Praseodymium: The mineralogy of Praseodymium

<!DOCTYPE html> <html><head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("http://www.mindat.org:80/element/Praseodymium","20161026074020","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1477467620"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <link rel="SHORTCUT ICON" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161026074020im_/http://www.mindat.org/favicon.ico"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/web/20161026074020cs_/http://www.mindat.org/mindat.css?revision=2016102501" type="text/css"> <title>Praseodymium: The mineralogy of Praseodymium</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=4.0"/> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161026074020/http://zh.mindat.org/element/Praseodymium"/> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Praseodymium"/> <link href="/web/20161026074020cs_/http://www.mindat.org/js/jqueryui/jquery-ui.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/> <link href="/web/20161026074020cs_/http://www.mindat.org/js/jqueryui/jquery-ui.theme.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20161026074020js_/https://code.jquery.com/jquery-2.2.4.min.js" integrity="" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> <script src="/web/20161026074020js_/http://www.mindat.org/js/jquery-ui.min.js"></script> <script src="/web/20161026074020js_/http://www.mindat.org/js/jjquery.cookie-modified.js"></script> <script src="/web/20161026074020js_/http://www.mindat.org/js/jquery.autocomplete-min.js"></script> <script src="/web/20161026074020js_/http://www.mindat.org/cform/cform_client.js"></script>  <script> if (parent.frames.length > 0) parent.location.href = self.document.location; </script> <script> $(window).ready(function(){ if(!$("#ndtitlearea").is(":visible")) { $("#ndtitlearea").html("<b>You are running an adblocker on mindat - please disable your adblocker on mindat for full compatibility</b>").show(); } }); </script> </head> <body> <div id="ndtitlearea"> <div id="ndtitlebar"> <a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/"><img id="mindatlogo" src="/web/20161026074020im_/http://www.mindat.org/img/16years.png" alt="Mindat Logo - 16th Anniversary"></a> <div id="ndusermenu"> <a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/campaign.php">Help mindat.org</a><span class="vbar">|</span><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/login.php">Log In</a><span class="vbar">|</span><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/register.php">Register</a><span class="vbar">|</span> <div id="languageselector"> <label for="langsel">Language:</label> <select name="langsel"> <option value="en" selected>English</option><option value="zh">中文</option></select> <script> var newurl; $("#languageselector SELECT").change( function() { switch($(this).val()) { case 'en': newurl="www.mindat.org"; break; default: newurl=$(this).val()+".mindat.org"; break; } window.location.href='http://'+newurl; }); </script> </div> </div> <div id="ndmainmenu"> <a id="aboutmenuctrl" href="javascript:openexpander('aboutmenu','');">About Mindat</a><a id="supportmenuctrl" href="javascript:openexpander('supportmenu','');">Support Mindat</a><a id="photomenuctrl" href="javascript:openexpander('photomenu','');">Photos</a><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/forum.php">Messageboard</a><a id="searchmenuctrl" href="javascript:openexpander('searchmenu','');">Advanced Search</a><a id="moremenuctrl" href="javascript:openexpander('moremenu','');">More</a> <form method="get" action="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/search.php"> <input type="text" placeholder="Search Mindat" id="ndsearchmin" name="search"> <input type="submit" value="Go"> </form> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> </div> <div id="mainwrap"> <script> function openexpander(nm,suf) { if($("#"+nm+suf+"ctrl").hasClass("expandselect"+suf)) return; $(".expandselect"+suf).removeClass("expandselect"+suf); $("#"+nm+suf+"ctrl").addClass("expandselect"+suf); /* if(suf=='') { var topshift = "45px"; if(nm=="searchmenu") topshift="250px"; if($(".centerer").css("padding-top")!=topshift) { $(".centerer").animate({ "padding-top": topshift},500); } } else { $("#expanderarea"+suf).animate({ "padding-top": "45px"},500); } */ $(".expandmenu"+suf).hide(); $("#"+nm).fadeIn(500); } </script> <div class="expandmenu" id="aboutmenu"> <a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/">Home Page</a><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/newslist.php">Mindat News</a><a target="blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161026074020/http://manual.mindat.org/">The Mindat Manual</a><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/article.php/1026/Mindat.org+-+10+years+online+today">History of Mindat</a><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/copyrights.php">Copyright Status</a><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/management_list.php">Management Team</a><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/contact.php">Contact Us</a><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/directory_upgrade.php">Advertise on Mindat</a></div> <div class="expandmenu" id="supportmenu"> <a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/donate.php">Donate to Mindat</a><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/article.php/308/Sponsorship">Sponsor a Page</a><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/sponsored.php">Sponsored Pages</a><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/topforsponsor.php">Top Available Pages</a><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/advertisers.php">Mindat Advertisers</a><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/directory_upgrade.php">Advertise on Mindat</a><a target="blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161026074020/http://store.mindat.org/">The Mindat Store</a></div> <div class="expandmenu" id="searchmenu"> <a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/fullsearch.php">Minerals by Properties</a><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php">Minerals by Chemistry</a><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/randommin.php">Random Mineral</a><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/minid.php">Search by minID</a><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/nearestlocs.php">Localities Near Me</a><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/glossary.php">Search Glossary</a><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/searchmenu.php">More Search Options</a><div id="searchmenuform"> <script> function usearch(ctrl) { var ctla = document.getElementById("fpsearcha"); var ctlb = document.getElementById("fpsearchb"); var ctlc = document.getElementById("fpsearchc"); switch(ctrl.value) { case "1": ctla.style.display=""; ctlb.style.display="none"; ctlc.style.display="none"; break; case "2": ctla.style.display="none"; ctlb.style.display=""; ctlc.style.display="none"; break; case "3": ctla.style.display=""; ctlb.style.display=""; ctlc.style.display="none"; break; case "5": case "6": case "7": case "8": case "9": ctla.style.display="none"; ctlb.style.display="none"; ctlc.style.display=""; break; default: ctla.style.display=""; ctlb.style.display=""; ctlc.style.display=""; break; } } </script> <form method="get" action="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/newsearch.php"> <div class="smfblock"> <b>Search For:</b> <select class="smfsel" style="width: 200px;" name="type" onchange="usearch(this)"> <option value="0">- Any -</option> <option value="1">Mineral / Rock / Gem</option> <option value="2">Locality</option> <option value="3">Minerals in Region</option> <option value="4">Photo</option> <option value="8">Glossary</option> <option value="6">Messageboard</option> <option value="9">Articles</option> <option value="7">Site Search</option> </select> </div> <div class="smfblock" id="fpsearcha"><b>Mineral Name:</b> <input class="smftxt" type="text" name="name"> </div> <div class="smfblock" id="fpsearchb"><b>Locality Name:</b> <input class="smftxt" type="text" name="loc"> </div> <div class="smfblock" id="fpsearchc"><b>Keyword(s):</b> <input class="smftxt" type="text" name="kwds"> </div> <div class="smfblock"><b> </b> <input class="smfsubmit" type="submit" value="Search"> </div> </form> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> <div class="expandmenu" id="addeditmenu"> <a target="blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161026074020/http://manual.mindat.org/">The Mindat Manual</a><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/photoupload.php">Add a New Photo</a><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/revpicssel.php">Rate Photos</a><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/lsearchrec.php">Locality Edit Report</a><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/coordinateleague.php">Coordinate Completion Report</a><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/glossedit.php">Add Glossary Item</a></div> <div class="expandmenu" id="moremenu"> <a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/stats.php">Statistics</a><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/elements.php">The Elements</a><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/listusers.php">Member List</a><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/mindat_books.php">Books & Magazines</a><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/eventlist.php">Mineral Shows & Events</a><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/directory.php">The Mindat Directory</a><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/howtolink.php">How to Link to Mindat</a><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/device_settings.php">Device Settings</a></div> <div class="expandmenu" id="photomenu"> <a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/photoscroll.php">Photo Search</a><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/gallery_list.php">Photo Galleries</a><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/gallery.php?d=2016-10-26">New Photos Today</a><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/gallery.php?d=2016-10-25">New Photos Yesterday</a><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/picusers.php">Members' Photo Galleries</a><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/gallery.php?potd=1">Past Photo of the Day Gallery</a></div> <div class="centerer whitecenterer"> <div id="topmainbanner"></div> <div id="topmainbannertablet"></div> <div id="topmainbannerphone"></div> <div class="fpbox720p"><h1 class="bignwide">The Mineralogy of Praseodymium</h1><div id="elementdataarea"><table class="mindattable ele50"><tr><th class="eleh2">About Praseodymium</th></tr><tr><td>Praseodymium is a 'rare earth' element of the lanthanide group, it is a soft, silvery, ductile and malleable metal.</td></tr></table><table class="mindattable ele50 th2"><tr><th class="eleh2" colspan="2">General Properties</th></tr><tr><th>Symbol:</th><td>Pr</td></tr><tr><th>Atomic Number:</th><td>59</td></tr><tr><th>Standard atomic weight (A<sub>r</sub>):</th><td>140.90765(2) </td></tr><tr><th>Electron configuration:</th><td>[<a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Xenon">Xe</a>] 4f<sup>3</sup> 6s<sup>2</sup></td></tr></table><script> var hpicarr = new Array(); var hpicdesc = new Array(); var hpicid = new Array(); var hpicnt = 0; hpicarr.push("06929490014447685034670.jpg"); hpicdesc.push("Ultrapure praseodymium pieces under argon"); hpicid.push("710825");hpicarr.push("05651080014447685626696.jpg"); hpicdesc.push("Green praseodymium glass bead"); hpicid.push("710826"); function hpnext() { $("#elepic_"+hpicnt).fadeOut(400); hpicnt++; if(hpicnt==2) hpicnt=0; $("#elepic_"+hpicnt).fadeIn(400); $("#elephotodesc").html(hpicdesc[hpicnt]); $("#elephotoblock a").attr('href','/photo-'+hpicid[hpicnt]+'.html'); } function hpprev() { $("#elepic_"+hpicnt).fadeOut(400); hpicnt--; if(hpicnt<0) hpicnt=1; $("#elepic_"+hpicnt).fadeIn(400); $("#elephotodesc").html(hpicdesc[hpicnt]); $("#elephotoblock a").attr('href','/photo-'+hpicid[hpicnt]+'.html'); } </script><table class="mindattable ele50"><tr><th class="eleh2" colspan="3">Photos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="3"><div id="elephotoblock"><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/photo-710825.html"><img id="elepic_0" style="display: block;" src="/web/20161026074020im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/element_head_06929490014447685034670.jpg" alt=""/><img id="elepic_1" src="/web/20161026074020im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/element_head_05651080014447685626696.jpg" alt=""/></a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="hpicbutton"><span onclick="hpprev();"><</td><td><div id="elephotodesc">Ultrapure praseodymium pieces under argon</div></td><td class="hpicbutton"><span onclick="hpnext();">></span></td></tr></table><table class="mindattable ele50 th2"><tr><th colspan="2" class="eleh2">Atomic Properties</th></tr><tr><th>Electronegativity (Pauling scale):</th><td>1.13</td></tr><tr><th>Atomic Radius:</th><td>247 pm</td></tr><tr><th>Ionic Radius:</th><td>99 pm (+3)</td></tr><tr><th>1st Ionization energy:</th><td>527 kJ/mol</td></tr><tr><th>1st Electron affinity:</th><td>-50 kJ/mol</td></tr><tr><th>Oxidation States:</th><td>2,3,4</td></tr></table><table class="mindattable ele50 th2"><tr><th colspan="2" class="eleh2">Physical Properties</th></tr><tr><th>Standard State:</th><td>solid</td></tr><tr><th>Bonding Type:</th><td>metallic</td></tr><tr><th>Melting Point:</th><td>1204 K</td></tr><tr><th>Boiling Point:</th><td>3563 K</td></tr><tr><th>Density:</th><td>6.64 g/cm<sup>3</sup></td></tr><tr><th>Metal/Non-Metal:</th><td>lanthanoid</td></tr></table><table class="mindattable ele50"><tr><th class="eleh2" colspan="5">Main isotopes of Praseodymium</th></tr><tr><th>Isotope</th><th>% in Nature</th><th>Half Life</th><th>Decay type</th><th>Decay product</th></tr><tr><td rowspan="1"><sup>141</sup>Pr</td><td rowspan="1">100%</td><td rowspan="1">-</td><td><i>Spontaneous fission</i> ?</td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><sup>142</sup>Pr</td><td rowspan="2">synthetic</td><td rowspan="2">19.12h</td><td>β−</td><td><sup>142</sup><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Neodymium">Nd</a></td></tr><tr><td>ε</td><td><sup>142</sup><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Cerium">Ce</a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1"><sup>143</sup>Pr</td><td rowspan="1">synthetic</td><td rowspan="1">13.57d</td><td>β−</td><td><sup>143</sup><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Neodymium">Nd</a></td></tr></table><table class="mindattable ele50"><tr><th class="eleh2" colspan="5">Main ions of Praseodymium</th></tr><tr><th>Name</th><th>Ion</th><th>Example minerals</th></tr><tr><td>praseodymium(II)</td><td><span class="newformula">Pr<sub class="newformsub newformabs"></sub><sup class="newformsup">2+</sup></span></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>praseodymium(III)</td><td><span class="newformula">Pr<sub class="newformsub newformabs"></sub><sup class="newformsup">3+</sup></span></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>praseodymium(IV)</td><td><span class="newformula">Pr<sub class="newformsub newformabs"></sub><sup class="newformsup">4+</sup></span></td><td></td></tr></table><table class="mindattable ele50 th2"><tr><th colspan="2" class="eleh2">Other Information</th></tr><tr><th>Year Discovered:</th><td>1885</td></tr><tr><th>Discovered By:</th><td><div class="userbigpicture " style="margin: auto; width: 245px;"><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/photo-711584.html"><img width="245" src="/web/20161026074020im_/http://www.mindat.org/arphotos/245-07638290014451077313689.jpg"></a><div class="userbigpicturecomment"><b>Carl Auer von Welsbach</b></div></div></td></tr><tr><th>Named For:</th><td>From Greek: prasios didymos -"green twin"</td></tr><tr><th>External Links:</th><td><a target="_blank" style="display: block" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/click.php?enc=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvUHJhc2VvZHltaXVt">Wikipedia</a><a target="_blank" style="display: block" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/click.php?enc=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cud2ViZWxlbWVudHMuY29tL3ByYXNlb2R5bWl1bS8%3D">WebElements</a><a target="_blank" style="display: block" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/click.php?enc=aHR0cDovL3BlcmlvZGljLmxhbmwuZ292LzU5LnNodG1s">Los Alamos National Laboratory</a><a target="_blank" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/click.php?enc=aHR0cDovL3d3dy5wZXJpb2RpY3RhYmxlLmNvbS9FbGVtZW50cy8wNTkvaW5kZXguaHRtbA%3D%3D">Theodore Gray's PeriodicTable.com</a></td></tr></table><table class="mindattable ele50" id="elementabundance"><tr> <th colspan="4" class="eleh2">Simple Compounds</th></tr><tr><th class="hidephone" rowspan="1">Nitrides</th><td>praseodymium nitride</td><td><span>PrN</span></td><td>+3</td></tr><tr><th class="hidephone" rowspan="2">Sulfides</th><td>praseodymium sulphide</td><td><span>PrS</span></td><td>+2</td></tr><tr><td>dipraseodymium trisulphide</td><td><span>Pr<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub></span></td><td>+3</td></tr><tr><th class="hidephone" rowspan="1">Selenides</th><td>praseodymium selenide</td><td><span>PrSe</span></td><td>+2</td></tr><tr><th class="hidephone" rowspan="2">Tellurides</th><td>praseodymium telluride</td><td><span>PrTe</span></td><td>+2</td></tr><tr><td>dipraseodymium tritelluride</td><td><span>Pr<sub>2</sub>Te<sub>3</sub></span></td><td>+3</td></tr><tr><th class="hidephone" rowspan="3">Fluorides</th><td>praseodymium difluoride</td><td><span>PrF<sub>2</sub></span></td><td>+2</td></tr><tr><td>praseodymium trifluoride</td><td><span>PrF<sub>3</sub></span></td><td>+3</td></tr><tr><td>praseodymium tetrafluoride</td><td><span>PrF<sub>4</sub></span></td><td>+4</td></tr><tr><th class="hidephone" rowspan="1">Chlorides</th><td>praseodymium trichloride</td><td><span>PrCl<sub>3</sub></span></td><td>+3</td></tr><tr><th class="hidephone" rowspan="2">Bromides</th><td>praseodymium tribromide</td><td><span>PrBr<sub>3</sub></span></td><td>+3</td></tr><tr><td>dipraseodymium pentabromide</td><td><span>Pr<sub>2</sub>Br<sub>5</sub></span></td><td></td></tr><tr><th class="hidephone" rowspan="3">Iodides</th><td>praseodymium diiodide</td><td><span>PrI<sub>2</sub></span></td><td>+2</td></tr><tr><td>praseodymium triiodide</td><td><span>PrI<sub>3</sub></span></td><td>+3</td></tr><tr><td>dipraseodymium pentaiodide</td><td><span>Pr<sub>2</sub>I<sub>5</sub></span></td><td></td></tr><tr><th class="hidephone" rowspan="2">Oxides</th><td>praseodymium dioxide</td><td><span>PrO<sub>2</sub></span></td><td>+4</td></tr><tr><td>dipraseodymium trioxide</td><td><span>Pr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></span></td><td>+3</td></tr><table class="mindattable ele50"><tr><th colspan="2" class="eleh2">Geochemistry of Praseodymium</th></tr><tr><th>Goldschmidt classification:</th><td>Lithophile</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><span>Pr<sup>3+</sup></span> was one of the ions least depleted from the mantle in the formation of the crust.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><span>Pr<sup>3+</sup></span> is enriched in Ca-Al-rich inclusions in meteorites relative to the composition of the solar system.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><span>Pr<sup>3+</sup></span> is concentrated in residual soils and sediments (less certainty.)</td></tr></table><table class="mindattable ele50" id="elementabundance"><tr><th colspan="3" class="eleh2">Elemental Abundance for Praseodymium</th></tr><tr><th>Crust (CRC Handbook)</th><td>9.2 x 10<sup>-6</sup></td><td>mass fraction, kg/kg</td></tr><tr><th>Crust (Kaye & Laby)</th><td>1.3 x 10<sup>-5</sup></td><td>mass fraction, kg/kg</td></tr><tr><th>Crust (Greenwood)</th><td>9.1 x 10<sup>-6</sup></td><td>mass fraction, kg/kg</td></tr><tr><th>Crust (Ahrens/Taylor)</th><td>3.900 x 10<sup>-6</sup></td><td>mass fraction, kg/kg</td></tr><tr><th>Upper Crust (Ahrens/Taylor)</th><td>7.100 x 10<sup>-6</sup></td><td>mass fraction, kg/kg</td></tr><tr><th>Sea Water (CRC Handbook)</th><td>6.4 x 10<sup>-13</sup></td><td>mass per volume fraction, kg/L</td></tr><tr><th>Sea Water (Kaye & Laby)</th><td>6.4 x 10<sup>-13</sup></td><td>mass per volume fraction, kg/L</td></tr><tr><th>The Sun (Kaye & Laby)</th><td>1.4 x 10<sup>-7</sup></td><td>atom mole fraction relative to Si=1</td></tr><tr><th>Solar System (Kaye & Laby)</th><td>1.7 x 10<sup>-7</sup></td><td>atom mole fraction relative to Si=1</td></tr><tr><th>Solar System (Ahrens)</th><td>1.669 x 10<sup>-7 </sup> (2.4%)</td><td>atom mole fraction relative to Si=1 (% uncertainty)</td></tr></table><script src="/web/20161026074020js_/http://www.mindat.org/js/sorttable.js"></script><div class="nosplitme"><table class="mindattable ele50 th2"><tr><th colspan="4" class="eleh2">Element association of Praseodymium in the Mineral World</th><tr><tr><td colspan="4">This table compares the known valid mineral species listed listed with Praseodymium and the other elements listed based on the official IMA formula. <b>Note that unlike other sections on this page this includes non-essential elements.</b><br><br>The first data column contains the total number of minerals listed with Praseodymium and the element listed for that row.<br><br>The second data column lists this number as a percentage of all minerals listed with Praseodymium. <br><br>The final data column compares this percentage against the percentage of all minerals that contain the element listed in each row.<br><br><b>Click on a heading to sort.</b></td></tr></table><table style="margin-top: -5px;" class="mindattable ele50 th2 sortable"><tr><th>Element</th><th class="sorttable_numeric">Valid Minerals listed with element and Praseodymium</th><th class="sorttable_numeric">% of Pr minerals</th><th class="sorttable_numeric">Relative to % in all minerals</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Neodymium">Neodymium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Nd%2CPr%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="2">2 minerals with Pr and Nd</a></td><td style="background-color: #ffd500" sorttable_customkey="100">100.00%</td><td style="background-color: #9cff9c" sorttable_customkey="100307">9,930.77% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=La%2CPr%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="2">2 minerals with Pr and La</a></td><td style="background-color: #ffd500" sorttable_customkey="100">100.00%</td><td style="background-color: #9cff9c" sorttable_customkey="56695">5,569.57% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Oxygen">Oxygen</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=O%2CPr%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="2">2 minerals with Pr and O</a></td><td style="background-color: #ffd500" sorttable_customkey="100">100.00%</td><td style="background-color: #e4ffe4" sorttable_customkey="1267">26.72% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Cerium">Cerium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Ce%2CPr%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="1">1 mineral with Pr and Ce</a></td><td style="background-color: #ffea80" sorttable_customkey="50">50.00%</td><td style="background-color: #9cff9c" sorttable_customkey="14651">1,365.17% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Thorium">Thorium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Th%2CPr%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="1">1 mineral with Pr and Th</a></td><td style="background-color: #ffea80" sorttable_customkey="50">50.00%</td><td style="background-color: #9cff9c" sorttable_customkey="54333">5,333.33% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Samarium">Samarium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Sm%2CPr%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="1">1 mineral with Pr and Sm</a></td><td style="background-color: #ffea80" sorttable_customkey="50">50.00%</td><td style="background-color: #9cff9c" sorttable_customkey="434666">43,366.67% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Calcium">Calcium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Ca%2CPr%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="1">1 mineral with Pr and Ca</a></td><td style="background-color: #ffea80" sorttable_customkey="50">50.00%</td><td style="background-color: #9eff9e" sorttable_customkey="1966">96.68% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=H%2CPr%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="1">1 mineral with Pr and H</a></td><td style="background-color: #ffea80" sorttable_customkey="50">50.00%</td><td style="background-color: #fff4f4" sorttable_customkey="899">10.04% lower</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Carbon">Carbon</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=C%2CPr%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="1">1 mineral with Pr and C</a></td><td style="background-color: #ffea80" sorttable_customkey="50">50.00%</td><td style="background-color: #9cff9c" sorttable_customkey="6536">553.63% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Sodium">Sodium</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Na%2CPr%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="1">1 mineral with Pr and Na</a></td><td style="background-color: #ffea80" sorttable_customkey="50">50.00%</td><td style="background-color: #9cff9c" sorttable_customkey="2556">155.69% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=P%2CPr%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="1">1 mineral with Pr and P</a></td><td style="background-color: #ffea80" sorttable_customkey="50">50.00%</td><td style="background-color: #9cff9c" sorttable_customkey="4383">338.32% higher</td></tr></tr><tr><th><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Silicon">Silicon</a></th><td><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/chemsearch.php?inc=Si%2CPr%2C&exc=&ima=0&sub=Search+for+Minerals" sorttable_customkey="1">1 mineral with Pr and Si</a></td><td style="background-color: #ffea80" sorttable_customkey="50">50.00%</td><td style="background-color: #b4ffb4" sorttable_customkey="1743">74.33% higher</td></tr></tr></table></div><table class="mindattable ele50"><tr><th class="eleh2">Periodic Table</th></tr><tr><td><div id="chemtdesc"></div> <table class="chemtablesmall"> <tr> <td rowspan="11"></td> <td class="elem"><a name="H" title="Hydrogen" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Hydrogen">1<b>H</b></a></td> <td colspan="16"></td> <td class="elem"><a name="He" title="Helium" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Helium">2<b>He</b></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="elem"><a name="Li" title="Lithium" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Lithium">3<b>Li</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Be" title="Beryllium" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Beryllium">4<b>Be</b></a></td> <td></td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="2"> <input checked name="hideshow" id="hideshow" type="checkbox"/><label for="hideshow">Show/hide current element</label> </td> <td class="elem"><a name="B" title="Boron" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Boron">5<b>B</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="C" title="Carbon" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Carbon">6<b>C</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="N" title="Nitrogen" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Nitrogen">7<b>N</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="O" title="Oxygen" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Oxygen">8<b>O</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="F" title="Fluorine" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Fluorine">9<b>F</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ne" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Neon" title="Neon">10<b>Ne</b></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="elem"><a name="Na" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Sodium" title="Sodium">11<b>Na</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Mg" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">12<b>Mg</b></a></td> <td></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Al" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">13<b>Al</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Si" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Silicon" title="Silicon">14<b>Si</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="P" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">15<b>P</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="S" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">16<b>S</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Cl" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">17<b>Cl</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ar" title="Argon" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Argon">18<b>Ar</b></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="elem"><a name="K" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Potassium" title="Potassium">19<b>K</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ca" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Calcium" title="Calcium">20<b>Ca</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Sc" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Scandium" title="Scandium">21<b>Sc</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ti" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Titanium" title="Titanium">22<b>Ti</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="V" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">23<b>V</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Cr" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Chromium" title="Chromium">24<b>Cr</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Mn" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Manganese" title="Manganese">25<b>Mn</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Fe" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Iron" title="Iron">26<b>Fe</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Co" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">27<b>Co</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ni" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Nickel" title="Nickel">28<b>Ni</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Cu" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Copper" title="Copper">29<b>Cu</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Zn" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Zinc" title="Zinc">30<b>Zn</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ga" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Gallium" title="Gallium">31<b>Ga</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ge" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Germanium" title="Germanium">32<b>Ge</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="As" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">33<b>As</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Se" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Selenium" title="Selenium">34<b>Se</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Br" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Bromine" title="Bromine">35<b>Br</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Kr" title="Krypton" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Krypton">36<b>Kr</b></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="elem"><a name="Rb" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">37<b>Rb</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Sr" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Strontium" title="Strontium">38<b>Sr</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Y" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">39<b>Y</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Zr" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">40<b>Zr</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Nb" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Niobium" title="Niobium">41<b>Nb</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Mo" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">42<b>Mo</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Tc" title="Technetium" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Technetium">43<b>Tc</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ru" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">44<b>Ru</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Rh" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">45<b>Rh</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Pd" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Palladium" title="Palladium">46<b>Pd</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ag" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Silver" title="Silver">47<b>Ag</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Cd" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">48<b>Cd</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="In" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Indium" title="Indium">49<b>In</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Sn" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Tin" title="Tin">50<b>Sn</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Sb" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Antimony" title="Antimony">51<b>Sb</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Te" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">52<b>Te</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="I" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Iodine" title="Iodine">53<b>I</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Xe" title="Xenon" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Xenon">54<b>Xe</b></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="elem"><a name="Cs" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Caesium" title="Caesium">55<b>Cs</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ba" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Barium" title="Barium">56<b>Ba</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="La" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">57<b>La</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Hf" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">72<b>Hf</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ta" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">73<b>Ta</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="W" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">74<b>W</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Re" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">75<b>Re</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Os" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Osmium" title="Osmium">76<b>Os</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ir" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Iridium" title="Iridium">77<b>Ir</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Pt" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Platinum" title="Platinum">78<b>Pt</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Au" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Gold" title="Gold">79<b>Au</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Hg" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Mercury" title="Mercury">80<b>Hg</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Tl" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Thallium" title="Thallium">81<b>Tl</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Pb" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Lead" title="Lead">82<b>Pb</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Bi" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">83<b>Bi</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Po" title="Polonium" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Polonium">84<b>Po</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="At" title="Astatine" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Astatine">85<b>At</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Rn" title="Radon" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Radon">86<b>Rn</b></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="elem"><a name="Fr" title="Francium" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Francium">87<b>Fr</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ra" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Radium" title="Radium">88<b>Ra</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ac" title="Actinium" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Actinium">89<b>Ac</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Rf" title="Rutherfordium" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Rutherfordium">104<b>Rd</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Db" title="Dubnium" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Dubnium">105<b>Db</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Sg" title="Seaborgium" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Seaborgium">106<b>Sg</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Bh" title="Bohrium" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Bohrium">107<b>Bh</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Hs" title="Hassium" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Hassium">108<b>Hs</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Mt" title="Meitnerium" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Meitnerium">109<b>Mt</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ds" title="Darmstadtium" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Darmstadtium">110<b>Ds</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Rg" title="Roentgenium" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Roentgenium">111<b>Rg</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Cn" title="Copernicium" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Copernicium">112<b>Cn</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Uut" title="Ununtrium" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Ununtrium">113<b>Uut</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Fl" title="Flerovium" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Flerovium">114<b>Fl</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Uup" title="Ununpentium" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Ununpentium">115<b>Uup</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Lv" title="Livermorium" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Livermorium">116<b>Lv</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Uus" title="Ununseptium" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Ununseptium">117<b>Uus</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Uuo" title="Ununoctium" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Ununoctium">118<b>Uuo</b></a></td> </tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr> <td colspan="2"></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ce" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Cerium" title="Cerium">58<b>Ce</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Pr" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">59<b>Pr</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Nd" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">60<b>Nd</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Pm" title="Promethium" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Promethium">61<b>Pm</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Sm" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Samarium" title="Samarium">62<b>Sm</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Eu" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Europium" title="Europium">63<b>Eu</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Gd" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">64<b>Gd</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Tb" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Terbium" title="Terbium">65<b>Tb</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Dy" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">66<b>Dy</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Ho" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Holmium" title="Holmium">67<b>Ho</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Er" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Erbium" title="Erbium">68<b>Er</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Tm" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Thulium" title="Thulium">69<b>Tm</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Yb" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">70<b>Yb</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Lu" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">71<b>Lu</b></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Th" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Thorium" title="Thorium">90<b>Th</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Pa" title="Protactinium" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Protactinium">91<b>Pa</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="U" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Uranium" title="Uranium">92<b>U</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Np" title="Neptunium" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Neptunium">93<b>Np</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Pu" title="Plutonium" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Plutonium">94<b>Pu</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Am" title="Americium" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Americium">95<b>Am</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Cm" title="Curium" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Curium">96<b>Cm</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Bk" title="Berkelium" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Berkelium">97<b>Bk</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Cf" title="Californium" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Californium">98<b>Cf</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Es" title="Einsteinium" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Einsteinium">99<b>Es</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Fm" title="Fermium" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Fermium">100<b>Fm</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Md" title="Mendelevium" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Mendelevium">101<b>Md</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="No" title="Nobelium" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Nobelium">102<b>No</b></a></td> <td class="elem"><a name="Lr" title="Lawrencium" href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Lawrencium">103<b>Lr</b></a></td> </tr> </table> <script> var permode = "Default"; var peropts = { "Default": { "key": { "Listed in minerals": "#fcfcfc", "Not listed": "#ccc" }, "desc": [ "<h2>Periodic Table<\/h2>Click on any element to navigate to the page on that element. Click on a button below the table to view other data mapped to this table view. This view simply shows all elements that are listed in a mineral formula in mindat.org. Other elements may be found in smaller levels in some minerals but are not listed in any formula." ], "default": "#ccc", "H": "#fcfcfc", "Li": "#fcfcfc", "Be": "#fcfcfc", "B": "#fcfcfc", "C": "#fcfcfc", "N": "#fcfcfc", "O": "#fcfcfc", "F": "#fcfcfc", "Na": "#fcfcfc", "Mg": "#fcfcfc", "Al": "#fcfcfc", "Si": "#fcfcfc", "P": "#fcfcfc", "S": "#fcfcfc", "Cl": "#fcfcfc", "K": "#fcfcfc", "Ca": "#fcfcfc", "Sc": "#fcfcfc", "Ti": "#fcfcfc", "V": "#fcfcfc", "Cr": "#fcfcfc", "Mn": "#fcfcfc", "Fe": "#fcfcfc", "Co": "#fcfcfc", "Ni": "#fcfcfc", "Cu": "#fcfcfc", "Zn": "#fcfcfc", "Ga": "#fcfcfc", "Ge": "#fcfcfc", "As": "#fcfcfc", "Se": "#fcfcfc", "Br": "#fcfcfc", "Rb": "#fcfcfc", "Sr": "#fcfcfc", "Y": "#fcfcfc", "Zr": "#fcfcfc", "Nb": "#fcfcfc", "Mo": "#fcfcfc", "Ru": "#fcfcfc", "Rh": "#fcfcfc", "Pd": "#fcfcfc", "Ag": "#fcfcfc", "Cd": "#fcfcfc", "In": "#fcfcfc", "Sn": "#fcfcfc", "Sb": "#fcfcfc", "Te": "#fcfcfc", "I": "#fcfcfc", "Cs": "#fcfcfc", "Ba": "#fcfcfc", "La": "#fcfcfc", "Ce": "#fcfcfc", "Pr": "#fcfcfc", "Nd": "#fcfcfc", "Sm": "#fcfcfc", "Gd": "#fcfcfc", "Dy": "#fcfcfc", "Yb": "#fcfcfc", "Hf": "#fcfcfc", "Ta": "#fcfcfc", "W": "#fcfcfc", "Re": "#fcfcfc", "Os": "#fcfcfc", "Ir": "#fcfcfc", "Pt": "#fcfcfc", "Au": "#fcfcfc", "Hg": "#fcfcfc", "Tl": "#fcfcfc", "Pb": "#fcfcfc", "Bi": "#fcfcfc", "Th": "#fcfcfc", "U": "#fcfcfc", "": "#fcfcfc" }, "Categories": { "key": { "Alkali Metal": "#F6A9BF", "Alkaline Earth": "#FFDCA9", "Transition Metal": "#FAF8D9", "Basic Metal": "#D4EBD8", "Semimetal": "#93D9F5", "Nonmetal": "#BFD6EF", "Halogen": "#E0E0F0", "Noble Gas": "#E1CFE5", "Lanthanides": "#E7DAD4", "Actinides": "#F4DCD4" }, "desc": "<h2>Element Groups<\/h2>This table shows the elements coloured based on their element groups. ", "default": "#FAF8D9", "H": "#BFD6EF", "C": "#BFD6EF", "N": "#BFD6EF", "O": "#BFD6EF", "P": "#BFD6EF", "S": "#BFD6EF", "Se": "#BFD6EF", "Li": "#F6A9BF", "Na": "#F6A9BF", "K": "#F6A9BF", "Rb": "#F6A9BF", "Cs": "#F6A9BF", "Fr": "#F6A9BF", "Be": "#FFDCA9", "Mg": "#FFDCA9", "Ca": "#FFDCA9", "Sr": "#FFDCA9", "Ba": "#FFDCA9", "Ra": "#FFDCA9", "Al": "#D4EBD8", "Ga": "#D4EBD8", "In": "#D4EBD8", "Sn": "#D4EBD8", "Tl": "#D4EBD8", "Pb": "#D4EBD8", "Bi": "#D4EBD8", "Uut": "#D4EBD8", "Fl": "#D4EBD8", "Uup": "#D4EBD8", "Lv": "#D4EBD8", "B": "#93D9F5", "Si": "#93D9F5", "Ge": "#93D9F5", "As": "#93D9F5", "Sb": "#93D9F5", "Te": "#93D9F5", "Po": "#93D9F5", "F": "#E0E0F0", "Cl": "#E0E0F0", "Br": "#E0E0F0", "I": "#E0E0F0", "At": "#E0E0F0", "Uus": "#E0E0F0", "He": "#E1CFE5", "Ne": "#E1CFE5", "Ar": "#E1CFE5", "Kr": "#E1CFE5", "Xe": "#E1CFE5", "Rn": "#E1CFE5", "Uuo": "#E1CFE5", "La": "#E7DAD4", "Ce": "#E7DAD4", "Pr": "#E7DAD4", "Nd": "#E7DAD4", "Pm": "#E7DAD4", "Sm": "#E7DAD4", "Eu": "#E7DAD4", "Gd": "#E7DAD4", "Tb": "#E7DAD4", "Dy": "#E7DAD4", "Ho": "#E7DAD4", "Er": "#E7DAD4", "Tm": "#E7DAD4", "Yb": "#E7DAD4", "Lu": "#E7DAD4", "Ac": "#F4DCD4", "Th": "#F4DCD4", "Pa": "#F4DCD4", "U": "#F4DCD4", "Np": "#F4DCD4", "Pu": "#F4DCD4", "Am": "#F4DCD4", "Cm": "#F4DCD4", "Bk": "#F4DCD4", "Cf": "#F4DCD4", "Es": "#F4DCD4", "Fm": "#F4DCD4", "Md": "#F4DCD4", "No": "#F4DCD4", "Lr": "#F4DCD4" }, "CPK": { "key": [], "desc": "<h2>CPK Coloring<\/h2>A popular colour convention for distinguishing atoms of the different elements in molecular models. Named after the original system derived by Robert Corey and Linus Pauling from Caltech, later improved by Walter Koltun.", "default": "#fcfcfc", "H": "#FFFFFF", "He": "#D9FFFF", "Li": "#CC80FF", "Be": "#C2FF00", "B": "#FFB5B5", "C": "#909090", "N": "#3050F8", "O": "#FF0D0D", "F": "#1FF01F", "Ne": "#B3E3F5", "Na": "#AB5CF2", "Mg": "#8AFF00", "Al": "#BFA6A6", "Si": "#F0C8A0", "P": "#FF8000", "S": "#FFFF30", "Cl": "#1FF01F", "Ar": "#80D1E3", "K": "#8F40D4", "Ca": "#3DFF00", "Sc": "#E6E6E6", "Ti": "#BFC2C7", "V": "#A6A6AB", "Cr": "#8A99C7", "Mn": "#9C7AC7", "Fe": "#E06633", "Co": "#F090A0", "Ni": "#50D050", "Cu": "#C88033", "Zn": "#7D80B0", "Ga": "#C28F8F", "Ge": "#668F8F", "As": "#BD80E3", "Se": "#FFA100", "Br": "#A62929", "Kr": "#5CB8D1", "Rb": "#702EB0", "Sr": "#00FF00", "Y": "#94FFFF", "Zr": "#94E0E0", "Nb": "#73C2C9", "Mo": "#54B5B5", "Tc": "#3B9E9E", "Ru": "#248F8F", "Rh": "#0A7D8C", "Pd": "#006985", "Ag": "#C0C0C0", "Cd": "#FFD98F", "In": "#A67573", "Sn": "#668080", "Sb": "#9E63B5", "Te": "#D47A00", "I": "#940094", "Xe": "#429EB0", "Cs": "#57178F", "Ba": "#00C900", "La": "#70D4FF", "Ce": "#FFFFC7", "Pr": "#D9FFC7", "Nd": "#C7FFC7", "Pm": "#A3FFC7", "Sm": "#8FFFC7", "Eu": "#61FFC7", "Gd": "#45FFC7", "Tb": "#30FFC7", "Dy": "#1FFFC7", "Ho": "#00FF9C", "Er": "#006E75", "Tm": "#00D452", "Yb": "#00BF38", "Lu": "#00AB24", "Hf": "#4DC2FF", "Ta": "#4DA6FF", "W": "#2194D6", "Re": "#267DAB", "Os": "#266696", "Ir": "#175487", "Pt": "#D0D0E0", "Au": "#FFD123", "Hg": "#B8B8D0", "Tl": "#A6544D", "Pb": "#575961", "Bi": "#9E4FB5", "Po": "#AB5C00", "At": "#754F45", "Rn": "#428296", "Fr": "#420066", "Ra": "#007D00", "Ac": "#70ABFA", "Th": "#00BAFF", "Pa": "#00A1FF", "U": "#008FFF", "Np": "#0080FF", "Pu": "#006BFF", "Am": "#545CF2", "Cm": "#785CE3", "Bk": "#8A4FE3", "Cf": "#A136D4", "Es": "#B31FD4", "Fm": "#B31FBA", "Md": "#B30DA6", "No": "#BD0D87", "Lr": "#C70066", "Rf": "#CC0059", "Db": "#D1004F", "Sg": "#D90045", "Bh": "#E00038", "Hs": "#E6002E", "Mt": "#EB0026", "Ds": "#", "Rg": "#", "Cn": "#", "Uut": "#", "Fl": "#", "Uup": "#", "Lv": "#", "Uus": "#", "Uuo": "#" }, "Electronegativity": { "key": { "0.70 - 0.99": "#797fd7", "1.00 - 1.49": "#79b7d7", "1.50 - 1.99": "#79d79c", "2.00 - 2.49": "#b0d779", "2.50 - 2.99": "#d7d679", "3.00 - 3.49": "#d79f79", "3.50 - 3.99": "#d7797b", "None\/Not recorded": "#ccc" }, "desc": "<h2>Electronegativity<\/h2>Pauling Scale.", "default": "#ccc", "H": "#b0d779", "He": "#ccc", "Li": "#797fd7", "Be": "#79d79c", "B": "#b0d779", "C": "#d7d679", "N": "#d79f79", "O": "#d79f79", "F": "#d7797b", "Ne": "#ccc", "Na": "#797fd7", "Mg": "#79b7d7", "Al": "#79d79c", "Si": "#79d79c", "P": "#b0d779", "S": "#d7d679", "Cl": "#d79f79", "Ar": "#ccc", "K": "#797fd7", "Ca": "#79b7d7", "Sc": "#79b7d7", "Ti": "#79d79c", "V": "#79d79c", "Cr": "#79d79c", "Mn": "#79d79c", "Fe": "#79d79c", "Co": "#79d79c", "Ni": "#79d79c", "Cu": "#79d79c", "Zn": "#79d79c", "Ga": "#79d79c", "Ge": "#b0d779", "As": "#b0d779", "Se": "#d7d679", "Br": "#d7d679", "Kr": "#ccc", "Rb": "#797fd7", "Sr": "#797fd7", "Y": "#79b7d7", "Zr": "#79b7d7", "Nb": "#79d79c", "Mo": "#b0d779", "Tc": "#79d79c", "Ru": "#b0d779", "Rh": "#b0d779", "Pd": "#b0d779", "Ag": "#79d79c", "Cd": "#79d79c", "In": "#79d79c", "Sn": "#79d79c", "Sb": "#b0d779", "Te": "#b0d779", "I": "#d7d679", "Xe": "#ccc", "Cs": "#797fd7", "Ba": "#797fd7", "La": "#79b7d7", "Ce": "#79b7d7", "Pr": "#79b7d7", "Nd": "#79b7d7", "Pm": "#79b7d7", "Sm": "#79b7d7", "Eu": "#79b7d7", "Gd": "#79b7d7", "Tb": "#79b7d7", "Dy": "#79b7d7", "Ho": "#79b7d7", "Er": "#79b7d7", "Tm": "#79b7d7", "Yb": "#79b7d7", "Lu": "#79b7d7", "Hf": "#79b7d7", "Ta": "#79d79c", "W": "#b0d779", "Re": "#79d79c", "Os": "#b0d779", "Ir": "#b0d779", "Pt": "#b0d779", "Au": "#d7d679", "Hg": "#b0d779", "Tl": "#b0d779", "Pb": "#b0d779", "Bi": "#b0d779", "Po": "#b0d779", "At": "#b0d779", "Rn": "#ccc", "Fr": "#797fd7", "Ra": "#797fd7", "Ac": "#79b7d7", "Th": "#79b7d7", "Pa": "#79d79c", "U": "#79b7d7", "Np": "#79b7d7", "Pu": "#79b7d7", "Am": "#79b7d7", "Cm": "#79b7d7", "Bk": "#79b7d7", "Cf": "#79b7d7", "Es": "#79b7d7", "Fm": "#79b7d7", "Md": "#79b7d7", "No": "#79b7d7", "Lr": "#79b7d7", "Rf": "#ccc", "Db": "#ccc", "Sg": "#ccc", "Bh": "#ccc", "Hs": "#ccc", "Mt": "#ccc", "Ds": "#ccc", "Rg": "#ccc", "Cn": "#ccc", "Uut": "#ccc", "Fl": "#ccc", "Uup": "#ccc", "Lv": "#ccc", "Uus": "#ccc", "Uuo": "#ccc" }, "Atomic Radius": { "key": { "up to 79 pm": "#797fd7", "80 - 129 pm": "#79b7d7", "130 - 179 pm": "#79d79c", "180 + pm": "#b0d779", "Not recorded": "#ccc" }, "desc": "<h2>Atomic Radius<\/h2>In picometers.", "default": "#ccc", "H": "#797fd7", "He": "#797fd7", "Li": "#79d79c", "Be": "#79b7d7", "B": "#79b7d7", "C": "#797fd7", "N": "#797fd7", "O": "#797fd7", "F": "#797fd7", "Ne": "#797fd7", "Na": "#b0d779", "Mg": "#79d79c", "Al": "#79b7d7", "Si": "#79b7d7", "P": "#79b7d7", "S": "#79b7d7", "Cl": "#797fd7", "Ar": "#797fd7", "K": "#b0d779", "Ca": "#b0d779", "Sc": "#b0d779", "Ti": "#79d79c", "V": "#79d79c", "Cr": "#79d79c", "Mn": "#79d79c", "Fe": "#79d79c", "Co": "#79d79c", "Ni": "#79d79c", "Cu": "#79d79c", "Zn": "#79d79c", "Ga": "#79d79c", "Ge": "#79b7d7", "As": "#79b7d7", "Se": "#79b7d7", "Br": "#79b7d7", "Kr": "#79b7d7", "Rb": "#b0d779", "Sr": "#b0d779", "Y": "#b0d779", "Zr": "#b0d779", "Nb": "#b0d779", "Mo": "#b0d779", "Tc": "#b0d779", "Ru": "#79d79c", "Rh": "#79d79c", "Pd": "#79d79c", "Ag": "#79d79c", "Cd": "#79d79c", "In": "#79d79c", "Sn": "#79d79c", "Sb": "#79d79c", "Te": "#79b7d7", "I": "#79b7d7", "Xe": "#79b7d7", "Cs": "#b0d779", "Ba": "#b0d779", "La": "#79d79c", "Ce": "#b0d779", "Pr": "#b0d779", "Nd": "#b0d779", "Pm": "#b0d779", "Sm": "#b0d779", "Eu": "#b0d779", "Gd": "#b0d779", "Tb": "#b0d779", "Dy": "#b0d779", "Ho": "#b0d779", "Er": "#b0d779", "Tm": "#b0d779", "Yb": "#b0d779", "Lu": "#b0d779", "Hf": "#b0d779", "Ta": "#b0d779", "W": "#b0d779", "Re": "#b0d779", "Os": "#b0d779", "Ir": "#b0d779", "Pt": "#79d79c", "Au": "#79d79c", "Hg": "#79d79c", "Tl": "#79d79c", "Pb": "#79d79c", "Bi": "#79d79c", "Po": "#79d79c", "At": "#79b7d7", "Rn": "#79b7d7", "Fr": "#ccc", "Ra": "#ccc", "Ac": "#ccc", "Th": "#79d79c", "Pa": "#79d79c", "U": "#79d79c", "Np": "#79d79c", "Pu": "#79d79c", "Am": "#79d79c", "Cm": "#79d79c", "Bk": "#79d79c", "Cf": "#ccc", "Es": "#ccc", "Fm": "#ccc", "Md": "#ccc", "No": "#ccc", "Lr": "#ccc", "Rf": "#ccc", "Db": "#ccc", "Sg": "#ccc", "Bh": "#ccc", "Hs": "#ccc", "Mt": "#ccc", "Ds": "#79d79c", "Rg": "#79d79c", "Cn": "#79d79c", "Uut": "#79d79c", "Fl": "#b0d779", "Uup": "#b0d779", "Lv": "#b0d779", "Uus": "#79d79c", "Uuo": "#79d79c" }, "Lowest Oxidation": { "key": { " -4": "#797fd7", " -3": "#79b7d7", " -2": "#79d79c", " -1": "#b0d779", " +1": "#d7d679", " +2": "#d79f79", " +3": "#d7797b", " +4": "#d7457e", "None\/Not recorded": "#ccc" }, "desc": "<h2>Lowest Oxidation Number<\/h2>The lowest recorded oxidation number for each element.", "default": "#ccc", "H": "#b0d779", "He": "#ccc", "Li": "#d7d679", "Be": "#d79f79", "B": "#d7d679", "C": "#797fd7", "N": "#79b7d7", "O": "#79d79c", "F": "#b0d779", "Ne": "#ccc", "Na": "#b0d779", "Mg": "#d7d679", "Al": "#d7d679", "Si": "#797fd7", "P": "#79b7d7", "S": "#79d79c", "Cl": "#b0d779", "Ar": "#ccc", "K": "#d7d679", "Ca": "#d79f79", "Sc": "#d7d679", "Ti": "#b0d779", "V": "#b0d779", "Cr": "#79d79c", "Mn": "#79b7d7", "Fe": "#79d79c", "Co": "#b0d779", "Ni": "#b0d779", "Cu": "#d7d679", "Zn": "#d79f79", "Ga": "#d7d679", "Ge": "#797fd7", "As": "#79b7d7", "Se": "#79d79c", "Br": "#b0d779", "Kr": "#d79f79", "Rb": "#d7d679", "Sr": "#d79f79", "Y": "#d7d679", "Zr": "#d7d679", "Nb": "#b0d779", "Mo": "#79d79c", "Tc": "#79b7d7", "Ru": "#79d79c", "Rh": "#b0d779", "Pd": "#d79f79", "Ag": "#d7d679", "Cd": "#d79f79", "In": "#d7d679", "Sn": "#797fd7", "Sb": "#79b7d7", "Te": "#79d79c", "I": "#b0d779", "Xe": "#d79f79", "Cs": "#d7d679", "Ba": "#d79f79", "La": "#d79f79", "Ce": "#d79f79", "Pr": "#d79f79", "Nd": "#d79f79", "Pm": "#d7797b", "Sm": "#d79f79", "Eu": "#d79f79", "Gd": "#d7d679", "Tb": "#d7d679", "Dy": "#d79f79", "Ho": "#d7797b", "Er": "#d7797b", "Tm": "#d79f79", "Yb": "#d79f79", "Lu": "#d7797b", "Hf": "#d79f79", "Ta": "#b0d779", "W": "#79d79c", "Re": "#79b7d7", "Os": "#79d79c", "Ir": "#79b7d7", "Pt": "#d79f79", "Au": "#b0d779", "Hg": "#d7d679", "Tl": "#d7d679", "Pb": "#797fd7", "Bi": "#79b7d7", "Po": "#79d79c", "At": "#b0d779", "Rn": "#d79f79", "Fr": "#d7d679", "Ra": "#d79f79", "Ac": "#d7797b", "Th": "#d79f79", "Pa": "#d7797b", "U": "#d7797b", "Np": "#d7797b", "Pu": "#d7797b", "Am": "#d79f79", "Cm": "#d7797b", "Bk": "#d7797b", "Cf": "#d79f79", "Es": "#d79f79", "Fm": "#d79f79", "Md": "#d79f79", "No": "#d79f79", "Lr": "#d7797b", "Rf": "#d7457e", "Db": "#ccc", "Sg": "#ccc", "Bh": "#ccc", "Hs": "#ccc", "Mt": "#ccc", "Ds": "#ccc", "Rg": "#ccc", "Cn": "#ccc", "Uut": "#ccc", "Fl": "#ccc", "Uup": "#ccc", "Lv": "#ccc", "Uus": "#ccc", "Uuo": "#ccc" }, "Highest Oxidation": { "key": { " -1": "#797fd7", " +1": "#79b7d7", " +2": "#79d79c", " +3": "#b0d779", " +4": "#d7d679", " +5": "#d79f79", " +6": "#d7797b", " +7": "#d7457e", " +8": "#f465c2", "None\/Not recorded": "#ccc" }, "desc": "<h2>Highest Oxidation Number<\/h2>The highest recorded oxidation number for each element.", "default": "#ccc", "H": "#79b7d7", "He": "#ccc", "Li": "#79b7d7", "Be": "#79d79c", "B": "#b0d779", "C": "#d7d679", "N": "#d79f79", "O": "#79d79c", "F": "#797fd7", "Ne": "#ccc", "Na": "#79b7d7", "Mg": "#79d79c", "Al": "#b0d779", "Si": "#d7d679", "P": "#d79f79", "S": "#d7797b", "Cl": "#d7457e", "Ar": "#ccc", "K": "#79b7d7", "Ca": "#79d79c", "Sc": "#b0d779", "Ti": "#d7d679", "V": "#d7d679", "Cr": "#d7797b", "Mn": "#d7457e", "Fe": "#d7797b", "Co": "#d79f79", "Ni": "#d7d679", "Cu": "#d7d679", "Zn": "#79d79c", "Ga": "#b0d779", "Ge": "#d7d679", "As": "#d79f79", "Se": "#d7797b", "Br": "#d7457e", "Kr": "#79d79c", "Rb": "#79b7d7", "Sr": "#79d79c", "Y": "#b0d779", "Zr": "#d7d679", "Nb": "#d79f79", "Mo": "#d7797b", "Tc": "#d7457e", "Ru": "#f465c2", "Rh": "#d7797b", "Pd": "#d7d679", "Ag": "#b0d779", "Cd": "#79d79c", "In": "#b0d779", "Sn": "#d7d679", "Sb": "#d79f79", "Te": "#d7797b", "I": "#d7457e", "Xe": "#f465c2", "Cs": "#79b7d7", "Ba": "#79d79c", "La": "#b0d779", "Ce": "#d7d679", "Pr": "#d7d679", "Nd": "#b0d779", "Pm": "#b0d779", "Sm": "#b0d779", "Eu": "#b0d779", "Gd": "#b0d779", "Tb": "#d7d679", "Dy": "#b0d779", "Ho": "#b0d779", "Er": "#b0d779", "Tm": "#b0d779", "Yb": "#b0d779", "Lu": "#b0d779", "Hf": "#d7d679", "Ta": "#d79f79", "W": "#d7797b", "Re": "#d7457e", "Os": "#f465c2", "Ir": "#d7797b", "Pt": "#d7797b", "Au": "#d79f79", "Hg": "#d7d679", "Tl": "#b0d779", "Pb": "#d7d679", "Bi": "#d79f79", "Po": "#d7797b", "At": "#d79f79", "Rn": "#79d79c", "Fr": "#79b7d7", "Ra": "#79d79c", "Ac": "#b0d779", "Th": "#d7d679", "Pa": "#d79f79", "U": "#d7797b", "Np": "#d7457e", "Pu": "#d7457e", "Am": "#d7797b", "Cm": "#d7d679", "Bk": "#d7d679", "Cf": "#d7d679", "Es": "#b0d779", "Fm": "#b0d779", "Md": "#b0d779", "No": "#b0d779", "Lr": "#b0d779", "Rf": "#d7d679", "Db": "#ccc", "Sg": "#ccc", "Bh": "#ccc", "Hs": "#ccc", "Mt": "#ccc", "Ds": "#ccc", "Rg": "#ccc", "Cn": "#ccc", "Uut": "#ccc", "Fl": "#ccc", "Uup": "#ccc", "Lv": "#ccc", "Uus": "#ccc", "Uuo": "#ccc" }, "Crustal Abundance": { "key": { "10<sup>-1<\/sup> kg\/kg range": "#1aff53", "10<sup>-2<\/sup> kg\/kg range": "#33ff33", "10<sup>-3<\/sup> kg\/kg range": "#79ff4d", "10<sup>-4<\/sup> kg\/kg range": "#b3ff66", "10<sup>-5<\/sup> kg\/kg range": "#dfff80", "10<sup>-6<\/sup> kg\/kg range": "#ffff99", "10<sup>-7<\/sup> kg\/kg range": "#ffecb3", "10<sup>-8<\/sup> kg\/kg range": "#ffe6cc", "10<sup>-9<\/sup> kg\/kg range": "#ffece6", "10<sup>-10<\/sup> or less kg\/kg range": "#ffffff" }, "desc": "<h2>Crustal Abundance<\/h2>Values from the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition.", "default": "#ccc", "H": "#79ff4d", "He": "#ffece6", "Li": "#dfff80", "Be": "#ffff99", "B": "#dfff80", "C": "#b3ff66", "N": "#dfff80", "O": "#1aff53", "F": "#b3ff66", "Ne": "#ffece6", "Na": "#33ff33", "Mg": "#33ff33", "Al": "#33ff33", "Si": "#1aff53", "P": "#79ff4d", "S": "#b3ff66", "Cl": "#b3ff66", "Ar": "#ffff99", "K": "#33ff33", "Ca": "#33ff33", "Sc": "#dfff80", "Ti": "#79ff4d", "V": "#b3ff66", "Cr": "#b3ff66", "Mn": "#b3ff66", "Fe": "#33ff33", "Co": "#dfff80", "Ni": "#dfff80", "Cu": "#dfff80", "Zn": "#dfff80", "Ga": "#dfff80", "Ge": "#ffff99", "As": "#ffff99", "Se": "#ffe6cc", "Br": "#ffff99", "Kr": "#ffffff", "Rb": "#dfff80", "Sr": "#b3ff66", "Y": "#dfff80", "Zr": "#b3ff66", "Nb": "#dfff80", "Mo": "#ffff99", "Ru": "#ffece6", "Rh": "#ffece6", "Pd": "#ffe6cc", "Ag": "#ffe6cc", "Cd": "#ffecb3", "In": "#ffecb3", "Sn": "#ffff99", "Sb": "#ffecb3", "Te": "#ffece6", "I": "#ffecb3", "Xe": "#ffffff", "Cs": "#ffff99", "Ba": "#b3ff66", "La": "#dfff80", "Ce": "#dfff80", "Pr": "#ffff99", "Nd": "#dfff80", "Sm": "#ffff99", "Eu": "#ffff99", "Gd": "#ffff99", "Tb": "#ffff99", "Dy": "#ffff99", "Ho": "#ffff99", "Er": "#ffff99", "Tm": "#ffecb3", "Yb": "#ffff99", "Lu": "#ffecb3", "Hf": "#ffff99", "Ta": "#ffff99", "W": "#ffff99", "Re": "#ffffff", "Os": "#ffece6", "Ir": "#ffece6", "Pt": "#ffece6", "Au": "#ffece6", "Hg": "#ffe6cc", "Tl": "#ffecb3", "Pb": "#dfff80", "Bi": "#ffece6", "Po": "#ffffff", "Rn": "#ffffff", "Ra": "#ffffff", "Ac": "#ffffff", "Th": "#ffff99", "Pa": "#ffffff", "U": "#ffff99" }, "Goldschmidt": { "key": { "Lithophile": "#ffbb77", "Siderophile": "#ff8ebb", "Chalcophile": "#fff888", "Atmophile": "#bbffff", "Not defined": "#ccc" }, "desc": "<h2>Goldschmidt Classification<\/h2>A geochemical classification of elements according to their preferred host phases into lithophile (rock-loving), siderophile (iron-loving), chalcophile (ore loving\/chalcogen loving) or atmophile (gas-loving). This lists the primary classification for each element.", "default": "#ccc", "H": "#bbffff", "He": "#bbffff", "Li": "#ffbb77", "Be": "#ffbb77", "B": "#ffbb77", "C": "#bbffff", "N": "#bbffff", "O": "#ffbb77", "F": "#ffbb77", "Ne": "#bbffff", "Na": "#ffbb77", "Mg": "#ffbb77", "Al": "#ffbb77", "Si": "#ffbb77", "P": "#ffbb77", "S": "#fff888", "Cl": "#ffbb77", "Ar": "#bbffff", "K": "#ffbb77", "Ca": "#ffbb77", "Sc": "#ffbb77", "Ti": "#ffbb77", "V": "#ffbb77", "Cr": "#ffbb77", "Mn": "#ff8ebb", "Fe": "#ff8ebb", "Co": "#ff8ebb", "Ni": "#ff8ebb", "Cu": "#fff888", "Zn": "#fff888", "Ga": "#fff888", "Ge": "#fff888", "As": "#fff888", "Se": "#fff888", "Br": "#ffbb77", "Kr": "#bbffff", "Rb": "#ffbb77", "Sr": "#ffbb77", "Y": "#ffbb77", "Zr": "#ffbb77", "Nb": "#ffbb77", "Mo": "#ff8ebb", "Tc": "#ffbb77", "Ru": "#ff8ebb", "Rh": "#ff8ebb", "Pd": "#ff8ebb", "Ag": "#fff888", "Cd": "#fff888", "In": "#fff888", "Sn": "#fff888", "Sb": "#fff888", "Te": "#fff888", "I": "#ffbb77", "Xe": "#bbffff", "Cs": "#ffbb77", "Ba": "#ffbb77", "La": "#ffbb77", "Ce": "#ffbb77", "Pr": "#ffbb77", "Nd": "#ffbb77", "Pm": "#ffbb77", "Sm": "#ffbb77", "Eu": "#ffbb77", "Gd": "#ffbb77", "Tb": "#ffbb77", "Dy": "#ffbb77", "Ho": "#ffbb77", "Er": "#ffbb77", "Tm": "#ffbb77", "Yb": "#ffbb77", "Lu": "#ffbb77", "Hf": "#ffbb77", "Ta": "#ffbb77", "W": "#ffbb77", "Re": "#ff8ebb", "Os": "#ff8ebb", "Ir": "#ff8ebb", "Pt": "#ff8ebb", "Au": "#ff8ebb", "Hg": "#fff888", "Tl": "#fff888", "Pb": "#fff888", "Bi": "#fff888", "Po": "#fff888", "At": "#ffbb77", "Rn": "#bbffff", "Fr": "#ffbb77", "Ra": "#ffbb77", "Ac": "#ffbb77", "Th": "#ffbb77", "Pa": "#ffbb77", "U": "#ffbb77", "Np": "#ffbb77", "Pu": "#ffbb77" }, "Mineral Species": { "desc": "<h2>Mineral Species<\/h2>The number of minerals containing each element compared.", "key": { "3000+ minerals": "#ff8c80", "1000-2999 minerals": "#ffc266", "500-999 minerals": "#f0ff66", "100-499 minerals": "#75ff1a", "50-99 minerals": "#33ffcf", "20-49 minerals": "#99e4ff", "1-19 minerals": "#b3b8ff", "No minerals with element": "#ccc" }, "default": "#ccc", "H": "#ffc266", "Li": "#75ff1a", "Be": "#75ff1a", "B": "#75ff1a", "C": "#75ff1a", "N": "#75ff1a", "O": "#ff8c80", "F": "#75ff1a", "Na": "#ffc266", "Mg": "#f0ff66", "Al": "#ffc266", "Si": "#ffc266", "P": "#f0ff66", "S": "#ffc266", "Cl": "#75ff1a", "K": "#f0ff66", "Ca": "#ffc266", "Sc": "#b3b8ff", "Ti": "#75ff1a", "V": "#75ff1a", "Cr": "#33ffcf", "Mn": "#f0ff66", "Fe": "#ffc266", "Co": "#33ffcf", "Ni": "#75ff1a", "Cu": "#f0ff66", "Zn": "#75ff1a", "Ga": "#b3b8ff", "Ge": "#99e4ff", "As": "#f0ff66", "Se": "#75ff1a", "Br": "#b3b8ff", "Rb": "#b3b8ff", "Sr": "#75ff1a", "Y": "#75ff1a", "Zr": "#75ff1a", "Nb": "#75ff1a", "Mo": "#33ffcf", "Ru": "#b3b8ff", "Rh": "#b3b8ff", "Pd": "#33ffcf", "Ag": "#75ff1a", "Cd": "#99e4ff", "In": "#b3b8ff", "Sn": "#33ffcf", "Sb": "#75ff1a", "Te": "#75ff1a", "I": "#99e4ff", "Cs": "#99e4ff", "Ba": "#75ff1a", "La": "#33ffcf", "Ce": "#75ff1a", "Pr": "#b3b8ff", "Nd": "#33ffcf", "Sm": "#b3b8ff", "Gd": "#b3b8ff", "Dy": "#b3b8ff", "Yb": "#b3b8ff", "Hf": "#b3b8ff", "Ta": "#33ffcf", "W": "#99e4ff", "Re": "#b3b8ff", "Os": "#b3b8ff", "Ir": "#99e4ff", "Pt": "#99e4ff", "Au": "#99e4ff", "Hg": "#33ffcf", "Tl": "#33ffcf", "Pb": "#f0ff66", "Bi": "#75ff1a", "Th": "#99e4ff", "U": "#75ff1a", "": "#ff8c80" }, "Minerals with Pr": { "desc": "<h2>Mineral Species<\/h2>Compared with the total number of minerals listed with Pr we show how many of these minerals also contain each other element. A stronger shade of yellow indicates a greater percentage of Pr minerals listed with the indicated element.", "key": { "Low number of Pr minerals with element": "#fcfcfc", "Higher number of Pr minerals with element": "#fcfc40", "No minerals with element and Pr": "#ccc" }, "default": "#ccc", "Nd": "#ffd500", "La": "#ffd500", "O": "#ffd500", "Ce": "#ffea80", "Th": "#ffea80", "Sm": "#ffea80", "Ca": "#ffea80", "H": "#ffea80", "C": "#ffea80", "Na": "#ffea80", "P": "#ffea80", "Si": "#ffea80" }, "Relative Frequency": { "desc": [ "<h2>Relative Frequency<\/h2>Comparing the ratio of the number of mineral species listed with each element + Pr with the ratio of all minerals listed with the element shows us which elements have a closer association with Pr. See the 'Element Association' table to view raw data." ], "key": { "Lower ratio of Pr minerals with element": "#fc4040", "Average ratio Pr minerals with element": "#fcfcfc", "Higher ratio of Pr minerals with element": "#40fc40", "No minerals with element and Pr": "#ccc" }, "default": "#ccc", "Nd": "#9cff9c", "La": "#9cff9c", "O": "#e4ffe4", "Ce": "#9cff9c", "Th": "#9cff9c", "Sm": "#9cff9c", "Ca": "#9eff9e", "H": "#fff4f4", "C": "#9cff9c", "Na": "#9cff9c", "P": "#9cff9c", "Si": "#b4ffb4" } }; $(function() {eleactivate(permode); }); var timtam; $("#hideshow").change(function(){ if($(this).is(":checked")) { $("A[name=Pr]").addClass('eleselected'); } else { $("A[name=Pr]").removeClass('eleselected'); } }) function eleactivate(key) { var ele; var keydesc; var col; var def = peropts[key]["default"]; if(!def) def="#f8f8f8"; $("#chemtdesc").fadeOut(500,function() { $(this).html(peropts[key]["desc"]); $(this).fadeIn(500); }); $(".ptkey").fadeOut(500,function() { var cont = "<h2>Key</h2>"; // "key"=>array("Found in minerals"=>"#fcfcfc","Not found"=>"#ccc"), var keys = Object.keys(peropts[key]["key"]); for(keydes in peropts[key]["key"]) { col=peropts[key]["key"][keydes]; cont+="<div class='keyentry'><span style='background-color: "+col+"; '></span>"+keydes+"</div>"; } $(this).html(cont); $(this).fadeIn(500); }) if(timtam) clearTimeout(timtam); $(".elem A").each(function(index) { ele = $(this).attr('name'); col = peropts[key][ele]; $(this).css('-webkit-transition', 'background 0.5s linear'); $(this).css('-o-transition', 'background 0.5s linear'); $(this).css('-mozilla-transition', 'background 0.5s linear'); $(this).css('transition', 'background 0.5s linear'); if(col) $(this).css('background-color',col); else $(this).css('background-color',def); }); timtam = setTimeout(function() { $(".elem A").css('-webkit-transition', 'none !important'); $(".elem A").css('-o-transition', 'none !important'); $(".elem A").css('-mozilla-transition', 'none !important'); $(".elem A").css('transition', 'none !important'); },1000); } $("A[name=Pr]").addClass('eleselected'); </script> <div class="ptkey"><div></div></div><div class="ptbuttons"><span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("Default")">Default</span> <span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("Categories")">Categories</span> <span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("CPK")">CPK</span> <span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("Electronegativity")">Electronegativity</span> <span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("Atomic Radius")">Atomic Radius</span> <span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("Lowest Oxidation")">Lowest Oxidation</span> <span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("Highest Oxidation")">Highest Oxidation</span> <span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("Crustal Abundance")">Crustal Abundance</span> <span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("Goldschmidt")">Goldschmidt</span> <span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("Mineral Species")">Mineral Species</span> <span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("Minerals with Pr")">Minerals with Pr</span> <span class="peropt" onclick="eleactivate("Relative Frequency")">Relative Frequency</span> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center"><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Cerium">Cerium</a> << <b>Praseodymium</b> >> <a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/element/Neodymium">Neodymium</a></td></tr></table></div><div class="clearer"></div><div class="clearer"></div><div id="element_smallprint"><br><br><b>Spotted a mistake/omission?</b> - These pages are a work in progress, so please send all comments/corrections to <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161026074020/mailto:jolyon@mindat.org">jolyon@mindat.org</a>. Thank you.</br><br> Constants and physical property data from:<br><br> David R. Lide (ed.), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005).<br> Kaye and Laby Tables of Physical & Chemical Constants (2005). Section 3.1.3, Abundances of the elements<br> A. Earnshaw, N. Greenwood, Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, (1997)<br> Thomas J. Ahrens (ed.), Global Earth Physics : A Handbook of Physical Constants, American Geophysical Union (1995)<br> L.B. Railsback, An Earth Scientist's Periodic Table of the Elements and Their Ions : Geology 31:9 p737-740 (2003)<br> Emsley, J. Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. New York: Oxford University Press (2001) </div></div><div id="backdropad" class="hidetablet hidephone"></div> <div id="backdroptext" class="hidetablet hidephone"></div> <div id="backdropadt" class="hidephone hidepc"></div> <div id="backdroptextt" class="hidephone hidepc"></div> <div id="backdropadm" class="hidetablet hidepc"></div> <div id="backdroptextm" class="hidetablet hidepc"></div> <video id="backdropvid"></video> <div id="backdropfade"></div> </div><div id="bformblock"> <form class="flatform" method="get" action="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/nsearch.php"> Mineral <input name="name" style="width: 137px;"/> and/or Locality <input name="loc" style="width: 137px;"> <input type="submit" value="Search"/> </form> </div> <div id="footertext"> Mindat.org is an outreach project of the Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization.<br>Copyright © mindat.org and the Hudson Institute of Mineralogy 1993-2016, except where stated. Mindat.org relies on the contributions of thousands of members and supporters. <br/><a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/privacy.php">Privacy Policy</a> - <a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/terms.php">Terms & Conditions</a> - <a href="/web/20161026074020/http://www.mindat.org/contact.php">Contact Us</a> <span style="float: right">Current server date and time: October 26, 2016 08:40:20 </span> <div class="clearer"></div><div><a href="javascript:scroll(0,0)">Go to top of page</a></div> </div> <script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){(i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o),m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m)})(window,document,'script','//web.archive.org/web/20161026074020/http://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-41671786-1', 'mindat.org'); ga('send', 'pageview'); $(function() { $(".refsrc").each(function(index) { var i = index + 1; var srcid=$(this).attr('id'); var bits = srcid.split('_'); var refid = bits[1]; $("#refsrc_"+refid).html("<a name='refanc_"+refid+"' class='refanchort'>["+i+"]</a>"); $(".reflink_"+refid).each(function() { var con = $(this).html(); var out = i; if (con!='') { out+=" - "+con; } $(this).html("<a href='#refanc_"+refid+"' class='refanchor'>["+out+"]</a>"); }); }); }); jQuery.fn.centerhz = function () { // this.css("position","absolute"); var newleft = Math.max(0, (($(window).width() - $(this).outerWidth()) / 2) + $(window).scrollLeft()); var oldleft = $(this).offset().left; this.css("margin-left", (newleft - oldleft) + "px"); return this; } </script> </div></body></html>

CINXE.COM

Praseodymium: The mineralogy of Praseodymium