggplant contains harmful qualities, and it must be ripe and cooked before eating to neutralize them.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_70-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They wrote that it could cause heat and dryness and an excess of <a href="/wiki/Black_bile" class="mw-redirect" title="Black bile">black bile</a>, contributing to a wide range of health problems.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_70-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the "salt" in it was removed, or it was cooked in oil or vinegar, then they wrote that eggplant gained healthy attributes.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_70-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Present-day Iranian attitudes to the eggplant reflect this medical tradition's influence: the eggplant is "considered rather dangerous... a cook in Tehran will say that the poison must be taken out".<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_70-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People also use eggplant seeds as an <a href="/wiki/Expectorant" class="mw-redirect" title="Expectorant">expectorant</a> to relieve <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catarrh" title="Catarrh">catarrh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_70-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Eggplant, raw</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">104 kJ (25 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">5.88 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">3.53 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">3 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.18 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.98 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">1</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 0.039 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">2</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 0.037 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">3</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">4%</div> 0.649 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">5</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">6%</div> 0.281 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;">6</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">5%</div> 0.084 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">9</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">6%</div> 22 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 2.2 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.3 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 3.5 μg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 9 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.23 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 14 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese#Human_health_and_nutrition" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">10%</div> 0.232 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 24 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">8%</div> 229 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.16 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em">Other constituents</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">92 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/169228/nutrients">Link to USDA Database entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em"><sup>†</sup>Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<sup id="cite_ref-FDADailyValues_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Raw eggplant is 92% water, 6% <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, 1% <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>, and has negligible <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a> (table). It provides low amounts of <a href="/wiki/Essential_nutrient" class="mw-redirect" title="Essential nutrient">essential nutrients</a>, with only <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> having a moderate percentage (10%) of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Value">Daily Value</a>. Minor changes in nutrient composition occur with season, environment of cultivation (open field or <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouse</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Genotype" title="Genotype">genotype</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation_and_pests">Cultivation and pests</h2></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subtropical_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical climate">subtropical climates</a>, eggplant can be sown in the garden. Eggplant grown in <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> climates fares better when transplanted into the garden after all danger of frost has passed. Eggplant prefers hot weather, and when grown in cold climates or in areas with low humidity, the plants languish or fail to set and produce mature fruit.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeds are typically started eight to 10 weeks prior to the anticipated <a href="/wiki/Last_frost" class="mw-redirect" title="Last frost">frost-free date</a>. <i>S. melongena</i> is included on a list of low <a href="/wiki/Flammability" class="mw-redirect" title="Flammability">flammability</a> plants, indicating that it is suitable for growing within a building protection zone.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spacing should be 45 to 60 cm (18 to 24 in) between plants, depending on cultivar, and 60 to 90 cm (24 to 35 in) between rows, depending on the type of cultivation equipment being used. <a href="/wiki/Mulch" title="Mulch">Mulching</a> helps conserve moisture and prevent weeds and fungal diseases and the plants benefit from some shade during the hottest part of the day. <a href="/wiki/Hand_pollination" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand pollination">Hand pollination</a> by shaking the flowers improves the set of the first blossoms. Growers typically cut fruits from the vine just above the calyx owing to the somewhat woody stems. Flowers are <a href="/wiki/Plant_sexuality#Basic_flower_morphology" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant sexuality">complete</a>, containing both female and male structures, and may be <a href="/wiki/Self-pollination" title="Self-pollination">self-</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cross_pollination#Mechanics" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross pollination">cross-pollinated</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Polination_of_Vegetable_Crops_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polination_of_Vegetable_Crops-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the pests and diseases that afflict other <a href="/wiki/Solanaceae" title="Solanaceae">solanaceous</a> plants, such as tomato, capsicum, and potato, are also troublesome to eggplants. For this reason, it should generally not be planted in areas previously occupied by its close relatives. However, since eggplants can be particularly susceptible to pests such as <a href="/wiki/Whitefly" title="Whitefly">whiteflies</a>, they are sometimes grown with slightly less susceptible plants, such as <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>, as a sacrificial <a href="/wiki/Trap_crop" title="Trap crop">trap crop</a>. Four years should separate successive crops of eggplants to reduce pest pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Common North American pests include the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_potato_beetle" title="Colorado potato beetle">potato beetles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flea_beetle" title="Flea beetle">flea beetles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aphid" title="Aphid">aphids</a>, whiteflies, and <a href="/wiki/Tetranychus_urticae" title="Tetranychus urticae">spider mites</a>. Good sanitation and <a href="/wiki/Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">crop rotation</a> practices are extremely important for controlling fungal disease, the most serious of which is <i><a href="/wiki/Verticillium" title="Verticillium">Verticillium</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The potato tuber moth (<i><a href="/wiki/Phthorimaea_operculella" title="Phthorimaea operculella">Phthorimaea operculella</a></i>) is an oligophagous insect that prefers to feed on plants of the family Solanaceae such as eggplants. Female <i>P. operculella</i> use the leaves to lay their eggs and the hatched larvae will eat away at the mesophyll of the leaf.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several different <i><a href="/wiki/Phytoplasma" title="Phytoplasma">Phytoplasmas</a></i> cause <a href="/wiki/Little_leaf_of_brinjal" title="Little leaf of brinjal">little leaf of brinjal</a>, which is agriculturally significant in South Asia. This is spread by the <a href="/wiki/Leafhopper" title="Leafhopper">leafhopper</a> <i>Hishimonus phycitis</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="clear:left; width:14em; text-align:center;"> <caption>Eggplant production – 2022 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Country </th> <th scope="col">Production<br /><small>million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>38 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></td> <td>1.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td>0.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td> <td>0.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>World</b></td> <td><b>59</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><small>Source: <a href="/wiki/FAOSTAT" class="mw-redirect" title="FAOSTAT">FAOSTAT</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></small><sup id="cite_ref-faostat_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2022, world production was 59 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>, led by China with 65% and India with 22% (table). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2></div> <p>The color of purple skin cultivars is due to the <a href="/wiki/Anthocyanin" title="Anthocyanin">anthocyanin</a> <a href="/wiki/Nasunin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasunin">nasunin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Browning_(food_process)" class="mw-redirect" title="Browning (food process)">browning</a> of eggplant flesh results from the <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">oxidation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Polyphenols" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyphenols">polyphenols</a>, such as the most abundant <a href="/wiki/Phenolic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenolic compound">phenolic compound</a> in the fruit, <a href="/wiki/Chlorogenic_acid" title="Chlorogenic acid">chlorogenic acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Allergies">Allergies</h2></div> <p>Case reports of itchy skin or mouth, mild headache, and stomach upset after handling or eating eggplant have been reported anecdotally and published in medical journals (see also <a href="/wiki/Oral_allergy_syndrome" title="Oral allergy syndrome">oral allergy syndrome</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-berghi_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berghi-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2021 review indicated that possibly four interacting mechanisms may elicit an <a href="/wiki/Allergic_response" title="Allergic response">allergic response</a> from consuming eggplant: <a href="/wiki/Plant_lipid_transfer_proteins" title="Plant lipid transfer proteins">lipid transfer protein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Profilin" title="Profilin">profilin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyphenol_oxidase" title="Polyphenol oxidase">polyphenol oxidase</a>, and pollen reactions.<sup id="cite_ref-berghi_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berghi-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2008 study of a sample of 741 people in India, where eggplant is commonly consumed, found nearly 10% reported some allergic symptoms after consuming eggplant, with 1.4% showing symptoms within two hours.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contact dermatitis from eggplant leaves and allergy to eggplant flower pollen have also been reported.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Individuals who are <a href="/wiki/Atopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atopic">atopic</a> (genetically predisposed to developing certain allergic <a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity" title="Hypersensitivity">hypersensitivity</a> reactions) are more likely to have a reaction to eggplant, which may be because eggplant is high in <a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">histamines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-berghi_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berghi-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cooking eggplant thoroughly seems to preclude reactions in some individuals, but some of the allergenic proteins may survive the cooking process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Segmented_aubergine_Thailand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Segmented_aubergine_Thailand.jpg/220px-Segmented_aubergine_Thailand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Segmented_aubergine_Thailand.jpg/330px-Segmented_aubergine_Thailand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Segmented_aubergine_Thailand.jpg/440px-Segmented_aubergine_Thailand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Segmented purple eggplant</figcaption></figure> <p>The eggplant is quite often featured in the older scientific literature under the <a href="/wiki/Junior_synonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Junior synonym">junior synonyms</a> <i>S. ovigerum</i> and <i>S. trongum</i>. Several other names that are now invalid have been uniquely applied to it:<sup id="cite_ref-ss2008_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ss2008-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Melongena ovata</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Mill.</span></li> <li><i>Solanum album</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Noronha</span></li> <li><i>Solanum insanum</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">L.</span></li> <li><i>Solanum longum</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Roxb.</span></li> <li><i>Solanum melanocarpum</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Dunal</span></li> <li><i>Solanum melongenum</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">St.-Lag.</span></li> <li><i>Solanum oviferum</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Salisb.</span></li> <li><i>Prachi</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Salisb.</span></li></ul> <p>A number of <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">varieties</a> have been named, mainly by Dikii, Dunal, and (invalidly) by Sweet. Names for various eggplant types, such as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">agreste, album, divaricatum, esculentum, giganteum, globosi, inerme, insanum, leucoum, luteum, multifidum, oblongo-cylindricum, ovigera, racemiflorum, racemosum, ruber, rumphii, sinuatorepandum, stenoleucum, subrepandum, tongdongense, variegatum, violaceum, viride</i></span>, are not considered to refer to anything more than cultivar groups at best. However, <i><a href="/wiki/Solanum_incanum" title="Solanum incanum">Solanum incanum</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Cockroach_berry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cockroach berry">cockroach berry</a> (<i>S. capsicoides</i>), other eggplant-like nightshades described by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Allioni" title="Carlo Allioni">Allioni</a>, respectively, were occasionally considered eggplant varieties, but this is not correct.<sup id="cite_ref-ss2008_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ss2008-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The eggplant has a long history of <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomic</a> confusion with the <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_eggplant" title="Scarlet eggplant">scarlet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_eggplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian eggplant">Ethiopian</a> eggplants (<i><a href="/wiki/Solanum_aethiopicum" title="Solanum aethiopicum">Solanum aethiopicum</a>)</i>, known as <i>gilo</i> and <i>nakati</i>, respectively, and described by Linnaeus as <i>S. aethiopicum</i>. The eggplant was sometimes considered a variety <i>violaceum</i> of that species. <i>S. violaceum</i> of <a href="/wiki/A._P._de_Candolle" class="mw-redirect" title="A. P. de Candolle">de Candolle</a> applies to Linnaeus' <i>S. aethiopicum</i>. An actual <i>S. violaceum</i>, an unrelated plant described by Ortega, included Dunal's <i>S. amblymerum</i> and was often confused with the same author's <i>S. brownii</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ss2008_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ss2008-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like the potato and <i>S. lichtensteinii</i>, but unlike the tomato, which then was generally put in a different genus, the eggplant was also described as <i><a href="/wiki/Solanum_esculentum" class="mw-redirect" title="Solanum esculentum">S. esculentum</a></i>, in this case once more in the course of <a href="/wiki/Michel_F%C3%A9lix_Dunal" title="Michel Félix Dunal">Dunal</a>'s work. He also recognized the varieties <i>aculeatum</i>, <i>inerme</i>, and <i>subinerme</i> at that time. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Christian_Friedrich_Schumacher" title="Heinrich Christian Friedrich Schumacher">H.C.F. Schuhmacher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Thonning" title="Peter Thonning">Peter Thonning</a> named the eggplant as <i><a href="/wiki/Solanum_edule" class="mw-redirect" title="Solanum edule">S. edule</a></i>, which is also a junior synonym of <a href="/wiki/Sticky_nightshade" class="mw-redirect" title="Sticky nightshade">sticky nightshade</a> (<i>S. sisymbriifolium</i>). <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Scopoli" title="Giovanni Antonio Scopoli">Scopoli</a>'s <i>S. zeylanicum</i> refers to the eggplant, and that of Blanco to <i><a href="/wiki/Solanum_lasiocarpum" title="Solanum lasiocarpum">S. lasiocarpum</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ss2008_89-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ss2008-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Solanum_melongena" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Solanum melongena">Solanum melongena</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/eggplant" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:eggplant">eggplant</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aubergine" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:aubergine">aubergine</a></b></i>, or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/brinjal" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:brinjal">brinjal</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eggplant_cultivars" title="List of eggplant cultivars">List of eggplant cultivars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggplant_emoji" title="Eggplant emoji">Eggplant emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggplant_production_in_China" title="Eggplant production in China">Eggplant production in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggplant_salads_and_appetizers" title="Eggplant salads and appetizers">Eggplant salads and appetizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination_in_Chinese_mythology" title="Imperial examination in Chinese mythology">Imperial examination in Chinese mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_eggplant" title="Lao eggplant">Lao eggplant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eggplant_dishes" title="List of eggplant dishes">List of eggplant dishes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solanum_aethiopicum" title="Solanum aethiopicum">Solanum aethiopicum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_eggplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese eggplant">Vietnamese eggplant</a></li></ul> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-left plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a> has a recipe/module on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Eggplant" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Eggplant"> Eggplant</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/aubergine">"Aubergine", <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, undated</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150810232556/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/aubergine">Archived</a> 2015-08-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eggplant&rft.pub=University+of+Florida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgardeningsolutions.ifas.ufl.edu%2Fplants%2Fedibles%2Fvegetables%2Feggplant.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEggplant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiWangWangHu2020" class="citation journal cs1">Wei, Q; Wang, J; Wang, W; Hu, T; Bao, C (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7506008">"A high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly reveals genetics for important traits in eggplant"</a>. <i>Horticulture Research</i>. <b>7</b> (153): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>15. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020HorR....7..153W">2020HorR....7..153W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41438-020-00391-0">10.1038/s41438-020-00391-0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7506008">7506008</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33024567">33024567</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Horticulture+Research&rft.atitle=A+high-quality+chromosome-level+genome+assembly+reveals+genetics+for+important+traits+in+eggplant&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=153&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7506008%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33024567&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41438-020-00391-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020HorR....7..153W&rft.aulast=Wei&rft.aufirst=Q&rft.au=Wang%2C+J&rft.au=Wang%2C+W&rft.au=Hu%2C+T&rft.au=Bao%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7506008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEggplant" class="Z3988"></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41438-020-00391-0.pdf?pdf=button%20sticky">PDF</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoundation" class="citation web cs1">Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/">"Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica"</a>. <i>iranicaonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2021</span>. <q>The plant is native to South Asia and was domesticated in India. It was brought to the Iranian lands at a very early but indeterminable date.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iranicaonline.org&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.aulast=Foundation&rft.aufirst=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEggplant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrujilo2003" class="citation cs2">Trujilo, Linda (25 January 2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cals.arizona.edu/maricopa/garden/html/pubs/0203/eggplant.html">"The Elegant Eggplant"</a>, <i>Master Gardener Journal</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161204150752/http://cals.arizona.edu/maricopa/garden/html/pubs/0203/eggplant.html">archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Master+Gardener+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Elegant+Eggplant&rft.date=2003-01-25&rft.aulast=Trujilo&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcals.arizona.edu%2Fmaricopa%2Fgarden%2Fhtml%2Fpubs%2F0203%2Feggplant.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEggplant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthee2016" class="citation book cs1">Matthee, Rudolph (11 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935369.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199935369-e-13">"Patterns of Food Consumption in Early Modern Iran"</a>. <i>Oxford Handbook Topics in History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199935369.013.13">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935369.013.13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993536-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993536-9"><bdi>978-0-19-993536-9</bdi></a>. <q>Eggplant, which originated in Africa, first shows up in history in Southeast Asia, and it was possibly brought to Iran in the same period from India via the Turks of Central Asia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Patterns+of+Food+Consumption+in+Early+Modern+Iran&rft.btitle=Oxford+Handbook+Topics+in+History&rft.date=2016-02-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199935369.013.13&rft.isbn=978-0-19-993536-9&rft.aulast=Matthee&rft.aufirst=Rudolph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordhandbooks.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199935369.001.0001%2Foxfordhb-9780199935369-e-13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEggplant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunlop2006" class="citation cs2">Dunlop, Fuchsia (2006), <i>Revolutionary Chinese Cookbook: Recipes from Hunan Province</i>, Ebury Press, p. 202</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+Chinese+Cookbook%3A+Recipes+from+Hunan+Province&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Ebury+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Dunlop&rft.aufirst=Fuchsia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEggplant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGitlitzDavidson1999" class="citation book cs1">Gitlitz, David M.; Davidson, Linda Kay (1999). <i>A Drizzle of Honey: the lives and recipes of Spain's secret Jews</i>. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. xiv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-19860-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-19860-2"><bdi>978-0-312-19860-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Drizzle+of+Honey%3A+the+lives+and+recipes+of+Spain%27s+secret+Jews&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=xiv&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-312-19860-2&rft.aulast=Gitlitz&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=Davidson%2C+Linda+Kay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEggplant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandersonRenfrew2005" class="citation book cs1">Sanderson, Helen; Renfrew, Jane M. (2005). Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark (eds.). <i>The Cultural History of Plants</i>. Routledge. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415927463" title="Special:BookSources/0415927463"><bdi>0415927463</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cultural+History+of+Plants&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0415927463&rft.aulast=Sanderson&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft.au=Renfrew%2C+Jane+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEggplant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PuEOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA236"><i>The Book of Agriculture</i> by Ibn Al-Awwam</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151003085721/https://books.google.com/books?id=PuEOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA236">Archived</a> 2015-10-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, translated from Arabic to French by J.-J. Clément-Mullet, year 1866, volume 2 page 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The first record of Catalan <i>albergínia</i> = "aubergine" is in 1328 according to the Catalan dictionary <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diccionari.cat/lexicx.jsp?GECART=0005230">Diccionari.cat</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110024923/http://www.diccionari.cat/lexicx.jsp?GECART=0005230">Archived</a> 2013-11-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. An earlier record in Catalan is known, from the 13th century, according to the French <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cnrtl.fr/definition/aubergine"><i>Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514101046/http://cnrtl.fr/definition/aubergine">Archived</a> 2013-05-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. A number of old variant spellings for the aubergine word in Romance dialects in Iberia indicate the word was borrowed from Arabic; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N_hAzIqriakC"><i>Dictionary of Arabic and Allied Loanwords: Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, Galician and Kindred Dialects</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151003084352/https://books.google.com/books?id=N_hAzIqriakC">Archived</a> 2015-10-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Federico Corriente, year 2008 page 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMane2008" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mane, Perrine (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/keryl_1275-6229_2008_act_19_1_1172">"Les fruits et les légumes dans les livres de cuisine à la fin du Moyen Âge"</a> [Fruits and vegetables in late medieval cookbooks]. <i>Publications de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (Part of a thematic issue: Pratiques et discours alimentaires en Méditerranée de l'Antiquité à la Renaissance)</i> (in French). <b>19</b>: <span class="nowrap">409–</span>436<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publications+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+des+Inscriptions+et+Belles-Lettres+%28Part+of+a+thematic+issue%3A+Pratiques+et+discours+alimentaires+en+M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e+de+l%27Antiquit%C3%A9+%C3%A0+la+Renaissance%29&rft.atitle=Les+fruits+et+les+l%C3%A9gumes+dans+les+livres+de+cuisine+%C3%A0+la+fin+du+Moyen+%C3%82ge&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E409-%3C%2Fspan%3E436&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Mane&rft.aufirst=Perrine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fkeryl_1275-6229_2008_act_19_1_1172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEggplant" class="Z3988"></span> p. 418</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753000817749#page/274/mode/1up"><i>The Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140102054022/http://archive.org/stream/mobot31753000817749#page/274/mode/1up">Archived</a> 2014-01-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by <a href="/wiki/John_Gerarde" class="mw-redirect" title="John Gerarde">John Gerarde</a>, year 1597 page 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGebhardt2016" class="citation journal cs1">Gebhardt, Christiane (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5121176">"The historical role of species from the Solanaceae plant family in genetic research"</a>. <i>Theor Appl Genet</i>. <b>129</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">2281–</span>2294. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00122-016-2804-1">10.1007/s00122-016-2804-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5121176">5121176</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27744490">27744490</a>. <q>Later, it migrated with the Europeans to America</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theor+Appl+Genet&rft.atitle=The+historical+role+of+species+from+the+Solanaceae+plant+family+in+genetic+research&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2281-%3C%2Fspan%3E2294&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5121176%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27744490&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00122-016-2804-1&rft.aulast=Gebhardt&rft.aufirst=Christiane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5121176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEggplant" class="Z3988"></span> citing Daunay M-C, Laterrot H, Janick J (2008) Iconography and History of Solanaceae: Antiquity to the 17th Century. Horticultural Reviews. Wiley, New York, pp 1–111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120905065145/http://www.kitchendaily.com/read/raw-eggplant-poisonous?wwu=10">"Is Raw Eggplant Poisonous?"</a>. <i>Kitchen Daily</i>. 30 August 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kitchendaily.com/read/raw-eggplant-poisonous?wwu=10">the original</a> on 5 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kitchen+Daily&rft.atitle=Is+Raw+Eggplant+Poisonous%3F&rft.date=2012-08-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kitchendaily.com%2Fread%2Fraw-eggplant-poisonous%3Fwwu%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEggplant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oed-mad-apple-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oed-mad-apple_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>, 3rd edition, 2000, <i>s.v.</i> 'mad-apple'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Edward_William_Lane" title="Edward William Lane">Edward William Lane</a>, <i>An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians</i>, v. 1, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anaccountmanner06lanegoog/page/n408">p. 378</a>, footnote 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oed-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oed_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=eggplant">"Eggplant"</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper. 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eggplant&rft.pub=Online+Etymology+Dictionary%2C+Douglas+Harper&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Deggplant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEggplant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-www_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwidewords.org/qa/qa-egg1.htm">"Eggplant"</a>. World Wide Worlds. 20 October 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171209203908/http://www.worldwidewords.org/qa/qa-egg1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eggplant&rft.pub=World+Wide+Worlds&rft.date=2002-10-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwidewords.org%2Fqa%2Fqa-egg1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEggplant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/59900">egg-plant</a>, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, July 2018. Accessed 23 September 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nap.edu/read/11763/chapter/9">Eggplant (Garden Egg)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180923200826/https://www.nap.edu/read/11763/chapter/9">Archived</a> 2018-09-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>', in National Research Council of the National Academies, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nap.edu/catalog/11763/lost-crops-of-africa-volume-ii-vegetables">Lost Crops of Africa, Volume II: Vegetables</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180923200828/https://www.nap.edu/catalog/11763/lost-crops-of-africa-volume-ii-vegetables">Archived</a> 2018-09-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press, 2006), pp. 136–53. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-66582-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-66582-7">978-0-309-66582-7</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F11763">10.17226/11763</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'Garden egg', in "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/76724">garden, n.</a>" <i>OED</i>, 3rd edn (2017).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/299990">Vegetable egg, n.', <i>OED</i>, 3rd edn (2012).</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oed-brinjal-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oed-brinjal_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed-brinjal_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed-brinjal_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed-brinjal_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed-brinjal_35-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed-brinjal_35-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed-brinjal_35-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed-brinjal_35-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed-brinjal_35-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed-brinjal_35-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>, 3rd edition, 2001, <i>s.v.</i> '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/116252">melongena, n.</a>'; 2000, <i>s.v.</i> '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/116253">melongene, n.</a>"; and 2000, <i>s.v.</i> '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/112011">mad-apple, n.</a>'. These partly supersede the etymology in <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>, 1st edition, 1888, <i>s.v.</i> '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/23394">brinjal</a>'. This in turn supersedes the 1885 OED etymology <i>s.v.</i> '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/12985">aubergine</a>'.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hj-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hj_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry Yule, A.C. Burnell, <i>Hobson-Jobson: The Anglo-Indian Dictionary</i>, 1886, reprint <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/185326363X" title="Special:BookSources/185326363X">185326363X</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rcjmiBm8hHQC&pg=PA115">p. 115</a>, <i>s.v.</i> 'brinjaul'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612184735/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/brinjal">"Brinjal"</a>. Oxford University Press. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brinjal&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fbrinjal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEggplant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>, 1st edition, 1888, <i>s.v.</i> '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/23394">brinjal</a>'.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lim, T. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guinea+squash&rft.pub=Carolina+Gold+Rice+Foundation&rft.date=2011-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecarolinagoldricefoundation.org%2Fnews%2F2016%2F6%2F4%2Fguinea-squash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEggplant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"brown-jolly", in "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/23849">brown, adj.</a>", "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/101210">Jews' apple</a>" in "Jew, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, July 2018. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Positively+Filipino&rft.atitle=The+Happy+Home+Cook%3A+Rellenong+Talong+%28Stuffed+Eggplant%29&rft.date=2016-08-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.positivelyfilipino.com%2Fmagazine%2Fthe-happy-home-cook-rellenong-talong-stuffed-eggplant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEggplant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eatyourworld.com/destinations/asia/philippines/manila/what_to_eat/ensaladang_talong">"Ensaladang talong"</a>. <i>Eat Your World</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181206234957/https://eatyourworld.com/destinations/asia/philippines/manila/what_to_eat/ensaladang_talong">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eat+Your+World&rft.atitle=Ensaladang+talong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Featyourworld.com%2Fdestinations%2Fasia%2Fphilippines%2Fmanila%2Fwhat_to_eat%2Fensaladang_talong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEggplant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kawalingpinoy.com/adobong-talong/">"Adobong Talong"</a>. <i>Kawaling Pinoy</i>. 19 January 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181206192614/https://www.kawalingpinoy.com/adobong-talong/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kawaling+Pinoy&rft.atitle=Adobong+Talong&rft.date=2014-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kawalingpinoy.com%2Fadobong-talong%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEggplant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhiangteLalramnghinglova2017" class="citation journal cs1">Khiangte, Zorinpuii; Lalramnghinglova, H (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com/articles/an-ethno-botanical-study-of-ralte-communities-in-the-north-eastern-part-of-mizoram-north-east-india-13183.html">"An Ethno Botanical Study of Ralte Communities in the North Eastern Part of Mizoram, North East India"</a>. <i>Journal of Natural Product and Plant Resources</i>. <b>7</b> (4). 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href="#cite_ref-ss2008_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ss2008_89-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ss2008_89-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solanaceaesource.myspecies.info/solanaceae/solanum-melongena-0"><i>Solanum melongena</i> L. on Solanaceae Source</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080310174529/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/projects/solanaceaesource/taxonomy/description-detail.jsp?spnumber=3819">Archived</a> 10 March 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: Images, specimens and a full list of scientific synonyms previously used to refer to the eggplant.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers5714" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers5714" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Solanum melongena</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7540" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q7540">Q7540</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Solanum_melongena" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Solanum melongena">Solanum melongena</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">AoFP: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=1759">1759</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APDB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/119826">119826</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/69396">69396</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id40759">40759</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=438646">438646</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6YTHR">6YTHR</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecocrop" title="Ecocrop">Ecocrop</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=1965">1965</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/581188">581188</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/SOLME">SOLME</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/185014">185014</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200020594">200020594</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200020594">200020594</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2930617">2930617</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=101312">101312</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/63190">63190</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/820053-1">820053-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10971067">10971067</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=30446">30446</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">MoBotPF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=287158">287158</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.144588/">2.144588</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NBNSYS0200003200">NBNSYS0200003200</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=4111">4111</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/68b7c9cc-18f1-4995-8860-871f68fc1fbf">68b7c9cc-18f1-4995-8860-871f68fc1fbf</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Plant_Conservation_Network" title="New Zealand Plant Conservation Network">NZPCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?ID=4320">4320</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/133954/">133954</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=494843">494843</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/tro-29600121">tro-29600121</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/SOME">SOME</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A820053-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:820053-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">RHS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/105486/wd/Details">105486</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/29600121">29600121</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0001029464">wfo-0001029464</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11943091j">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Aubergine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11943091j">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="lilek vejcoplodý"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph239947&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007533498505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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