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孝胁械褉褋泻邪褟 芯斜谢邪褋褌褜 , 孝芯屑 4 @ 袧袗笑袠袨袧袗袥鞋袧蝎袡 袗孝袥袗小 袪袨小小袠袠
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芯斜谢邪褋褌褜 , 孝芯屑 4 @ 袧袗笑袠袨袧袗袥鞋袧蝎袡 袗孝袥袗小 袪袨小小袠袠 </title> <script data-ad-client="ca-pub-3561606891822859" async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <script src="https://sdk.adlook.tech/inventory/core.js" async type="text/javascript"></script> <script> (function UTCoreInitialization() { if (window.UTInventoryCore) { new window.UTInventoryCore({ type: "sticky", host: 183 content: false, width: 400, height: 225, playMode: "autoplay", align: "right", verticalAlign: "bottom", openTo: "open-creativeView", infinity: true, infinityTimer: 1, mobile: { align: "center", verticalAlign: "bottom", }, }); return; } setTimeout(UTCoreInitialization, 100); })(); </script> </head> <body class="bg-light"> <nav class="navbar sticky-top bg-white p-2 shadow-sm"> <div class="container justify-content-between"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="/">袧邪褑懈芯薪邪谢褜薪褘泄 袗褌谢邪褋 袪芯褋褋懈懈</a> <a class="nav-link text-secondary" href="/tom1/">孝芯屑 1</a> <a class="nav-link text-secondary" href="/tom2/">孝芯屑 2</a> <a class="nav-link text-secondary" href="/tom3/">孝芯屑 3</a> <a class="nav-link text-secondarytext-primary active" href="/tom4/">孝芯屑 4</a> </div> </nav> <div class="mt-3 container border bg-white shadow p-3 mb-5 bg-body rounded"> <div class="container"> <h1 style="font-size: 4vmin" class="display-4 float-right"> 孝芯屑 4 </h1> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-8 blog-main"> <h2 class="pb-3 mb-4 font-italic border-bottom"> 袣褍谢褜褌褍褉薪芯械 懈 锌褉懈褉芯写薪芯械 薪邪褋谢械写懈械 袪芯褋褋懈懈 </h2> <div class="tgx-vbf" data-vbf-id="25311" data-vbf-exp="1" data-vbf-hide="0" data-vbf-loop="10"></div> <div class="blog-post"> <h2 class="blog-post-title"> 孝胁械褉褋泻邪褟 芯斜谢邪褋褌褜 </h2> <div class="text-center "> <img class="shadow bg-body rounded" style="border:1px solid #e8e8e6; float: none; margin: 10px; max-width:100%" alt="" id="zoom_mw1" src="/static/maps4/306-307.gif" data-zoom-image="/static/maps4/306-307.jpg" width=650> </div> <script type="text/javascript">$(document).ready(function () { $("#zoom_mw1").elevateZoom({ scrollZoom : true, zoomType: "inner", cursor: "crosshair", responsive: true });});</script> <div class="text-right "> <img class="shadow bg-body rounded" style="border:1px solid #e8e8e6; float: right; margin: 10px; max-width:100%" alt="" id="zoom_mw2" src="/static/maps4/306_2.gif" data-zoom-image="/static/maps4/306_2.jpg" width=300> </div> <script type="text/javascript">$(document).ready(function () { $("#zoom_mw2").elevateZoom({ scrollZoom : true, zoomType: "window", cursor: "crosshair", responsive: true });});</script> <p class="text-justify"><strong>袩袪袠小袝袥袠袚袝袪鞋袝</strong> — 泻褉邪泄 褋胁械褌谢褘褏 芯蟹褢褉 懈 褌械薪懈褋褌褘褏 褉械褔械泻, 褕懈褉芯泻懈褏 锌谢褢褋芯胁 懈 锌褉芯褌芯泻, 褌懈褏懈褏 蟹邪谢懈胁芯胁 懈 褍褞褌薪褘褏 斜褍褏褌, 芯斜褕懈褉薪褘泄 泻褉邪泄 胁芯写褘, 谢械褋芯胁 懈 斜芯谢芯褌 褉邪褋锌芯谢芯卸械薪 薪邪 袙邪谢写邪泄褋泻芯泄 胁芯蟹胁褘褕械薪薪芯褋褌懈.</p> <p class="text-justify">小械谢懈谐械褉褋泻懈泄 泻褉邪泄 胁泻谢褞褔邪械褌 褌械褉褉懈褌芯褉懈懈 锌芯褔褌懈 褌褉褢褏 褉邪泄芯薪芯胁 薪邪 褋械胁械褉芯-蟹邪锌邪写械 孝胁械褉褋泻芯泄 芯斜谢邪褋褌懈 (袨褋褌邪褕泻芯胁褋泻芯谐芯, 褔邪褋褌懈褔薪芯 袩械薪芯胁褋泻芯谐芯 懈 小械谢懈卸邪褉芯胁褋泻芯谐芯), 邪 褌邪泻卸械 褞谐芯-胁芯褋褌芯褔薪褍褞 芯泻褉邪懈薪褍 袧芯胁谐芯褉芯写褋泻芯泄 芯斜谢邪褋褌懈.</p> <p class="text-justify">袪械谢褜械褎 胁 芯泻褉械褋褌薪芯褋褌褟褏 芯蟹械褉邪 小械谢懈谐械褉 胁 芯褋薪芯胁薪芯屑 褏芯谢屑懈褋褌褘泄, 屑械褋褌邪屑懈 褉邪胁薪懈薪薪褘泄. 袙褘褋芯褌邪 斜芯谢褜褕懈薪褋褌胁邪 胁芯蟹胁褘褕械薪薪芯褋褌械泄 芯褌 200 写芯 300 屑 薪邪写 褍褉芯胁薪械屑 屑芯褉褟 懈 50–60 屑 薪邪写 屑械褋褌薪褘屑懈 褉邪胁薪懈薪邪屑懈. 效邪褋褌褘 胁 袩褉懈褋械谢懈谐械褉褜械 懈 薪械褉械写泻懈 褍 褋邪屑芯泄 胁芯写褘 泻褉褍锌薪褘械 胁邪谢褍薪褘 — 芯褌谢芯卸械薪懈褟 写薪械锌褉芯胁褋泻芯泄 屑芯褉械薪褘. 袨褌 写薪械锌褉芯胁褋泻芯谐芯 芯谢械写械薪械薪懈褟 芯褋褌邪谢懈褋褜 褌邪泻卸械 锌械褋泻懈 胁芯写薪芯-谢械写薪懈泻芯胁芯谐芯 锌褉芯懈褋褏芯卸写械薪懈褟.</p> <p class="text-justify">袟写械褋褜 斜械褉褢褌 薪邪褔邪谢芯 谐谢邪胁薪邪褟 褉械泻邪 袪芯褋褋懈懈 — 袙芯谢谐邪. 袠褋褌芯泻 袙芯谢谐懈 褟胁谢褟械褌褋褟 锌邪屑褟褌薪懈泻芯屑 锌褉懈褉芯写褘 懈 芯斜褗褟胁谢械薪 锌褉懈褉芯写薪褘屑 蟹邪泻邪蟹薪懈泻芯屑. 袪邪褋锌芯谢芯卸械薪 薪邪 蟹邪锌邪写械 袨褋褌邪褕泻芯胁褋泻芯谐芯 褉邪泄芯薪邪, 褍 芯泻芯谢懈褑褘 写械褉械胁薪懈 袙芯谢谐芯胁械褉褏芯胁褜械. 效懈褋褌邪褟 胁芯写邪 懈褋褌芯泻邪 褋褔懈褌邪械褌褋褟 褑械谢械斜薪芯泄.</p> <p class="text-justify">袧邪 斜械褉械谐邪褏 芯蟹褢褉 屑薪芯谐芯 械褋褌械褋褌胁械薪薪褘褏 锌谢褟卸械泄. 袧械屑邪谢芯 懈 泻褉褍褌褘褏, 锌芯褉芯褋褕懈褏 褋芯褋薪芯泄 懈谢懈 械谢褜褞, 斜械褉械谐芯胁.</p> <p class="text-justify">袧邪 小械谢懈谐械褉械 写芯 160 芯褋褌褉芯胁芯胁 — 芯褌 褋邪屑褘褏 屑邪谢械薪褜泻懈褏, 胁 薪械褋泻芯谢褜泻芯 泻胁邪写褉邪褌薪褘褏 屑械褌褉芯胁, 写芯 胁械谢懈泻邪薪邪 啸邪褔懈薪邪 锌谢芯褖邪写褜褞 斜芯谢械械 30 泻屑<sup>2</sup>.</p> <p class="text-justify">袪邪褋褌懈褌械谢褜薪芯褋褌褜 泻褉邪褟 褉邪蟹薪芯芯斜褉邪蟹薪邪. 小邪屑褘械 褉邪褋锌褉芯褋褌褉邪薪褢薪薪褘械 锌芯褉芯写褘 — 械谢褜, 褋芯褋薪邪, 斜械褉褢蟹邪, 芯褋懈薪邪; 屑薪芯谐芯 褉褟斜懈薪褘, 懈胁褘, 褔械褉褢屑褍褏懈. 袙褋褌褉械褔邪褞褌褋褟 褌邪泻卸械 褕懈褉芯泻芯谢懈褋褌胁械薪薪褘械 锌芯褉芯写褘 — 写褍斜, 泻谢褢薪, 褟褋械薪褜, 褉械卸械 胁褟蟹, 邪 褌邪泻卸械 谢懈褋褌胁械薪薪懈褑邪, 泻械写褉, 锌懈褏褌邪; 褋褉械写懈 泻褍褋褌邪褉薪懈泻芯胁 — 芯谢褜褏邪, 谢械褖懈薪邪, 泻褉褍褕懈薪邪, 屑芯卸卸械胁械谢褜薪懈泻.</p> <p class="text-justify">袞懈胁芯褌薪褘泄 屑懈褉 袩褉懈褋械谢懈谐械褉褜褟 锌褉械写褋褌邪胁谢械薪 谢芯褋械屑, 泻邪斜邪薪芯屑, 屑械写胁械写械屑, 胁芯谢泻芯屑, 谢懈褋懈褑械泄, 蟹邪泄褑械屑, 斜械谢泻芯泄, 械薪芯褌芯屑, 泻褍薪懈褑械泄.</p> <p class="text-justify">袙 芯蟹械褉械 胁芯写懈褌褋褟 锌芯褔褌懈 30 胁懈写芯胁 褉褘斜: 谢械褖, 芯泻褍薪褜, 褖褍泻邪, 褋褍写邪泻, 锌谢芯褌胁邪, 泻邪褉邪褋褜, 薪邪谢懈屑, 褟蟹褜. 袙 褉械泻械 些械斜械褉懈褏械 胁芯写懈褌褋褟 褎芯褉械谢褜, 邪 胁 袣褉邪锌懈胁械薪泻械 — 褏邪褉懈褍褋.</p> <p class="text-justify">小械谢懈谐械褉 — 泻褍褉芯褉褌 褉械褋锌褍斜谢懈泻邪薪褋泻芯谐芯 蟹薪邪褔械薪懈褟, 谐写械 锌褉懈褋褍褌褋褌胁褍褞褌 屑懈薪械褉邪谢褜薪褘械 胁芯写褘 锌懈褌褜械胁芯谐芯 懈 斜邪谢褜薪械芯谢芯谐懈褔械褋泻芯谐芯 蟹薪邪褔械薪懈褟. 袟写械褋褜 褉邪褋锌芯谢邪谐邪械褌褋褟 屑薪芯卸械褋褌胁芯 褌褍褉斜邪蟹, 写芯屑芯胁 芯褌写褘褏邪, 锌邪薪褋懈芯薪邪褌芯胁.</p> <p class="text-justify">袩褉懈褋械谢懈谐械褉褜械 斜芯谐邪褌芯 锌邪屑褟褌薪懈泻邪屑懈 懈褋褌芯褉懈懈 懈 泻褍谢褜褌褍褉褘. 袟写械褋褜 薪邪褏芯写褟褌褋褟 锌邪屑褟褌薪懈泻懈 褎械写械褉邪谢褜薪芯谐芯 蟹薪邪褔械薪懈褟: 褑械褉泻胁懈 胁 楔懈褉泻芯胁芯屑 袩芯谐芯褋褌械 (1692 谐.), 胁 小械谢懈卸邪褉芯胁芯, 袪芯谐芯卸械, 袣褉邪胁芯褌褘薪褜械, 袨褋褌邪褕泻芯胁械. 小芯褏褉邪薪懈谢懈褋褜 薪械泻芯褌芯褉褘械 懈薪卸械薪械褉薪褘械 褋芯芯褉褍卸械薪懈褟, 薪邪锌褉懈屑械褉 薪邪斜械褉械卸薪邪褟 薪邪 芯褋褌褉芯胁械 小褌芯谢斜薪芯泄. 袣褍谢褜褌芯胁褘械 褋芯芯褉褍卸械薪懈褟 XVII–XIX 胁胁. 褉邪蟹屑械褖械薪褘 锌芯 胁褋械泄 褌械褉褉懈褌芯褉懈懈 泻褉邪褟, 邪 褌邪泻卸械 胁 袨褋褌邪褕泻芯胁械, 泻芯褌芯褉褘泄 褋褌邪谢 谐芯褉芯写芯屑 胁 1772 谐. 小械谐芯写薪褟 袨褋褌邪褕泻芯胁 — 褑械薪褌褉 胁械褉褏薪械胁芯谢卸褋泻芯谐芯 褉械泻褉械邪褑懈芯薪薪芯谐芯 褉邪泄芯薪邪. 袨褌褋褞写邪 薪邪褔懈薪邪褞褌褋褟 胁芯写薪褘械 褌褍褉懈褋褌褋泻懈械 屑邪褉褕褉褍褌褘 锌芯 芯蟹械褉褍 小械谢懈谐械褉 懈 褋懈褋褌械屑械 袙邪谢写邪泄褋泻懈褏 芯蟹褢褉. 袟写械褋褜 薪邪 芯蟹械褉械 啸邪褔懈泻 芯褏芯褌懈谢褋褟 袠. 小. 孝褍褉谐械薪械胁. 小械谢懈谐械褉褋泻懈械 锌械泄蟹邪卸懈 蟹邪锌械褔邪褌谢械薪褘 薪邪 锌芯谢芯褌薪邪褏 袠.袠. 楔懈褕泻懈薪邪, 卸懈胁褕械谐芯 芯写薪芯 胁褉械屑褟 胁 写械褉械胁薪械 袣芯泻芯胁泻懈薪芯 薪邪 芯蟹械褉械 小褌械褉卸. 袙 袨褋褌邪褕泻芯胁械 斜褘胁邪谢 褋芯斜懈褉邪褌械谢褜 褉褍褋褋泻懈褏 薪邪褉芯写薪褘褏 锌械褋械薪 袩.袙. 袣懈褉械械胁褋泻懈泄, 蟹邪锌懈褋邪胁褕懈泄 蟹写械褋褜 芯斜褉邪蟹褑褘 褌胁械褉褋泻芯谐芯 褎芯谢褜泻谢芯褉邪.</p> <p class="text-justify">袧邪 芯褋褌褉芯胁械 小褌芯谢斜薪芯泄 薪邪褏芯写懈褌褋褟 袧懈谢芯胁芯-小褌芯谢斜械薪褋泻邪褟 锌褍褋褌褘薪褜. 袦芯薪邪褋褌褘褉褜 芯褋薪芯胁邪薪 胁 XVI 胁. 懈 褎芯褉屑懈褉芯胁邪谢褋褟 薪邪 锌褉芯褌褟卸械薪懈懈 XVII–XIX 胁胁. 笑械薪褌褉芯屑 屑芯薪邪褋褌褘褉褋泻芯谐芯 邪薪褋邪屑斜谢褟 褟胁谢褟械褌褋褟 锌褟褌懈谐谢邪胁褘泄 袘芯谐芯褟胁谢械薪褋泻懈泄 褋芯斜芯褉 褋 泻芯谢芯泻芯谢褜薪械泄, 锌芯褋褌褉芯械薪薪褘泄 胁 1821–1825 谐谐. 锌芯 锌褉芯械泻褌褍 锌械褌械褉斜褍褉谐褋泻芯谐芯 邪褉褏懈褌械泻褌芯褉邪 袠. 楔邪褉谢械屑邪薪褟 胁 褋褌懈谢械 锌芯蟹写薪械谐芯 泻谢邪褋褋懈褑懈蟹屑邪. 袧械锌芯写邪谢褢泻褍 芯褌 褋芯斜芯褉邪 薪邪褏芯写懈褌褋褟 褋邪屑芯械 褋褌邪褉芯械 褋芯芯褉褍卸械薪懈械 屑芯薪邪褋褌褘褉褟 — 褑械褉泻芯胁褜 袙褋械褏 小胁褟褌褘褏 褋 斜芯谢褜薪懈褔薪褘屑懈 锌邪谢邪褌邪屑懈 1699 谐.</p> <p class="text-justify"><strong>孝袙袝袪鞋.</strong> 袙锌械褉胁褘械 谐芯褉芯写 褍锌芯屑褟薪褍褌 胁 谢械褌芯锌懈褋懈 1208 谐. 孝胁械褉褜 胁芯蟹薪懈泻谢邪 懈蟹 褉械屑械褋谢械薪薪芯-褌芯褉谐芯胁褘褏 锌芯褋械谢械薪懈泄 斜谢懈蟹 屑芯薪邪褋褌褘褉褟 薪械写邪谢械泻芯 芯褌 褍褋褌褜褟 褉械泻懈 孝胁械褉褑邪. 袙褘谐芯写薪芯械 谐械芯谐褉邪褎懈褔械褋泻芯械 锌芯谢芯卸械薪懈械 褋锌芯褋芯斜褋褌胁芯胁邪谢芯 褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈褞 谐芯褉芯写邪, 懈 褍卸械 泻 1246 谐. 芯薪 褋褌邪谢 褋褌芯谢懈褑械泄 袙械谢懈泻芯谐芯 孝胁械褉褋泻芯谐芯 泻薪褟卸械褋褌胁邪, 芯写薪懈屑 懈蟹 锌芯谢懈褌懈褔械褋泻懈褏 懈 泻褍谢褜褌褍褉薪褘褏 褑械薪褌褉芯胁 袪褍褋懈. 校褋懈谢械薪懈褞 屑芯谐褍褖械褋褌胁邪 泻薪褟卸械褋褌胁邪 褋锌芯褋芯斜褋褌胁芯胁邪谢懈 械谐芯 褉邪褋锌芯谢芯卸械薪懈械 屑械卸写褍 袦芯褋泻胁芯泄 懈 袙械谢懈泻懈屑 袧芯胁谐芯褉芯写芯屑 懈 锌褉懈褌芯泻 褋谢褍卸懈谢芯谐芯 懈 褉械屑械褋谢械薪薪芯谐芯 薪邪褋械谢械薪懈褟, 胁褘褌械褋薪械薪薪芯谐芯 屑芯薪谐芯谢芯-褌邪褌邪褉褋泻懈屑懈 蟹邪胁芯械胁邪褌械谢褟屑懈 懈蟹 写褉褍谐懈褏 芯斜谢邪褋褌械泄.</p> <p class="text-justify">袙 孝胁械褉懈 胁械谢芯褋褜 谢械褌芯锌懈褋邪薪懈械, 褋谢芯卸懈谢邪褋褜 褋邪屑芯斜褘褌薪邪褟 褕泻芯谢邪 懈泻芯薪芯锌懈褋懈, 蟹芯写褔械褋褌胁邪, 写械泻芯褉邪褌懈胁薪芯-锌褉懈泻谢邪写薪芯谐芯 懈褋泻褍褋褋褌胁邪. 孝胁械褉褜 写胁邪卸写褘, 胁 1317 谐. 懈 1327 谐., 锌芯写薪懈屑邪谢邪褋褜 薪邪 斜芯褉褜斜褍 褋 袨褉写芯泄. 袨斜械 锌芯锌褘褌泻懈 芯褋胁芯斜芯卸写械薪懈褟 芯泻芯薪褔懈谢懈褋褜 薪械褍写邪褔械泄, 薪芯 孝胁械褉褜 褋褌邪谢邪 写谢褟 胁褋械泄 袪褍褋懈 蟹薪邪屑械薪械屑 斜芯褉褜斜褘 褋 懈薪芯蟹械屑薪褘屑懈 锌芯褉邪斜芯褌懈褌械谢褟屑懈. 袙 1368–1375 谐谐. 褉邪蟹谐芯褉械谢芯褋褜 褋芯锌械褉薪懈褔械褋褌胁芯 孝胁械褉懈 褋 袦芯褋泻胁芯泄, 蟹邪泻芯薪褔懈胁褕械械褋褟 锌芯写锌懈褋邪薪懈械屑 写芯谐芯胁芯褉邪, 芯斜褟蟹褘胁邪褞褖械谐芯 孝胁械褉褜 写械泄褋褌胁芯胁邪褌褜 褋芯胁屑械褋褌薪芯 褋 袦芯褋泻胁芯泄.</p> <p class="text-justify">袙 褋褉械写薪懈械 胁械泻邪 孝胁械褉褜 斜褘谢邪 芯写薪懈屑 懈蟹 谐谢邪胁薪褘褏 褑械薪褌褉芯胁 褉械屑械褋谢械薪薪芯谐芯 锌褉芯懈蟹胁芯写褋褌胁邪 懈 屑械卸写褍薪邪褉芯写薪芯泄 褌芯褉谐芯胁谢懈 袪褍褋懈, 褋谢邪胁懈谢邪褋褜 懈褋泻褍褋薪褘屑懈 褋褌褉芯懈褌械谢褟屑懈, 芯褉褍卸械泄薪懈泻邪屑懈, 卸懈胁芯锌懈褋褑邪屑懈. 袩芯泻邪蟹邪褌械谢械屑 褕懈褉芯褌褘 胁薪械褕薪械褌芯褉谐芯胁褘褏 褋胁褟蟹械泄 孝胁械褉褋泻芯谐芯 泻薪褟卸械褋褌胁邪 褟胁懈谢芯褋褜 蟹薪邪屑械薪懈褌芯械 锌褍褌械褕械褋褌胁懈械 褌胁械褉褋泻芯谐芯 泻褍锌褑邪 袗褎邪薪邪褋懈褟 袧懈泻懈褌懈薪邪 胁 袠薪写懈褞 胁 1466–1472 谐谐.</p> <p class="text-justify">袙 1485 谐. 孝胁械褉褋泻芯械 泻薪褟卸械褋褌胁芯 胁芯褕谢芯 胁 褋芯褋褌邪胁 袦芯褋泻芯胁褋泻芯谐芯 谐芯褋褍写邪褉褋褌胁邪. 袨褌 小褉械写薪械胁械泻芯胁芯泄 孝胁械褉懈 写芯 薪邪褕懈褏 写薪械泄 褋芯褏褉邪薪懈谢邪褋褜 褋械屑懈谐谢邪胁邪褟 褑械褉泻芯胁褜 «袘械谢邪褟 孝褉芯懈褑邪»(1564 谐.) 懈 «袛芯屑 袗褉械褎褜械胁褘褏».</p> <p class="text-justify">袙 薪邪褔邪谢械 XVII 胁. 孝胁械褉褜 薪械褋泻芯谢褜泻芯 褉邪蟹 锌芯写胁械褉谐邪谢邪褋褜 薪邪锌邪写械薪懈褟屑 懈 褉邪蟹芯褉褟谢邪褋褜. 袩芯褋谢械 锌芯卸邪褉邪 1763 谐. 谐芯褉芯写 蟹邪褋褌褉邪懈胁邪谢褋褟 锌芯 褉械谐褍谢褟褉薪芯屑褍 锌谢邪薪褍, 褋芯褋褌邪胁谢械薪薪芯屑褍 胁 1763–1767 谐谐. 邪褉褏懈褌械泻褌芯褉邪屑懈 袩.袪. 袧懈泻懈褌懈薪褘屑, 袦.肖. 袣邪蟹邪泻芯胁褘屑, 袗.袙. 袣胁邪褋芯胁褘屑 懈 写褉. 袨褋薪芯胁褍 泻芯屑锌芯蟹懈褑懈芯薪薪芯泄 褋褌褉褍泻褌褍褉褘 褑械薪褌褉邪 褋芯褋褌邪胁懈谢邪 褌褉褢褏谢褍褔械胁邪褟 褋懈褋褌械屑邪. 孝胁械褉褋泻邪褟 锌谢邪薪懈褉芯胁泻邪 褋褔懈褌邪谢邪褋褜 胁械褉褕懈薪芯泄 胁 褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈懈 褉芯褋褋懈泄褋泻芯谐芯 谐褉邪写芯褋褌褉芯懈褌械谢褜褋褌胁邪 褌芯谐芯 锌械褉懈芯写邪. 袝褢 褋胁芯械芯斜褉邪蟹懈械 懈 谢芯谐懈褔薪芯褋褌褜 锌芯褋褌褉芯械薪懈褟 褋褌邪谢懈 锌褉懈屑械褉芯屑 写谢褟 褉械泻芯薪褋褌褉褍泻褑懈泄 屑薪芯谐懈褏 谐芯褉芯写芯胁. 孝胁械褉褜 锌芯谢褍褔懈谢邪 谐谢邪胁薪褍褞 8-褍谐芯谢褜薪褍褞 胁 锌谢邪薪械 锌谢芯褖邪写褜 褋 邪薪褋邪屑斜谢械屑 蟹写邪薪懈泄 胁 褋褌懈谢械 泻谢邪褋褋懈褑懈蟹屑邪, 褍薪懈泻邪谢褜薪褍褞 锌芯 褑械谢芯褋褌薪芯褋褌懈 蟹邪褋褌褉芯泄泻褍 薪邪斜械褉械卸薪芯泄 袙芯谢谐懈. 小褉械写懈 锌邪屑褟褌薪懈泻芯胁 邪褉褏懈褌械泻褌褍褉褘 胁褘写械谢褟械褌褋褟 袩褍褌械胁芯泄 写胁芯褉械褑 袝泻邪褌械褉懈薪褘 II (1763–1767 谐谐., 邪褉褏懈褌械泻褌芯褉 袦. 肖. 袣邪蟹邪泻芯胁, 写芯褋褌褉芯械薪 胁 1809–1812 谐谐., 邪褉褏懈褌械泻褌芯褉 袣.袠. 袪芯褋褋懈), 蟹写邪薪懈械 袦邪谐懈褋褌褉邪褌邪 (1770–1780 谐谐.), 袛胁芯褉褟薪褋泻懈泄 写芯屑 (1766–1770 谐谐), 褑械褉泻芯胁褜 袙芯蟹薪械褋械薪懈褟 (1833 谐., 邪褉褏懈褌械泻褌芯褉 袠. 肖. 袥褜胁芯胁), 袛胁芯褉褟薪褋泻芯械 褋芯斜褉邪薪懈械 褋 泻芯谢芯薪薪褘屑 蟹邪谢芯屑 (1841 谐., 邪褉褏懈褌械泻褌芯褉 袠.肖. 袥褜胁芯胁).</p> <p class="text-justify">袙芯 2-泄 锌芯谢芯胁懈薪械 XX 胁. 胁 孝胁械褉懈 褋褌邪谢邪 褉邪蟹胁懈胁邪褌褜褋褟 锌褉芯屑褘褕谢械薪薪芯褋褌褜. 协褌芯屑褍 褋锌芯褋芯斜褋褌胁芯胁邪谢芯 褋褌褉芯懈褌械谢褜褋褌胁芯 袧懈泻芯谢邪械胁褋泻芯泄 (薪褘薪械 袨泻褌褟斜褉褜褋泻芯泄) 卸械谢械蟹薪芯泄 写芯褉芯谐懈. 袙 谐芯褉芯写械 斜褘谢懈 锌芯褋褌褉芯械薪褘 胁邪谐芯薪芯褋褌褉芯懈褌械谢褜薪褘泄 懈 谢械褋芯锌懈谢褜薪褘泄 蟹邪胁芯写褘, 褌械泻褋褌懈谢褜薪邪褟 褎邪斜褉懈泻邪, 锌邪褉芯胁邪褟 屑械谢褜薪懈褑邪. 袙 1901 谐. 锌褍褖械薪 褌褉邪屑胁邪泄. 袙 谐芯写褘 褋芯胁械褌褋泻芯泄 胁谢邪褋褌懈 谐芯褉芯写 斜褘谢 锌械褉械懈屑械薪芯胁邪薪 胁 袣邪谢懈薪懈薪 (1931–1990 谐谐.) 胁 褔械褋褌褜 锌邪褉褌懈泄薪芯谐芯 懈 谐芯褋褍写邪褉褋褌胁械薪薪芯谐芯 写械褟褌械谢褟 袦.袠. 袣邪谢懈薪懈薪邪, 褉芯写懈胁褕械谐芯褋褟 胁 孝胁械褉褋泻芯泄 芯斜谢邪褋褌懈.</p> <p class="text-justify">小芯胁褉械屑械薪薪邪褟 孝胁械褉褜 — 邪写屑懈薪懈褋褌褉邪褌懈胁薪褘泄, 薪邪褍褔薪褘泄 懈 泻褍谢褜褌褍褉薪褘泄 褑械薪褌褉 孝胁械褉褋泻芯泄 芯斜谢邪褋褌懈. 袟写械褋褜 薪邪褏芯写懈褌褋褟 懈蟹胁械褋褌薪褘泄 胁 褋褌褉邪薪械 写褉邪屑邪褌懈褔械褋泻懈泄 褌械邪褌褉, 褎懈谢邪褉屑芯薪懈褟. 袙 泻邪褉褌懈薪薪芯泄 谐邪谢械褉械械 懈屑械褞褌褋褟 锌褉芯懈蟹胁械写械薪懈褟 屑薪芯谐懈褏 胁褘写邪褞褖懈褏褋褟 褏褍写芯卸薪懈泻芯胁 袪芯褋褋懈懈 XVIII–XX 胁胁. 懈 屑邪褋褌械褉芯胁 蟹邪锌邪写薪芯-械胁褉芯锌械泄褋泻芯谐芯 懈褋泻褍褋褋褌胁邪. 孝胁械褉褋泻芯泄 泻褉邪械胁械写褔械褋泻懈泄 屑褍蟹械泄 褟胁谢褟械褌褋褟 谐芯谢芯胁薪褘屑 屑褍蟹械械屑 孝胁械褉褋泻芯谐芯 谐芯褋褍写邪褉褋褌胁械薪薪芯谐芯 芯斜褗械写懈薪褢薪薪芯谐芯 屑褍蟹械褟, 胁 褋芯褋褌邪胁 泻芯褌芯褉芯谐芯 胁褏芯写褟褌 斜芯谢械械 30 屑褍蟹械械胁 谐芯褉芯写邪 懈 芯斜谢邪褋褌懈.</p> <p class="text-justify">小 谐芯褉芯写芯屑 褋胁褟蟹邪薪邪 卸懈蟹薪褜 懈 写械褟褌械谢褜薪芯褋褌褜 屑薪芯谐懈褏 懈蟹胁械褋褌薪褘褏 锌褉械写褋褌邪胁懈褌械谢械泄 谢懈褌械褉邪褌褍褉褘, 薪邪褍泻懈 懈 懈褋泻褍褋褋褌胁邪. 孝胁械褉褜 懈 孝胁械褉褋泻褍褞 谐褍斜械褉薪懈褞 褔邪褋褌芯 锌芯褋械褖邪谢 胁械谢懈泻懈泄 褉褍褋褋泻懈泄 锌芯褝褌 袗. 小. 袩褍褕泻懈薪. 袙 孝胁械褉懈 卸懈谢懈, 褍褔懈谢懈褋褜 懈 褌褉褍写懈谢懈褋褜 斜邪褋薪芯锌懈褋褑褘 袠.袗. 袣褉褘谢芯胁, 袗. 袝. 袠蟹屑邪泄谢芯胁, 褏褍写芯卸薪懈泻 袨.袗. 袣懈锌褉械薪褋泻懈泄, 锌懈褋邪褌械谢懈 袠.袠. 袥邪卸械褔薪懈泻芯胁, 袦.袝. 小邪谢褌褘泻芯胁-些械写褉懈薪, 肖.袦. 袛芯褋褌芯械胁褋泻懈泄, 袗.袧. 袨褋褌褉芯胁褋泻懈泄, 锌芯褝褌 肖.袧. 袚谢懈薪泻邪, 邪胁懈邪泻芯薪褋褌褉褍泻褌芯褉 袗. 袧. 孝褍锌芯谢械胁, 邪泻褌褢褉 袦.袠. 笑邪褉褢胁, 锌械胁械褑 小.携. 袥械屑械褕械胁 懈 写褉.</p> <div class="text-center"> <img alt="" src="/static/maps4/307_2.gif" width="650" style="margin: 10px; float: none; max-width:100%"> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <div class="row align-items-top"> <div class="col p-0"> <em>袩邪屑褟褌薪懈泻<br>袗褎邪薪邪褋懈褞<br>袧懈泻懈褌懈薪褍</em> </div> <div class="col p-0"> <em>袧邪斜械褉械卸薪邪褟 孝胁械褉懈</em> </div> <div class="col p-0"> <em>袩褍褌械胁芯泄 写胁芯褉械褑</em> </div> <div class="col p-0"> <em>袩邪屑褟褌薪懈泻<br>袗.小. 袩褍褕泻懈薪褍</em> </div> </div> </div> <div class="text-center "> <img class="shadow bg-body rounded" style="border:1px solid #e8e8e6; float: none; margin: 10px; max-width:100%" alt="" id="zoom_mw3" src="/static/maps4/307_3.gif" data-zoom-image="/static/maps4/307_3.jpg" width=650> </div> <script type="text/javascript">$(document).ready(function () { 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