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id="toc-UK_smoke_control_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UK_smoke_control_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>UK smoke control areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UK_smoke_control_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-US_pollution_control_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_pollution_control_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>US pollution control requirements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-US_pollution_control_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Justa_stoves,_rocket_stoves_and_haybox_stoves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Justa_stoves,_rocket_stoves_and_haybox_stoves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Justa stoves, rocket stoves and haybox stoves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Justa_stoves,_rocket_stoves_and_haybox_stoves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Use in Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a list of stove types, see <a href="/wiki/Stove_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Stove (disambiguation)">Stove (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_stove.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lincoln_stove.jpg/220px-Lincoln_stove.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lincoln_stove.jpg/330px-Lincoln_stove.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lincoln_stove.jpg/440px-Lincoln_stove.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2912" data-file-height="4368" /></a><figcaption>A 19th-century example of a wood-burning stove</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>wood-burning stove</b> (or <b>wood burner</b> or <b>log burner</b> in the UK) is a heating or cooking appliance capable of burning <a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">wood fuel</a>, often called solid fuel, and wood-derived <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> fuel, such as sawdust bricks. Generally the appliance consists of a solid metal (usually <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a> or <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>) closed firebox, often lined by <a href="/wiki/Fire_brick" title="Fire brick">fire brick</a>, and one or more air controls (which can be manually or automatically operated depending upon the stove). The first wood-burning stove was patented in Strasbourg in 1557. This was two centuries before the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, so iron was still prohibitively expensive. The first wood-burning stoves were high-end consumer items and only gradually became used widely.<sup id="cite_ref-hist_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hist-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The stove is connected by ventilating stove pipe to a suitable <a href="/wiki/Flue" title="Flue">flue</a>, which will fill with hot combustion gases once the fuel is ignited. The chimney or <a href="/wiki/Flue_gases" class="mw-redirect" title="Flue gases">flue gases</a> must be hotter than the outside temperature to ensure combustion gases are drawn out of the fire chamber and up the chimney. </p><p>Wood burners can triple the level of harmful <a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">indoor air pollution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2010s, 61,000 premature deaths were attributable annually to ambient air pollution from residential heating with wood and coal in Europe, with an additional 10,000 attributable deaths in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of wood-burning stoves in Africa is associated with a large number of deaths each year, approximately 463,000.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This high number of deaths is due to the inhalation of toxic smoke emitted by improperly vented stoves, and contains substances harmful to health. In addition, reliance on wood as an energy source also contributes to <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, although the CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> emissions from wood-derived fuels are the same as emissions from natural decay. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood-burning_stove&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_supply">Air supply</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood-burning_stove&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Air supply"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Wood-burning_stove" title="Special:EditPage/Wood-burning stove">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Damper_(PSF).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Damper_%28PSF%29.png/220px-Damper_%28PSF%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Damper_%28PSF%29.png/330px-Damper_%28PSF%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Damper_%28PSF%29.png/440px-Damper_%28PSF%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2175" data-file-height="1583" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Damper_(flow)" title="Damper (flow)">damper</a> in a stove chimney flue (1) controls air supply by being set open (2) or closed (3).</figcaption></figure> <p>Keeping the air flowing correctly through a wood-burning stove is essential for safe and efficient operation of the stove. Fresh air needs to enter the firebox to provide oxygen for the fire; as the fire burns, the smoke must be allowed to rise through the stove pipe, creating negative pressure in the firebox, and exit through the chimney. To regulate air flow, there may be <a href="/wiki/Damper_(flow)" title="Damper (flow)">damper</a> devices built into the stove, <a href="/wiki/Flue" title="Flue">flue</a>, and stove pipes, and there is usually an air intake adjustment to regulate combustion. </p><p>By opening or closing the <a href="/wiki/Damper_(flow)" title="Damper (flow)">dampers</a>, air flow can be increased or decreased, which can fan the fire in the firebox, or "dampen" it by restricting airflow and reducing the flames. The dampers can usually be accessed by turning knobs or handles attached to the damper. Some stoves adjust their own airflow using mechanical or electronic thermostatic devices. </p><p>The highest heating efficiencies on closed appliances can be attained by controlling the various supplies of air to the stove (operating the air controls correctly). On modern stoves, owner's manuals provide documented procedures. Fully open air controls may lead to more heat being sent straight up the chimney rather than into the room (which reduces efficiency). The biggest problem with leaving the air controls fully open on many stoves is “overfiring”. Overfiring is caused when too much heat is generated within the fire chamber, which will lead to warping, buckling and general damage to the stove and its internal components. Different stoves have different numbers and types of air controls. More efficient models have been developed in recent years, employing catalytic combustors to burn remaining particles and gasses within the smoke before it exits the flue, resulting in more heat output, longer burn times and less harmful effect on the environment. </p><p>Modern building techniques have created more airtight homes, forcing many stove manufacturers to design their stoves to permit outside air intakes. Outside air can improve the overall efficiency of the stove as a heater by drawing cold combustion air directly from the outside instead of drawing preheated air from the room that the stove is in. Many modern stoves can optionally use an outside air intake. Many manufacturers supply the necessary parts in kit form (an Outside Air Kit, or OAK). When considering an outside air kit, it is important to know that the air must come in from below the level of the stove. For example, a basement stove may not safely use an outside air kit. This is to prevent a reversal of venting in which very hot flue gasses are exhausted through a (usually PVC) air intake pipe, which could lead to a structure fire and/or hot flue gasses being released into the structure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fuel">Fuel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood-burning_stove&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fuel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Wood-burning_stove" title="Special:EditPage/Wood-burning stove">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1922_Detroit_store.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/1922_Detroit_store.jpg/220px-1922_Detroit_store.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/1922_Detroit_store.jpg/330px-1922_Detroit_store.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/1922_Detroit_store.jpg/440px-1922_Detroit_store.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Wood-burning stove heating a grocery store in <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a> (1922)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WoodStoveSpencer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/WoodStoveSpencer.jpg/220px-WoodStoveSpencer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/WoodStoveSpencer.jpg/330px-WoodStoveSpencer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/WoodStoveSpencer.jpg/440px-WoodStoveSpencer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Spencer woodstove in British bungalow at <a href="/wiki/Pollibetta" title="Pollibetta">Pollibetta</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_Himalayan_Tandoor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Traditional_Himalayan_Tandoor.jpg/220px-Traditional_Himalayan_Tandoor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Traditional_Himalayan_Tandoor.jpg/330px-Traditional_Himalayan_Tandoor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Traditional_Himalayan_Tandoor.jpg/440px-Traditional_Himalayan_Tandoor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Traditional Himalayan Tandoor</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hardwood_or_softwood">Hardwood or softwood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood-burning_stove&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hardwood or softwood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Firewood" title="Firewood">Firewood</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Firewood" title="Firewood">Firewood</a> is usually measured and traded by volume or mass. In English-speaking countries not fully metric it is often measured in <a href="/wiki/Cord_(unit)" title="Cord (unit)">cords</a>. A face cord is 4' x 8' x the length of the log (usually 16 to 18 inches). A full cord is 4'x4'x8'. When purchasing, cutting, or collecting firewood, it is good to be aware of the difference between <a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">hardwood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Softwood" title="Softwood">softwood</a>. Both <a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">hardwood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Softwood" title="Softwood">softwood</a> have similar energy contents by mass, but not by volume. In other words, a piece of hardwood would usually be heavier and have more available energy than the same sized piece of softwood. Hardwoods, derived from trees such as oak and ash, may burn at a slower rate, resulting in sustained output. Many softwoods are derived from <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">conifers</a>, which are fast growing and may burn at a faster rate. This is one reason why softwood pellets (for pellet stoves) are popular. </p><p>The primary advantage of hardwoods is that they tend to contain more potential energy than the same volume of a softwood, thus increasing the amount of potential heat that can be stacked into one stoveload. Hardwood tends to form and maintain a bed of hot coals, which release lower amounts of heat for a long time. Hardwoods are ideal for long, low burns, especially in stoves with a poor ability to sustain a low burn, or in mild weather when high heat output is not required. </p><p>Softwoods, in contrast, tend to burn hot and fast with little coaling. They may leave less ash than hardwoods. Softwoods are ideal for fast, hot burns. They produce excellent heat and do not fill the stove with coals, a frequent problem for those pushing their hardwood-fired stoves hard to get the maximum possible heat out of them. </p><p>Not all hardwoods have a higher potential energy content than all softwoods. Wood varies by species and even individual trees (a tree with many years of slow growth will have a higher BTU content than a tree of the same species and same size than a tree with a few years of rapid growth). <a href="/wiki/Osage_orange" class="mw-redirect" title="Osage orange">Osage orange</a>, also known as hedge, is perhaps the highest-BTU wood that is common in North America. </p><p>Many softwoods will season (dry) much more quickly than many hardwoods. For example, pine that has been cut, split, stacked and topcovered will usually be ready to burn in one year; oak may be expected to take three years under the same conditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Softwood_mythology">Softwood mythology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood-burning_stove&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Softwood mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Wood-burning_stove" title="Special:EditPage/Wood-burning stove">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Softwood is often said to be dangerous to burn because it generates more dangerous <a href="/wiki/Creosote" title="Creosote">creosote</a> than hardwood. This myth is pervasive in the North American northeast, where both types of wood are commonly available. It is not common in the northwest, where most full-time wood burners burn pine and fir exclusively. </p><p>It is possible that this myth originated with old-fashioned stoves and fireplaces. These appliances did not require seasoned wood, and frequently did not receive it. As a result, they often experienced very low flue temperatures — usually in flues that were not insulated as modern flues are. The combination of low firebox temperatures due to high moisture content in the wood and low flue temperatures due to lack of insulation led to high levels of creosote accumulation. Burning a wood that emits a lot of sparks (such as pine) in an old-fashioned fireplace or stove will lead to sparks going directly into the flue, which can lead to a dangerous chimney fire if the flue is coated in creosote. </p><p>Modern stoves which are operated properly do not cause this high level of creosote accumulation. While different wood species do contain varying levels of <a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Volatile organic compounds">volatile organic compounds</a>, the difference is inconsequential since all woods produce creosote which accumulates if burned improperly. So-called dangerous woods such as pine are in fact safer than woods such as oak, as they will burn hotter and thus help keep flue temperatures up, and their fast seasoning will help ensure that novice wood burners are burning reasonably dry wood. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Moisture_content_and_creosote">Moisture content and creosote</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood-burning_stove&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Moisture content and creosote"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dry wood produces more usable heat than wet wood, since the energy isn’t being used to evaporate the water from the wood before it can burn. Freshly cut wood (known as green wood) has a high moisture content. Different wood species have different moisture contents, which also vary tree to tree. Burning fuel that is mostly water uses much of the combustion energy to evaporate the water. This results in low firebox temperatures and low flue temperatures. </p><p>Firewood with a moisture content below 20 per cent by weight can burn efficiently. This is the "free" moisture content absorbed in the wood fibers, and does not include the chemically-bound hydrogen and oxygen content. Moisture content can be reduced by outdoor air-drying ("seasoning"), for a period of several months in summer weather. Solar-powered or fuel-fired kilns can accelerate the drying process.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most common process of removing the excess moisture is called <a href="/wiki/Wood_drying" title="Wood drying">seasoning</a>. Seasoning by air-drying the wood can take three years or more. Wood is dried in outdoor well-ventilated covered structures, or in a kiln. </p><p>All wood will release creosote vapors when burned. Modern stoves will burn the vapors, either via direct secondary combustion or via a <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalyst</a>. Very little, if any, creosote will escape a properly operating modern stove's secondary combustion. </p><p>Creosote that does escape may still not be harmful if it leaves the wood in gaseous form. It will not condense on surfaces above 250 degrees Fahrenheit (121 °C). Modern flues are insulated to help ensure that they do not fall below this temperature during normal stove operation. Creosote accumulation can be dangerous, as it is flammable and burns hot. If a flue is coated with creosote and ignited, perhaps by a spark going up the flue, it can cause a serious chimney fire that can lead to a structure fire. This can be avoided by using modern stoves and flue standards, burning dry wood, keeping fires hot enough to maintain flue temperatures of at least 250 degrees F (121 °C) at the top of the flue, and proper chimney cleaning as needed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multi-fuel_models">Multi-fuel models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood-burning_stove&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Multi-fuel models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Multi-fuel_stove" title="Multi-fuel stove">Multi-fuel stove</a> designs are common in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. They burn solid fuels only, including <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wood_pellet" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood pellet">wood pellets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a>. They are typically made of steel or cast iron. Some models are also boiler stoves, with an attached water tank to provide hot water, and they can also be connected to radiators to add heat to the house, though they are usually not as efficient as a dedicated wood boiler. </p><p>There are also stove models that can switch from wood fuel to oil or gas sources that are installed in the house to supply heat to a separate water boiler.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stoves that readily convert to either oil or gas in addition to wood fuel have been manufactured in North America and Europe since the early 20th century, and are still manufactured. In some models, the oil or gas may fuel the stove through a pipe connection leading to a "pot burner" in the rear of the firewood compartment in the stove. </p><p>Multi-fuel stoves are versatile, but usually perform poorly compared to a stove that is designed to burn one specific fuel as well as possible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catalytic_and_non-catalytic_stoves">Catalytic and non-catalytic stoves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood-burning_stove&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Catalytic and non-catalytic stoves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern wood stoves universally have some method of secondary combustion to burn unburned gasses for greatly improved efficiency and emissions. One common method is via a catalyst. </p><p>A catalytic wood stove will re-burn the gasses from the firebox in a catalyst- a matrix of steel or ceramic plated with a catalyst that allows combustion of these gasses at much lower temperatures than would ordinarily be possible. This is why among modern stoves, catalytic models tend to be much better at achieving low, even heat output, which is desirable in warmer weather. </p><p>Modern non-catalytic wood stoves will also reburn the gasses from the firebox, but require a much higher temperature for the secondary combustion. No catalyst is required. These models lose a large amount of efficiency at low burn rates, as they cannot maintain secondary combustion, but can be very efficient at higher temperatures when that comes into effect. </p><p>There also exist hybrid stoves that employ both catalytic and non-catalytic secondary combustion. </p><p>Stoves that do not employ any secondary combustion still exist, but are markedly less efficient and more polluting since unburnt products are left to leave via the flue. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pyrolyzing_stoves">Pyrolyzing stoves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood-burning_stove&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pyrolyzing stoves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a conventional stove, when wood is added to a hot fire, a process of <a href="/wiki/Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis">pyrolysis</a> or destructive distillation begins. Gases (or <a href="/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)" title="Volatility (chemistry)">volatiles</a>) are evolved which are burned above the solid fuel. These are the two distinct processes going on in most solid fuel appliances. In obsolete stoves without secondary combustion, air had to be admitted both below and above the fuel to attempt to increase combustion and efficiency. The correct balance was difficult to achieve in practice, and many obsolete wood-burning stoves only admitted air above the fuel as a simplification. Often the volatiles were not completely burned, resulting in energy loss, chimney tarring, and atmospheric pollution. </p><p>To overcome this, the pyrolyzing stove was developed. The two processes go on in separate parts of the stove with separately controlled air supplies. Most stoves designed to burn wood pellets fall into this category. </p><p>Most pyrolyzing stoves regulate both fuel and air supply as opposed to controlling combustion of a mass of fuel by simple air regulation as in traditional stoves. </p><p>The pelleted fuel is typically introduced into the pyrolyzing chamber with a <a href="/wiki/Screw_conveyor" title="Screw conveyor">screw conveyor</a>. This leads to better and more efficient combustion of the fuel. </p><p>The technology is not actually new; it has been used for decades in industrial coal-fired boilers intended to burn coal with high volatile content. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety_and_pollution_considerations">Safety and pollution considerations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood-burning_stove&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Safety and pollution considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety">Safety</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood-burning_stove&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PotbellyStove.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/PotbellyStove.jpg/170px-PotbellyStove.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/PotbellyStove.jpg/255px-PotbellyStove.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/PotbellyStove.jpg/340px-PotbellyStove.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Potbelly stove at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Appalachia" title="Museum of Appalachia">Museum of Appalachia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Correct air flow and ventilation are also critical to efficient and safe wood burning. Specific requirements will be laid down by the stove manufacturer. Legal requirements for new installations in the <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a> can be found in Building Regulations Approved Document J, Section 2, Table 1 "Air Supply to solid fuel appliances".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The safe operation of a wood-burning stove requires regular maintenance such as emptying ash pans (containers) beneath the wood grate. Routine cleaning of the stove pipes and chimney is also needed to prevent <a href="/wiki/Chimney_fire" title="Chimney fire">chimney fires</a>. Creosote and soot gradually build up in stovepipes and chimneys. This could damage the chimney and spread fire to the surrounding structure, especially the roof. When soot blocks the airflow through the stove pipes or chimney, smoke can build up in the stove pipes and in the house. </p><p>The basic principle of controlling <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a> by reducing the air supply means that very often there is a reduction zone/conditions within the stove. This means that <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> is often "reduced" to <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>, which is highly poisonous and must not be allowed to escape into the home. This can occur if the stove or chimney has not been cleaned or there is insufficient ventilation. <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_detectors" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon monoxide detectors">Carbon monoxide detectors</a> or alarms should always be installed according to manufacturers' recommendations where a wood stove is in use. Not all <a href="/wiki/Smoke_detector" title="Smoke detector">smoke detectors</a> detect carbon monoxide. </p><p>Fuel accelerants such as coal, grease, oil, <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a>, plastics, and so on, also must never be added to firewood in a wood stove, since the flames produced may easily overwhelm the wood compartment and stove pipes and create a house fire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UK_smoke_control_areas">UK smoke control areas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood-burning_stove&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: UK smoke control areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_1956" title="Clean Air Act 1956">United Kingdom's Clean Air Act</a>, local authorities may declare the whole or part of the district of the authority to be a smoke control area. It is an offence to emit smoke from a chimney of a building, from a furnace or from any fixed boiler if located in a designated smoke control area. It is also an offence to acquire an "unauthorized fuel" for use within a smoke control area unless it is used in an "exempt" appliance ("exempted" from the controls which generally apply in the smoke control area). The current maximum level of fine is £1,000 for each offence. </p><p>In order to comply with the Clean Air Act in "smoke control areas", an exempt appliance or fuel must be used.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="US_pollution_control_requirements">US pollution control requirements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood-burning_stove&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: US pollution control requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">United States Clean Air Act</a> requires that wood stoves be certified by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA). </p><p>However, the EPA had no mandatory emission limits for pellet stoves, indoor or outdoor wood boilers, masonry stoves and certain types of wood stoves that are exempt from EPA regulation. EPA developed new regulations which began to come into effect in 2015, establishing mandatory emission limits for almost all wood-burning appliances (fireplaces, <a href="/wiki/Chimenea" title="Chimenea">chimeneas</a>, and some other special appliances will still be exempt).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, EPA's mandatory smoke emission limit for wood stoves in 2019 was 4.5 grams of smoke per hour (g/h) under Step 1 of the revised standards of performance for wood burning room heaters.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington State has also had requirements of a maximum of 4.5 grams per hour. </p><p>The New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) for Residential Wood Heaters, which came into effect on May 15, 2020.The EPA initiated wood stove emissions standards in 1988 to mitigate air pollution, setting the initial limits at 7.5 grams per hour for non-catalytic and 4.1 grams for catalytic stoves. These regulations have been refined over time, notably in 2015 with a phased approach to lower emissions. The first phase capped emissions at 4.5 grams per hour, and the second phase further reduced this limit to either 2.0 or 2.5 grams per hour, based on the testing technique employed. </p><p>The latest "Phase IV" or "Step 2 Standards" demand stricter criteria for wood stoves, notably shifting from crib wood to cord wood for testing. Previously, the EPA utilized crib wood, consistent in size and arrangement, for reliable testing burns. However, this method didn't mirror actual stove usage in homes, where the more variable cord wood is standard. This change aims for more realistic emissions testing, acknowledging the diversity in wood size, moisture, and type used in residences. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Justa_stoves,_rocket_stoves_and_haybox_stoves"><span id="Justa_stoves.2C_rocket_stoves_and_haybox_stoves"></span>Justa stoves, rocket stoves and haybox stoves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood-burning_stove&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Justa stoves, rocket stoves and haybox stoves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kitchen_stove" title="Kitchen stove">Kitchen stove</a></div> <p>In some places, such as the Caribbean, Central America and South America, many houses have wood-burning stoves that are used indoors without any means of proper ventilation. Smoke stays in the house, where it is breathed in by the residents, harming their health. Nearly two million people are killed each year by indoor air pollution caused by open-fire cooking, mostly women and children, according to the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO). The cutting of large amounts of firewood also endangers local forests and ecosystems.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">Non-governmental organizations</a> (NGOs) such as <a href="/wiki/Rotary_International" title="Rotary International">Rotary International</a> are actively assisting homeowners in constructing more fuel-efficient and safe wood-burning stoves. One design is called the Justa stove, Just stove, Ecostove, or La Estufa Justa. Justa stoves are made out of such materials as <a href="/wiki/Adobe" title="Adobe">adobe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">pumice</a>, with chimneys. Other wood-burning stoves types are also being introduced to these communities, such as <a href="/wiki/Rocket_stove" title="Rocket stove">rocket stoves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haybox" title="Haybox">haybox</a> stoves. A rocket stove is up to 30% more fuel efficient than a Justa stove, but a small portable rocket stove (for cooking) does not have a chimney and is suitable for outdoor use only. Bigger rocket stoves are connected to chimney or flue-exhaust pipe. The haybox stove is another outdoor wood-burning stove. Haybox stoves use straw, wool, or foam as an insulator, reducing fuel use by up to 70%.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_Europe">Use in Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood-burning_stove&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Use in Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> is one of the biggest markets for pellet-burning stoves in Europe, having around 30% of all homes using wood for some heat. This means about 5 million homes have a wood fueled stove or cooker.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It has been claimed that, in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>, domestic wood burning has become the single biggest source of small particle air pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, UK Gov. (DEFRA) statistics do not support this claim <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with road transport and industrial processes both being larger polluters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood-burning_stove&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_stove" title="Franklin stove">Franklin stove</a>, originally invented by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, is a more efficient type of wood-burning fireplace. It was finicky and never caught on, but many stoves continue to be referred to as "Franklin" stoves.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Johan_Cronstedt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Johan Cronstedt (page does not exist)">Carl Johan Cronstedt</a> is reported to have increased efficiency of wood-burning stoves by a factor of eight in the mid-18th century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_(company)" title="Napoleon (company)">Wolfgang Schroeter</a> invented the first wood-burning stove with a cast iron frame and glass door. This allowed the user to see the fire burning inside the stove.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Fireplace_insert" title="Fireplace insert">fireplace insert</a> converts a wood-burning fireplace to a wood-burning stove. A fireplace insert is a self-contained unit that rests inside the existing fireplace and chimney. They produce less smoke and require less wood than a traditional fireplace. Fireplace inserts come in different sizes for large or small homes.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Down draft or cross draft gasification stoves, i.e. Dunsley Yorkshire, Welkom 600, Avalon Arbor™ wood stove, XEOOS.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">Boiler</a> stoves provide hot water as well as space heating. A backboiler can be an optional insert added to the back of the firebox, or a wrap-around water jacket that is an integral to the stove's structure. The choice determines how much of the stove's output goes to space heating as opposed to heating water.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_mass_heater" title="Rocket mass heater">Rocket mass heaters</a> are a type of fuel-efficient stove, named in the 1970s, but dating back millennia in concept. A super-hot chimney above the fire draws the flames sideways and up, blending hot fuel and air into a quick, hot, clean-burning fire that takes little wood, leaves little residue, and has many uses.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rocket_Mass_Heater_Inside_a_Tipi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rocket mass heater in a tipi at Paul Wheaton's permaculture homestead in Montana"><img alt="Rocket mass heater in a tipi at Paul Wheaton's permaculture homestead in Montana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Rocket_Mass_Heater_Inside_a_Tipi.jpg/175px-Rocket_Mass_Heater_Inside_a_Tipi.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Rocket_Mass_Heater_Inside_a_Tipi.jpg/263px-Rocket_Mass_Heater_Inside_a_Tipi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Rocket_Mass_Heater_Inside_a_Tipi.jpg/350px-Rocket_Mass_Heater_Inside_a_Tipi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="467" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rocket_mass_heater" title="Rocket mass heater">Rocket mass heater</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Tipi" title="Tipi">tipi</a> at <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wheaton" title="Paul Wheaton">Paul Wheaton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">permaculture</a> homestead in <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chimenea-20080706.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chimenea, burning wood for heat"><img alt="Chimenea, burning wood for heat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Chimenea-20080706.jpg/131px-Chimenea-20080706.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Chimenea-20080706.jpg/197px-Chimenea-20080706.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Chimenea-20080706.jpg/262px-Chimenea-20080706.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chimenea" title="Chimenea">Chimenea</a>, burning wood for heat</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wood_fuel_heater20080102.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Daruma stove, a traditional Japanese wood-burning stove"><img alt="Daruma stove, a traditional Japanese wood-burning stove" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Wood_fuel_heater20080102.jpg/175px-Wood_fuel_heater20080102.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Wood_fuel_heater20080102.jpg/263px-Wood_fuel_heater20080102.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Wood_fuel_heater20080102.jpg/350px-Wood_fuel_heater20080102.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="756" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%80%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96" class="extiw" title="jp:ダルマストーブ">Daruma stove</a>, a traditional Japanese wood-burning stove</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_alsacien_de_Strasbourg_-_tiled_stove_green.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ceramic-tiled cocklestove wood-burning stove in an Alsatian house, Strasbourg, France. Wooden laundry-drying racks hang over the stove."><img alt="Ceramic-tiled cocklestove wood-burning stove in an Alsatian house, Strasbourg, France. Wooden laundry-drying racks hang over the stove." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Mus%C3%A9e_alsacien_de_Strasbourg_-_tiled_stove_green.jpg/116px-Mus%C3%A9e_alsacien_de_Strasbourg_-_tiled_stove_green.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Mus%C3%A9e_alsacien_de_Strasbourg_-_tiled_stove_green.jpg/175px-Mus%C3%A9e_alsacien_de_Strasbourg_-_tiled_stove_green.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Mus%C3%A9e_alsacien_de_Strasbourg_-_tiled_stove_green.jpg/233px-Mus%C3%A9e_alsacien_de_Strasbourg_-_tiled_stove_green.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ceramic-tiled <a href="/wiki/Cocklestove" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocklestove">cocklestove</a> wood-burning stove in an <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsatian</a> house, <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Strasbourg, France">Strasbourg, France</a>. Wooden laundry-drying racks hang over the stove.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Cerrito,_San_Miguel_County,_New_Mexico._Rooms_in_all_these_houses_differ_considerably_as_to_furn_._._._-_NARA_-_521181.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="New Mexico woman cooking on a stove typical of North American kitchens, in 1941"><img alt="New Mexico woman cooking on a stove typical of North American kitchens, in 1941" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/El_Cerrito%2C_San_Miguel_County%2C_New_Mexico._Rooms_in_all_these_houses_differ_considerably_as_to_furn_._._._-_NARA_-_521181.tif/lossy-page1-175px-El_Cerrito%2C_San_Miguel_County%2C_New_Mexico._Rooms_in_all_these_houses_differ_considerably_as_to_furn_._._._-_NARA_-_521181.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/El_Cerrito%2C_San_Miguel_County%2C_New_Mexico._Rooms_in_all_these_houses_differ_considerably_as_to_furn_._._._-_NARA_-_521181.tif/lossy-page1-263px-El_Cerrito%2C_San_Miguel_County%2C_New_Mexico._Rooms_in_all_these_houses_differ_considerably_as_to_furn_._._._-_NARA_-_521181.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/El_Cerrito%2C_San_Miguel_County%2C_New_Mexico._Rooms_in_all_these_houses_differ_considerably_as_to_furn_._._._-_NARA_-_521181.tif/lossy-page1-350px-El_Cerrito%2C_San_Miguel_County%2C_New_Mexico._Rooms_in_all_these_houses_differ_considerably_as_to_furn_._._._-_NARA_-_521181.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2398" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> woman cooking on a stove typical of North American kitchens, in 1941</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sauna_stove_narvi_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Wood-burning sauna stove, Finland"><img alt="Wood-burning sauna stove, Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Sauna_stove_narvi_02.JPG/131px-Sauna_stove_narvi_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="131" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Sauna_stove_narvi_02.JPG/197px-Sauna_stove_narvi_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Sauna_stove_narvi_02.JPG/262px-Sauna_stove_narvi_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wood-burning <a href="/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna">sauna</a> stove, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Custom_fitted_fireplace_insert.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Custom-fitted fireplace insert with large glass doors, and a large heat exchanger for efficiency"><img alt="Custom-fitted fireplace insert with large glass doors, and a large heat exchanger for efficiency" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Custom_fitted_fireplace_insert.jpg/175px-Custom_fitted_fireplace_insert.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Custom_fitted_fireplace_insert.jpg/263px-Custom_fitted_fireplace_insert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Custom_fitted_fireplace_insert.jpg/350px-Custom_fitted_fireplace_insert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Custom-fitted fireplace insert with large glass doors, and a large heat exchanger for efficiency</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maple_syrup_evaporator_-_Beaver_Meadow_Audubon_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wood stove used as an outdoor "evaporator" for producing maple syrup, New York State"><img alt="Wood stove used as an outdoor "evaporator" for producing maple syrup, New York State" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Maple_syrup_evaporator_-_Beaver_Meadow_Audubon_Center.jpg/116px-Maple_syrup_evaporator_-_Beaver_Meadow_Audubon_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Maple_syrup_evaporator_-_Beaver_Meadow_Audubon_Center.jpg/175px-Maple_syrup_evaporator_-_Beaver_Meadow_Audubon_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Maple_syrup_evaporator_-_Beaver_Meadow_Audubon_Center.jpg/233px-Maple_syrup_evaporator_-_Beaver_Meadow_Audubon_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wood stove used as an outdoor "evaporator" for producing <a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">maple syrup</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_State" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State">New York State</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kabul_stove.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Small pot-bellied stove, Kabul, Afghanistan"><img alt="Small pot-bellied stove, Kabul, Afghanistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kabul_stove.jpg/117px-Kabul_stove.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kabul_stove.jpg/175px-Kabul_stove.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kabul_stove.jpg/233px-Kabul_stove.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2757" data-file-height="4135" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Small pot-bellied stove, <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stove_bench_in_a_living_room.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Stove in the living room of a German farm"><img alt="Stove in the living room of a German farm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Stove_bench_in_a_living_room.JPG/175px-Stove_bench_in_a_living_room.JPG" decoding="async" width="175" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Stove_bench_in_a_living_room.JPG/263px-Stove_bench_in_a_living_room.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Stove_bench_in_a_living_room.JPG/350px-Stove_bench_in_a_living_room.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3532" data-file-height="2574" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stove in the living room of a German farm</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cast_Iron_Wood_Stove.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Stove in Massachusetts"><img alt="Stove in Massachusetts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Cast_Iron_Wood_Stove.JPG/131px-Cast_Iron_Wood_Stove.JPG" decoding="async" width="131" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Cast_Iron_Wood_Stove.JPG/197px-Cast_Iron_Wood_Stove.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Cast_Iron_Wood_Stove.JPG/262px-Cast_Iron_Wood_Stove.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stove in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%96%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96regencyP1040685.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A type that can be cooked on the top plate(Regency)"><img alt="A type that can be cooked on the top plate(Regency)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/%E8%96%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96regencyP1040685.jpg/131px-%E8%96%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96regencyP1040685.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/%E8%96%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96regencyP1040685.jpg/197px-%E8%96%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96regencyP1040685.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/%E8%96%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96regencyP1040685.jpg/262px-%E8%96%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96regencyP1040685.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A type that can be cooked on the top plate(Regency)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood-burning_stove&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimenea" title="Chimenea">Chimenea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stove#Air-tight_stove" title="Stove">Air-tight stove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BioLite" title="BioLite">BioLite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhari_(heater)" title="Bukhari (heater)">Bukhari</a>, traditional Indian wood stove</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improved_cookstove" class="mw-redirect" title="Improved cookstove">Cook stove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_stove" title="Kitchen stove">Kitchen stove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stoves" title="List of stoves">List of stoves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonry_heater" title="Masonry heater">Masonry stove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outdoor_wood-fired_boiler" title="Outdoor wood-fired boiler">Outdoor wood-fired boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_stove" title="Pellet stove">Pellet stove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_stove" title="Portable stove">Portable stove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pot-bellied_stove" class="mw-redirect" title="Pot-bellied stove">Pot-bellied stove</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Cross_stove&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Red Cross stove (page does not exist)">Red Cross stove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_stove" title="Rocket stove">Rocket stove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top-lit_updraft_gasifier" title="Top-lit updraft gasifier">Top-lit updraft gasifier</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood-burning_stove&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This contradicts a claim made in the <a href="/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (U.S. TV channel)">American History Channel Network</a>'s show <i>101 Inventions That Changed the World</i>, re-broadcast on 30 August 2016, which credited Ben Franklin as the inventor of the wood stove, ignoring the German origin. Franklin did patent an improved stove ca. 1744, including several variants such as a front of fireplace heating unit of cast iron, but his stove was based on existing stoves of German origin (i.e. amongst the many <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a>) found in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Province of Pennsylvania</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood-burning_stove&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-hist-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hist_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forgreenheat.org/resources/history.html">"Wood-burning stove"</a>. <q>1557: First patent issued for a wood conserving stove in Strasbourg.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wood-burning+stove&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forgreenheat.org%2Fresources%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood-burning+stove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/dec/18/wood-burners-triple-harmful-indoor-air-pollution-study-finds">"Wood burners triple harmful indoor air pollution, study finds"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TheGuardian.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheGuardian.com">TheGuardian.com</a></i>. 18 December 2020. <q>1557: First patent issued for a wood conserving stove in Strasbourg.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGuardian.com&rft.atitle=Wood+burners+triple+harmful+indoor+air+pollution%2C+study+finds&rft.date=2020-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2020%2Fdec%2F18%2Fwood-burners-triple-harmful-indoor-air-pollution-study-finds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood-burning+stove" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:HVAC" title="Template:HVAC"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:HVAC" title="Template talk:HVAC"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:HVAC" title="Special:EditPage/Template:HVAC"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" title="Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning">Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamental <br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_changes_per_hour" title="Air changes per hour">Air changes per hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bake-out" title="Bake-out">Bake-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_envelope" title="Building envelope">Building envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">Convection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilution_(equation)" title="Dilution (equation)">Dilution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_energy_consumption" title="Domestic energy consumption">Domestic energy consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy" title="Enthalpy">Enthalpy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">Fluid dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Gas compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump_and_refrigeration_cycle" title="Heat pump and refrigeration cycle">Heat pump and refrigeration cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">Heat transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">Humidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(HVAC)" title="Infiltration (HVAC)">Infiltration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_heat" title="Latent heat">Latent heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outgassing" title="Outgassing">Outgassing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensible_heat" title="Sensible heat">Sensible heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_effect" title="Stack effect">Stack effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_comfort" title="Thermal comfort">Thermal comfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_destratification" title="Thermal destratification">Thermal destratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_mass" title="Thermal mass">Thermal mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapour_pressure_of_water" title="Vapour pressure of water">Vapour pressure of water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absorption-compression_heat_pump" title="Absorption-compression heat pump">Absorption-compression heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absorption_refrigerator" title="Absorption refrigerator">Absorption refrigerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_barrier" title="Air barrier">Air barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">Air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifreeze" title="Antifreeze">Antifreeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automobile_air_conditioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile air conditioning">Automobile air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_building" title="Autonomous building">Autonomous building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_insulation_material" title="Building insulation material">Building insulation materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_heating" title="Central heating">Central heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_solar_heating" title="Central solar heating">Central solar heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilled_beam" title="Chilled beam">Chilled beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilled_water" title="Chilled water">Chilled water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_air_volume" title="Constant air volume">Constant air volume</a> (CAV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolant" title="Coolant">Coolant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_ventilation" title="Cross ventilation">Cross ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedicated_outdoor_air_system" title="Dedicated outdoor air system">Dedicated outdoor air system</a> (DOAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_water_source_cooling" title="Deep water source cooling">Deep water source cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand_controlled_ventilation" title="Demand controlled ventilation">Demand controlled ventilation</a> (DCV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displacement_ventilation" title="Displacement ventilation">Displacement ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_cooling" title="District cooling">District cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_heating" title="District heating">District heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_heating" title="Electric heating">Electric heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recovery_ventilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy recovery ventilation">Energy recovery ventilation</a> (ERV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestop" title="Firestop">Firestop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced-air" title="Forced-air">Forced-air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced-air_gas" title="Forced-air gas">Forced-air gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_cooling" title="Free cooling">Free cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_recovery_ventilation" title="Heat recovery ventilation">Heat recovery ventilation</a> (HRV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_heat" title="Hybrid heat">Hybrid heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronics" title="Hydronics">Hydronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_storage_air_conditioning" title="Ice storage air conditioning">Ice storage air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_ventilation" title="Kitchen ventilation">Kitchen ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-mode_ventilation" title="Mixed-mode ventilation">Mixed-mode ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgeneration" title="Microgeneration">Microgeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_cooling" title="Passive cooling">Passive cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_daytime_radiative_cooling" title="Passive daytime radiative cooling">Passive daytime radiative cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_house" title="Passive house">Passive house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_ventilation" title="Passive ventilation">Passive ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_heating_and_cooling" title="Radiant heating and cooling">Radiant heating and cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant cooling">Radiant cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant heating">Radiant heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radon_mitigation" title="Radon mitigation">Radon mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">Refrigeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_heat" title="Renewable heat">Renewable heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_air_distribution" title="Room air distribution">Room air distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_air_heat" title="Solar air heat">Solar air heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_combisystem" title="Solar combisystem">Solar combisystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar cooling">Solar cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar heating">Solar heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">Thermal insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosiphon" title="Thermosiphon">Thermosiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underfloor_air_distribution" title="Underfloor air distribution">Underfloor air distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underfloor_heating" title="Underfloor heating">Underfloor heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_barrier" title="Vapor barrier">Vapor barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor-compression_refrigeration" title="Vapor-compression refrigeration">Vapor-compression refrigeration</a> (VCRS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_air_volume" title="Variable air volume">Variable air volume</a> (VAV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_refrigerant_flow" title="Variable refrigerant flow">Variable refrigerant flow</a> (VRF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)" title="Ventilation (architecture)">Ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioner_inverter" class="mw-redirect" title="Air conditioner inverter">Air conditioner inverter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_door" title="Air door">Air door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_filter" title="Air filter">Air filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_handler" title="Air handler">Air handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_ioniser" title="Air ioniser">Air ionizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-mixing_plenum" title="Air-mixing plenum">Air-mixing plenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_purifier" title="Air purifier">Air purifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_source_heat_pump" title="Air source heat pump">Air source heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_fan" title="Attic fan">Attic fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_balancing_valve" title="Automatic balancing valve">Automatic balancing valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_boiler" title="Back boiler">Back boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_pipe" title="Barrier pipe">Barrier pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_damper" title="Blast damper">Blast damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">Boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_fan" title="Centrifugal fan">Centrifugal fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_heater" title="Ceramic heater">Ceramic heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiller" title="Chiller">Chiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensate_pump" title="Condensate pump">Condensate pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condenser_(heat_transfer)" title="Condenser (heat transfer)">Condenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensing_boiler" title="Condensing boiler">Condensing boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection_heater" title="Convection heater">Convection heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressor" title="Compressor">Compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">Cooling tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damper_(flow)" title="Damper (flow)">Damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumidifier" title="Dehumidifier">Dehumidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_(flow)" title="Duct (flow)">Duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economizer" title="Economizer">Economizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_precipitator" title="Electrostatic precipitator">Electrostatic precipitator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooler" title="Evaporative cooler">Evaporative cooler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporator" title="Evaporator">Evaporator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_hood" class="mw-redirect" title="Exhaust hood">Exhaust hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_tank" title="Expansion tank">Expansion tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_(machine)" title="Fan (machine)">Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_coil_unit" title="Fan coil unit">Fan coil unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_filter_unit" title="Fan filter unit">Fan filter unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_heater" title="Fan heater">Fan heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_damper" title="Fire damper">Fire damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplace" title="Fireplace">Fireplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplace_insert" title="Fireplace insert">Fireplace insert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeze_stat" title="Freeze stat">Freeze stat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flue" title="Flue">Flue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fume_hood" title="Fume hood">Fume hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furnace_(house_heating)" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnace (house heating)">Furnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Gas compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_heater" title="Gas heater">Gas heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline_heater" title="Gasoline heater">Gasoline heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grease_duct" title="Grease duct">Grease duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grille_(architecture)" title="Grille (architecture)">Grille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground-coupled_heat_exchanger" title="Ground-coupled heat exchanger">Ground-coupled heat exchanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_source_heat_pump" title="Ground source heat pump">Ground source heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">Heat exchanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pipe" title="Heat pipe">Heat pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">Heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating_film" title="Heating film">Heating film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating_system" title="Heating system">Heating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEPA" title="HEPA">HEPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_efficiency_glandless_circulating_pump" title="High efficiency glandless circulating pump">High efficiency glandless circulating pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-pressure_cut-off_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="High-pressure cut-off switch">High-pressure cut-off switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidifier" title="Humidifier">Humidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_heater" title="Infrared heater">Infrared heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverter_compressor" title="Inverter compressor">Inverter compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerosene_heater" title="Kerosene heater">Kerosene heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louver" title="Louver">Louver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_room" title="Mechanical room">Mechanical room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_heater" title="Oil heater">Oil heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaged_terminal_air_conditioner" title="Packaged terminal air conditioner">Packaged terminal air conditioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plenum_space" title="Plenum space">Plenum space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressurisation_ductwork" title="Pressurisation ductwork">Pressurisation ductwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_duct_work" title="Process duct work">Process duct work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_(heating)" title="Radiator (heating)">Radiator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_reflector" title="Radiator reflector">Radiator reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recuperator" title="Recuperator">Recuperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerant" title="Refrigerant">Refrigerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_(air_and_heating)" title="Register (air and heating)">Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversing_valve" title="Reversing valve">Reversing valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-around_coil" title="Run-around coil">Run-around coil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail_switch" title="Sail switch">Sail switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_compressor" title="Scroll compressor">Scroll compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_chimney" title="Solar chimney">Solar chimney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar-assisted_heat_pump" title="Solar-assisted heat pump">Solar-assisted heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_heater" title="Space heater">Space heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_canopy" title="Smoke canopy">Smoke canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_damper" title="Smoke damper">Smoke damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_exhaust_ductwork" title="Smoke exhaust ductwork">Smoke exhaust ductwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion_valve" title="Thermal expansion valve">Thermal expansion valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_wheel" title="Thermal wheel">Thermal wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickle_vent" title="Trickle vent">Trickle vent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trombe_wall" title="Trombe wall">Trombe wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TurboSwing" title="TurboSwing">TurboSwing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_vanes_(HVAC)" title="Turning vanes (HVAC)">Turning vanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-low_particulate_air" title="Ultra-low particulate air">Ultra-low particulate air</a> (ULPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole-house_fan" title="Whole-house fan">Whole-house fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wood-burning stove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_valve" title="Zone valve">Zone valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement<br />and control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_flow_meter" title="Air flow meter">Air flow meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquastat" title="Aquastat">Aquastat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BACnet" title="BACnet">BACnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blower_door" title="Blower door">Blower door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_automation" title="Building automation">Building automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_sensor" title="Carbon dioxide sensor">Carbon dioxide sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_air_delivery_rate" title="Clean air delivery rate">Clean air delivery rate</a> (CADR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_valve" title="Control valve">Control valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_detector" title="Gas detector">Gas detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_energy_monitor" title="Home energy monitor">Home energy monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidistat" title="Humidistat">Humidistat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HVAC_control_system" title="HVAC control system">HVAC control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_thermometer" title="Infrared thermometer">Infrared thermometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_buildings" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent buildings">Intelligent buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LonWorks" title="LonWorks">LonWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_efficiency_reporting_value" title="Minimum efficiency reporting value">Minimum efficiency reporting value</a> (MERV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal_temperature_and_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal temperature and pressure">Normal temperature and pressure</a> (NTP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenTherm" title="OpenTherm">OpenTherm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_communicating_thermostat" title="Programmable communicating thermostat">Programmable communicating thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_thermostat" title="Programmable thermostat">Programmable thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">Room temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_thermostat" title="Smart thermostat">Smart thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">Standard temperature and pressure</a> (STP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermographic_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermographic camera">Thermographic camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostat" title="Thermostat">Thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions,<br />trades,<br />and services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_acoustics" title="Architectural acoustics">Architectural acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_technologist" title="Architectural technologist">Architectural technologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_information_modeling" title="Building information modeling">Building information modeling</a> (BIM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_energy_retrofit" title="Deep energy retrofit">Deep energy retrofit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_cleaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Duct cleaning">Duct cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_leakage_testing" title="Duct leakage testing">Duct leakage testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronic_balancing" title="Hydronic balancing">Hydronic balancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_exhaust_cleaning" title="Kitchen exhaust cleaning">Kitchen exhaust cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical,_electrical,_and_plumbing" title="Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing">Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mold_growth,_assessment,_and_remediation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold growth, assessment, and remediation">Mold growth, assessment, and remediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerant_reclamation" title="Refrigerant reclamation">Refrigerant reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testing,_adjusting,_balancing" title="Testing, adjusting, balancing">Testing, adjusting, balancing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry <br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Conditioning,_Heating_and_Refrigeration_Institute" title="Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute">AHRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Movement_and_Control_Association" title="Air Movement and Control Association">AMCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASHRAE" title="ASHRAE">ASHRAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTM_International" title="ASTM International">ASTM International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_Research_Establishment" title="Building Research Establishment">BRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSRIA" title="BSRIA">BSRIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institution_of_Building_Services_Engineers" title="Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers">CIBSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Refrigeration" title="Institute of Refrigeration">Institute of Refrigeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_of_Refrigeration" title="International Institute of Refrigeration">IIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design">LEED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheet_Metal_and_Air_Conditioning_Contractors%27_National_Association" title="Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National Association">SMACNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Mechanical_Code" title="Uniform Mechanical Code">UMC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health and safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a> (IAQ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">Passive smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_building_syndrome" title="Sick building syndrome">Sick building syndrome</a> (SBS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a> (VOC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASHRAE_Handbook" title="ASHRAE Handbook">ASHRAE Handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_science" title="Building science">Building science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireproofing" title="Fireproofing">Fireproofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_HVAC_terms" title="Glossary of HVAC terms">Glossary of HVAC terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm_Spaces" title="Warm Spaces">Warm Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Refrigeration_Day" title="World Refrigeration Day">World Refrigeration Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Home_automation" title="Template:Home automation">Template:Home automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_energy" title="Template:Solar energy">Template:Solar energy</a></li></ul> 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