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class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Implementation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implementation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Commemoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia_and_New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia_and_New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Australia and New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia_and_New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Participation_by_women_and_indigenous_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99suliyy%C9%99tli_h%C3%B6kum%C9%99t" title="Məsuliyyətli hökumət – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Məsuliyyətli hökumət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobierno_responsable" title="Gobierno responsable – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gobierno responsable" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AE%DA%AF%D9%88" title="حکومت پاسخگو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حکومت پاسخگو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouvernement_responsable" title="Gouvernement responsable – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gouvernement responsable" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B1%85%EC%9E%84%EC%A0%95%EB%B6%80" title="책임정부 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="책임정부" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0" title="ಜವಾಬ್ದಾರಿ ಸರ್ಕಾರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜವಾಬ್ದಾರಿ ಸರ್ಕಾರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%AC%E4%BB%BB%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="責任政府 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="責任政府" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odpowiedzialno%C5%9B%C4%87_parlamentarna" title="Odpowiedzialność parlamentarna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Odpowiedzialność parlamentarna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governo_respons%C3%A1vel" title="Governo responsável – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Governo responsável" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Ответственное правительство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ответственное правительство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Responsible government" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halka_sorumlu_h%C3%BCk%C3%BBmet" title="Halka sorumlu hükûmet – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Halka sorumlu hükûmet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%A3%E4%BB%BB%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="责任政府 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="责任政府" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2665071#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Responsible_government" title="Special:EditPage/Responsible government">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Responsible+government%22">"Responsible government"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Responsible+government%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Responsible+government%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Responsible+government%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Responsible+government%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Responsible+government%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Responsible government</b> is a conception of a <a href="/wiki/System_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="System of government">system of government</a> that embodies the principle of parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Accountability" title="Accountability">accountability</a>, the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a> of <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Governments (the equivalent of the <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive branch</a>) in Westminster democracies are responsible to parliament rather than to the monarch, or, in a colonial context, to the imperial government, and in a republican context, to the president, either <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">in full</a> or <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">in part</a>. If the parliament is <a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</a>, then the government is usually responsible first to the parliament's <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a>, which is more representative than the <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a>, as it usually has more members and they are always <a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">directly elected</a>. </p><p>Responsible government of parliamentary accountability manifests itself in several ways. <a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">Ministers</a> account to Parliament for their decisions and for the performance of their departments. This requirement to make announcements and to answer questions in Parliament means that ministers must have the privileges of the floor, which are only granted to those who are members of either house of Parliament.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2012)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Secondly, and most importantly, although ministers are officially appointed by the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and can theoretically be dismissed at the pleasure of the sovereign, they concurrently retain their office subject to their holding the confidence of the lower house of Parliament. When the lower house has passed a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">motion of no confidence</a> in the government, the government must ordinarily immediately resign or submit itself to the electorate in a new general election. </p><p>Lastly, the head of state is in turn required to effectuate their executive power only through these responsible ministers. They must never attempt to set up a shadow government of executives or advisors and attempt to use them as instruments of government, or to rely upon their unofficial advice. They generally are not permitted to take any action under the color of their executive power without that action being as a result of the counsel and advisement of their responsible ministers. Common exceptions to this rule include emergency or wartime acts of necessity and the granting of certain state honours. Their ministers are required to counsel them (i.e., explain to them and be sure they understand any issue that they will be called upon to decide) and to form and have recommendations for them (i.e., their <a href="/wiki/Advice_(constitutional)" class="mw-redirect" title="Advice (constitutional)">advice</a> or advisement) to choose from, which are the ministers' formal, reasoned recommendations as to what course of action should be taken. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_in_the_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth">History in the British Empire and Commonwealth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Responsible_government&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History in the British Empire and Commonwealth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the middle of the 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> began to introduce systems of responsible government to the colonial governments of its settler colonies including in Canada, Newfoundland, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. These systems were strongly based upon the system that had historically developed in the United Kingdom, with a <a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</a> legislature and an executive responsible to the Lower House. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Responsible_government&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SIMPSON_Legislative_Assembly_of_Lower_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/SIMPSON_Legislative_Assembly_of_Lower_Canada.jpg/220px-SIMPSON_Legislative_Assembly_of_Lower_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/SIMPSON_Legislative_Assembly_of_Lower_Canada.jpg/330px-SIMPSON_Legislative_Assembly_of_Lower_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/SIMPSON_Legislative_Assembly_of_Lower_Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Lower_Canada" title="Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada">Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada</a> in 1792. Elective assemblies existed in <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a> since the 18th century, although the colonies' executive councils were not beholden to them.</figcaption></figure> <p>Responsible government was implemented in several colonies of <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a> (present day <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>), between 1848 and 1850, with the executive council formulating policy with the assistance of the legislative branch, which voted approval or disapproval, and the appointed governor enacting those policies that the legislature had approved. This replaced the previous system, whereby the governor took advice from an executive council and used the legislature chiefly to raise money.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under responsible government, the executive is also a part of the legislature. The Executive branch must consist of MPs Responsible government was a major element of Canada's gradual development toward independence. The concept of responsible government is associated in Canada more with <a href="/wiki/Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">self-government</a> than with parliamentary accountability; hence, there is the notion that the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Dominion of Newfoundland</a> "gave up responsible government" when it suspended its self-governing status in 1933, as a result of financial problems. It did not regain responsible government until it became a <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">province of Canada</a> in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Background">Background</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Responsible_government&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_George_Lambton,_1st_Earl_of_Durham_by_Thomas_Phillips.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/John_George_Lambton%2C_1st_Earl_of_Durham_by_Thomas_Phillips.jpg/220px-John_George_Lambton%2C_1st_Earl_of_Durham_by_Thomas_Phillips.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/John_George_Lambton%2C_1st_Earl_of_Durham_by_Thomas_Phillips.jpg/330px-John_George_Lambton%2C_1st_Earl_of_Durham_by_Thomas_Phillips.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/John_George_Lambton%2C_1st_Earl_of_Durham_by_Thomas_Phillips.jpg/440px-John_George_Lambton%2C_1st_Earl_of_Durham_by_Thomas_Phillips.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3106" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Lambton,_1st_Earl_of_Durham" title="John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham">The Earl of Durham</a>, Governor General of British North America, made <a href="/wiki/Report_on_the_Affairs_of_British_North_America_(1839)" class="mw-redirect" title="Report on the Affairs of British North America (1839)">a report</a> shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Rebellions_of_1837%E2%80%931838" title="Rebellions of 1837–1838">1837–38 rebellions</a> that recommended the implementation of responsible government.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the formation of elected legislative assemblies, starting with <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_House_of_Assembly" title="Nova Scotia House of Assembly">Nova Scotia</a> in 1758, governors and their executive councils did not require the consent of elected legislators in order to carry out all their roles. It was only in the decades leading up to <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a> in 1867 that the governing councils of those British North American colonies became responsible to the elected representatives of the people.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, sparked by the perceived shortcomings of <a href="/wiki/Virtual_representation" title="Virtual representation">virtual representation</a>, the British government became more sensitive to unrest in its remaining colonies with large populations of European-descended colonists. Elected assemblies were introduced to both <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Act_1791" title="Constitutional Act 1791">Constitutional Act 1791</a>. Many reformers thought that these assemblies should have some control over the executive power, leading to political unrest between the governors and assemblies in both Upper and Lower Canada. The <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Ontario" title="Lieutenant Governor of Ontario">Lieutenant Governor</a> of Upper Canada, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Francis_Bond_Head" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Francis Bond Head">Sir Francis Bond Head</a>, wrote in one dispatch to London that, if responsible government were implemented, "democracy, in the worst possible form, will prevail in our colonies."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Rebellions_of_1837%E2%80%931838" title="Rebellions of 1837–1838">Rebellions of 1837–1838</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Canadas" title="The Canadas">the Canadas</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Lambton,_1st_Earl_of_Durham" title="John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham">the Earl of Durham</a> was appointed governor general of British North America, with the task of examining the issues and determining how to defuse tensions. In <a href="/wiki/Report_on_the_Affairs_of_British_North_America_(1839)" class="mw-redirect" title="Report on the Affairs of British North America (1839)">his report</a>, one of his recommendations was colonies that were developed enough should be granted "responsible government". This term specifically meant the policy that British-appointed governors should bow to the will of elected colonial assemblies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Implementation">Implementation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Responsible_government&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Implementation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_Canada_Delighted_with_Responsible_Government_c092201-v8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Young_Canada_Delighted_with_Responsible_Government_c092201-v8.jpg/220px-Young_Canada_Delighted_with_Responsible_Government_c092201-v8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Young_Canada_Delighted_with_Responsible_Government_c092201-v8.jpg/330px-Young_Canada_Delighted_with_Responsible_Government_c092201-v8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Young_Canada_Delighted_with_Responsible_Government_c092201-v8.jpg/440px-Young_Canada_Delighted_with_Responsible_Government_c092201-v8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1343" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Political_cartoon" title="Political cartoon">political cartoon</a> from <i><a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a></i> in Canada, in 1849, depicting a "young Canada" being delighted by <a href="/wiki/James_Bruce,_8th_Earl_of_Elgin" title="James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin">Lord Elgin</a> pulling the strings of a puppet, representing responsible government</figcaption></figure> <p>The first instance of responsible government in the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> outside of the United Kingdom itself was achieved by the colony of <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> in January and February 1848, through the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Howe" title="Joseph Howe">Joseph Howe</a>. Howe's push for responsible government was inspired by the work of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_McCulloch" title="Thomas McCulloch">Thomas McCulloch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jotham_Blanchard" title="Jotham Blanchard">Jotham Blanchard</a> almost two decades earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_plaque" title="Commemorative plaque">plaque</a> erected by the <a href="/wiki/Historic_Sites_and_Monuments_Board_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada">Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada</a> in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly reads: </p> <blockquote><p>First Responsible Government in the British Empire.<br /> The first <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_(Commonwealth_countries)" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Council (Commonwealth countries)">executive council</a> chosen exclusively from the party having a majority in the representative branch of a colonial legislature was formed in Nova Scotia on 2 February 1848. Following a vote of want of confidence in the preceding council, <a href="/wiki/James_Boyle_Uniacke" title="James Boyle Uniacke">James Boyle Uniacke</a>, who had moved the resolution, became attorney general and leader of the government. Joseph Howe, the long-time campaigner for this "peaceable revolution", became <a href="/wiki/Provincial_secretary" title="Provincial secretary">provincial secretary</a>. Other members of the council were Hugh Bell, Wm.F. Desbarres, Lawrence O.C. Doyle, Herbert Huntingdon, James McNab, Michael Tobin, and George R. Young.</p></blockquote> <p>The colony of <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> soon followed in May 1848,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_New_Brunswick" title="Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick">Lieutenant Governor</a> Edmund Walker Head brought in a more balanced representation of members of the Legislative Assembly to the Executive Council and ceded more powers to that body. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province of Canada</a>, responsible government was introduced when Elgin swore-in the ministry of <a href="/wiki/Louis-Hippolyte_Lafontaine" title="Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine">Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Baldwin" title="Robert Baldwin">Robert Baldwin</a> on 11 March 1848. It was put to the test in the following year, when Reformers in the legislature passed the <a href="/wiki/Rebellion_Losses_Bill" title="Rebellion Losses Bill">Rebellion Losses Bill</a>, which provided compensation to French-Canadians who suffered losses during the Rebellions of 1837–1838. Elgin had serious misgivings about the bill, but, nonetheless <a href="/wiki/Royal_Assent" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Assent">assented</a> to it, despite demands from the Tories that he refuse to do so. Elgin was physically assaulted by an English-speaking mob for this and the parliament building in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> was burned to the ground in the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Montreal Riots">ensuing riots</a>. Nonetheless, the Rebellion Losses Bill helped entrench responsible government into Canadian politics. </p><p>In time, the granting of responsible government became the first step on the road to complete independence. Canada gradually gained greater autonomy through inter imperial and Commonwealth diplomacy, including the <a href="/wiki/British_North_America_Act,_1867" class="mw-redirect" title="British North America Act, 1867">British North America Act, 1867</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster,_1931" class="mw-redirect" title="Statute of Westminster, 1931">Statute of Westminster, 1931</a>; and the patriation of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Constitution Act, 1982">Constitution Act, 1982</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commemoration">Commemoration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Responsible_government&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Commemoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">King of Canada</a>, sent a message to Nova Scotians on 2 February 2023 to mark the 175th anniversary of the implementation of responsible government in the province.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his remarks, the King said: </p> <blockquote><p>I am delighted to have the opportunity to recognize the 175th anniversary of Nova Scotia's establishment of the system of responsible government, which has become a cornerstone of Canadian democracy.<br /> It was in the drawing room at <a href="/wiki/Government_House_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Government House (Nova Scotia)">Government House</a>, Halifax, where Lieutenant Governor Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Harvey_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Harvey (British Army officer)">John Harvey</a> swore in the first democratically elected  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] cabinet in Canada's history. In 2014, as Prince of Wales, I had the great privilege of being sworn into the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Privy Council for Canada">Queen's Privy Council for Canada</a> in the very same room. At the time, I was struck by the historic setting and profound significance in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">history of Canada</a> and the Commonwealth and, as you reflect on and celebrate this important milestone, I wanted to send you my warmest best wishes.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Ralston_Saul" title="John Ralston Saul">John Ralston Saul</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/Viceregal_consort_of_Canada" title="Viceregal consort of Canada">viceregal consort of Canada</a>, penned a piece for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i> on 11 March 2023 lamenting that the country does not celebrate that date in 1848, which Saul regards as "the day on which we became a democracy—a continuous democracy" and such lack of observance perpetuates the misconceived identity of Canada as a new country.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia_and_New_Zealand">Australia and New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Responsible_government&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Australia and New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to European colonisation, the <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australian continent</a> was inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islands" title="Torres Strait Islands">Torres Strait Island</a> peoples, who had their own traditional forms of self-government. They were divided into various nations and clans and, in some cases, large alliances between several nations. In 1770, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> officer <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> sailed along the east coast of Australia and claimed it for King <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a>. Nearly two decades later, in 1788 the <a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Phillip" title="Arthur Phillip">Arthur Phillip</a> established the first permanent European settlement in Australia at <a href="/wiki/Port_Jackson" title="Port Jackson">Port Jackson</a>. The settlers gradually expanded across the continent, displacing the indigenous population, until they had established six colonies; the legal system of these colonies were based on the <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> system.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At first, the Australian colonies were run by autocratic governors. They were appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">British monarch</a>, but in practice the governors exercised vast executive and legislative powers with very little oversight. Several factors influenced this: most of these early colonies were penal colonies, they were at a great distance from the United Kingdom and communication was slow. In addition the continent was of enormous size and the Australian colonies were largely unexplored by Europeans and sparsely settled by them.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1808 a military <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Rum_Rebellion" title="Rum Rebellion">Rum Rebellion</a> deposed <a href="/wiki/Governor_Bligh" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor Bligh">Governor Bligh</a> and briefly established military rule over the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">Colony of New South Wales</a> until a new Governor (<a href="/wiki/Lachlan_Macquarie" title="Lachlan Macquarie">Lachlan Macquarie</a>) was appointed and sent from Britain. This did not aid in establishing responsible or representative government. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Charles_Wentworth_(sepia).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/William_Charles_Wentworth_%28sepia%29.jpg/220px-William_Charles_Wentworth_%28sepia%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/William_Charles_Wentworth_%28sepia%29.jpg/330px-William_Charles_Wentworth_%28sepia%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/William_Charles_Wentworth_%28sepia%29.jpg/440px-William_Charles_Wentworth_%28sepia%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1820" data-file-height="2144" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Wentworth" title="William Wentworth">William Charles Wentworth</a> was the leading advocate for responsible government in the Australian colonies and was central in the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales" title="Parliament of New South Wales">Parliament of New South Wales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tink_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tink-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The early colonists, coming mostly from the United Kingdom (which by 1801 included Ireland), were familiar with the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a> and made efforts to reform local government in order to increase the opportunity for ordinary men to participate. The Governors and London therefore set in motion a gradual process of establishing a Westminster system in the colonies. They did not want to get ahead of population or economic growth, nor be so slow as to provoke clamouring for revolutionary change as had happened in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> and was threatened in the <a href="/wiki/Rebellions_of_1837%E2%80%931838" title="Rebellions of 1837–1838">Rebellions of 1837–1838</a> in Canada. The government first established appointed or partially elected Legislative Councils. <a href="/wiki/William_Wentworth" title="William Wentworth">William Wentworth</a> among other prominent colonists in this time advocated for the introduction of responsible government in the Australian colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-Tink2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tink2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Violence erupted in the Colony of Victoria during the 1850s, where there was growing political discontent and civil disobedience among the common men, especially in the inland gold fields areas. This culminated in the 1854 <a href="/wiki/Eureka_Rebellion" title="Eureka Rebellion">Eureka Rebellion</a> near <a href="/wiki/Ballarat" title="Ballarat">Ballarat</a>. 190 miners armed themselves, erected a <a href="/wiki/Stockade" title="Stockade">stockade</a>, and raised the Southern Cross Flag. They demanded an end to taxation (via an expensive miner's license) without representation, the right to vote in colonial elections, and colonial maintenance and upkeep of the area's roads. </p><p>The British colonial forces overran the stockade, capturing or killing dozens of miners and bringing many to <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> for trial. However, mass public support led to the miners' release. Within a year, most of their demands had been met, including responsible self-government and universal male suffrage for the Colony of Victoria. </p><p>The Eureka Rebellion and events in Victoria resonated around the Australian colonies, which had their own regional agitators for change. South Australia was quick to pass universal male suffrage, and Victoria and New South Wales followed soon after. By the end of the 1850s, all the Australian colonies and New Zealand had achieved responsible self-government. Only Western Australia took until 1890 to achieve this. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a> was originally part of South Australia, but transferred to the Australian Commonwealth Government in 1911. It then <i>lost</i> responsible self-government (although residents could still vote in federal elections) and did not gain it back until 1974. Likewise, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a> was originally part of New South Wales. It was transferred to the Commonwealth Government in 1911 and lost responsible self-government until 1989. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Participation_by_women_and_indigenous_people">Participation by women and indigenous people</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Responsible_government&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Participation by women and indigenous people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">Women's suffrage in Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">Women's suffrage in New Zealand</a></div> <p>White female suffrage (then considered universal suffrage) was gained from the 1890s to the 1910s in Australia and New Zealand (1893), allowing the other half of the ethnic European population to participate in responsible representative government. </p><p>In New Zealand, the English and <a href="/wiki/Te_reo_maori" class="mw-redirect" title="Te reo maori">te reo maori</a> versions of the 1840 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi" title="Treaty of Waitangi">Treaty of Waitangi</a> had different wording, which fuelled disagreement over how the land should be governed, owned and sold. This was one of the causes of the later <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">New Zealand Wars</a> (1845–1872) over land and governance. Maori men were granted legal suffrage in 1867 through specially reserved <a href="/wiki/Maori_electorates" class="mw-redirect" title="Maori electorates">Maori seats</a>. </p><p>In Australia during the colonial period, some Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people may have theoretically had the right to vote in colonial elections. But, in practice they were usually unable to exercise this right: they lived traditional lifestyles in remote areas <a href="/wiki/Uncontacted_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncontacted people">uncontacted</a> by the colony, or affected by the disruption of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_frontier_wars" title="Australian frontier wars">Frontier Wars</a>. In addition, they often were excluded from voting by racial discrimination in practices or by property requirements. </p><p>After federation, the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Franchise_Act_1902" title="Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902">Commonwealth Franchise Act</a> of 1902 barred Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people from voting in federal elections unless they were already eligible to vote in their state. Queensland explicitly barred Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people from voting until the 1960s, while Western Australia barred Aboriginal people unless they successfully applied to become citizens. As a result, most<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Aboriginal people across the country were prevented from voting, including those who in theory had the right. Later, the 1962 Commonwealth Electoral Act gave all Aboriginal people the option to enroll to vote, but still most were not able to exercise their rights. </p><p>After passage of the <a href="/wiki/1967_Australian_referendum_(Aboriginals)" title="1967 Australian referendum (Aboriginals)">1967 Australian referendum</a>, the federal government was allowed to count Indigenous Australians in the census, and to ensure that their voting rights were respected across the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cape_Colony">Cape Colony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Responsible_government&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cape Colony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1_John_Molteno_-_1st_Prime_Minister_of_the_Cape_-_1860s_-_Copy2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/1_John_Molteno_-_1st_Prime_Minister_of_the_Cape_-_1860s_-_Copy2.jpg/220px-1_John_Molteno_-_1st_Prime_Minister_of_the_Cape_-_1860s_-_Copy2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/1_John_Molteno_-_1st_Prime_Minister_of_the_Cape_-_1860s_-_Copy2.jpg/330px-1_John_Molteno_-_1st_Prime_Minister_of_the_Cape_-_1860s_-_Copy2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/1_John_Molteno_-_1st_Prime_Minister_of_the_Cape_-_1860s_-_Copy2.jpg/440px-1_John_Molteno_-_1st_Prime_Minister_of_the_Cape_-_1860s_-_Copy2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Molteno" class="mw-redirect" title="John Molteno">John Molteno</a>, Father of Responsible Government and first <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister">Prime Minister</a> of the Cape</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Molteno_and_Saul_Solomon_preside_over_Cape_Government_-_Zingari_cartoon_1873.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/John_Molteno_and_Saul_Solomon_preside_over_Cape_Government_-_Zingari_cartoon_1873.jpg/220px-John_Molteno_and_Saul_Solomon_preside_over_Cape_Government_-_Zingari_cartoon_1873.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/John_Molteno_and_Saul_Solomon_preside_over_Cape_Government_-_Zingari_cartoon_1873.jpg/330px-John_Molteno_and_Saul_Solomon_preside_over_Cape_Government_-_Zingari_cartoon_1873.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/John_Molteno_and_Saul_Solomon_preside_over_Cape_Government_-_Zingari_cartoon_1873.jpg/440px-John_Molteno_and_Saul_Solomon_preside_over_Cape_Government_-_Zingari_cartoon_1873.jpg 2x" data-file-width="947" data-file-height="631" /></a><figcaption>Cartoon critical of responsible government, showing power and positions divided between various factions by Cape leaders, depicted as owls, <a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Molteno" title="John Charles Molteno">Molteno</a> (to the right) and <a href="/wiki/Saul_Solomon" title="Saul Solomon">Saul Solomon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/British_Cape_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="British Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a>, in Southern Africa, was under responsible self-government from 1872 until 1910 when it became the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Province" title="Cape Province">Cape Province</a> of the new <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under its previous system of <a href="/wiki/Representative_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Representative government">representative government</a>, the Ministers of the Cape Government reported directly to the <a href="/wiki/British_Cape_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="British Cape Colony">British Imperial Governor</a>, and not to the locally elected representatives in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Parliament of the Cape of Good Hope">Cape Parliament</a>. Among Cape citizens of all races, growing anger at their powerlessness in influencing unpopular imperial decisions had repeatedly led to protests and rowdy political meetings – especially during the early "<a href="/wiki/Convict_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Convict Crisis">Convict Crisis</a>" of the 1840s. A popular political movement for responsible government soon emerged, under local leader <a href="/wiki/John_Molteno" class="mw-redirect" title="John Molteno">John Molteno</a>. A protracted struggle was then conducted over the ensuing years as the movement (known informally as "the responsibles") grew increasingly powerful, and used their parliamentary majority to put pressure on the British Governor, withholding public finances from him, and conducting public agitations. Not everyone favoured responsible government though, and pro-imperial press outlets even accused the movement of constituting "crafts and assaults of the devil".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Supporters believed that the most effective means of instituting responsible government was simply to change the section of the constitution which prevented government officials from being elected to parliament or members of parliament from serving in executive positions. The conflict therefore centred on the changing of this specific section. "Although responsible government merely required an amendment to s.79 of the constitution, it transpired only after nearly twenty years in 1872 when the so-called 'responsibles' under Molteno were able to command sufficient support in both houses to secure the passage of the necessary bill."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, with a parliamentary majority and with the Colonial Office and new Governor <a href="/wiki/Henry_Barkly" title="Henry Barkly">Henry Barkly</a> won over, Molteno instituted responsible government, making the Ministers directly responsible to the Cape Parliament, and becoming the Cape's first <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister">Prime Minister</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ensuing period saw an economic recovery, a massive growth in exports and an expansion of the colony's frontiers. Despite political complications that arose from time to time (such as an ill-fated scheme by the <a href="/wiki/British_Colonial_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="British Colonial Office">British Colonial Office</a> to enforce a <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a> in Southern Africa in 1878, and tensions with the <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner">Afrikaner</a>-dominated <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">Government of Transvaal</a> over trade and railroad construction), economic and social progress in the <a href="/wiki/British_Cape_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="British Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> continued at a steady pace until a renewed attempt to extend British control over the hinterland caused the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Anglo-Boer Wars</a> in 1899.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An important feature of the <a href="/wiki/British_Cape_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="British Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> under responsible government was that it was the only state in southern Africa (and one of very few in the world at the time) to have a <a href="/wiki/Cape_Qualified_Franchise" title="Cape Qualified Franchise">non-racial system of voting</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later however – following the <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_Act_1909" title="South Africa Act 1909">South Africa Act 1909</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> – this <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">multi-racial universal suffrage</a> was steadily eroded, and eventually abolished by the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a> government in 1948. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_British_colonies_with_responsible_government">Former British colonies with responsible government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Responsible_government&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Former British colonies with responsible government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following is a list of British colonies, and the year when responsible government was established in the territory: </p> <ul><li>1848 – <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Nova Scotia">Province of Nova Scotia</a></li> <li>1848 – <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of New Brunswick">Province of New Brunswick</a></li> <li>1848 – <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province of Canada</a></li> <li>1851 – <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li>1855 – <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> (suspended from 1934 to 1949),<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">Colony of New South Wales</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria" title="Colony of Victoria">Colony of Victoria</a></li> <li>1856 – <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">Colony of New Zealand</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Tasmania" title="Colony of Tasmania">Colony of Tasmania</a></li> <li>1857 – <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Australia#Proclamation_of_South_Australia_(1836)" title="History of South Australia">Province of South Australia</a></li> <li>1859 – <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Queensland" title="Colony of Queensland">Colony of Queensland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Separation_of_Queensland" title="Separation of Queensland">separated from New South Wales</a> in that year with self-government from the beginning)</li> <li>1872 – The <a href="/wiki/British_Cape_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="British Cape Colony">Cape Colony, South Africa</a></li> <li>1890 – <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Western Australia">Colony of Western Australia</a></li> <li>1893 – <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal, South Africa</a></li> <li>1906 – <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal, South Africa</a></li> <li>1907 – <a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River Colony, South Africa</a></li> <li>1921 – <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> (suspended from 1936 to 1947, and from 1959 to 1962)</li> <li>1923 – <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a></li> <li>1947 – <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a></li> <li>1947 – <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li>1948 – <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> (independence from the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_German_history">In German history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Responsible_government&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In German history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Responsible_government" title="Special:EditPage/Responsible government">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the early 1860s, the <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> was involved in a bitter dispute with the Liberals, who sought to institute a system of responsible government modeled on that of Britain. Bismarck, who strongly opposed that demand, managed to deflect the pressure by embarking energetically and successfully on the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">unification of Germany</a>. The Liberals, who were also strong German nationalists, backed Bismarck's unification efforts and tacitly accepted that the Constitution of Imperial Germany, crafted by Bismarck, did not include a responsible government – the Chancellor being accountable solely to the emperor and needing no parliamentary confidence. Germany gained a responsible government only with the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> and more securely with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a>. Historians account the lack of responsible government in the formative decades of united Germany as one of the factors contributing to the prolonged weakness of German democratic institutions, lasting also after such a government was finally instituted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Responsible_government&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_of_powers" title="Fusion of powers">Fusion of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom#Worldwide_influence" title="History of the constitution of the United Kingdom">History of the constitution of the United Kingdom § Worldwide influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_sovereignty" title="Parliamentary sovereignty">Parliamentary sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Responsible_government&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1934, the <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="General Assembly of Newfoundland">General Assembly of Newfoundland</a> followed through with recommendations made in a <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Royal_Commission" title="Newfoundland Royal Commission">royal commission</a>, suspending responsible government in Newfoundland. From 1934 to 1949, Newfoundland was governed by the <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Commission_of_Government" title="Newfoundland Commission of Government">Newfoundland Commission of Government</a>, a body that was subordinate to the <a href="/wiki/British_government" class="mw-redirect" title="British government">British government</a>. Responsible government in Newfoundland was restored in 1949, after it joined the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Responsible_government&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Responsible_government&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071213045132/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm">"Victorian Electronic Democracy, Final Report – Glossary"</a>. 28 July 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm">the original</a> on 13 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Victorian+Electronic+Democracy%2C+Final+Report+%E2%80%93+Glossary&rft.date=2005-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.vic.gov.au%2FSARC%2FE-Democracy%2FFinal_Report%2FGlossary.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResponsible+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phillip A. Buckner, <i>The Transition to Responsible Government: British Policy in British North America, 1815–1850</i> (1985) ch. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/politics/responsible-government-1855-to-1933.php">"Responsible Government, 1855-1933"</a>. Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Website. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Responsible+Government%2C+1855-1933&rft.pub=Newfoundland+and+Labrador+Heritage+Website&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.nf.ca%2Farticles%2Fpolitics%2Fresponsible-government-1855-to-1933.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResponsible+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parl.gc.ca/About/House/compendium/web-content/c_d_responsiblegovernmentministerialaccountability-e.htm">"Responsible Government and Ministerial Responsibility"</a>. Parliament of Canada. October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Responsible+Government+and+Ministerial+Responsibility&rft.pub=Parliament+of+Canada&rft.date=2015-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2FAbout%2FHouse%2Fcompendium%2Fweb-content%2Fc_d_responsiblegovernmentministerialaccountability-e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResponsible+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parlipapers.proquest.com/parlipapers/docview/t70.d75.1839-018414"><i>Despatches from Sir F.B. Head, relative to Canada, with Answers from Secretary of State</i></a>. Parliament of the United Kingdom. 1839.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Despatches+from+Sir+F.B.+Head%2C+relative+to+Canada%2C+with+Answers+from+Secretary+of+State&rft.pub=Parliament+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft.date=1839&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fparlipapers.proquest.com%2Fparlipapers%2Fdocview%2Ft70.d75.1839-018414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResponsible+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ritchie, Holly. ""For Christ and Covenant:" A Movement for Equal Consideration in Early Nineteenth Century Nova Scotia." Master's Thesis. Saint Mary's University, 2017. pp. 112–116. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://library2.smu.ca/handle/01/27387#.XMmNDrdKg_4">http://library2.smu.ca/handle/01/27387#.XMmNDrdKg_4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck1974" class="citation journal cs1">Beck, J.M. (Spring 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/Acadiensis/article/viewFile/11353/12103">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'A Fool for a Client': The Trial of Joseph Howe"</a>. <i>Acadiensis</i>. <b>3</b>: 27–28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acadiensis&rft.atitle=%27A+Fool+for+a+Client%27%3A+The+Trial+of+Joseph+Howe&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=27-28&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=J.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lib.unb.ca%2Findex.php%2FAcadiensis%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F11353%2F12103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResponsible+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsey2016" class="citation book cs1">Forsey, Eugene A. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lop.parl.ca/About/Parliament/senatoreugeneforsey/book/assets/pdf/How_Canadians_Govern_Themselves9.pdf"><i>How Canadians Govern Themselves</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (9 ed.). Ottawa: Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-660-04488-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-660-04488-0"><bdi>978-0-660-04488-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Canadians+Govern+Themselves&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pages=3&rft.edition=9&rft.pub=Her+Majesty+the+Queen+in+Right+of+Canada&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-660-04488-0&rft.aulast=Forsey&rft.aufirst=Eugene+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flop.parl.ca%2FAbout%2FParliament%2Fsenatoreugeneforsey%2Fbook%2Fassets%2Fpdf%2FHow_Canadians_Govern_Themselves9.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResponsible+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavison2023" class="citation cs2">Davison, Janet (12 February 2023), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/royal-endorsement-legacy-meeting-canadians-coronation-playlist-1.6741296"><i>The royals have their causes, but how much difference can they make?</i></a>, CBC News<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+royals+have+their+causes%2C+but+how+much+difference+can+they+make%3F&rft.pub=CBC+News&rft.date=2023-02-12&rft.aulast=Davison&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Froyal-endorsement-legacy-meeting-canadians-coronation-playlist-1.6741296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResponsible+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_III2023" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III [@LtGovNS]</a> (2 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/LtGovNS/status/1621168064426549250">"A message to all Nova Scotians from His Majesty King Charles III on the 175th anniversary of the establishment of Responsible Government in the Province"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>). Halifax<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2023</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+message+to+all+Nova+Scotians+from+His+Majesty+King+Charles+III+on+the+175th+anniversary+of+the+establishment+of+Responsible+Government+in+the+Province.&rft.place=Halifax&rft.date=2023-02-02&rft.au=Charles+III&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FLtGovNS%2Fstatus%2F1621168064426549250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResponsible+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaul2023" class="citation cs2">Saul, John Ralston (11 March 2023), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-on-this-day-175-years-ago-canada-became-a-democracy-why-arent-we/">"On this day, 175 years ago, Canada became a democracy. Why aren't we celebrating?"</a>, <i>The Globe and Mail</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=On+this+day%2C+175+years+ago%2C+Canada+became+a+democracy.+Why+aren%27t+we+celebrating%3F&rft.date=2023-03-11&rft.aulast=Saul&rft.aufirst=John+Ralston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fopinion%2Farticle-on-this-day-175-years-ago-canada-became-a-democracy-why-arent-we%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResponsible+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tink-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tink_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTink,_Andrew2009" class="citation book cs1">Tink, Andrew (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/28173894"><i>William Charles Wentworth : Australia's greatest native son</i></a>. Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74175-192-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74175-192-5"><bdi>978-1-74175-192-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Charles+Wentworth+%3A+Australia%27s+greatest+native+son&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-74175-192-5&rft.au=Tink%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fwork%2F28173894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResponsible+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tink2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tink2_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTink,_Andrew2009" class="citation book cs1">Tink, Andrew (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/28173894"><i>William Charles Wentworth : Australia's greatest native son</i></a>. Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74175-192-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74175-192-5"><bdi>978-1-74175-192-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Charles+Wentworth+%3A+Australia%27s+greatest+native+son&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-74175-192-5&rft.au=Tink%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fwork%2F28173894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResponsible+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.L. Harrington: <i>The Parliament of the Cape of Good Hope, with special reference to party politics 1872–1910</i>. Government Printer, 1973.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Zingari</i>. 9 June 1871. p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. E. Devenish (1978). "Our legal heritage". <i>De Rebus Procuratoriis</i>, p. 486. University of the Western Cape.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipschutzKent_Rasmussen1989" class="citation book cs1">Lipschutz, Mark R.; Kent Rasmussen, R. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QYoPkk04Yp4C&q=john+charles+molteno+responsible+government&pg=PA151"><i>African Historical Biographies</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520066113" title="Special:BookSources/9780520066113"><bdi>9780520066113</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Historical+Biographies&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780520066113&rft.aulast=Lipschutz&rft.aufirst=Mark+R.&rft.au=Kent+Rasmussen%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQYoPkk04Yp4C%26q%3Djohn%2Bcharles%2Bmolteno%2Bresponsible%2Bgovernment%26pg%3DPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResponsible+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phyllis Lewsen (1943). <i>The First Crises in Responsible Government in the Cape Colony</i>. Argief-jaarboek vir Suid-Afrikaanse geskiedenis (Vol. 3). University of the Witwatersrand.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. F. M. Immelman (1955). <i>Men of Good Hope, 1804–1954</i>. CTCC: Cape Town, 1955. Chapter 6: "The Anti-convict Agitation". p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Molteno, P. A. (1900). <i>The Life and Times of John Charles Molteno. Comprising a History of Representative Institutions and Responsible Government at the Cape. Volume II</i>. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 214</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Responsible_government&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Berriedale_Keith" title="Arthur Berriedale Keith">Arthur Berriedale Keith</a>. <i>Responsible Government in the Dominions</i>, 1912.</li> <li>Molteno, P. A. <i>The Life and Times of John Charles Molteno. Comprising a History of Representative Institutions and Responsible Government at the Cape</i>. London: Smith, Elder & Co., Waterloo Place, 1900.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i>Status and Respectability in the Cape Colony, 1750–1870: A Tragedy of Manners</i>. Robert Ross, David Anderson. Cambridge University Press. 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-62122-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-62122-4">0-521-62122-4</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Responsible_government&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinniss1886" class="citation book cs1">Finniss, B.T. (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AUColLawMon/1886/1.pdf"><i>The Constitutional History of South Australia During Twenty-One Years from the Foundation of the Settlement in 1836 to the Inauguration of Responsible Government in 1857</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Adelaide: W.C. Rigby.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitutional+History+of+South+Australia+During+Twenty-One+Years+from+the+Foundation+of+the+Settlement+in+1836+to+the+Inauguration+of+Responsible+Government+in+1857&rft.place=Adelaide&rft.pub=W.C.+Rigby&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Finniss&rft.aufirst=B.T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassic.austlii.edu.au%2Fau%2Fjournals%2FAUColLawMon%2F1886%2F1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResponsible+government" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsey,_Eugene_A.1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Forsey" title="Eugene Forsey">Forsey, Eugene A.</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parl.gc.ca/About/Parliament/SenatorEugeneForsey/book/preface-e.html"><i>How Canadians Govern Themselves</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a>. p. 58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Canadians+Govern+Themselves&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft.date=1981&rft.au=Forsey%2C+Eugene+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2FAbout%2FParliament%2FSenatorEugeneForsey%2Fbook%2Fpreface-e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResponsible+government" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamer,_David_J.2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Hamer" title="David Hamer">Hamer, David J.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/senate/pubs/hamer/book.pdf"><i>Can Responsible Government Survive in Australia?</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament of Australia</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Can+Responsible+Government+Survive+in+Australia%3F&rft.pub=Parliament+of+Australia&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Hamer%2C+David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2Fbinaries%2Fsenate%2Fpubs%2Fhamer%2Fbook.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResponsible+government" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRathgeber,_Brent2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brent_Rathgeber" title="Brent Rathgeber">Rathgeber, Brent</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dundurn.com/books/irresponsible_government"><i>Irresponsible Government: The Decline of Parliamentary Democracy in Canada</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Dundurn_Press" title="Dundurn Press">Dundurn Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781459728370" title="Special:BookSources/9781459728370"><bdi>9781459728370</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irresponsible+Government%3A+The+Decline+of+Parliamentary+Democracy+in+Canada&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781459728370&rft.au=Rathgeber%2C+Brent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dundurn.com%2Fbooks%2Firresponsible_government&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResponsible+government" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalles,_Denis2011" class="citation journal cs1">Salles, Denis (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sapiens.revues.org/1092">"Responsibility based environmental governance"</a>. <i>S.A.P.I.EN.S</i>. <b>4</b> (1)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=S.A.P.I.EN.S&rft.atitle=Responsibility+based+environmental+governance&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Salles%2C+Denis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsapiens.revues.org%2F1092&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResponsible+government" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constitution_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Constitution of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Constitution_of_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_constitutional_documents" title="List of Canadian constitutional documents">List of constitutional documents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_Canada" title="Amendments to the Constitution of Canada">Amendments to the Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-constitutionality" title="Quasi-constitutionality">Quasi-constitutional law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pre-Confederation_constitutional_documents" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Canada" title="Constitutional history of Canada">Pre-Confederation constitutional documents</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Law_of_Peace" title="Great Law of Peace">Iroquois constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_(Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Council (Miꞌkmaq)">Mi'kmaq constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Council_of_New_France" title="Sovereign Council of New France">Constitution of New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec Act of 1774</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Act_1791" title="Constitutional Act 1791">Constitutional Act of 1791</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_Lower_Canada" title="Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada">Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada</a> (1838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_Report" title="Durham Report">Report on the Affairs of British North America</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_1840" title="Act of Union 1840">Act of Union 1840</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Confederation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Confederation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Conference" title="Charlottetown Conference">Charlottetown Conference, 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Conference,_1864" title="Quebec Conference, 1864">Quebec Conference, 1864</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Resolutions" title="Quebec Resolutions">Quebec Resolutions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1866" title="London Conference of 1866">London Conference, 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fathers_of_Confederation" title="Fathers of Confederation">Fathers of Confederation</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Constitution_Act,_1867" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">Constitution Act, 1867</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_federalism" title="Canadian federalism">Canadian federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Preamble to the Constitution Act, 1867">Preamble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_121_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 121 of the Constitution Act, 1867">Section 121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_125_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 125 of the Constitution Act, 1867">Section 125</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Powers under<br />Section 91</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace,_order,_and_good_government" title="Peace, order, and good government">Peace, order, and good government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_91(2)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 91(2) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Trade and commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_91(27)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 91(27) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Criminal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_92(10)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 92(10) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Matters excepted from s. 92</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Powers under <br />Section 92</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Section_91(27)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867#Provincial_jurisdiction" title="Section 91(27) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_92(10)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 92(10) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Works and undertakings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_92(13)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 92(13) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Property and civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_92(14)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Section 92(14) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Administration of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_91(27)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867#Provincial_jurisdiction" title="Section 91(27) of the Constitution Act, 1867">Fines and penalties for provincial laws</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_92(16)_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1867&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 92(16) of the Constitution Act, 1867 (page does not exist)">Matters of a local or private nature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Amendments_and_other_constitutional_documents_1867–1982" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Amendments and other constitutional documents 1867–1982</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_North_America_Acts" title="British North America Acts">British North America Acts</a>, 1867–1982</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Act,_1870" title="Manitoba Act, 1870">Manitoba Act, 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Act" title="Alberta Act">Alberta Act, 1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_Act" title="Saskatchewan Act">Saskatchewan Act, 1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster, 1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Act" title="Newfoundland Act">Newfoundland Act, 1949</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Patriation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Patriation" title="Patriation">Patriation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fulton%E2%80%93Favreau_formula" title="Fulton–Favreau formula">Fulton–Favreau formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Charter" title="Victoria Charter">Victoria Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriation#The_Kitchen_Accord" title="Patriation">Kitchen Accord/Night of the Long Knives</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Constitution_Act,_1982" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Constitution Act, 1982">Constitution Act, 1982</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Part I – Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Preamble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_1_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 1 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_2_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_3_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 3 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_4_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 4 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_5_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 5 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_6_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 6 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_7_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_8_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 8 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_9_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 9 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_10_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 10 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_11_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 11 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_12_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 12 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_13_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 13 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_14_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 14 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_15_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_16_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 16 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_16.1_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 16.1 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">16.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_17_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 17 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_18_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 18 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_19_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 19 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_20_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 20 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_21_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 21 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_22_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 22 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_23_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_24_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 24 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_25_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 25 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_26_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 26 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_27_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_28_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 28 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_29_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 29 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_30_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 30 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_31_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 31 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_32_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 32 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_33_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_34_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 34 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">34</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Part II – Rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Section_35_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982">35</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_35.1_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 35.1 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">35</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Part III – Equalization and regional disparities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_36_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 36 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">36</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_Canada" title="Amendments to the Constitution of Canada">Part V – Procedure for amending Constitution of Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_38_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 38 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">38</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_39_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 39 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">39</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_40_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 40 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">40</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_41_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 41 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">41</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_42_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 42 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">42</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_43_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 43 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">43</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_44_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 44 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">44</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_45_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 45 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">45</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_46_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 46 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">46</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_47_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 47 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">47</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_48_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 48 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">48</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_49_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 49 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">49</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Part VII – General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Section_52_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 52 of the Constitution Act, 1982">52</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_53_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 53 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">53</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_54_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 54 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">54</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_55_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 55 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">55</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_56_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 56 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">56</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_57_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 57 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">57</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_58_of_the_Constitution_Act,_1982&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 58 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (page does not exist)">58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_23_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">59</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Conventions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political custom)">Conventions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/At_His_Majesty%27s_pleasure" title="At His Majesty's pleasure">At His Majesty's pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_collective_responsibility" title="Cabinet collective responsibility">Cabinet collective responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disallowance_and_reservation_in_Canada" title="Disallowance and reservation in Canada">Disallowance and reservation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Responsible government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_of_powers" title="Fusion of powers">Fusion of powers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King-in-Parliament" title="King-in-Parliament">King-in-Parliament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implied_repeal" title="Implied repeal">Implied repeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_ministerial_responsibility" title="Individual ministerial responsibility">Individual ministerial responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpellation_(politics)" title="Interpellation (politics)">Interpellation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Question_Period" title="Question Period">Question Period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_privilege" title="Parliamentary privilege">Parliamentary privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_sovereignty" title="Parliamentary sovereignty">Parliamentary sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_power" title="Reserve power">Reserve power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">Royal prerogative</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Constitutional_debate" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_debate_in_Canada" title="Constitutional debate in Canada">Constitutional debate</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triple-E_Senate" title="Triple-E Senate">Triple-E Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meech_Lake_Accord" title="Meech Lake Accord">Meech Lake Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Accord" title="Charlottetown Accord">Charlottetown Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Declaration" title="Calgary Declaration">Calgary Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsuccessful_attempts_to_amend_the_Canadian_Constitution" title="Unsuccessful attempts to amend the Canadian Constitution">Other unsuccessful amendments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Interpretation_of_the_Constitution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_constitutional_law" title="Canadian constitutional law">Interpretation of the Constitution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_self-government_in_Canada" title="Indigenous self-government in Canada">Indigenous self-government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pith_and_substance" title="Pith and substance">Pith and substance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_aspect" class="mw-redirect" title="Double aspect">Double aspect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_authenticity_rule" title="Equal authenticity rule">Equal authenticity rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramountcy_(Canada)" title="Paramountcy (Canada)">Paramountcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_tree_doctrine" title="Living tree doctrine">Living tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implied_Bill_of_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Implied Bill of Rights">Implied Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interjurisdictional_immunity" title="Interjurisdictional immunity">Interjurisdictional immunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purposive_approach" title="Purposive approach">Purposive theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_principle" title="Dialogue principle">Dialogue principle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Provincial_constitutions_of_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Provincial constitutions of Canada</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Alberta" title="Constitution of Alberta">Constitution of Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Quebec" title="Constitution of Quebec">Constitution of Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act_(British_Columbia)" title="Constitution Act (British Columbia)">Constitution Act (British Columbia)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Constitution_of_Canada" title="Category:Constitution of Canada">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Constitution_of_Australia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Australian_Constitution" title="Template:Australian Constitution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Australian_Constitution" title="Template talk:Australian Constitution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Australian_Constitution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Australian Constitution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Constitution_of_Australia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Constitution of Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_I_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Chapter I of the Constitution of Australia">Chapter I of the Constitution of Australia: The Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_51_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 51 of the Constitution of Australia">Section 51 of the Constitution of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Executive power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Australia" title="Cabinet of Australia"> Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_II_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Chapter II of the Constitution of Australia">Chapter II of the Constitution of Australia: The Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_61_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 61 of the Constitution of Australia">Section 61 of the Constitution of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Executive_Council_(Australia)" title="Federal Executive Council (Australia)"> Federal Executive Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Judicial power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_III_Court" title="Chapter III Court">Chapter III of the constitution of Australia: Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_75_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 75 of the Constitution of Australia">Section 75 of the Constitution of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_v_Kirby;_Ex_parte_Boilermakers%27_Society_of_Australia" title="R v Kirby; Ex parte Boilermakers' Society of Australia"> Boilermakers' Case</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-State_Commission" title="Inter-State Commission">Inter-State Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia#Appeals_to_the_Privy_Council" title="High Court of Australia"> Privy Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Doctrines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Constitutional_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Constitutional Law">Australian Constitutional Law</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Responsible government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_in_Australia" title="Separation of powers in Australia">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)#Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political custom)">Constitutional conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_Australia" title="Federalism in Australia">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_political_communication" title="Freedom of political communication">Implied freedom of political communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_immunity_(Australia)" title="Intergovernmental immunity (Australia)">Implied immunity of instrumentalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_power" title="Reserve power"> Reserve power (sovereign)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserved_powers_doctrine" title="Reserved powers doctrine"> Reserved State powers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amendments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Australia" title="Referendums in Australia">Referendum process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_Australian_Senate_elections_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1906 Australian Senate elections referendum">Senate elections (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1910_Australian_referendum_(State_Debts)" title="1910 Australian referendum (State Debts)">1st State debts (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Australian_referendum_(State_Debts)" class="mw-redirect" title="1928 Australian referendum (State Debts)">2nd State debts (1928)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Australian_referendum_(Social_Services)" title="1946 Australian referendum (Social Services)">Social services (1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Australian_referendum_(Aboriginals)" title="1967 Australian referendum (Aboriginals)">Aboriginals (1967)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Australian_referendum_(Senate_Casual_Vacancies)" title="1977 Australian referendum (Senate Casual Vacancies)">Casual vacancies (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Australian_referendum_(Referendums)" title="1977 Australian referendum (Referendums)">Referendums (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Australian_referendum_(Retirement_of_Judges)" class="mw-redirect" title="1977 Australian referendum (Retirement of Judges)">Retirement of judges (1977)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constitutional texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Constitution of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster 1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_Adoption_Act_1942" title="Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942">Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_Act_1986" title="Australia Act 1986">Australia Act 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Constitution_(Public_Record_Copy)_Act_1990" title="Australian Constitution (Public Record Copy) Act 1990">Australian Constitution (Public Record Copy) Act 1990</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Australia" title="Constitutional history of Australia">Constitutional history of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Australian_constitutional_crisis" title="1975 Australian constitutional crisis">The Dismissal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Convention (Australia)">Constitutional Conventions</a> (<a href="/wiki/1998_Australian_Constitutional_Convention" title="1998 Australian Constitutional Convention">1998</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Australian_parliamentary_eligibility_crisis" title="2017–18 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis">2017–18 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_states_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of proposed states of Australia">List of proposed states of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">Republicanism in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_Australia" title="Secession in Australia">Separatist movements within Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By chapter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_I_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Chapter I of the Constitution of Australia">I: The Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_II_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Chapter II of the Constitution of Australia">II: The Executive Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_III_Court" title="Chapter III Court">III: The Judicature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_IV_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Chapter IV of the Constitution of Australia">IV: Finance and Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_V_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Chapter V of the Constitution of Australia">V: The States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_VI_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Chapter VI of the Constitution of Australia">VI: New States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_VII_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapter VII of the Constitution of Australia">VII: Miscellaneous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_VIII_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Chapter VIII of the Constitution of Australia">VIII: Alteration of the Constitution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By section</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Section_1_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 1 of the Constitution of Australia">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_2_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 2 of the Constitution of Australia">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_3_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 3 of the Constitution of Australia">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_4_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 4 of the Constitution of Australia">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_5_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 5 of the Constitution of Australia">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_6_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 6 of the Constitution of Australia">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_7_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 7 of the Constitution of Australia">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_8_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 8 of the Constitution of Australia">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_9_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 9 of the Constitution of Australia">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_10_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 10 of the Constitution of Australia">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_11_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 11 of the Constitution of Australia">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_12_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 12 of the Constitution of Australia">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_13_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 13 of the Constitution of Australia">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_14_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 14 of the Constitution of Australia">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_15_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 15 of the Constitution of Australia">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_16_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 16 of the Constitution of Australia">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_17_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 17 of the Constitution of Australia">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_18_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 18 of the Constitution of Australia">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_19_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 19 of the Constitution of Australia">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_20_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 20 of the Constitution of Australia">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_21_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 21 of the Constitution of Australia">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_22_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 22 of the Constitution of Australia">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_23_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 23 of the Constitution of Australia">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_24_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 24 of the Constitution of Australia">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_25_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 25 of the Constitution of Australia">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_26_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 26 of the Constitution of Australia">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_27_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 27 of the Constitution of Australia">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_28_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 28 of the Constitution of Australia">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_29_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 29 of the Constitution of Australia">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_30_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 30 of the Constitution of Australia">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_31_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 31 of the Constitution of Australia">31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_32_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 32 of the Constitution of Australia">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_33_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 33 of the Constitution of Australia">33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_34_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 34 of the Constitution of Australia">34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_35_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 35 of the Constitution of Australia">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_36_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 36 of the Constitution of Australia">36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_37_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 37 of the Constitution of Australia">37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_38_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 38 of the Constitution of Australia">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_39_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 39 of the Constitution of Australia">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_40_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 40 of the Constitution of Australia">40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_41_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 41 of the Constitution of Australia">41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_42_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 42 of the Constitution of Australia">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_43_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 43 of the Constitution of Australia">43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_44_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 44 of the Constitution of Australia">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_45_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 45 of the Constitution of Australia">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_46_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 46 of the Constitution of Australia">46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_47_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 47 of the Constitution of Australia">47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_48_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 48 of the Constitution of Australia">48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_49_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 49 of the Constitution of Australia">49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_50_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 50 of the Constitution of Australia">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_52_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 52 of the Constitution of Australia">52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_53_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 53 of the Constitution of Australia">53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_54_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 54 of the Constitution of Australia">54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_55_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 55 of the Constitution of Australia">55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_56_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 56 of the Constitution of Australia">56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_57_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 57 of the Constitution of Australia">57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_58_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 58 of the Constitution of Australia">58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_59_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 59 of the Constitution of Australia">59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_60_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 60 of the Constitution of Australia">60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_61_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 61 of the Constitution of Australia">61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_62_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 62 of the Constitution of Australia">62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_63_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 63 of the Constitution of Australia">63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_64_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 64 of the Constitution of Australia">64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_65_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 65 of the Constitution of Australia">65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_66_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 66 of the Constitution of Australia">66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_67_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 67 of the Constitution of Australia">67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_68_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 68 of the Constitution of Australia">68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_69_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 69 of the Constitution of Australia">69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_70_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 70 of the Constitution of Australia">70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_71_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 71 of the Constitution of Australia">71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_72_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 72 of the Constitution of Australia">72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_73_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 73 of the Constitution of Australia">73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_74_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 74 of the Constitution of Australia">74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_75_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 75 of the Constitution of Australia">75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_76_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 76 of the Constitution of Australia">76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_77_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 77 of the Constitution of Australia">77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_78_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 78 of the Constitution of Australia">78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_79_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 79 of the Constitution of Australia">79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_80_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 80 of the Constitution of Australia">80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_81_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 81 of the Constitution of Australia">81</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_82_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 82 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">82</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_83_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 83 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">83</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_84_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 84 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">84</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_85_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 85 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">85</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_86_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 86 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_87_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 87 of the Constitution of Australia">87</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_88_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 88 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">88</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_89_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 89 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_90_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 90 of the Constitution of Australia">90</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_91_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 91 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_92_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 92 of the Constitution of Australia">92</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_93_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 93 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">93</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_94_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 94 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">94</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_95_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 95 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_96_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 96 of the Constitution of Australia">96</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_97_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 97 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_98_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 98 of the Constitution of Australia">98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_99_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 99 of the Constitution of Australia">99</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_100_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 100 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_101_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 101 of the Constitution of Australia">101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_102_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 102 of the Constitution of Australia">102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_103_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 103 of the Constitution of Australia">103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_104_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 104 of the Constitution of Australia">104</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_105_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 105 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_105A_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 105A of the Constitution of Australia">105A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_106_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 106 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">106</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_107_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 107 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">107</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_108_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 108 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_109_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 109 of the Constitution of Australia">109</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_110_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 110 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">110</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_111_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 111 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">111</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_112_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 112 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_113_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 113 of the Constitution of Australia">113</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_114_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 114 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">114</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_115_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 115 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_116_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 116 of the Constitution of Australia">116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_117_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 117 of the Constitution of Australia">117</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_118_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 118 of the Constitution of Australia">118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_119_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 119 of the Constitution of Australia">119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_120_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 120 of the Constitution of Australia">120</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_121_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 121 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_122_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 122 of the Constitution of Australia">122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_123_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 123 of the Constitution of Australia">123</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_124_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 124 of the Constitution of Australia">124</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_125_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 125 of the Constitution of Australia">125</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_126_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 126 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_127_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 127 of the Constitution of Australia">127</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_VIII_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Chapter VIII of the Constitution of Australia">128</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Section_51_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 51 of the Constitution of Australia">Enumerated legislative<br /> powers (Section 51)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Powers of</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_51(i)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 51(i) of the Constitution of Australia">(i) Interstate trade and commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_basis_of_taxation_in_Australia" title="Constitutional basis of taxation in Australia">(ii) Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_51(v)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 51(v) of the Constitution of Australia">(v) Post and telegraph (communication)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_51(vi)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 51(vi) of the Constitution of Australia">(vi) Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_51(ix)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 51(ix) of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">(ix) Quarantine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_51(x)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 51(x) of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">(x) Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_51_(xii)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 51 (xii) of the Constitution of Australia">(xii) Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_51(xiii)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 51(xiii) of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">(xiii) Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_51(xiv)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 51(xiv) of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">(xiv) Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_51(xviii)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 51(xviii) of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">(xviii) Copyrights, patents and trademarks</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_51(xix)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 51(xix) of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">(xix) Naturalization and aliens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_51(xx)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 51(xx) of the Constitution of Australia">(xx) Corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_51(xxi)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 51(xxi) of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">(xxi) Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_51(xxii)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 51(xxii) of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">(xxii) Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_51(xxiii)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 51(xxiii) of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">(xxiii) Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_51(xxiiiA)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 51(xxiiiA) of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">(xxiiiA) Social security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_51(xxvi)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 51(xxvi) of the Constitution of Australia">(xxvi) Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_51(xxvii)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 51(xxvii) of the Constitution of Australia">(xxvii) Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_51(xxix)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 51(xxix) of the Constitution of Australia">(xxix) External affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_51(xxx)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 51(xxx) of the Constitution of Australia">(xxx) Pacific islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_51(xxxi)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 51(xxxi) of the Constitution of Australia">(xxxi) Acquisition of property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_51(xxxv)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 51(xxxv) of the Constitution of Australia">(xxxv) Conciliation and arbitration</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_51(xxxvi)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 51(xxxvi) of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">(xxxvi) Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_51(xxxvii)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 51(xxxvii) of the Constitution of Australia">(xxxvii) Referral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_51(xxxviii)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 51(xxxviii) of the Constitution of Australia">(xxxviii) Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_51(xxxix)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 51(xxxix) of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">(xxxix) Incident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Politics_of_Australia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Australia" title="Template:Politics of Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Australia" title="Template talk:Politics of Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Politics_of_Australia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia" title="Politics of Australia">Politics of Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commonwealth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Australia" title="Cabinet of Australia">Cabinet</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Shadow_cabinet_of_Australia" title="Shadow cabinet of Australia">Shadow Cabinet</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Executive_Council_(Australia)" title="Federal Executive Council (Australia)">Federal Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanese_ministry" title="Albanese ministry">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Australia" title="Foreign relations of Australia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Australia)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Australia)">Opposition Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Australia" title="Judiciary of Australia">Lower Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_Adoption_Act_1942" title="Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942">Statute of Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_Act_1986" title="Australia Act 1986">Australia Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Australia" title="Electoral system of Australia">Electoral system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_federal_by-elections" title="List of Australian federal by-elections">By-elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Australia" title="Referendums in Australia">Referendums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Australian_elections" title="Timeline of Australian elections">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">State/territory <br /> governments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governors_of_the_Australian_states" title="Governors of the Australian states">Governors and Administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premiers_and_chief_ministers_of_the_Australian_states_and_territories" title="Premiers and chief ministers of the Australian states and territories">Premiers and Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliaments_of_the_Australian_states_and_territories" title="Parliaments of the Australian states and territories">Parliaments and Assemblies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(Australia)" title="Opposition (Australia)">State and Territory Shadow Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_New_South_Wales" title="Government of New South Wales">NSW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_State_Government" title="Victoria State Government">Vic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queensland_Government" title="Queensland Government">Qld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Western_Australia" title="Government of Western Australia">WA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Australia" title="Government of South Australia">SA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Government" title="Tasmanian Government">Tas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Government of the Australian Capital Territory">ACT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory_Government" title="Northern Territory Government">NT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Australia" title="Local government in Australia">Local <br />government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_New_South_Wales" title="Local government in New South Wales">New South Wales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_New_South_Wales" title="Local government areas of New South Wales">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Northern_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government in the Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_the_Northern_Territory" title="Local government areas of the Northern Territory">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Queensland" title="Local government in Queensland">Queensland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Queensland" title="Local government areas of Queensland">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government in South Australia">South Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_South_Australia" title="Local government areas of South Australia">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Tasmania" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government in Tasmania">Tasmania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Tasmania" title="Local government areas of Tasmania">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Victoria" title="Local government in Victoria">Victoria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Victoria" title="Local government areas of Victoria">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government in Western Australia">Western Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Western_Australia" title="Local government areas of Western Australia">list</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of political parties in Australia">Political <br />parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_(Australia)" title="Coalition (Australia)">Coalition</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia" title="National Party of Australia">National</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland" title="Liberal National Party of Queensland">Liberal National</a>, <a href="/wiki/Country_Liberal_Party" title="Country Liberal Party">Country Liberal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Alliance" title="Centre Alliance">Centre Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Greens" title="Australian Greens">Greens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katter%27s_Australian_Party" title="Katter's Australian Party">Katter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqui_Lambie_Network" title="Jacqui Lambie Network">Lambie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Hanson%27s_One_Nation" title="Pauline Hanson's One Nation">One Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Australia_Party_(2013)" title="United Australia Party (2013)">UAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Australia#Federal_non-parliamentary_parties" title="List of political parties in Australia">Other parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of historical political parties in Australia">Historical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political <br />terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battler_(underdog)" title="Battler (underdog)">Battlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjelkemander" title="Bjelkemander">Bjelkemander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_stacking" title="Branch stacking">Branch stacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casual_vacancies_in_the_Australian_Parliament" title="Casual vacancies in the Australian Parliament">Casual vacancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucus_revolt" title="Caucus revolt">Caucus revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champagne_socialist#_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="Champagne socialist">Chardonnay socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_parliament" title="Contempt of parliament">Contempt of parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despatch_box" title="Despatch box">Despatch box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey_vote" title="Donkey vote">Donkey vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Dixer" title="Dorothy Dixer">Dorothy Dixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_dissolution" title="Double dissolution">Double dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faceless_men" title="Faceless men">Faceless men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Forgotten_People" title="The Forgotten People">Forgotten People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_voting_ticket" title="Group voting ticket">Group voting ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardworking_Families" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardworking Families">Hardworking Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How-to-vote_card" title="How-to-vote card">How-to-vote card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_politicians_in_Australia" title="Independent politicians in Australia">Independent politicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirribilli_agreement" title="Kirribilli agreement">Kirribilli agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langer_vote" title="Langer vote">Langer vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_spill" title="Leadership spill">Leadership spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_belt" title="Mortgage belt">Mortgage belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_secretary" title="Parliamentary secretary">Parliamentary secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playmander" title="Playmander">Playmander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub_test" title="Pub test">Pub test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_quiet_Australians" title="The quiet Australians">Quiet Australians</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Responsible government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_family" title="Working family">Working Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worm_(marketing)" title="Worm (marketing)">Worm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> 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