CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11" /> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i],[sizes^="auto," i]){contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px}</style> <script async src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script> window.googletag = window.googletag || { cmd: [] }; </script> <link rel='preconnect' href='https://i0.wp.com' >  <title>Magazine | Washington Monthly</title><link rel="preload" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/logo-blue-sm.png" as="image" imagesrcset="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/logo-blue-sm.png 798w, https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/logo-blue-sm-300x75.png 300w, https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/logo-blue-sm-400x100.png 400w, https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/logo-blue-sm-706x177.png 706w" imagesizes="(max-width: 34.9rem) calc(100vw - 2rem), (max-width: 53rem) calc(8 * (100vw / 12)), (min-width: 53rem) calc(6 * (100vw / 12)), 100vw" fetchpriority="high" /><link rel="preload" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Jan25-CoverArt_Online-scaled-e1736135173430-1200x900.jpg?crop=1" as="image" imagesrcset="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Jan25-CoverArt_Online-scaled-e1736135173430-1200x900.jpg?crop=1 1200w, https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Jan25-CoverArt_Online-scaled-e1736135173430-800x600.jpg?crop=1 800w, https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Jan25-CoverArt_Online-scaled-e1736135173430-600x450.jpg?crop=1 600w, https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Jan25-CoverArt_Online-scaled-e1736135173430-400x300.jpg?crop=1 400w, https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Jan25-CoverArt_Online-scaled-e1736135173430-200x150.jpg?crop=1 200w" imagesizes="(max-width: 34.9rem) calc(100vw - 2rem), (max-width: 53rem) calc(8 * (100vw / 12)), (min-width: 53rem) calc(6 * (100vw / 12)), 100vw" fetchpriority="high" /><style id="perfmatters-used-css">#page{overflow:initial !important;}@font-face{font-display:block;font-family:TablePress;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:url("data:application/font-woff2;charset=utf-8;base64,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") format("woff2"),url("https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/tablepress/css/build/tablepress.woff") format("woff");}</style> <link rel="canonical" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/" /> <link rel="next" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/page/2/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Magazine | Washington Monthly" /> <meta property="og:url" content="http://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Washington Monthly" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/logo-blue-sm.png" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="798" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="200" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/png" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@monthly" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"CollectionPage","@id":"https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/","url":"https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/","name":"Magazine | Washington Monthly","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://washingtonmonthly.com/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Jan25-CoverArt_Online-scaled-e1736135173430.jpg","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/#primaryimage","url":"https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Jan25-CoverArt_Online-scaled-e1736135173430.jpg","contentUrl":"https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Jan25-CoverArt_Online-scaled-e1736135173430.jpg","width":1954,"height":1778},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://washingtonmonthly.com/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Magazine"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://washingtonmonthly.com/#website","url":"https://washingtonmonthly.com/","name":"Washington Monthly","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https://washingtonmonthly.com/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://washingtonmonthly.com/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://washingtonmonthly.com/#organization","name":"The Washington Monthly","url":"https://washingtonmonthly.com/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://washingtonmonthly.com/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/logo-blue-sm.png","contentUrl":"https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/logo-blue-sm.png","width":798,"height":200,"caption":"The Washington Monthly"},"image":{"@id":"https://washingtonmonthly.com/#/schema/logo/image/"},"sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/WashingtonMonthly/","https://x.com/monthly","https://bsky.app/profile/washingtonmonthly.bsky.social"]}]}</script>  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.google.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stats.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdn.parsely.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.googletagmanager.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//v0.wordpress.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//pagead2.googlesyndication.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Washington Monthly » Feed" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Washington Monthly » Comments Feed" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/comments/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Washington Monthly » Magazine Category Feed" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/feed/" /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.7.2' media='all' /> <style id='wp-block-library-theme-inline-css'>.wp-block-audio :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-audio :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-audio{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-code{border:1px solid #ccc;border-radius:4px;font-family:Menlo,Consolas,monaco,monospace;padding:.8em 1em}.wp-block-embed :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-embed :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-embed{margin:0 0 1em}.blocks-gallery-caption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .blocks-gallery-caption{color:#ffffffa6}:root :where(.wp-block-image figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme :root :where(.wp-block-image figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-image{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-pullquote{border-bottom:4px solid;border-top:4px solid;color:currentColor;margin-bottom:1.75em}.wp-block-pullquote cite,.wp-block-pullquote footer,.wp-block-pullquote__citation{color:currentColor;font-size:.8125em;font-style:normal;text-transform:uppercase}.wp-block-quote{border-left:.25em solid;margin:0 0 1.75em;padding-left:1em}.wp-block-quote cite,.wp-block-quote footer{color:currentColor;font-size:.8125em;font-style:normal;position:relative}.wp-block-quote:where(.has-text-align-right){border-left:none;border-right:.25em solid;padding-left:0;padding-right:1em}.wp-block-quote:where(.has-text-align-center){border:none;padding-left:0}.wp-block-quote.is-large,.wp-block-quote.is-style-large,.wp-block-quote:where(.is-style-plain){border:none}.wp-block-search .wp-block-search__label{font-weight:700}.wp-block-search__button{border:1px solid #ccc;padding:.375em .625em}:where(.wp-block-group.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em}.wp-block-separator.has-css-opacity{opacity:.4}.wp-block-separator{border:none;border-bottom:2px solid;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.wp-block-separator.has-alpha-channel-opacity{opacity:1}.wp-block-separator:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){width:100px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-dots){border-bottom:none;height:1px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){height:2px}.wp-block-table{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-table td,.wp-block-table th{word-break:normal}.wp-block-table :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-table :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-video :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-video :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-video{margin:0 0 1em}:root :where(.wp-block-template-part.has-background){margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;padding:1.25em 2.375em}</style> <style id='co-authors-plus-coauthors-style-inline-css'>.wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow [class*=wp-block-co-authors-plus]{display:inline}</style> <style id='co-authors-plus-avatar-style-inline-css'>.wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar :where(img){height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:bottom}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow .wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar :where(img){vertical-align:middle}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar:is(.alignleft,.alignright){display:table}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar.aligncenter{display:table;margin-inline:auto}</style> <style id='co-authors-plus-image-style-inline-css'>.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image{margin-bottom:0}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image :where(img){height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:bottom}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow .wp-block-co-authors-plus-image :where(img){vertical-align:middle}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image:is(.alignfull,.alignwide) :where(img){width:100%}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image:is(.alignleft,.alignright){display:table}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image.aligncenter{display:table;margin-inline:auto}</style> <style id='wp-parsely-recommendations-style-inline-css'>.parsely-recommendations-list-title{font-size:1.2em}.parsely-recommendations-list{list-style:none;padding:unset}.parsely-recommendations-cardbody{overflow:hidden;padding:.8em;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}.parsely-recommendations-cardmedia{padding:.8em .8em 0}</style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='mediaelement-css' href='https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/mediaelementplayer-legacy.min.css?ver=4.2.17' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-mediaelement-css' href='https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/wp-mediaelement.min.css?ver=6.7.2' media='all' /> <style id='jetpack-sharing-buttons-style-inline-css'>.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:0;list-style-type:none;margin:5px;padding:0}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-small-icon-size{font-size:12px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-normal-icon-size{font-size:16px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-large-icon-size{font-size:24px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-huge-icon-size{font-size:36px}@media print{.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:none!important}}.editor-styles-wrapper .wp-block-jetpack-sharing-buttons{gap:0;padding-inline-start:0}ul.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em}</style> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css'>.wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none}</style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css'>:root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #FFFFFF;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--primary: #1e3156;--wp--preset--color--primary-variation: #00092e;--wp--preset--color--secondary: #e39f0e;--wp--preset--color--secondary-variation: #bb7700;--wp--preset--color--dark-gray: #111111;--wp--preset--color--medium-gray: #767676;--wp--preset--color--light-gray: #EEEEEE;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--grad-1: linear-gradient( 135deg,rgb( 30,49,86) 0%,rgb( 0,9,46) 100% );--wp--preset--gradient--grad-2: linear-gradient( 135deg,rgb( 227,159,14) 0%,rgb( 187,119,0) 100% );--wp--preset--gradient--grad-3: linear-gradient( 135deg,rgb( 17,17,17 ) 0%,rgb( 85,85,85 ) 100% );--wp--preset--gradient--grad-4: linear-gradient( 135deg,rgb( 68,68,68 ) 0%,rgb( 136,136,136 ) 100% );--wp--preset--gradient--grad-5: linear-gradient( 135deg,rgb( 119,119,119 ) 0%,rgb( 221,221,221 ) 100% );--wp--preset--gradient--grad-6: linear-gradient( 135deg,rgb( 221,221,221 ) 0%,rgb( 255,255,255 ) 100% );--wp--preset--font-size--small: 16px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--font-size--normal: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--huge: 44px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0,0,0,0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255,255,255,1),6px 6px rgba(0,0,0,1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0,0,0,1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*,div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*,div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;}</style> <link rel="stylesheet" id="newspack-ads-media-kit-frontend-css" media="all" data-pmdelayedstyle="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-ads/dist/media-kit-frontend.css?ver=1737396214"> <link rel="stylesheet" id="newspack-ads-frontend-css" media="all" data-pmdelayedstyle="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-ads/includes/../dist/frontend.css?ver=1737396214"> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-blocks-block-styles-stylesheet-css' href='https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-blocks/dist/block_styles.css?ver=4.6.0' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-components-css' href='https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-includes/css/dist/components/style.min.css?ver=6.7.2' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-commons-css' href='https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-plugin/dist/commons.css?ver=5.14.3' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-admin-css' href='https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-plugin/dist/admin.css?ver=5.14.3' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-reader-auth-css' href='https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-plugin/dist/reader-auth.css?ver=5.14.3' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-ui-css' href='https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-plugin/dist/newspack-ui.css?ver=5.14.3' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-popups-view-css' href='https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-popups/includes/../dist/view.css?ver=1734374647' media='all' /> <link rel="stylesheet" id="ub-extension-style-css-css" media="all" data-pmdelayedstyle="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-blocks/src/extensions/style.css?ver=6.7.2"> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-style-css' href='https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/themes/newspack-scott/style.css?ver=2.5.0' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-print-style-css' href='https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/themes/newspack-theme/styles/print.css?ver=2.5.0' media='print' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-font-import-css' href='https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/cache/perfmatters/washingtonmonthly.com/fonts/031920bc0044.google-fonts.min.css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-sponsors-style-css' href='https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/themes/newspack-theme/styles/newspack-sponsors.css?ver=2.5.0' media='all' /> <style id='akismet-widget-style-inline-css'>.a-stats{--akismet-color-mid-green: #357b49;--akismet-color-white: #fff;--akismet-color-light-grey: #f6f7f7;max-width: 350px;width: auto;}.a-stats *{all: unset;box-sizing: border-box;}.a-stats strong{font-weight: 600;}.a-stats a.a-stats__link,.a-stats a.a-stats__link:visited,.a-stats a.a-stats__link:active{background: var(--akismet-color-mid-green);border: none;box-shadow: none;border-radius: 8px;color: var(--akismet-color-white);cursor: pointer;display: block;font-family: -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI','Roboto','Oxygen-Sans','Ubuntu','Cantarell','Helvetica Neue',sans-serif;font-weight: 500;padding: 12px;text-align: center;text-decoration: none;transition: all 0.2s ease;}.widget .a-stats a.a-stats__link:focus{background: var(--akismet-color-mid-green);color: var(--akismet-color-white);text-decoration: none;}.a-stats a.a-stats__link:hover{filter: brightness(110%);box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.06),0 0 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.16);}.a-stats .count{color: var(--akismet-color-white);display: block;font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.4;padding: 0 13px;white-space: nowrap;}</style> <link rel="stylesheet" id="tablepress-default-css" media="all" data-pmdelayedstyle="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/tablepress/css/build/default.css?ver=3.0.4">   <script src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-MDM00PNBMB" id="google_gtagjs-js" async type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script id="google_gtagjs-js-after" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag("set","linker",{"domains":["washingtonmonthly.com"]}); gtag("js", new Date()); gtag("set", "developer_id.dZTNiMT", true); gtag("config", "G-MDM00PNBMB"); </script>  <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-json/wp/v2/categories/16" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd" />  <style id="custom-logo-css">.site-title{position: absolute;clip: rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);}</style> <meta name="generator" content="Site Kit by Google 1.146.0" /> <script data-amp-plus-allowed> if ('serviceWorker' in navigator && navigator.serviceWorker.controller) { navigator.serviceWorker.controller.postMessage('newspack-reset-request-count'); navigator.serviceWorker.controller.postMessage('newspack-nonce-7dc41772b4'); navigator.serviceWorker.controller.postMessage('newspack-version-1'); } </script> <style>.jetpack-instant-search__widget-area{display: block !important;}</style> <link rel="manifest" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-json/wp/v2/web-app-manifest"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#fff"> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"> <meta name="mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/cropped-WMlogo-192x192.jpg"> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="Washington Monthly"> <meta name="application-name" content="Washington Monthly"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Podcast RSS feed" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/feed/podcast" /> <style></style> <style>img#wpstats{display:none}</style> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"WebPage","headline":"Magazine","url":"http:\/\/washingtonmonthly.com\/magazine\/"}</script> <style type="text/css" id="custom-theme-colors-scott">.mobile-sidebar .article-section-title::before,.mobile-sidebar .accent-header::before{background-color: #e1e1e1;}.h-sb .middle-header-contain{background-color: #ffffff;}.h-sb .top-header-contain{background-color: #f5f5f5;border-bottom-color: #f0f0f0;}.h-sb .site-header,.h-sb .site-title,.h-sb .site-title a:link,.h-sb .site-title a:visited,.h-sb .site-description,.h-sb.h-sh .nav1 .main-menu > li,.h-sb.h-sh .nav1 ul.main-menu > li > a,.h-sb.h-sh .nav1 ul.main-menu > li > a:hover,.h-sb .top-header-contain,.h-sb .middle-header-contain{color: black;}#colophon,#colophon .widget-title,#colophon .social-navigation a,#colophon .widgettitle{color: white;}#colophon .footer-branding .wrapper,#colophon .footer-widgets:first-child{border: 0;}.site-footer .accent-header::before,.site-footer .article-section-title::before{background-color: #0a1d42;}</style> <style type="text/css" id="custom-theme-fonts-scott">.accent-header:not(.widget-title),.article-section-title,.page-title,#secondary .widget-title,.author-bio .accent-header span,#colophon .widget-title,#colophon .widgettitle,#secondary .widgettitle{text-transform: uppercase;}</style> <style type="text/css" id="custom-theme-colors">:root{--newspack-theme-color-primary: #1e3156;--newspack-theme-color-primary-variation: #001338;--newspack-theme-color-secondary: #e39f0e !important;--newspack-theme-color-secondary-variation: #bb7700;--newspack-theme-color-primary-darken-5: #192c51;--newspack-theme-color-primary-darken-10: #14274c;--newspack-theme-color-primary-against-white: #1e3156;--newspack-theme-color-secondary-against-white: dimgray;--newspack-theme-color-primary-variation-against-white: #001338;--newspack-theme-color-secondary-variation-against-white: #bb7700;--newspack-theme-color-against-primary: white;--newspack-theme-color-against-secondary: black;}input[type="checkbox"]::before{background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24' width='24' height='24'%3E%3Cpath d='M16.7 7.1l-6.3 8.5-3.3-2.5-.9 1.2 4.5 3.4L17.9 8z' fill='black'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/svg%3E");}.mobile-sidebar{background: #ffffff;}.mobile-sidebar,.mobile-sidebar button:hover,.mobile-sidebar a,.mobile-sidebar a:visited,.mobile-sidebar .nav1 .sub-menu > li > a,.mobile-sidebar .nav1 ul.main-menu > li > a,.mobile-sidebar .nav3 a{color: black;}.h-sb .bottom-header-contain{background: #e6ecf4;}.h-sb .bottom-header-contain .nav1 .main-menu > li,.h-sb .bottom-header-contain .nav1 .main-menu > li > a,.h-sb .bottom-header-contain #search-toggle{color: black;}.site-footer{background: #1e3156;}.site-footer,.site-footer a,.site-footer a:hover,.site-footer .widget-title,.site-footer .widgettitle,.site-info{color: white;}.site-footer a:hover,.site-footer .widget a:hover{opacity: 0.7;}.site-info .widget-area .wrapper,.site-info .site-info-contain:first-child{border-top-color: #0a1d42;}</style> <style type="text/css" id="newspack-theme-colors-variables">:root{--newspack-primary-color: #1e3156;--newspack-secondary-color: #e39f0e;--newspack-cta-color: #dd3333;--newspack-header-color: #ffffff;--newspack-primary-menu-color: #e6ecf4;--newspack-footer-color: #1e3156;--newspack-primary-contrast-color: white;--newspack-secondary-contrast-color: black;--newspack-cta-contrast-color: white;--newspack-header-contrast-color: black;--newspack-primary-menu-contrast-color: black;--newspack-footer-contrast-color: white;}</style> <style type="text/css" id="custom-theme-fonts">:root{--newspack-theme-font-heading: "Playfair Display","Georgia","serif";}:root{--newspack-theme-font-body: "Playfair Display","Georgia","serif";}.tags-links span:first-child,.cat-links,.page-title,.highlight-menu .menu-label{text-transform: uppercase;}</style> <style>.sponsor-label .flag,amp-script .sponsor-label .flag{background: #FED850;color: black;}</style>  <meta name="google-adsense-platform-account" content="ca-host-pub-2644536267352236"> <meta name="google-adsense-platform-domain" content="sitekit.withgoogle.com">  <script src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/perfmatters/vendor/fastclick/pmfastclick.min.js" defer></script><script>"addEventListener"in document&&document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",function(){FastClick.attach(document.body)},!1);</script>  <script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-4696038160548757&host=ca-host-pub-2644536267352236" crossorigin="anonymous" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script>  <link rel="icon" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/cropped-WMlogo-32x32.jpg" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/cropped-WMlogo-192x192.jpg" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/cropped-WMlogo-180x180.jpg" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/cropped-WMlogo-270x270.jpg" /> <script type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"> ( function() { // Load GA script if not yet found if ( 'undefined' === typeof gtag ) { var element = document.createElement( 'script' ); element.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-RDTW7HKY94'; element.async = true; document.head.appendChild( element ); window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.gtag = function() { window.dataLayer.push( arguments ) }; gtag( 'js', new Date() ); } gtag( 'config', 'G-RDTW7HKY94' ); } )(); </script> <style id="wp-custom-css">.top-header-contain{background: #1e3156;}.middle-header-contain .desktop-menu-toggle svg{height: 32px;width: 32px;}.h-sb .bottom-header-contain .nav1 .main-menu > li,.h-sb .bottom-header-contain .nav1 .main-menu > li > a{color: #1e3156;}.h-sb .bottom-header-contain .nav1 .main-menu > li.menu-kulula-award,.h-sb .bottom-header-contain .nav1 .main-menu > li.menu-kulula-award > a{color: #fff;background: #E39F0E;padding-right: 10px;}.mobile-sidebar .nav1 ul.main-menu > li.menu-kulula-award > a{color: #E39F0E;}.nav1 li.menu-highlight > a{font-size: 0.75rem;font-family: 'Graduate',sans-serif;}.nav3 .menu-highlight a{background: #395791;border: 0;border-radius: 5px;color: #fff;padding: .55rem 0.75rem;}.nav3 .menu-highlight:last-child a{background: #E39F0E;}@media (min-width: 782px){.site-header .nav3 li:nth-child(n+2){margin-left: 0.5rem;}}.site-title,h1,h2,h3{font-weight: 500;}div.header-widget.below-header-widgets{text-align:center;padding-top:10px;}div.newspack-post-subtitle{margin-bottom: 0.5em;}.accent-header{color:#bb7700;}.accent-header:not(.widget-title)::before,.article-section-title::before,.cat-links::before,.page-title::before,.site-breadcrumb .wrapper > span::before{background-color: #E39F0E;}.wp-block-button:not(.is-style-outline) .wp-block-button__link:not(.has-text-color):not(:hover),.button,.button:visited,button,input[type="button"],input[type="reset"],input[type="submit"]{color: #fff;}.cat-links a{color: #E39F0E;}.entry-header .cat-links{font-size: 0.8rem;}@media (min-width: 1168px){.single .entry-title{font-size: 2.8em;}}.site-content{margin-top: 1.5rem;}.entry-content a{color: #3760ad;text-decoration-thickness: 2px;}.entry-content th,.entry-content td{font-size: 0.75rem;}.entry-meta span.author-avatar,.main-content .author-bio .avatar{display: none;}.wp-block-pullquote blockquote p:first-of-type::before{content:"";}.newspack-front-page .wp-block-group.has-background .wp-block-columns .wp-block-column > *{margin: 20px 0;}.page-title::before{display: none;}.site-footer .footer-widgets{font-size: 0.9rem;}.site-footer .footer-widgets ul{list-style: none;}.site-footer .footer-widgets li{margin-bottom: 0.5rem;}.ctct-form-block{padding:0;margin-top:0px !important;padding:5px 8px !important;font-size:smaller;text-align:center;}.ctct-form-description p{font-style: italic;margin:5px 0;}.ctct-form-field-email{margin:10px;}.ctct_usage{display:none;}.ctct-form-field-submit{text-align:center;padding:0;margin:0 0 10px 0;}.ctct-disclosure{display:none;}.ctct-label-hidden label{display:none;}input.ctct-email{width:100%;}.award-menu a{color: #e39f0e;}</style> <noscript><style>.perfmatters-lazy[data-src]{display:none !important;}</style></noscript><style>.perfmatters-lazy-youtube{position:relative;width:100%;max-width:100%;height:0;padding-bottom:56.23%;overflow:hidden}.perfmatters-lazy-youtube img{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;display:block;width:100%;max-width:100%;height:auto;margin:auto;border:none;cursor:pointer;transition:.5s all;-webkit-transition:.5s all;-moz-transition:.5s all}.perfmatters-lazy-youtube img:hover{-webkit-filter:brightness(75%)}.perfmatters-lazy-youtube .play{position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;right:auto;width:68px;height:48px;margin-left:-34px;margin-top:-24px;background:url(https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/perfmatters/img/youtube.svg) no-repeat;background-position:center;background-size:cover;pointer-events:none;filter:grayscale(1)}.perfmatters-lazy-youtube:hover .play{filter:grayscale(0)}.perfmatters-lazy-youtube iframe{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:99}.wp-has-aspect-ratio .wp-block-embed__wrapper{position:relative;}.wp-has-aspect-ratio .perfmatters-lazy-youtube{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;padding-bottom:0}</style></head> <body class="archive category category-magazine category-16 wp-custom-logo wp-embed-responsive jps-theme-newspack-scott ctct-newspack-theme hfeed hide-homepage-title hide-site-tagline h-nsub h-sb h-cl h-dh h-stk has-tertiary-menu has-sidebar af-widget has-summary feature-latest newspack--font-loading" data-amp-auto-lightbox-disable> <aside id="mobile-sidebar-fallback" class="mobile-sidebar"> <button class="mobile-menu-toggle"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="20" height="20" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41L17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z" /><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /></svg> Close </button> <nav class="tertiary-menu nav3" aria-label="Tertiary Menu" toolbar-target="tertiary-nav-contain" toolbar="(min-width: 767px)"> <ul id="menu-tertiary-menu" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-134756" class="menu-highlight menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-134756"><a target="_blank" href="https://donorbox.org/support-serious-independent-journalism">Donate</a></li> <li id="menu-item-134757" class="menu-highlight menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-134757"><a target="_blank" href="https://washingtonmonthly.secure.darwin.cx/J2WEBSGW">Subscribe</a></li> </ul> </nav> <form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://washingtonmonthly.com/"> <label for="search-form-1"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> </label> <input type="search" id="search-form-1" class="search-field" placeholder="Search …" value="" name="s" /> <button type="submit" class="search-submit"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="28" height="28" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.5 14h-.79l-.28-.27C15.41 12.59 16 11.11 16 9.5 16 5.91 13.09 3 9.5 3S3 5.91 3 9.5 5.91 16 9.5 16c1.61 0 3.09-.59 4.23-1.57l.27.28v.79l5 4.99L20.49 19l-4.99-5zm-6 0C7.01 14 5 11.99 5 9.5S7.01 5 9.5 5 14 7.01 14 9.5 11.99 14 9.5 14z" /><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text"> Search </span> </button> </form> <nav class="main-navigation nav1 dd-menu" aria-label="Top Menu" toolbar-target="site-navigation" toolbar="(min-width: 767px)"> <ul id="menu-primary" class="main-menu"><li id="menu-item-155065" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-155065"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2024-college-guide/">College Guide</a></li> <li id="menu-item-134790" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-134790"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/politics/">Politics</a></li> <li id="menu-item-134833" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-134833"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/the-monopolized-economy/">Monopolized Economy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-134834" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-134834"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/protecting-the-vote/">Protecting the Vote</a></li> <li id="menu-item-151437" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-151437"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/health-care/">Health Care</a></li> <li id="menu-item-137575" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-menu-item menu-item-has-children menu-item-137575"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/" aria-current="page">Magazine</a><button aria-expanded="false" class="submenu-expand" [class]="setState137575 ? 'submenu-expand open-dropdown' : 'submenu-expand'" [aria-expanded]="setState137575 ? 'true' : 'false'" on="tap:AMP.setState( { setState137575: !setState137575 } )" aria-haspopup="true" data-toggle-parent-id="toggle-137575"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M7.41 8.59L12 13.17l4.59-4.58L18 10l-6 6-6-6 1.41-1.41z"></path><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text" [text]="setState137575 ? 'Close dropdown menu' : 'Open dropdown menu'">Open dropdown menu</span> </button> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-138376" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-138376"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/current-issue/">Current Issue</a></li> <li id="menu-item-137566" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-137566"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/archives/">Past Issues</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-156765" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-series menu-item-156765"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/WM-pod/washington-monthly/">Podcast</a></li> <li id="menu-item-137576" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-137576"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/from-the-archives/">From the Archives</a><button aria-expanded="false" class="submenu-expand" [class]="setState137576 ? 'submenu-expand open-dropdown' : 'submenu-expand'" [aria-expanded]="setState137576 ? 'true' : 'false'" on="tap:AMP.setState( { setState137576: !setState137576 } )" aria-haspopup="true" data-toggle-parent-id="toggle-137576"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M7.41 8.59L12 13.17l4.59-4.58L18 10l-6 6-6-6 1.41-1.41z"></path><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text" [text]="setState137576 ? 'Close dropdown menu' : 'Open dropdown menu'">Open dropdown menu</span> </button> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-137577" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-137577"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/from-the-archives/">Highlights</a></li> <li id="menu-item-137568" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current_page_parent menu-item-137568"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/all-posts/">All Posts</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-134828" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-134828"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/about/">About</a></li> <li id="menu-item-140131" class="menu-kulula-award menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-140131"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/kukulaaward/">Kukula Award</a></li> </ul> </nav> <nav class="social-navigation" aria-label="Social Links Menu" toolbar="(min-width: 767px)" toolbar-target="social-nav-contain"> <ul id="menu-social-links" class="social-links-menu"><li id="menu-item-134690" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-134690"><a target="_blank" href="https://bsky.app/profile/did:plc:lpubl44fjl5jayoyqzf64pdr"><span class="screen-reader-text">Bluesky Page</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M6.33525 4.1443C8.6282 5.80613 11.0944 9.17571 12 10.9838C12.9056 9.17571 15.3718 5.80613 17.6648 4.1443C19.3192 2.94521 22 2.01741 22 4.96972C22 5.55931 21.6498 9.92278 21.4444 10.6312C20.7305 13.0941 18.1291 13.7222 15.815 13.342C19.8599 14.0066 20.8889 16.2079 18.6667 18.4093C14.4462 22.59 12.6007 17.3603 12.1279 16.0203C12.0412 15.7746 12.0006 15.6597 12 15.7574C11.9994 15.6597 11.9588 15.7746 11.8721 16.0203C11.3993 17.3603 9.55377 22.59 5.33333 18.4093C3.11111 16.2079 4.14006 14.0066 8.18496 13.342C5.87088 13.7222 3.26949 13.0941 2.55556 10.6312C2.35018 9.92278 2 5.55931 2 4.96972C2 2.01741 4.68079 2.94521 6.33525 4.1443Z" /></svg></a></li> <li id="menu-item-134691" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-134691"><a target="_blank" href="https://x.com/monthly"><span class="screen-reader-text">X Username</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M13.5222 10.7714L19.4785 4H18.0671L12.8952 9.87954L8.76437 4H4L10.2466 12.8909L4 19.9918H5.41155L10.8732 13.7828L15.2356 19.9918H20L13.5218 10.7714H13.5222ZM11.5889 12.9692L10.956 12.0839L5.92015 5.03921H8.0882L12.1522 10.7245L12.7851 11.6098L18.0677 18.9998H15.8997L11.5889 12.9696V12.9692Z" /></svg></a></li> <li id="menu-item-157101" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-157101"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@washingtonmonthly9554"><span class="screen-reader-text">Youtube Page</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M21.8,8.001c0,0-0.195-1.378-0.795-1.985c-0.76-0.797-1.613-0.801-2.004-0.847c-2.799-0.202-6.997-0.202-6.997-0.202 h-0.009c0,0-4.198,0-6.997,0.202C4.608,5.216,3.756,5.22,2.995,6.016C2.395,6.623,2.2,8.001,2.2,8.001S2,9.62,2,11.238v1.517 c0,1.618,0.2,3.237,0.2,3.237s0.195,1.378,0.795,1.985c0.761,0.797,1.76,0.771,2.205,0.855c1.6,0.153,6.8,0.201,6.8,0.201 s4.203-0.006,7.001-0.209c0.391-0.047,1.243-0.051,2.004-0.847c0.6-0.607,0.795-1.985,0.795-1.985s0.2-1.618,0.2-3.237v-1.517 C22,9.62,21.8,8.001,21.8,8.001z M9.935,14.594l-0.001-5.62l5.404,2.82L9.935,14.594z"></path></svg></a></li> <li id="menu-item-157631" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-157631"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/the-washington-monthly"><span class="screen-reader-text">Linkedin Page</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M19.7,3H4.3C3.582,3,3,3.582,3,4.3v15.4C3,20.418,3.582,21,4.3,21h15.4c0.718,0,1.3-0.582,1.3-1.3V4.3 C21,3.582,20.418,3,19.7,3z M8.339,18.338H5.667v-8.59h2.672V18.338z M7.004,8.574c-0.857,0-1.549-0.694-1.549-1.548 c0-0.855,0.691-1.548,1.549-1.548c0.854,0,1.547,0.694,1.547,1.548C8.551,7.881,7.858,8.574,7.004,8.574z M18.339,18.338h-2.669 v-4.177c0-0.996-0.017-2.278-1.387-2.278c-1.389,0-1.601,1.086-1.601,2.206v4.249h-2.667v-8.59h2.559v1.174h0.037 c0.356-0.675,1.227-1.387,2.526-1.387c2.703,0,3.203,1.779,3.203,4.092V18.338z"></path></svg></a></li> </ul> </nav> <section id="nav_menu-6" class="below-content widget widget_nav_menu"><div class="menu-slide-out-menu-guides-container"><ul id="menu-slide-out-menu-guides" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-155181" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-155181"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2024-college-guide/">Washington Monthly鈥檚 2024 College Guide and Rankings</a></li> <li id="menu-item-137748" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-menu-item menu-item-has-children menu-item-137748"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/" aria-current="page">Magazine</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-138374" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-138374"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/current-issue/">Current Issue</a></li> <li id="menu-item-137755" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-137755"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/archives/">Past Issues</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul></div></section><section id="nav_menu-4" class="below-content widget widget_nav_menu"><div class="menu-slide-out-menu-sections-container"><ul id="menu-slide-out-menu-sections" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-134734" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-134734"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/education/">Education</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-134735" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-134735"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/education/k-12/">K-12</a></li> <li id="menu-item-134736" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-134736"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/education/college-rankings/">Higher Education</a></li> <li id="menu-item-151315" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-151315"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/higher-ed-qa/">Higher Ed Q&A</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-134732" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-134732"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/politics/">Politics</a></li> <li id="menu-item-134738" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-134738"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/health-care/">Health Care</a></li> <li id="menu-item-137743" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-137743"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/protecting-the-vote/">Protecting the Vote</a></li> <li id="menu-item-137744" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-137744"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/law-and-justice/">Law and Justice</a></li> <li id="menu-item-137745" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-137745"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/the-monopolized-economy/">The Monopolized Economy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-137746" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-137746"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/economy/">Economy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-137747" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-137747"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/books/">Books</a></li> </ul></div></section><section id="nav_menu-3" class="below-content widget widget_nav_menu"><div class="menu-slide-out-menu-about-container"><ul id="menu-slide-out-menu-about" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-134725" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-134725"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/about/">About</a></li> <li id="menu-item-134726" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-134726"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/advertising-opportunities/">Advertise</a></li> <li id="menu-item-134727" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-134727"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/contact/">Contact</a></li> <li id="menu-item-138969" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-138969"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/careers/">Careers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-134747" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-134747"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-137741" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-137741"><a target="_blank" href="https://philanthropy.washingtonmonthly.com/">Successes of Philanthropy</a></li> </ul></div></section> </aside> <aside id="desktop-sidebar-fallback" class="desktop-sidebar dir-left"> <button class="desktop-menu-toggle"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="20" height="20" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41L17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z" /><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /></svg> Close </button> <section id="nav_menu-6" class="below-content widget widget_nav_menu"><div class="menu-slide-out-menu-guides-container"><ul id="menu-slide-out-menu-guides-1" class="menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-155181"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2024-college-guide/">Washington Monthly鈥檚 2024 College Guide and Rankings</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-menu-item menu-item-has-children menu-item-137748"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/" aria-current="page">Magazine</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-138374"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/current-issue/">Current Issue</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-137755"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/archives/">Past Issues</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul></div></section><section id="nav_menu-4" class="below-content widget widget_nav_menu"><div class="menu-slide-out-menu-sections-container"><ul id="menu-slide-out-menu-sections-1" class="menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-134734"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/education/">Education</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-134735"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/education/k-12/">K-12</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-134736"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/education/college-rankings/">Higher Education</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-151315"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/higher-ed-qa/">Higher Ed Q&A</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-134732"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/politics/">Politics</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-134738"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/health-care/">Health Care</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-137743"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/protecting-the-vote/">Protecting the Vote</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-137744"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/law-and-justice/">Law and Justice</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-137745"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/the-monopolized-economy/">The Monopolized Economy</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-137746"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/economy/">Economy</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-137747"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/books/">Books</a></li> </ul></div></section><section id="nav_menu-3" class="below-content widget widget_nav_menu"><div class="menu-slide-out-menu-about-container"><ul id="menu-slide-out-menu-about-1" class="menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-134725"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/about/">About</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-134726"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/advertising-opportunities/">Advertise</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-134727"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/contact/">Contact</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-138969"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/careers/">Careers</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-134747"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-137741"><a target="_blank" href="https://philanthropy.washingtonmonthly.com/">Successes of Philanthropy</a></li> </ul></div></section> </aside> <div id="page" class="site"> <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#main">Skip to content</a> <header id="masthead" class="site-header hide-header-search" [class]="searchVisible ? 'show-header-search site-header ' : 'hide-header-search site-header'"> <div class="middle-header-contain"> <div class="wrapper"> <button class="desktop-menu-toggle" on="tap:desktop-sidebar.toggle"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="20" height="20" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /><path d="M3 18h18v-2H3v2zm0-5h18v-2H3v2zm0-7v2h18V6H3z" /></svg> <span>Sections</span> </button> <div id="social-nav-contain" class="desktop-only"> <nav class="social-navigation" aria-label="Social Links Menu" toolbar="(min-width: 767px)" toolbar-target="social-nav-contain"> <ul id="menu-social-links-1" class="social-links-menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-134690"><a target="_blank" href="https://bsky.app/profile/did:plc:lpubl44fjl5jayoyqzf64pdr"><span class="screen-reader-text">Bluesky Page</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M6.33525 4.1443C8.6282 5.80613 11.0944 9.17571 12 10.9838C12.9056 9.17571 15.3718 5.80613 17.6648 4.1443C19.3192 2.94521 22 2.01741 22 4.96972C22 5.55931 21.6498 9.92278 21.4444 10.6312C20.7305 13.0941 18.1291 13.7222 15.815 13.342C19.8599 14.0066 20.8889 16.2079 18.6667 18.4093C14.4462 22.59 12.6007 17.3603 12.1279 16.0203C12.0412 15.7746 12.0006 15.6597 12 15.7574C11.9994 15.6597 11.9588 15.7746 11.8721 16.0203C11.3993 17.3603 9.55377 22.59 5.33333 18.4093C3.11111 16.2079 4.14006 14.0066 8.18496 13.342C5.87088 13.7222 3.26949 13.0941 2.55556 10.6312C2.35018 9.92278 2 5.55931 2 4.96972C2 2.01741 4.68079 2.94521 6.33525 4.1443Z" /></svg></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-134691"><a target="_blank" href="https://x.com/monthly"><span class="screen-reader-text">X Username</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M13.5222 10.7714L19.4785 4H18.0671L12.8952 9.87954L8.76437 4H4L10.2466 12.8909L4 19.9918H5.41155L10.8732 13.7828L15.2356 19.9918H20L13.5218 10.7714H13.5222ZM11.5889 12.9692L10.956 12.0839L5.92015 5.03921H8.0882L12.1522 10.7245L12.7851 11.6098L18.0677 18.9998H15.8997L11.5889 12.9696V12.9692Z" /></svg></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-157101"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@washingtonmonthly9554"><span class="screen-reader-text">Youtube Page</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M21.8,8.001c0,0-0.195-1.378-0.795-1.985c-0.76-0.797-1.613-0.801-2.004-0.847c-2.799-0.202-6.997-0.202-6.997-0.202 h-0.009c0,0-4.198,0-6.997,0.202C4.608,5.216,3.756,5.22,2.995,6.016C2.395,6.623,2.2,8.001,2.2,8.001S2,9.62,2,11.238v1.517 c0,1.618,0.2,3.237,0.2,3.237s0.195,1.378,0.795,1.985c0.761,0.797,1.76,0.771,2.205,0.855c1.6,0.153,6.8,0.201,6.8,0.201 s4.203-0.006,7.001-0.209c0.391-0.047,1.243-0.051,2.004-0.847c0.6-0.607,0.795-1.985,0.795-1.985s0.2-1.618,0.2-3.237v-1.517 C22,9.62,21.8,8.001,21.8,8.001z M9.935,14.594l-0.001-5.62l5.404,2.82L9.935,14.594z"></path></svg></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-157631"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/the-washington-monthly"><span class="screen-reader-text">Linkedin Page</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M19.7,3H4.3C3.582,3,3,3.582,3,4.3v15.4C3,20.418,3.582,21,4.3,21h15.4c0.718,0,1.3-0.582,1.3-1.3V4.3 C21,3.582,20.418,3,19.7,3z M8.339,18.338H5.667v-8.59h2.672V18.338z M7.004,8.574c-0.857,0-1.549-0.694-1.549-1.548 c0-0.855,0.691-1.548,1.549-1.548c0.854,0,1.547,0.694,1.547,1.548C8.551,7.881,7.858,8.574,7.004,8.574z M18.339,18.338h-2.669 v-4.177c0-0.996-0.017-2.278-1.387-2.278c-1.389,0-1.601,1.086-1.601,2.206v4.249h-2.667v-8.59h2.559v1.174h0.037 c0.356-0.675,1.227-1.387,2.526-1.387c2.703,0,3.203,1.779,3.203,4.092V18.338z"></path></svg></a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="site-branding"> <style>.site-header .custom-logo{height: 84px;max-height: 200px;max-width: 600px;width: 335px;}@media (max-width: 781px){.site-header .custom-logo{max-width: 175px;max-height: 44px;}}@media (min-width: 782px){.h-stk:not(.h-sub) .site-header .custom-logo{max-height: 90px;max-width: 359px;}.h-sub .site-header .custom-logo{max-width: 200px;max-height: 50px;}}@media (max-width: 1199px) and (min-width: 782px){.h-stk.h-cl:not(.h-sub) .site-header .custom-logo{max-width: 100%;width: auto;}}</style><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/" class="custom-logo-link" rel="home"><img data-perfmatters-preload width="798" height="200" src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/logo-blue-sm.png" class="custom-logo" alt="Washington Monthly" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/logo-blue-sm.png 798w, https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/logo-blue-sm-300x75.png 300w, https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/logo-blue-sm-400x100.png 400w, https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/logo-blue-sm-706x177.png 706w" sizes="(max-width: 34.9rem) calc(100vw - 2rem), (max-width: 53rem) calc(8 * (100vw / 12)), (min-width: 53rem) calc(6 * (100vw / 12)), 100vw" /></a> <div class="site-identity"> <p class="site-title"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/" rel="home">Washington Monthly</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="nav-wrapper desktop-only"> <div id="tertiary-nav-contain"> <nav class="tertiary-menu nav3" aria-label="Tertiary Menu" toolbar-target="tertiary-nav-contain" toolbar="(min-width: 767px)"> <ul id="menu-tertiary-menu-1" class="menu"><li class="menu-highlight menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-134756"><a target="_blank" href="https://donorbox.org/support-serious-independent-journalism">Donate</a></li> <li class="menu-highlight menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-134757"><a target="_blank" href="https://washingtonmonthly.secure.darwin.cx/J2WEBSGW">Subscribe</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="header-search-contain"> <button id="search-toggle" on="tap:AMP.setState( { searchVisible: !searchVisible } ), search-form-2.focus" aria-controls="search-menu" [aria-expanded]="searchVisible ? 'true' : 'false'" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="screen-reader-text" [text]="searchVisible ? 'Close Search' : 'Open Search'"> Open Search </span> <span class="search-icon"><svg class="svg-icon" width="28" height="28" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.5 14h-.79l-.28-.27C15.41 12.59 16 11.11 16 9.5 16 5.91 13.09 3 9.5 3S3 5.91 3 9.5 5.91 16 9.5 16c1.61 0 3.09-.59 4.23-1.57l.27.28v.79l5 4.99L20.49 19l-4.99-5zm-6 0C7.01 14 5 11.99 5 9.5S7.01 5 9.5 5 14 7.01 14 9.5 11.99 14 9.5 14z" /><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /></svg></span> <span class="close-icon"><svg class="svg-icon" width="28" height="28" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41L17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z" /><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /></svg></span> </button> <div id="header-search" [aria-expanded]="searchVisible ? 'true' : 'false'" aria-expanded="false"> <form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://washingtonmonthly.com/"> <label for="search-form-2"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> </label> <input type="search" id="search-form-2" class="search-field" placeholder="Search …" value="" name="s" /> <button type="submit" class="search-submit"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="28" height="28" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.5 14h-.79l-.28-.27C15.41 12.59 16 11.11 16 9.5 16 5.91 13.09 3 9.5 3S3 5.91 3 9.5 5.91 16 9.5 16c1.61 0 3.09-.59 4.23-1.57l.27.28v.79l5 4.99L20.49 19l-4.99-5zm-6 0C7.01 14 5 11.99 5 9.5S7.01 5 9.5 5 14 7.01 14 9.5 11.99 14 9.5 14z" /><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text"> Search </span> </button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <button class="mobile-menu-toggle" on="tap:mobile-sidebar.toggle"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="20" height="20" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /><path d="M3 18h18v-2H3v2zm0-5h18v-2H3v2zm0-7v2h18V6H3z" /></svg> <span>Menu</span> </button> </div> </div> <div class="bottom-header-contain desktop-only"> <div class="wrapper"> <div id="site-navigation"> <nav class="main-navigation nav1 dd-menu" aria-label="Top Menu" toolbar-target="site-navigation" toolbar="(min-width: 767px)"> <ul id="menu-primary-1" class="main-menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-155065"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2024-college-guide/">College Guide</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-134790"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/politics/">Politics</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-134833"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/the-monopolized-economy/">Monopolized Economy</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-134834"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/protecting-the-vote/">Protecting the Vote</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-151437"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/health-care/">Health Care</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-menu-item menu-item-has-children menu-item-137575"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/" aria-current="page">Magazine</a><button aria-expanded="false" class="submenu-expand" [class]="setState137575 ? 'submenu-expand open-dropdown' : 'submenu-expand'" [aria-expanded]="setState137575 ? 'true' : 'false'" on="tap:AMP.setState( { setState137575: !setState137575 } )" aria-haspopup="true" data-toggle-parent-id="toggle-137575"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M7.41 8.59L12 13.17l4.59-4.58L18 10l-6 6-6-6 1.41-1.41z"></path><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text" [text]="setState137575 ? 'Close dropdown menu' : 'Open dropdown menu'">Open dropdown menu</span> </button> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-138376"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/current-issue/">Current Issue</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-137566"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/archives/">Past Issues</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-series menu-item-156765"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/WM-pod/washington-monthly/">Podcast</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-137576"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/from-the-archives/">From the Archives</a><button aria-expanded="false" class="submenu-expand" [class]="setState137576 ? 'submenu-expand open-dropdown' : 'submenu-expand'" [aria-expanded]="setState137576 ? 'true' : 'false'" on="tap:AMP.setState( { setState137576: !setState137576 } )" aria-haspopup="true" data-toggle-parent-id="toggle-137576"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M7.41 8.59L12 13.17l4.59-4.58L18 10l-6 6-6-6 1.41-1.41z"></path><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text" [text]="setState137576 ? 'Close dropdown menu' : 'Open dropdown menu'">Open dropdown menu</span> </button> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-137577"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/from-the-archives/">Highlights</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current_page_parent menu-item-137568"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/all-posts/">All Posts</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-134828"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/about/">About</a></li> <li class="menu-kulula-award menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-140131"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/kukulaaward/">Kukula Award</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sticky-bg"></div> </header> <div id="content" class="site-content"> <section id="primary" class="content-area"> <header class="page-header"> <span> <h1 class="page-title"><span class="page-description">Magazine</span></h1> </span> </header> <main id="main" class="site-main"> <article id="post-156864" class="post-156864 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-featured category-january-february-march-2025 category-magazine tag-democratic-party tag-donald-trump tag-joe-biden tag-liberalism tag-washington-monthly entry"> <figure class="post-thumbnail"> <a class="post-thumbnail-inner" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2025/01/05/the-democrats-next-agenda/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <img data-perfmatters-preload width="1200" height="900" src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Jan25-CoverArt_Online-scaled-e1736135173430-1200x900.jpg?crop=1" class="attachment-newspack-archive-image-large size-newspack-archive-image-large wp-post-image" alt="" data-hero-candidate="1" fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" srcset="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Jan25-CoverArt_Online-scaled-e1736135173430-1200x900.jpg?crop=1 1200w, https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Jan25-CoverArt_Online-scaled-e1736135173430-800x600.jpg?crop=1 800w, https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Jan25-CoverArt_Online-scaled-e1736135173430-600x450.jpg?crop=1 600w, https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Jan25-CoverArt_Online-scaled-e1736135173430-400x300.jpg?crop=1 400w, https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Jan25-CoverArt_Online-scaled-e1736135173430-200x150.jpg?crop=1 200w" sizes="(max-width: 34.9rem) calc(100vw - 2rem), (max-width: 53rem) calc(8 * (100vw / 12)), (min-width: 53rem) calc(6 * (100vw / 12)), 100vw" /> </a> </figure> <div class="entry-container"> <span class="cat-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Posted in</span><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/january-february-march-2025/" rel="category tag">January/February/March 2025</a></span> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2025/01/05/the-democrats-next-agenda/" rel="bookmark">Ten New Ideas for the Democratic Party to Help the Working Class, and Itself.</a></h2> </header> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="author-avatar"></span> <span class="byline"> <span>by</span> <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/author/paul-glastris/">Paul Glastris</a></span> </span> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2025/01/05/the-democrats-next-agenda/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2025-01-05T20:15:00-05:00">January 5, 2025</time><time class="updated" datetime="2025-01-07T15:32:32-05:00">January 7, 2025</time></a></span> </div> <div class="entry-content"> <p>The January/February/March issue is here. </p> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-156868" class="post-156868 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-featured category-january-february-march-2025 category-magazine category-main tag-deaths-of-despair-and-the-future-of-capitalism tag-employer-health-care-plans tag-healthcare-scam tag-medicare-rates entry"> <figure class="post-thumbnail"> <a class="post-thumbnail-inner" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2025/01/05/medicare-prices-for-all/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <img width="800" height="582" src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/10NewIdeas_1-800x582.jpg" class="attachment-newspack-archive-image size-newspack-archive-image wp-post-image" alt="" loading="lazy" data-hero-candidate="" fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" sizes="(max-width: 34.9rem) calc(100vw - 2rem), (max-width: 53rem) calc(8 * (100vw / 12)), (min-width: 53rem) calc(6 * (100vw / 12)), 100vw" /> </a> </figure> <div class="entry-container"> <span class="cat-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Posted in</span><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/" rel="category tag">Magazine</a></span> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2025/01/05/medicare-prices-for-all/" rel="bookmark">Medicare Prices for All</a></h2> </header> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="author-avatar"></span> <span class="byline"> <span>by</span> <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/author/phillip-longman/">Phillip Longman</a></span> </span> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2025/01/05/medicare-prices-for-all/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2025-01-05T20:10:00-05:00">January 5, 2025</time><time class="updated" datetime="2025-01-07T15:33:26-05:00">January 7, 2025</time></a></span> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-156873" class="post-156873 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-january-february-march-2025 category-magazine tag-border-security tag-comprehensive-immigration-reform tag-donald-trump tag-e-verify tag-employment-eligibility tag-gang-of-eight entry"> <figure class="post-thumbnail"> <a class="post-thumbnail-inner" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2025/01/05/make-employers-secure-the-border/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <img width="800" height="582" src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/10NewIdeas_2-800x582.jpg" class="attachment-newspack-archive-image size-newspack-archive-image wp-post-image" alt="" loading="lazy" data-hero-candidate="" fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" sizes="(max-width: 34.9rem) calc(100vw - 2rem), (max-width: 53rem) calc(8 * (100vw / 12)), (min-width: 53rem) calc(6 * (100vw / 12)), 100vw" /> </a> </figure> <div class="entry-container"> <span class="cat-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Posted in</span><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/" rel="category tag">Magazine</a></span> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2025/01/05/make-employers-secure-the-border/" rel="bookmark">Make Employers Secure the Border</a></h2> </header> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="author-avatar"></span> <span class="byline"> <span>by</span> <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/author/bill-scher/">Bill Scher</a></span> </span> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2025/01/05/make-employers-secure-the-border/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2025-01-05T20:05:00-05:00">January 5, 2025</time><time class="updated" datetime="2025-01-05T20:46:39-05:00">January 5, 2025</time></a></span> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-156876" class="post-156876 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-education category-college-rankings category-january-february-march-2025 category-magazine tag-dei tag-diversity-in-higher-ed tag-ivy-league tag-pell-grants tag-regional-public-universities entry"> <figure class="post-thumbnail"> <a class="post-thumbnail-inner" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2025/01/05/open-a-new-front-for-racial-justice/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <img width="800" height="582" src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/10NewIdeas_3-800x582.jpg" class="attachment-newspack-archive-image size-newspack-archive-image wp-post-image" alt="" loading="lazy" data-hero-candidate="" fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" sizes="(max-width: 34.9rem) calc(100vw - 2rem), (max-width: 53rem) calc(8 * (100vw / 12)), (min-width: 53rem) calc(6 * (100vw / 12)), 100vw" /> </a> </figure> <div class="entry-container"> <span class="cat-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Posted in</span><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/" rel="category tag">Magazine</a></span> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2025/01/05/open-a-new-front-for-racial-justice/" rel="bookmark">Open a New Front for Racial Justice</a></h2> </header> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="author-avatar"></span> <span class="byline"> <span>by</span> <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/author/paul-glastris/">Paul Glastris</a></span> </span> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2025/01/05/open-a-new-front-for-racial-justice/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2025-01-05T20:00:00-05:00">January 5, 2025</time><time class="updated" datetime="2025-01-13T10:24:55-05:00">January 13, 2025</time></a></span> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-156880" class="post-156880 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-january-february-march-2025 category-magazine tag-gig-economy tag-multi-employer-plans tag-portable-benefits tag-self-employed entry"> <figure class="post-thumbnail"> <a class="post-thumbnail-inner" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2025/01/05/champion-the-self-employed/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <img width="800" height="582" src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/10NewIdeas_4-800x582.jpg" class="attachment-newspack-archive-image size-newspack-archive-image wp-post-image" alt="" loading="lazy" data-hero-candidate="" fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" sizes="(max-width: 34.9rem) calc(100vw - 2rem), (max-width: 53rem) calc(8 * (100vw / 12)), (min-width: 53rem) calc(6 * (100vw / 12)), 100vw" /> </a> </figure> <div class="entry-container"> <span class="cat-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Posted in</span><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/" rel="category tag">Magazine</a></span> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2025/01/05/champion-the-self-employed/" rel="bookmark">Champion the Self-Employed</a></h2> </header> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="author-avatar"></span> <span class="byline"> <span>by</span> <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/author/wnorris/">Will Norris</a></span> </span> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2025/01/05/champion-the-self-employed/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2025-01-05T19:50:00-05:00">January 5, 2025</time><time class="updated" datetime="2025-01-05T20:38:51-05:00">January 5, 2025</time></a></span> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-156883" class="post-156883 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-january-february-march-2025 category-magazine tag-airline-deregulation tag-civil-aeronautics-board tag-department-of-transportation tag-interstate-commerce-commission tag-transportation-regulation entry"> <figure class="post-thumbnail"> <a class="post-thumbnail-inner" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2025/01/05/bring-back-airline-regulation/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <img width="800" height="582" src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/10NewIdeas_5-800x582.jpg" class="attachment-newspack-archive-image size-newspack-archive-image wp-post-image" alt="" loading="lazy" data-hero-candidate="" fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" sizes="(max-width: 34.9rem) calc(100vw - 2rem), (max-width: 53rem) calc(8 * (100vw / 12)), (min-width: 53rem) calc(6 * (100vw / 12)), 100vw" /> </a> </figure> <div class="entry-container"> <span class="cat-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Posted in</span><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/" rel="category tag">Magazine</a></span> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2025/01/05/bring-back-airline-regulation/" rel="bookmark">Make Transportation Fair Again</a></h2> </header> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="author-avatar"></span> <span class="byline"> <span>by</span> <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/author/phillip-longman/">Phillip Longman</a></span> </span> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2025/01/05/bring-back-airline-regulation/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2025-01-05T19:45:00-05:00">January 5, 2025</time><time class="updated" datetime="2025-01-05T20:55:59-05:00">January 5, 2025</time></a></span> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-156888" class="post-156888 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-january-february-march-2025 category-magazine tag-department-of-government-efficiency tag-doge tag-elon-musk tag-government-contracting tag-government-waste tag-vivek-ramawswamy entry"> <figure class="post-thumbnail"> <a class="post-thumbnail-inner" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2025/01/05/fire-the-contractors/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <img width="800" height="582" src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/10NewIdeas_6-800x582.jpg" class="attachment-newspack-archive-image size-newspack-archive-image wp-post-image" alt="" loading="lazy" data-hero-candidate="" fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" sizes="(max-width: 34.9rem) calc(100vw - 2rem), (max-width: 53rem) calc(8 * (100vw / 12)), (min-width: 53rem) calc(6 * (100vw / 12)), 100vw" /> </a> </figure> <div class="entry-container"> <span class="cat-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Posted in</span><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/" rel="category tag">Magazine</a></span> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2025/01/05/fire-the-contractors/" rel="bookmark">Fire the Contractors</a></h2> </header> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="author-avatar"></span> <span class="byline"> <span>by</span> <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/author/donald-f-kettl/">Donald F. Kettl</a></span> </span> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2025/01/05/fire-the-contractors/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2025-01-05T19:40:00-05:00">January 5, 2025</time><time class="updated" datetime="2025-01-31T11:10:54-05:00">January 31, 2025</time></a></span> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-156894" class="post-156894 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-education category-college-rankings category-january-february-march-2025 category-magazine tag-department-of-education tag-free-college tag-higher-education tag-student-loans entry"> <figure class="post-thumbnail"> <a class="post-thumbnail-inner" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2025/01/05/free-college-for-the-working-class/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <img width="800" height="582" src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/10NewIdeas_7-1-800x582.jpg" class="attachment-newspack-archive-image size-newspack-archive-image wp-post-image" alt="" loading="lazy" data-hero-candidate="" fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" sizes="(max-width: 34.9rem) calc(100vw - 2rem), (max-width: 53rem) calc(8 * (100vw / 12)), (min-width: 53rem) calc(6 * (100vw / 12)), 100vw" /> </a> </figure> <div class="entry-container"> <span class="cat-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Posted in</span><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/" rel="category tag">Magazine</a></span> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2025/01/05/free-college-for-the-working-class/" rel="bookmark">Free College for the Working Class</a></h2> </header> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="author-avatar"></span> <span class="byline"> <span>by</span> <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/author/kevin-carey/">Kevin Carey</a></span> </span> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2025/01/05/free-college-for-the-working-class/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2025-01-05T19:30:00-05:00">January 5, 2025</time><time class="updated" datetime="2025-01-05T22:49:26-05:00">January 5, 2025</time></a></span> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-156903" class="post-156903 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-january-february-march-2025 category-magazine tag-care-economy tag-childcare tag-eldercare tag-medicaid tag-medicare tag-private-equity-nursing-homes-2 entry"> <figure class="post-thumbnail"> <a class="post-thumbnail-inner" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2025/01/05/corporate-proof-the-care-economy/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <img width="800" height="582" src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/10NewIdeas_8-800x582.jpg" class="attachment-newspack-archive-image size-newspack-archive-image wp-post-image" alt="" loading="lazy" data-hero-candidate="" fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" sizes="(max-width: 34.9rem) calc(100vw - 2rem), (max-width: 53rem) calc(8 * (100vw / 12)), (min-width: 53rem) calc(6 * (100vw / 12)), 100vw" /> </a> </figure> <div class="entry-container"> <span class="cat-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Posted in</span><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/" rel="category tag">Magazine</a></span> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2025/01/05/corporate-proof-the-care-economy/" rel="bookmark">Corporate-Proof the Care Economy</a></h2> </header> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="author-avatar"></span> <span class="byline"> <span>by</span> <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/author/audrey-stienon/">Audrey Stienon</a></span> </span> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2025/01/05/corporate-proof-the-care-economy/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2025-01-05T19:25:00-05:00">January 5, 2025</time><time class="updated" datetime="2025-01-05T20:10:22-05:00">January 5, 2025</time></a></span> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-156900" class="post-156900 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-education category-january-february-march-2025 category-magazine tag-department-of-education tag-high-impact-tutoring tag-k-12-education tag-linda-mcmahon tag-school-choice tag-universal-choice entry"> <figure class="post-thumbnail"> <a class="post-thumbnail-inner" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2025/01/05/tutorize-dont-privatize-public-schools/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <img width="800" height="582" src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/10NewIdeas_9-800x582.jpg" class="attachment-newspack-archive-image size-newspack-archive-image wp-post-image" alt="" loading="lazy" data-hero-candidate="" fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" sizes="(max-width: 34.9rem) calc(100vw - 2rem), (max-width: 53rem) calc(8 * (100vw / 12)), (min-width: 53rem) calc(6 * (100vw / 12)), 100vw" /> </a> </figure> <div class="entry-container"> <span class="cat-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Posted in</span><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/" rel="category tag">Magazine</a></span> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2025/01/05/tutorize-dont-privatize-public-schools/" rel="bookmark">Tutorize, Don鈥檛 Privatize, Public Schools</a></h2> </header> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="author-avatar"></span> <span class="byline"> <span>by</span> <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/author/paul-glastris/">Paul Glastris</a></span> </span> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2025/01/05/tutorize-dont-privatize-public-schools/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2025-01-05T19:20:00-05:00">January 5, 2025</time><time class="updated" datetime="2025-01-05T22:50:18-05:00">January 5, 2025</time></a></span> </div> </div> </article> <nav class="navigation pagination" aria-label="Posts pagination"> <h2 class="screen-reader-text">Posts pagination</h2> <div class="nav-links"><span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current">1</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/page/2/">2</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/page/3/">3</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">…</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/page/287/">287</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/page/2/"><span class="nav-next-text">Older posts</span> <svg class="svg-icon" width="22" height="22" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path></svg></a></div> </nav> </main> <aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"> <section id="text-11" class="widget widget_text"> <div class="textwidget"><div class="wp-block-group has-background" style="padding: 20px; background-color: #e6ecf4;"> <div class="wp-block-group__inner-container"> <h3 class="has-text-align-center">Support the <em>Washington Monthly</em></h3> <p></p> <p> </p> <p class="has-text-align-center">At this moment of deep political division, bold ideas to preserve American democracy are more important than ever.</p> <p> </p> <p class="has-text-align-center">The <em>Washington Monthly</em> is an independent voice, listened to by insiders and willing to take on sacred cows鈥攍iberal and conservative. And we need your support.</p> <p> </p> <p class="has-text-align-center">Help us鈥攜our contribution is vital, tax-deductible, and much appreciated!</p> <p></p> <h3 class="has-text-align-center"><a class="wp-block-button__link" style="font-size: 16px;" href="https://donorbox.org/support-serious-independent-journalism" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Donate Now!</a></h3> </div> </div> </div> </section><section id="block-190" class="widget widget_block"> <div class="wp-block-group is-style-border has-white-color has-grad-1-gradient-background has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-8e5326435c71a9c8a4a0dcaa50036f89"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <iframe width="480" height="320" style="border:1px solid #EEE; background:white;" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" class="perfmatters-lazy" data-src="https://washingtonmonthly.substack.com/embed"></iframe><noscript><iframe src="https://washingtonmonthly.substack.com/embed" width="480" height="320" style="border:1px solid #EEE; background:white;" frameborder="0" scrolling="no"></iframe></noscript> </div></div> </section></aside> </section> <div class="above-footer-widgets"> <div class="wrapper"> <section id="block-26" class="above-footer widget widget_block"> <div class="wp-block-group"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow"></div></div> </section><section id="block-73" class="above-footer widget widget_block widget_media_image"></section> </div> </div> </div> <footer id="colophon" class="site-footer"> <div class="footer-branding"> <div class="wrapper"> <a class="footer-logo-link" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/" rel="home"> <img width="400" height="97" src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/logo-white-sm-400x97.png" class="footer-logo" alt="" decoding="async" srcset="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/logo-white-sm-400x97.png 400w, https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/logo-white-sm-300x73.png 300w, https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/logo-white-sm.png 600w" sizes="(max-width: 34.9rem) calc(100vw - 2rem), (max-width: 53rem) calc(8 * (100vw / 12)), (min-width: 53rem) calc(6 * (100vw / 12)), 100vw" /> </a> <nav class="social-navigation" aria-label="Social Links Menu"> <ul id="menu-social-links-2" class="social-links-menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-134690"><a target="_blank" href="https://bsky.app/profile/did:plc:lpubl44fjl5jayoyqzf64pdr"><span class="screen-reader-text">Bluesky Page</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M6.33525 4.1443C8.6282 5.80613 11.0944 9.17571 12 10.9838C12.9056 9.17571 15.3718 5.80613 17.6648 4.1443C19.3192 2.94521 22 2.01741 22 4.96972C22 5.55931 21.6498 9.92278 21.4444 10.6312C20.7305 13.0941 18.1291 13.7222 15.815 13.342C19.8599 14.0066 20.8889 16.2079 18.6667 18.4093C14.4462 22.59 12.6007 17.3603 12.1279 16.0203C12.0412 15.7746 12.0006 15.6597 12 15.7574C11.9994 15.6597 11.9588 15.7746 11.8721 16.0203C11.3993 17.3603 9.55377 22.59 5.33333 18.4093C3.11111 16.2079 4.14006 14.0066 8.18496 13.342C5.87088 13.7222 3.26949 13.0941 2.55556 10.6312C2.35018 9.92278 2 5.55931 2 4.96972C2 2.01741 4.68079 2.94521 6.33525 4.1443Z" /></svg></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-134691"><a target="_blank" href="https://x.com/monthly"><span class="screen-reader-text">X Username</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M13.5222 10.7714L19.4785 4H18.0671L12.8952 9.87954L8.76437 4H4L10.2466 12.8909L4 19.9918H5.41155L10.8732 13.7828L15.2356 19.9918H20L13.5218 10.7714H13.5222ZM11.5889 12.9692L10.956 12.0839L5.92015 5.03921H8.0882L12.1522 10.7245L12.7851 11.6098L18.0677 18.9998H15.8997L11.5889 12.9696V12.9692Z" /></svg></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-157101"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@washingtonmonthly9554"><span class="screen-reader-text">Youtube Page</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M21.8,8.001c0,0-0.195-1.378-0.795-1.985c-0.76-0.797-1.613-0.801-2.004-0.847c-2.799-0.202-6.997-0.202-6.997-0.202 h-0.009c0,0-4.198,0-6.997,0.202C4.608,5.216,3.756,5.22,2.995,6.016C2.395,6.623,2.2,8.001,2.2,8.001S2,9.62,2,11.238v1.517 c0,1.618,0.2,3.237,0.2,3.237s0.195,1.378,0.795,1.985c0.761,0.797,1.76,0.771,2.205,0.855c1.6,0.153,6.8,0.201,6.8,0.201 s4.203-0.006,7.001-0.209c0.391-0.047,1.243-0.051,2.004-0.847c0.6-0.607,0.795-1.985,0.795-1.985s0.2-1.618,0.2-3.237v-1.517 C22,9.62,21.8,8.001,21.8,8.001z M9.935,14.594l-0.001-5.62l5.404,2.82L9.935,14.594z"></path></svg></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-157631"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/the-washington-monthly"><span class="screen-reader-text">Linkedin Page</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M19.7,3H4.3C3.582,3,3,3.582,3,4.3v15.4C3,20.418,3.582,21,4.3,21h15.4c0.718,0,1.3-0.582,1.3-1.3V4.3 C21,3.582,20.418,3,19.7,3z M8.339,18.338H5.667v-8.59h2.672V18.338z M7.004,8.574c-0.857,0-1.549-0.694-1.549-1.548 c0-0.855,0.691-1.548,1.549-1.548c0.854,0,1.547,0.694,1.547,1.548C8.551,7.881,7.858,8.574,7.004,8.574z M18.339,18.338h-2.669 v-4.177c0-0.996-0.017-2.278-1.387-2.278c-1.389,0-1.601,1.086-1.601,2.206v4.249h-2.667v-8.59h2.559v1.174h0.037 c0.356-0.675,1.227-1.387,2.526-1.387c2.703,0,3.203,1.779,3.203,4.092V18.338z"></path></svg></a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> <aside class="widget-area footer-widgets" role="complementary" aria-label="Footer"> <div class="wrapper"> <section id="nav_menu-7" class="widget widget_nav_menu"><div class="menu-footer-1-container"><ul id="menu-footer-1" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-155452" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-155452"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2024-college-guide/">Washington Monthly鈥檚 2024 College Guide and Rankings</a></li> <li id="menu-item-137585" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-137585"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2020-hospital-guide/">2020 Hospital Guide and Rankings</a></li> <li id="menu-item-137574" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-menu-item menu-item-has-children menu-item-137574"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/" aria-current="page">Magazine</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-138375" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-138375"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/current-issue/">Current Issue</a></li> <li id="menu-item-137542" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-137542"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/archives/">Past Issues</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-137570" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-137570"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/from-the-archives/">From the Archives</a></li> </ul></div></section><section id="nav_menu-8" class="widget widget_nav_menu"><div class="menu-footer-2-container"><ul id="menu-footer-2" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-134876" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-134876"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/education/">Education</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-134878" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-134878"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/education/k-12/">K-12</a></li> <li id="menu-item-134877" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-134877"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/education/college-rankings/">Higher Education</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-137736" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-137736"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/health-care/">Health Care</a></li> <li id="menu-item-137737" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-137737"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/the-monopolized-economy/">The Monopolized Economy</a></li> </ul></div></section><section id="nav_menu-9" class="widget widget_nav_menu"><div class="menu-footer-3-container"><ul id="menu-footer-3" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-137587" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-137587"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/politics/">Politics</a></li> <li id="menu-item-137589" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-137589"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/protecting-the-vote/">Protecting the Vote</a></li> <li id="menu-item-137590" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-137590"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/law-and-justice/">Law and Justice</a></li> <li id="menu-item-137738" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-137738"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/economy/">Economy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-137739" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-137739"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/books/">Books</a></li> </ul></div></section><section id="nav_menu-10" class="widget widget_nav_menu"><div class="menu-footer-4-container"><ul id="menu-footer-4" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-134886" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-134886"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/about/">About</a></li> <li id="menu-item-134887" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-134887"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/advertising-opportunities/">Advertising</a></li> <li id="menu-item-134888" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-134888"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/contact/">Contact</a></li> <li id="menu-item-138965" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-138965"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/careers/">Careers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-134890" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-134890"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-137586" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-137586"><a target="_blank" href="https://philanthropy.washingtonmonthly.com/">Successes of Philanthropy</a></li> </ul></div></section> </div> </aside> <div class="site-info"> <div class="wrapper site-info-contain"> <span class="copyright">© 2025 Washington Monthly</span> <a target="_blank" href="https://newspack.com/" class="imprint"> Powered by Newspack </a> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <script type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1">(function(){var lazy_load ={"active":true,"fetch_margin_percent":100,"render_margin_percent":0,"mobile_scaling":2};googletag.cmd.push(function(){googletag.pubads().enableLazyLoad({fetchMarginPercent: lazy_load.fetch_margin_percent,renderMarginPercent: lazy_load.render_margin_percent,mobileScaling: lazy_load.mobile_scaling});});})();</script> <script type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1">(function(){var ad_config ={"network_code":"","disable_initial_load":false};var all_ad_units = [];var common_targeting = [];var defined_ad_units ={};var boundsContainers ={};function inOrPastViewport(element){var bounding = element.getBoundingClientRect();return(bounding.right <=(window.innerWidth || document.documentElement.clientWidth)&&bounding.bottom <=(window.innerHeight || document.documentElement.clientHeight));}for(var container_id in all_ad_units){var ad_unit = all_ad_units[ container_id ];var container = document.querySelector('#' + container_id);if(! container){continue;}ad_unit.in_viewport = inOrPastViewport(container);container.ad_unit = ad_unit;var boundsWidth = 0;findContainer: for(var i = 0;i < ad_unit['bounds_selectors'].length;i++){var selector = ad_unit['bounds_selectors'][ i ];if(typeof boundsContainers[ selector ] === 'undefined'){boundsContainers[ selector ] = document.querySelectorAll(selector);}if(boundsContainers[ selector ].length){for(var j = 0;j < boundsContainers[ selector ].length;j++){var boundsContainer = boundsContainers[ selector ][ j ];if(boundsContainer.contains(container)){boundsWidth = boundsContainer.offsetWidth;break findContainer;}}}}var shouldUseBounds = !! boundsWidth;var availableWidth = window.innerWidth;if(shouldUseBounds){var containerWidth = container.parentNode.offsetWidth;availableWidth = Math.max(boundsWidth,containerWidth)+ parseInt(ad_unit['bounds_bleed']);for(viewportWidth in ad_unit['size_map']){var width = parseInt(viewportWidth);if(shouldUseBounds&&width > availableWidth){delete ad_unit['size_map'][ viewportWidth ];}}}if(ad_unit.fixed_height.active){var height = 'auto';var prop = 'height';if(ad_unit.in_viewport){for(viewportWidth in ad_unit.size_map){if(viewportWidth < availableWidth){height = 0;for(size in ad_unit.size_map[ viewportWidth ]){height = Math.max(height,ad_unit.size_map[ viewportWidth ][ size ][1]);}}}if(ad_unit.fixed_height.use_max_height&&ad_unit.fixed_height.max_height < height){height = ad_unit.fixed_height.max_height;prop = 'min-height';}height = height + 'px';}container.parentNode.style[prop] = height;}}googletag.cmd.push(function(){for(var container_id in all_ad_units){var ad_unit = all_ad_units[ container_id ];var container = document.querySelector('#' + container_id);if(! container){continue;}var slotSizes = ad_unit['sizes'];if(ad_unit['fluid']){slotSizes = slotSizes.concat('fluid');}var codeParts = [ ad_config['network_code'] ];if(ad_unit.path&&ad_unit.path.length){codeParts = codeParts.concat(ad_unit.path.map(function(parent){return parent['code'];}));}codeParts.push(ad_unit['code']);var code = '/' + codeParts.join('/');defined_ad_units[ container_id ] = googletag.defineSlot(code,slotSizes,container_id).addService(googletag.pubads());for(var target_key in common_targeting){defined_ad_units[ container_id ].setTargeting(target_key,common_targeting[ target_key ]);}for(var target_key in ad_unit['targeting']){defined_ad_units[ container_id ].setTargeting(target_key,ad_unit['targeting'][ target_key ]);}var mapping = googletag.sizeMapping();var baseSizes = [];if(ad_unit['fluid']){baseSizes = baseSizes.concat('fluid');}for(viewportWidth in ad_unit['size_map']){var width = parseInt(viewportWidth);var mappedSizes = ad_unit['size_map'][ viewportWidth ];mapping.addSize([ width,0 ],baseSizes.concat(mappedSizes));}if(ad_unit['sticky']){mapping.addSize([600,0],baseSizes);var stickyContainer = container.parentNode;var stickyClose = stickyContainer.querySelector('button.newspack_sticky_ad__close');var initialBodyPadding = document.body.style.paddingBottom;if(stickyClose){stickyClose.addEventListener('click',function(){stickyContainer.parentNode.removeChild(stickyContainer);document.body.style.paddingBottom = initialBodyPadding;});}}mapping.addSize([0,0],baseSizes);defined_ad_units[ container_id ].defineSizeMapping(mapping.build());}if(ad_config['disable_initial_load']){googletag.pubads().disableInitialLoad();}googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs();googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest();googletag.enableServices();for(var container_id in defined_ad_units){googletag.display(container_id);}googletag.pubads().addEventListener('slotRenderEnded',function(event){var container = document.getElementById(event.slot.getSlotElementId());if(! container){return;}var ad_unit = container.ad_unit;if(! ad_unit){return;}if(ad_unit.fixed_height.active&&container.parentNode.style.height === 'auto'&&event.size){container.parentNode.style.height = event.size[1] + 'px';event.slot.defineSizeMapping(googletag.sizeMapping().addSize([ 0,0 ],event.size).build());}if(event.isEmpty&&(ad_unit.sticky || ! ad_unit.fixed_height.active ||(ad_unit.fixed_height.active&&! ad_unit.in_viewport))){container.parentNode.style.display = 'none';}else{container.parentNode.style.display = 'flex';}var sizes = event.slot.getSizes();if((event.size === null || event.size[0] === 0)&&Array.isArray(sizes)&&sizes.indexOf('fluid')!== -1){if(container){var iframe = container.querySelector('iframe');if(iframe){iframe.style.width = '100%';}}}});googletag.pubads().addEventListener('slotRenderEnded',function(event){var container = document.getElementById(event.slot.getSlotElementId());if(! container){return;}var ad_unit = container.ad_unit;if(! ad_unit || ! ad_unit.sticky){return;}if(! event.isEmpty&&document.body.clientWidth <= 600){stickyContainer.style.display = 'flex';document.body.style.paddingBottom = stickyContainer.clientHeight + 'px';}});(function(){var stickyAd = document.querySelector('.h-stk .stick-to-top:last-child');var siteHeader = document.querySelector('.h-stk .site-header');if(stickyAd&&siteHeader){stickyAd.style.top = 'calc(' + siteHeader.offsetHeight + 'px + 1rem)';}})();});})();</script> <script defer id="bilmur" data-provider="wpcloud" data-service="newspack" src="https://s0.wp.com/wp-content/js/bilmur.min.js?m=202509"></script> <div class="jetpack-instant-search__widget-area" style="display: none"> </div> <script type="module"> import { Workbox } from "https:\/\/washingtonmonthly.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/pwa\/wp-includes\/js\/workbox-v7.3.0\/workbox-window.prod.js"; if ( 'serviceWorker' in navigator ) { window.wp = window.wp || {}; window.wp.serviceWorkerWindow = new Workbox( "https:\/\/washingtonmonthly.com\/wp.serviceworker", {"scope":"\/"} ); window.wp.serviceWorkerWindow.register(); } </script> <style id='core-block-supports-inline-css'>.wp-elements-8e5326435c71a9c8a4a0dcaa50036f89 a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color:var(--wp--preset--color--white);}</style> <script id="custom-content-types-data-js-before"> var CUSTOM_CONTENT_TYPE__INITIAL_STATE; typeof CUSTOM_CONTENT_TYPE__INITIAL_STATE === "object" || (CUSTOM_CONTENT_TYPE__INITIAL_STATE = JSON.parse(decodeURIComponent("%7B%22active%22%3Atrue%2C%22over_ride%22%3Afalse%2C%22should_show_testimonials%22%3Atrue%2C%22should_show_portfolios%22%3Atrue%7D"))); </script> <script src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/constant-contact-forms/assets/js/ctct-plugin-recaptcha-v2.min.js?ver=2.8.0" id="recaptcha-v2-js" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script async="async" defer src="//www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?onload=renderReCaptcha&render=explicit&ver=2.8.0" id="recaptcha-lib-v2-js" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/constant-contact-forms/assets/js/ctct-plugin-frontend.min.js?ver=2.8.0" id="ctct_frontend_forms-js" defer></script> <script src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-ads/dist/media-kit-frontend.js?ver=3.3.2" id="newspack-ads-media-kit-frontend-js" defer></script> <script src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-plugin/dist/commons.js?ver=5.14.3" id="newspack_commons-js" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script id="newspack-reader-activation-js-extra"> var newspack_ras_config = {"auth_intention_cookie":"np_auth_intention","cid_cookie":"newspack-cid","is_logged_in":"","authenticated_email":"","otp_auth_action":"np_otp_auth","otp_rate_interval":"60","account_url":"","is_ras_enabled":""}; var newspack_reader_data = {"store_prefix":"np_reader_1_","is_temporary":"","reader_activity":[]}; </script> <script src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-plugin/dist/reader-activation.js?ver=5.14.3" id="newspack-reader-activation-js" async data-wp-strategy="async" data-amp-plus-allowed type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script id="newspack-reader-auth-js-extra"> var newspack_reader_activation_labels = {"title":"Sign in","invalid_email":"Please enter a valid email address.","invalid_password":"Please enter a password.","invalid_display":"Display name cannot match your email address. Please choose a different display name.","blocked_popup":"The popup has been blocked. Allow popups for the site and try again.","code_sent":"Code sent! Check your inbox.","code_resent":"Code resent! Check your inbox.","create_account":"Create an account","signin":{"title":"Sign in","success_title":"Success! You\u2019re signed in.","success_message":"Login successful!","continue":"Continue","resend_code":"Resend code","otp":"Email me a one-time code instead","otp_title":"Enter the code sent to your email.","forgot_password":"Forgot password","create_account":"Create an account","register":"Sign in to an existing account","go_back":"Go back","set_password":"Set a password (optional)"},"register":{"title":"Create an account","success_title":"Success! Your account was created and you\u2019re signed in.","success_description":"In the future, you\u2019ll sign in with a magic link, or a code sent to your email. If you\u2019d rather use a password, you can set one below."},"verify":"Thank you for verifying your account!","magic_link":"Please check your inbox for an authentication link.","password_reset_interval":"Please wait a moment before requesting another password reset email.","account_link":{"signedin":"My Account","signedout":"Sign In"},"newsletters_cta":"Subscribe to our newsletter","newsletters_confirmation":"Thanks for supporting Washington Monthly.","newsletters_continue":"Continue","newsletters_details":"Get the best of Washington Monthly directly in your email inbox.","newsletters_success":"Signup successful!","newsletters_title":"Sign up for newsletters","auth_form_action":"reader-activation-auth-form"}; </script> <script src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-plugin/dist/reader-auth.js?ver=5.14.3" id="newspack-reader-auth-js" async data-wp-strategy="async" data-amp-plus-allowed type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-plugin/dist/newspack-ui.js?ver=5.14.3" id="newspack-ui-js" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/wp-polyfill.min.js?ver=3.15.0" id="wp-polyfill-js"></script> <script src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-includes/js/dist/url.min.js?ver=e87eb76272a3a08402d2" id="wp-url-js"></script> <script id="newspack-popups-criteria-js-extra" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"> var newspackPopupsCriteria = {"is_non_preview_user":"","config":{"articles_read":{"matchingFunction":"range","matchingAttribute":"articles_read"},"articles_read_in_session":{"matchingFunction":"range","matchingAttribute":"articles_read_in_session"},"favorite_categories":{"matchingFunction":"list__in","matchingAttribute":"favorite_categories"},"user_account":{"matchingFunction":"default","matchingAttribute":"user_account"},"newsletter":{"matchingFunction":"default","matchingAttribute":"newsletter"},"subscribed_lists":{"matchingFunction":"list__in","matchingAttribute":"newsletter_subscribed_lists"},"not_subscribed_lists":{"matchingFunction":"list__not_in","matchingAttribute":"newsletter_subscribed_lists"},"donation":{"matchingFunction":"default","matchingAttribute":"donation"},"active_subscriptions":{"matchingFunction":"list__in","matchingAttribute":"active_subscriptions"},"not_active_subscriptions":{"matchingFunction":"list__not_in","matchingAttribute":"active_subscriptions"},"sources_to_match":{"matchingFunction":"list__in","matchingAttribute":"referrer"},"sources_to_exclude":{"matchingFunction":"list__not_in","matchingAttribute":"referrer"}}}; </script> <script src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-popups/includes/../dist/criteria.js?ver=1734374647" id="newspack-popups-criteria-js" defer type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script id="newspack-popups-view-js-extra" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"> var newspack_popups_view = {"debug":"","segments":{}}; </script> <script src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-popups/includes/../dist/view.js?ver=1734374647" id="newspack-popups-view-js" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-includes/js/dist/hooks.min.js?ver=4d63a3d491d11ffd8ac6" id="wp-hooks-js"></script> <script src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-includes/js/dist/i18n.min.js?ver=5e580eb46a90c2b997e6" id="wp-i18n-js"></script> <script id="wp-i18n-js-after"> wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } ); </script> <script src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-assets/build/i18n-loader.js?minify=true&ver=becd7d9884bc1b331e45" id="wp-jp-i18n-loader-js" defer></script> <script id="wp-jp-i18n-loader-js-after" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"> wp.jpI18nLoader.state = {"baseUrl":"https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/languages/","locale":"en_US","domainMap":{"jetpack-admin-ui":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-assets":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-boost-core":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-boost-speed-score":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-config":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-connection":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-explat":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-image-cdn":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-ip":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-jitm":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-licensing":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-my-jetpack":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-password-checker":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-plugin-deactivation":"plugins/jetpack-boost","jetpack-plugins-installer":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-protect-models":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-protect-status":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-schema":"plugins/jetpack-boost","jetpack-sync":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-wp-js-data-sync":"plugins/jetpack-boost","jetpack-post-list":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-publicize-pkg":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-backup-pkg":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-blaze":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-classic-theme-helper":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-compat":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-external-media":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-forms":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-import":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-masterbar":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-search-pkg":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-stats":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-stats-admin":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-videopress-pkg":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-waf":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-wordads":"plugins/jetpack","woocommerce-analytics":"plugins/jetpack"},"domainPaths":{"jetpack-admin-ui":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-admin-ui/","jetpack-assets":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-assets/","jetpack-boost-core":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-boost-core/","jetpack-boost-speed-score":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-boost-speed-score/","jetpack-config":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-config/","jetpack-connection":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-connection/","jetpack-explat":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-explat/","jetpack-image-cdn":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-image-cdn/","jetpack-ip":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-ip/","jetpack-jitm":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-jitm/","jetpack-licensing":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-licensing/","jetpack-my-jetpack":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-my-jetpack/","jetpack-password-checker":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-password-checker/","jetpack-plugin-deactivation":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-plugin-deactivation/","jetpack-plugins-installer":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-plugins-installer/","jetpack-protect-models":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-protect-models/","jetpack-protect-status":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-protect-status/","jetpack-schema":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-schema/","jetpack-sync":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-sync/","jetpack-wp-js-data-sync":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-wp-js-data-sync/","jetpack-post-list":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-post-list/","jetpack-publicize-pkg":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-publicize/","jetpack-backup-pkg":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-backup/","jetpack-blaze":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-blaze/","jetpack-classic-theme-helper":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-classic-theme-helper/","jetpack-compat":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-compat/","jetpack-external-media":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-external-media/","jetpack-forms":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-forms/","jetpack-import":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-import/","jetpack-masterbar":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-masterbar/","jetpack-search-pkg":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-search/","jetpack-stats":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-stats/","jetpack-stats-admin":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-stats-admin/","jetpack-videopress-pkg":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-videopress/","jetpack-waf":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-waf/","jetpack-wordads":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-wordads/","woocommerce-analytics":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/woocommerce-analytics/"}}; </script> <script id="jetpack-instant-search-js-before"> var JetpackInstantSearchOptions=JSON.parse(decodeURIComponent("%7B%22overlayOptions%22%3A%7B%22colorTheme%22%3A%22light%22%2C%22enableInfScroll%22%3Atrue%2C%22enableFilteringOpensOverlay%22%3Atrue%2C%22enablePostDate%22%3Atrue%2C%22enableSort%22%3Atrue%2C%22highlightColor%22%3A%22%23FFC%22%2C%22overlayTrigger%22%3A%22submit%22%2C%22resultFormat%22%3A%22expanded%22%2C%22showPoweredBy%22%3Atrue%2C%22defaultSort%22%3A%22newest%22%2C%22excludedPostTypes%22%3A%5B%5D%7D%2C%22homeUrl%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwashingtonmonthly.com%22%2C%22locale%22%3A%22en-US%22%2C%22postsPerPage%22%3A10%2C%22siteId%22%3A200884816%2C%22postTypes%22%3A%7B%22post%22%3A%7B%22singular_name%22%3A%22Post%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Posts%22%7D%2C%22page%22%3A%7B%22singular_name%22%3A%22Page%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Pages%22%7D%2C%22attachment%22%3A%7B%22singular_name%22%3A%22Media%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Media%22%7D%2C%22ctct_forms%22%3A%7B%22singular_name%22%3A%22Form%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Forms%22%7D%2C%22podcast%22%3A%7B%22singular_name%22%3A%22Episode%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Episode%22%7D%7D%2C%22webpackPublicPath%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwashingtonmonthly.com%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fjetpack%5C%2Fjetpack_vendor%5C%2Fautomattic%5C%2Fjetpack-search%5C%2Fbuild%5C%2Finstant-search%5C%2F%22%2C%22isPhotonEnabled%22%3Afalse%2C%22isFreePlan%22%3Afalse%2C%22apiRoot%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwashingtonmonthly.com%5C%2Fwp-json%5C%2F%22%2C%22apiNonce%22%3A%224135a1c526%22%2C%22isPrivateSite%22%3Afalse%2C%22isWpcom%22%3Afalse%2C%22hasOverlayWidgets%22%3Afalse%2C%22widgets%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22widgetsOutsideOverlay%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22hasNonSearchWidgets%22%3Afalse%2C%22preventTrackingCookiesReset%22%3Afalse%7D")); </script> <script src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-search/build/instant-search/jp-search.js?minify=false&ver=749aa845a5ccb16bc8a6" id="jetpack-instant-search-js" async type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script src="//stats.wp.com/w.js?ver=202509" id="jp-tracks-js" async type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-parsely/build/loader.js?ver=b681bb9905652ac12735" id="wp-parsely-loader-js" defer></script> <script data-parsely-site="washingtonmonthly.com" src="https://cdn.parsely.com/keys/washingtonmonthly.com/p.js?ver=3.17.0" id="parsely-cfg" defer></script> <script id="newspack-amp-fallback-js-extra"> var newspackScreenReaderText = {"open_search":"Open Search","close_search":"Close Search","expand_comments":"Expand Comments","collapse_comments":"Collapse Comments","show_order_details":"Show details","hide_order_details":"Hide details","open_dropdown_menu":"Open dropdown menu","close_dropdown_menu":"Close dropdown menu","is_amp":""}; </script> <script src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/themes/newspack-theme/js/dist/amp-fallback.js?ver=2.5.0" id="newspack-amp-fallback-js" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script id="newspack-menu-accessibility-js-extra"> var newspackScreenReaderText = {"open_search":"Open Search","close_search":"Close Search","expand_comments":"Expand Comments","collapse_comments":"Collapse Comments","show_order_details":"Show details","hide_order_details":"Hide details","open_dropdown_menu":"Open dropdown menu","close_dropdown_menu":"Close dropdown menu","is_amp":""}; </script> <script src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/themes/newspack-theme/js/dist/menu-accessibility.js?ver=2.5.0" id="newspack-menu-accessibility-js" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script id="newspack-font-loading-js-extra"> var newspackFontLoading = {"fonts":["Playfair Display","Playfair Display"]}; </script> <script src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/themes/newspack-theme/js/dist/font-loading.js?ver=2.5.0" id="newspack-font-loading-js" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script id="newspack-amp-fallback-sponsors-js-extra"> var newspackScreenReaderTextSponsors = {"open_info":"Learn More","close_info":"Close"}; </script> <script src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/themes/newspack-theme/js/dist/amp-fallback-newspack-sponsors.js?ver=2.5.0" id="newspack-amp-fallback-sponsors-js" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script id="perfmatters-lazy-load-js-before"> window.lazyLoadOptions={elements_selector:"img[data-src],.perfmatters-lazy,.perfmatters-lazy-css-bg",thresholds:"0px 0px",class_loading:"pmloading",class_loaded:"pmloaded",callback_loaded:function(element){if(element.tagName==="IFRAME"){if(element.classList.contains("pmloaded")){if(typeof window.jQuery!="undefined"){if(jQuery.fn.fitVids){jQuery(element).parent().fitVids()}}}}}};window.addEventListener("LazyLoad::Initialized",function(e){var lazyLoadInstance=e.detail.instance;});function perfmattersLazyLoadYouTube(e){var t=document.createElement("iframe"),r="ID?";r+=0===e.dataset.query.length?"":e.dataset.query+"&",r+="autoplay=1",t.setAttribute("src",r.replace("ID",e.dataset.src)),t.setAttribute("frameborder","0"),t.setAttribute("allowfullscreen","1"),t.setAttribute("allow","accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture"),e.replaceChild(t,e.firstChild)} </script> <script async src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/perfmatters/js/lazyload.min.js?ver=2.3.9" id="perfmatters-lazy-load-js"></script> <script src="https://stats.wp.com/e-202509.js" id="jetpack-stats-js" data-wp-strategy="defer" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script id="jetpack-stats-js-after"> _stq = window._stq || []; _stq.push([ "view", JSON.parse("{\"v\":\"ext\",\"blog\":\"200884816\",\"post\":\"0\",\"tz\":\"-5\",\"srv\":\"washingtonmonthly.com\",\"hp\":\"atomic\",\"ac\":\"6\",\"amp\":\"0\",\"j\":\"1:14.4-a.7\"}") ]); _stq.push([ "clickTrackerInit", "200884816", "0" ]); </script> <script> /(trident|msie)/i.test(navigator.userAgent)&&document.getElementById&&window.addEventListener&&window.addEventListener("hashchange",function(){var t,e=location.hash.substring(1);/^[A-z0-9_-]+$/.test(e)&&(t=document.getElementById(e))&&(/^(?:a|select|input|button|textarea)$/i.test(t.tagName)||(t.tabIndex=-1),t.focus())},!1); </script> <script id="perfmatters-delayed-scripts-js">const pmDelayClick=false;const pmDelayTimer=setTimeout(pmTriggerDOMListener,10*1000);const pmUserInteractions=["keydown","mousedown","mousemove","wheel","touchmove","touchstart","touchend"],pmDelayedScripts={normal:[],defer:[],async:[]},jQueriesArray=[],pmInterceptedClicks=[];var pmDOMLoaded=!1,pmClickTarget="";function pmTriggerDOMListener(){"undefined"!=typeof pmDelayTimer&&clearTimeout(pmDelayTimer),pmUserInteractions.forEach(function(e){window.removeEventListener(e,pmTriggerDOMListener,{passive:!0})}),document.removeEventListener("visibilitychange",pmTriggerDOMListener),"loading"===document.readyState?document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",pmTriggerDelayedScripts):pmTriggerDelayedScripts()}async function pmTriggerDelayedScripts(){pmDelayEventListeners(),pmDelayJQueryReady(),pmSortDelayedScripts(),pmPreloadDelayedScripts(),await pmLoadDelayedScripts(pmDelayedScripts.normal),await pmLoadDelayedScripts(pmDelayedScripts.defer),await pmLoadDelayedScripts(pmDelayedScripts.async),await pmTriggerEventListeners(),document.querySelectorAll("link[data-pmdelayedstyle]").forEach(function(e){e.setAttribute("href",e.getAttribute("data-pmdelayedstyle"))}),window.dispatchEvent(new Event("perfmatters-allScriptsLoaded")),pmWaitForPendingClicks().then(()=>{pmReplayClicks()})}function pmDelayEventListeners(){let e={};function t(t,n){function r(n){return e[t].delayedEvents.indexOf(n)>=0?"perfmatters-"+n:n}e[t]||(e[t]={originalFunctions:{add:t.addEventListener,remove:t.removeEventListener},delayedEvents:[]},t.addEventListener=function(){arguments[0]=r(arguments[0]),e[t].originalFunctions.add.apply(t,arguments)},t.removeEventListener=function(){arguments[0]=r(arguments[0]),e[t].originalFunctions.remove.apply(t,arguments)}),e[t].delayedEvents.push(n)}function n(e,t){let n=e[t];Object.defineProperty(e,t,{get:n||function(){},set:function(n){e["perfmatters"+t]=n}})}t(document,"DOMContentLoaded"),t(window,"DOMContentLoaded"),t(window,"load"),t(window,"pageshow"),t(document,"readystatechange"),n(document,"onreadystatechange"),n(window,"onload"),n(window,"onpageshow")}function pmDelayJQueryReady(){let e=window.jQuery;Object.defineProperty(window,"jQuery",{get:()=>e,set(t){if(t&&t.fn&&!jQueriesArray.includes(t)){t.fn.ready=t.fn.init.prototype.ready=function(e){pmDOMLoaded?e.bind(document)(t):document.addEventListener("perfmatters-DOMContentLoaded",function(){e.bind(document)(t)})};let n=t.fn.on;t.fn.on=t.fn.init.prototype.on=function(){if(this[0]===window){function e(e){return e=(e=(e=e.split(" ")).map(function(e){return"load"===e||0===e.indexOf("load.")?"perfmatters-jquery-load":e})).join(" ")}"string"==typeof arguments[0]||arguments[0]instanceof String?arguments[0]=e(arguments[0]):"object"==typeof arguments[0]&&Object.keys(arguments[0]).forEach(function(t){delete Object.assign(arguments[0],{[e(t)]:arguments[0][t]})[t]})}return n.apply(this,arguments),this},jQueriesArray.push(t)}e=t}})}function pmSortDelayedScripts(){document.querySelectorAll("script[type=pmdelayedscript]").forEach(function(e){e.hasAttribute("src")?e.hasAttribute("defer")&&!1!==e.defer?pmDelayedScripts.defer.push(e):e.hasAttribute("async")&&!1!==e.async?pmDelayedScripts.async.push(e):pmDelayedScripts.normal.push(e):pmDelayedScripts.normal.push(e)})}function pmPreloadDelayedScripts(){var e=document.createDocumentFragment();[...pmDelayedScripts.normal,...pmDelayedScripts.defer,...pmDelayedScripts.async].forEach(function(t){var n=t.getAttribute("src");if(n){var r=document.createElement("link");r.href=n,"module"==t.getAttribute("data-perfmatters-type")?r.rel="modulepreload":(r.rel="preload",r.as="script"),e.appendChild(r)}}),document.head.appendChild(e)}async function pmLoadDelayedScripts(e){var t=e.shift();return t?(await pmReplaceScript(t),pmLoadDelayedScripts(e)):Promise.resolve()}async function pmReplaceScript(e){return await pmNextFrame(),new Promise(function(t){let n=document.createElement("script");[...e.attributes].forEach(function(e){let t=e.nodeName;"type"!==t&&("data-perfmatters-type"===t&&(t="type"),n.setAttribute(t,e.nodeValue))}),e.hasAttribute("src")?(n.addEventListener("load",t),n.addEventListener("error",t)):(n.text=e.text,t()),e.parentNode.replaceChild(n,e)})}async function pmTriggerEventListeners(){pmDOMLoaded=!0,await pmNextFrame(),document.dispatchEvent(new Event("perfmatters-DOMContentLoaded")),await pmNextFrame(),window.dispatchEvent(new Event("perfmatters-DOMContentLoaded")),await pmNextFrame(),document.dispatchEvent(new Event("perfmatters-readystatechange")),await pmNextFrame(),document.perfmattersonreadystatechange&&document.perfmattersonreadystatechange(),await pmNextFrame(),window.dispatchEvent(new Event("perfmatters-load")),await pmNextFrame(),window.perfmattersonload&&window.perfmattersonload(),await pmNextFrame(),jQueriesArray.forEach(function(e){e(window).trigger("perfmatters-jquery-load")});let e=new Event("perfmatters-pageshow");e.persisted=window.pmPersisted,window.dispatchEvent(e),await pmNextFrame(),window.perfmattersonpageshow&&window.perfmattersonpageshow({persisted:window.pmPersisted})}async function pmNextFrame(){return new Promise(function(e){requestAnimationFrame(e)})}function pmReplayClicks(){window.removeEventListener("touchstart",pmTouchStartHandler,{passive:!0}),window.removeEventListener("mousedown",pmTouchStartHandler),pmInterceptedClicks.forEach(e=>{e.target.outerHTML===pmClickTarget&&e.target.dispatchEvent(new MouseEvent("click",{view:e.view,bubbles:!0,cancelable:!0}))})}function pmWaitForPendingClicks(){return new Promise(e=>{window.pmIsClickPending?pmPendingClickFinished=e:e()})}function pmPendingClickStarted(){window.pmIsClickPending=!0}function pmPendingClickFinished(){window.pmIsClickPending=!1}function pmClickHandler(e){e.target.removeEventListener("click",pmClickHandler),pmRenameDOMAttribute(e.target,"pm-onclick","onclick"),pmInterceptedClicks.push(e),e.preventDefault(),e.stopPropagation(),e.stopImmediatePropagation(),pmPendingClickFinished()}function pmTouchStartHandler(e){"HTML"!==e.target.tagName&&(pmClickTarget||(pmClickTarget=e.target.outerHTML),window.addEventListener("touchend",pmTouchEndHandler),window.addEventListener("mouseup",pmTouchEndHandler),window.addEventListener("touchmove",pmTouchMoveHandler,{passive:!0}),window.addEventListener("mousemove",pmTouchMoveHandler),e.target.addEventListener("click",pmClickHandler),pmRenameDOMAttribute(e.target,"onclick","pm-onclick"),pmPendingClickStarted())}function pmTouchMoveHandler(e){window.removeEventListener("touchend",pmTouchEndHandler),window.removeEventListener("mouseup",pmTouchEndHandler),window.removeEventListener("touchmove",pmTouchMoveHandler,{passive:!0}),window.removeEventListener("mousemove",pmTouchMoveHandler),e.target.removeEventListener("click",pmClickHandler),pmRenameDOMAttribute(e.target,"pm-onclick","onclick"),pmPendingClickFinished()}function pmTouchEndHandler(e){window.removeEventListener("touchend",pmTouchEndHandler),window.removeEventListener("mouseup",pmTouchEndHandler),window.removeEventListener("touchmove",pmTouchMoveHandler,{passive:!0}),window.removeEventListener("mousemove",pmTouchMoveHandler)}function pmRenameDOMAttribute(e,t,n){e.hasAttribute&&e.hasAttribute(t)&&(event.target.setAttribute(n,event.target.getAttribute(t)),event.target.removeAttribute(t))}window.pmIsClickPending=!1,window.addEventListener("pageshow",e=>{window.pmPersisted=e.persisted}),pmUserInteractions.forEach(function(e){window.addEventListener(e,pmTriggerDOMListener,{passive:!0})}),pmDelayClick&&(window.addEventListener("touchstart",pmTouchStartHandler,{passive:!0}),window.addEventListener("mousedown",pmTouchStartHandler)),document.addEventListener("visibilitychange",pmTriggerDOMListener);</script></body> </html>