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Targum - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas

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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dua_jenis_Targumim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dua_jenis_Targumim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Dua jenis Targumim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dua_jenis_Targumim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Targum_Ketuvim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Targum_Ketuvim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Targum Ketuvim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Targum_Ketuvim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penulisan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penulisan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Penulisan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penulisan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Targumim_mengenai_Taurat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Targumim_mengenai_Taurat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Targumim mengenai Taurat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Targumim_mengenai_Taurat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pesyita" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pesyita"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Pesyita</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pesyita-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Pranala luar</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Terjemahan_Targum_dalam_bahasa_Inggris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terjemahan_Targum_dalam_bahasa_Inggris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Terjemahan Targum dalam bahasa Inggris</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terjemahan_Targum_dalam_bahasa_Inggris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sumber-sumber_lain_mengenai_Targum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sumber-sumber_lain_mengenai_Targum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sumber-sumber lain mengenai Targum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sumber-sumber_lain_mengenai_Targum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Targum</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 40 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85" title="الترجوم – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الترجوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85" title="الترجوم – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الترجوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1rgum" title="Tárgum – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tárgum" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Таргум – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Таргум" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targoum" title="Targoum – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Targoum" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A0rgum" title="Tàrgum – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tàrgum" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targum" title="Targum – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Targum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targum" title="Targum – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Targum" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targum" title="Targum – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Targum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targum" title="Targum – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Targum" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targum" title="Targum – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Targum" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1rgum" title="Tárgum – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tárgum" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%85" title="ترگم – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترگم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targum" title="Targum – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Targum" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targoum" title="Targoum – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Targoum" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targum" title="Targum – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Targum" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" title="תרגומי המקרא לארמית – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תרגומי המקרא לארמית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targum" title="Targum – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Targum" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targum" title="Targum – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Targum" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targum" title="Targum – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Targum" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%80%EB%A5%B4%EA%B5%BC" title="타르굼 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="타르굼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targum" title="Targum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Targum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targumas" title="Targumas – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Targumas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targoma" title="Targoma – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Targoma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82" title="താർഗും – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="താർഗും" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targoem" title="Targoem – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Targoem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targum" title="Targum – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Targum" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targum" title="Targum – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Targum" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8F%D9%85" title="ترجُم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ترجُم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targum" title="Targum – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Targum" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Таргум – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Таргум" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targum" title="Targum – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Targum" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targ%C3%BAm" title="Targúm – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Targúm" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targum" title="Targum – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Targum" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Таргум – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Таргум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targum" title="Targum – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Targum" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targum" title="Targum – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Targum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Таргум – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Таргум" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%85" title="ترجم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ترجم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%BA%AB%E5%A7%86%E8%AD%AF%E6%9C%AC" title="塔庫姆譯本 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="塔庫姆譯本" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q623703#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Targum"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Targum&amp;veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Targum&amp;action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Targum&amp;action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Targum" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Targum" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Targum&amp;oldid=21993106" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Targum&amp;action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&amp;page=Targum&amp;id=21993106&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTargum%26section%3D4%26veaction%3Dedit"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTargum%26section%3D4%26veaction%3Dedit"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Targum"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Targum&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Targum&amp;printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Targum" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q623703" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Targum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Targum.jpg/275px-Targum.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Targum.jpg/413px-Targum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Targum.jpg/550px-Targum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="1102" /></a><figcaption>Alkitab Ibrani dari abad ke-11 dengan targum, kemungkinan dari <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, ditemukan di <a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a>: bagian dari <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoyen_Collection" class="extiw" title="en:Schoyen Collection">Schøyen Collection</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Targum</b> (bentuk jamak <b>targumim</b>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ibrani" title="Bahasa Ibrani">bahasa Ibrani</a>&#58; <span lang="he" dir="rtl">תרגםום</span>&#8206;) adalah penjelasan, parafrasa dan pengembangan lisan mengenai <a href="/wiki/Alkitab_Ibrani" title="Alkitab Ibrani">Alkitab Ibrani</a> yang diberikan oleh para <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a> dalam bahasa sehari-hari kepada para pendengarnya, pada periode di mana bahasa yang dipakai adalah <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Aram" title="Bahasa Aram">bahasa Aram</a>. Hal ini diperlukan karena menjelang akhir abad menjelang munculnya <a href="/wiki/Kekristenan" title="Kekristenan">Kekristenan</a>, bahasa umum sedang mengalami transisi, yaitu <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ibrani" title="Bahasa Ibrani">bahasa Ibrani</a> yang merupakan bahasa asli <a href="/wiki/Alkitab_Ibrani" title="Alkitab Ibrani">Alkitab Ibrani</a> tidak lagi dipakai secara umum dan hanya dalam rangka acara keagamaan.<sup id="cite_ref-Schühlein_1912_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schühlein_1912-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Akhirnya menjadi keharusan untuk memberikan penjelasan dan penerjemahan ke dalam bahasa sehari-hari, setelah pembacaan bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologi">Etimologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Targum&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Etimologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Targum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Etimologi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kata benda "Targum" diturunkan dari akar kata <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/quadriliteral" class="extiw" title="en:quadriliteral">quadriliteral</a> <a href="/wiki/Semitik" class="mw-redirect" title="Semitik">semitik</a> awal "<i>trgm</i>", dan istilah "<i>Targummanu</i>" yang merujuk kepada "penerjemah" (<i>translator</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Philip_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philip-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Akar kata itu muncul dalam Alkitab Ibrani dalam <a href="/wiki/Kitab_Ezra" title="Kitab Ezra">Kitab Ezra</a>, yaitu <a href="/wiki/Ezra_4#Ayat_18" title="Ezra 4">Ezra 4:18</a>, "surat yang kamu kirim kepada kami, telah dibacakan kepadaku <u>dengan jelas</u>." (kata "dengan jelas" dalam bahasa Aram: <i>mepares</i>, yang artinya "(dengan) diterjemahkan").<sup id="cite_ref-Philip_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philip-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Selain memberikan terjemahan Alkitab, istilah "Targum" juga dipakai untuk penafsiran atau khotbah lisan dari Alkitab di <a href="/wiki/Sinagoge" title="Sinagoge">sinagoge</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Philip_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philip-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> sedangkan penerjemah Alkitab hanya disebut <i>hammeturgem</i> ("ia yang menerjemahkan"). Selain bermakna "menerjemahkan", kata kerja "Tirgem" juga bermakna "menjelaskan".<sup id="cite_ref-Philip_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philip-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Jadi kata "Targum" merujuk kepada "<a href="/wiki/Terjemahan" title="Terjemahan">terjemahan</a> beserta argumentasi atau penjelasan".<sup id="cite_ref-Philip_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philip-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penulisan "targum" pernah dilarang, tetapi sejumlah tulisan bersifat targum telah muncul paling awal di pertengahan abad ke-1 M.<sup id="cite_ref-Schühlein_1912_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schühlein_1912-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Namun, tulisan-tulisan ini tidak diakui sebagai otoritatif oleh pemimpin-pemimpin agama pada zaman itu.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Beberapa tradisi Yahudi (dimulai dari orang Yahudi Babilonia) menerima "targumim" tertulis sebagai otoritatif, dan sampai sekarang masih menjadi bahan perdebatan. Sekarang, hanya orang Yahudi dari negara <a href="/wiki/Yaman" title="Yaman">Yaman</a> yang terus memakai "targumim" dalam <a href="/wiki/Liturgi" title="Liturgi">liturgi</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dua_jenis_Targumim">Dua jenis Targumim</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Targum&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Dua jenis Targumim" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Targum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Dua jenis Targumim"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26333518">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image" style="padding:0;line-height:0.4em;">&#160;</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image" style="padding-top:0.2em;">Bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Alkitab" title="Kategori:Alkitab">seri</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccf; padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; background:#cee0f2;"><a href="/wiki/Alkitab" title="Alkitab">Alkitab</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alkitab Malmesbury"><img alt="Alkitab Malmesbury" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/120px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/180px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/240px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf; padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; background:#cee0f2; line-height:1.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Kanon_Alkitab" title="Kanon Alkitab">Kanon Alkitab</a><br />dan <a href="/wiki/Kitab_dalam_Alkitab" title="Kitab dalam Alkitab">kitab-kitabnya</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Taurat" title="Taurat">Taurat</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32;<a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi&#39;im">Nevi'im</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32;<a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Kanon_Alkitab_Kristen" title="Kanon Alkitab Kristen">Kanon Alkitab Kristen</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32;<a href="/wiki/Alkitab_Ibrani" title="Alkitab Ibrani">Alkitab Ibrani</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_Lama" title="Perjanjian Lama">Perjanjian Lama (PL)</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32;<a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_Baru" title="Perjanjian Baru">Perjanjian Baru (PB)</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Deuterokanonika" title="Deuterokanonika">Deuterokanonika</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32;<a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Bab_dan_ayat_dalam_Alkitab" title="Bab dan ayat dalam Alkitab">Bab dan ayat dalam Alkitab</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Apokrifa_Alkitab" title="Apokrifa Alkitab">Apokrifa:</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Apokrifa_Yahudi" title="Apokrifa Yahudi">Yahudi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32;<a href="/wiki/Apokrifa_Perjanjian_Lama" title="Apokrifa Perjanjian Lama">PL</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32;<a href="/wiki/Apokrifa_Perjanjian_Baru" title="Apokrifa Perjanjian Baru">PB</a>)</td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf; padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; background:#cee0f2; line-height:1.2em;"> Perkembangan dan Penulisan</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penanggalan_Alkitab" title="Penanggalan Alkitab">Penanggalan</a></li> <li>Kanon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perkembangan_kanon_Alkitab_Ibrani" title="Perkembangan kanon Alkitab Ibrani">Yahudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkembangan_kanon_Perjanjian_Lama" title="Perkembangan kanon Perjanjian Lama">Perjanjian Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkembangan_kanon_Perjanjian_Baru" title="Perkembangan kanon Perjanjian Baru">Kanon Perjanjian Baru</a></li></ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepengarangan_Surat-surat_Paulus" title="Kepengarangan Surat-surat Paulus">Surat-surat Paulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepengarangan_karya-karya_Yohanes" title="Kepengarangan karya-karya Yohanes">Karya-karya Yohanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepengarangan_Surat-surat_Petrus" title="Kepengarangan Surat-surat Petrus">Surat-surat Petrus</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf; padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; background:#cee0f2; line-height:1.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Penerjemahan_Alkitab" title="Penerjemahan Alkitab">Terjemahan</a><br />dan <a href="/wiki/Naskah_Alkitab" title="Naskah Alkitab">Naskah</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Taurat_Samaria" title="Taurat Samaria">Taurat Samaria</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Naskah_Laut_Mati" title="Naskah Laut Mati">Gulungan Laut Mati</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Teks_Masoret" class="mw-redirect" title="Teks Masoret">Teks Masorah</a><br /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Targum</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32;<a href="/wiki/Pesyita" title="Pesyita">Pesyita</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Septuaginta" title="Septuaginta">Septuaginta</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32;<a href="/wiki/Vulgata" title="Vulgata">Vulgata</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Alkitab_bahasa_Goth" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkitab bahasa Goth">Alkitab Goth</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32;<a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Alkitab_Luther" title="Alkitab Luther">Alkitab Luther</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32;<a href="/wiki/Alkitab_bahasa_Inggris" title="Alkitab bahasa Inggris">Alkitab Inggris</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32;<a href="/wiki/Sejarah_teks_Alkitab_bahasa_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejarah teks Alkitab bahasa Indonesia">Alkitab Indonesia</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf; padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; background:#cee0f2; line-height:1.2em;"> Studi</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Kode_Alkitab" title="Kode Alkitab">Kode Alkitab</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Novum_Testamentum_Graece" title="Novum Testamentum Graece">Novum Testamentum Graece</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Hipotesis_dokumen" title="Hipotesis dokumen">Hipotesis dokumen</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Kategori_Naskah_Perjanjian_Baru" title="Kategori Naskah Perjanjian Baru">Kategori PB</a><br /> <div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Historisitas_Alkitab" title="Historisitas Alkitab">Historisitas</a><br /></div> <a href="/wiki/Konsistensi_internal_Alkitab" title="Konsistensi internal Alkitab">Konsistensi internal</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Sekolah_Arkeologi_Alkitab" title="Sekolah Arkeologi Alkitab">Arkeologi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32;<a href="/wiki/Arkeologi_Alkitab" title="Arkeologi Alkitab">Artefak</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf; padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; background:#cee0f2; line-height:1.2em;"> Tafsir</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutika_Alkitab" title="Hermeneutika Alkitab">Hermeneutika</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32;<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pesyer&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pesyer (halaman belum tersedia)">Pesyer</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32;<a href="/wiki/Midrash" class="mw-redirect" title="Midrash">Midras</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32;<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pardes_(eksegesis_Yahudi)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pardes (eksegesis Yahudi) (halaman belum tersedia)">Pardes</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32;<a href="/wiki/Penafsiran_alegori_Alkitab" title="Penafsiran alegori Alkitab">Penafsiran alegori Alkitab</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32;<a href="/wiki/Literalisme_biblis" title="Literalisme biblis">Literalisme</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32;<a href="/wiki/Nubuat_Alkitab" title="Nubuat Alkitab">Nubuat</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32;<a href="/wiki/Homoseksualitas_dalam_Alkitab_Ibrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoseksualitas dalam Alkitab Ibrani">Homoseksualitas</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf; padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; background:#cee0f2; line-height:1.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Garis_besar_topik-topik_terkait_Alkitab" title="Garis besar topik-topik terkait Alkitab">Daftar dan Garis besar topik</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Daftar_artefak_terkait_Alkitab" title="Daftar artefak terkait Alkitab">Artefak</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32;<a href="/wiki/Daftar_nama_dalam_Alkitab" title="Daftar nama dalam Alkitab">Nama</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;·</span>&#32;<a href="/wiki/Daftar_nama_tokoh_dalam_Alkitab" title="Daftar nama tokoh dalam Alkitab">Tokoh</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18590415">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Topik_Alkitab" title="Templat:Topik Alkitab"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Topik_Alkitab" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Topik Alkitab"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Topik_Alkitab&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Dua jenis utama (<i>major genre</i>) dari targumim paling penting untuk tujuan liturgis adalah: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum_Onkelos" title="Targum Onkelos">Targum Onkelos</a> mengenai <a href="/wiki/Torah" class="mw-redirect" title="Torah">Torah</a> (hukum tertulis)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum_Yonatan" title="Targum Yonatan">Targum Yonatan</a> ("Targum <a href="/wiki/Yonatan_ben_Uziel" title="Yonatan ben Uziel">Yonatan ben Uziel</a>" atau "<i>Targum Jonathan ben Uzziel</i>") mengenai <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi&#39;im">Nevi'im</a> (Kitab para nabi)</li></ul> <p>Kedua targumim ini disinggung dalam "Babylonian <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>" sebagai <i>targum dilan</i> ("Targum kami"), memberikan mereka status resmi. Dalam sinagoge pada zaman talmudik, Targum Onkelos dibacakan secara bergantian dengan <a href="/wiki/Taurat" title="Taurat">Taurat</a>, ayat demi ayat, sedangkan Targum Jonathan dibacakan bergantian dengan bagian dari Nevi'im (yaitu <a href="/wiki/Haftarah" title="Haftarah">Haftarah</a>). Kebiasaan ini masih berlanjut di sinagoge orang Yahudi Yaman. </p><p>Orang <a href="/wiki/Yahudi_Yaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahudi Yaman">Yahudi Yaman</a> adalah satu-satunya komunitas Yahudi yang terus menggunakan Targum sebagai teks liturgi, serta melestarikan tradisi hidup pelafalan bahasa Aram untuk targumim (menurut suatu dialek Babilonia). </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Targum_Ketuvim">Targum Ketuvim</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Targum&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Targum Ketuvim" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Targum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Targum Ketuvim"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Talmud secara tegas menyatakan bahwa tidak boleh menyusun <i>targumim</i> resmi selain dari kedua di atas yang berkaitan dengan Torah dan Nevi'im saja, sehingga tidak ada <i>targum</i> resmi untuk <a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a> ("Kitab tulisan"). Targum resmi memang tidak diperlukan bagi Ketuvim karena kitab-kitabnya tidak berperan tetap dalam liturgi. </p><p>Meskipun demikian kebanyakan kitab-kitab Ketuvim (dengan perkecualian kitab Daniel dan Ezra-Nehemia, yang keduanya mengandung bagian dalam bahasa Aram) memiliki <i>targumim</i>, yang asalnya kebanyakan dari barat (Tanah Israel) bukan dari timur (Babilonia). Namun, berhubung tidak mempunyai tempat tetap dalam liturgi, tulisan-tulisan itu tidak dipelihara baik dan kurang dikenal. Dari tanah Israel, tradisi <i>targum</i> mengenai Ketuvim sampai ke Italia, dan dari sana ke kelompok <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi" class="mw-disambig" title="Ashkenazi">Ashkenazi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Sephardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi">Sephardi</a> pada abad pertengahan. Targumim mengenai <a href="/wiki/Kitab_Mazmur" title="Kitab Mazmur">Kitab Mazmur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kitab_Amsal" title="Kitab Amsal">Kitab Amsal</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kitab_Ayub" title="Kitab Ayub">Kitab Ayub</a> umumnya dianggap satu unit, demikian juga dengan targumim untuk lima gulungan (<a href="/wiki/Kitab_Ester" title="Kitab Ester">Kitab Ester</a> juga mempunyai "Targum Sheni" (Targum kedua) yang leibh panjang.) Targum mengenai <a href="/wiki/Kitab_Tawarikh" title="Kitab Tawarikh">Kitab Tawarikh</a> disusun jauh lebih kemudian, kemungkinan pada abad pertengahan, dan diduga oleh seorang "Rabbi Joseph". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penulisan">Penulisan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Targum&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Penulisan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Targum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penulisan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> (Megilah 3a) menyatakan bahwa Targum Pentateukh disusun oleh <i>Onkelos</i>, seorang yang pindah ke agama Yahudi, dari mulut R. (=Rabbi) Eleazar dan R. Joshua. Targum untuk kitab nabi-nabi disusun oleh <i><a href="/wiki/Yonatan_ben_Uziel" title="Yonatan ben Uziel">Yonatan ben Uziel</a></i> di bawah bimbingan nabi <a href="/wiki/Hagai" title="Hagai">Hagai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zakharia" class="mw-disambig" title="Zakharia">Zakharia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Maleakhi" title="Maleakhi">Maleakhi</a>. Yonatan b. Uziel adalah murid <a href="/wiki/Hilel" title="Hilel">Hilel</a>, sehingga ia memiliki tradisi yang diturunkan dari ketiga nabi tersebut, demikian menurut Maharsha: </p> <dl><dd><i>...dan tanah Israel [karenanya] terguncang gempa bumi seluas empat ratus </i>parasang<i> kali empat ratus </i>parasang<i>, dan suatu </i>Bath Kol<i> ("suara dari langit"; </i>heavenly voice<i>) terdengar dan berkata, Siapa yang telah menyatakan rahasia-Ku kepada umat manusia? maka Yonatan b. Uziel berdiri dan berkata, Akulah yang menyatakan rahasia-Mu kepada umat manusia. Telah Engkau ketahui penuh bahwa aku tidak melakukannya untuk kehormatanku sendiri maupun kehormatan rumah bapaku, melainkan untuk kehormatan-Mu aku melakukannya, sehingga penyelewengan tidak bertambah di Israel. Ia kemudian berusaha menyatakan [dengan] sebuah targum [makna terdalam] dari Hagiographa, tetapi sebuah </i>Bath Kol<i> terdengar dan berkata, Cukup! Apa alasannya? Karena tarikh <a href="/wiki/Mesias" title="Mesias">Mesias</a> dinubuatkan di dalamnya". [Kemungkinan merujuk kepada akhir <a href="/wiki/Kitab_Daniel" title="Kitab Daniel">Kitab Daniel</a>.] Tetapi bukankah "Onkelos the proselyte" ("orang yang pindah agama") menyusun targum mengenai Pentateukh? Tidakkah R. Ika berkata, di dalam nama R. Hananel yang menerimanya dari Rab: Apakah yang dimaksud oleh teks, <a href="/wiki/Nehemia_8#Ayat_9" title="Nehemia 8"><i>Nehemia 8:8</i></a> "Bagian-bagian daripada kitab itu, yakni Taurat Allah, dibacakan dengan jelas, dengan diberi keterangan-keterangan, sehingga pembacaan dimengerti"? Dan mereka membaca dalam kitab itu, dalam hukum Allah: ini menunjukkan teks [Ibrani]; dengan suatu penafsiran: ini menunjukkan suatu targum,..." (yang menunjukkan bahwa targum telah ada sejak zaman <a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a>).</i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Targumim_mengenai_Taurat">Targumim mengenai Taurat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Targum&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Targumim mengenai Taurat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Targum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Targumim mengenai Taurat"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ada beragam <i>targumim</i> barat mengenai Taurat, masing-masing secara tradisional disebut <i><a href="/wiki/Targum_Yerushalmi" title="Targum Yerushalmi">Targum Yerushalmi</a></i> (Targum Yerusalem; ‘’Jerusalem Targum’’). Satu di antaranya yang penting secara keliru diberi label "Targum Yonatan" pada versi cetak yang kemudian (meskipun semua otoritas abad pertengahan merujuknya dengan nama yang benar). Kesalahan ini menyusup karena adanya singkatan ‘’T Y’’ (ת"י) yang ditafsirkan oleh percetakan sebagai <i>Targum Yonathan</i> (תרגום יונתן) bukannya <i>Targum Yerushalmi</i> (תרגום ירושלמי) yang benar. Para sarjana menyebut <i>targum</i> ini sebagai <a href="/wiki/Targum_Pseudo-Jonathan" class="mw-redirect" title="Targum Pseudo-Jonathan">Targum Pseudo-Jonathan</a>. Mengatribusikan <i>targum</i> ini kepada <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_ben_Uzziel" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan ben Uzziel">Jonathan ben Uzziel</a> sama sekali berkontradiksi tradisi talmud (Megillah 3a), yang jelas-jelas mengatribusi bagian Nevi'im ‘’targum’’ ini <i>saja</i> kepadanya, sementara menyatakan bahwa <i>tidak ada</i> <i>targum</i> resmi untuk Ketuvim. Pada versi-versi cetak yang sama, fragmen <i>targum</i> yang mirip secara benar diberi label <i>Targum Yerushalmi</i>. </p><p>“Targum Barat” (‘’Western Targumim’’) mengenai Taurat, atau juga disebut “Targum Palestina” (‘’Palestinian Targumim’’) terdiri dari tiga kelompok naskah: ‘’<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targum_Neofiti" class="extiw" title="en:Targum Neofiti">Targum Neofiti</a> I, Fragment Targums’’, dan ‘’Cairo Geniza Fragment Targums’’. Di antaranya, Targum Neofiti I yang ukurannya paling besar, terdiri dari 450 folio mencakup semua kitab Pentateukh, hanya dengan sejumlah kecil ayat yang rusak. Sejarah naskah ini berawal tahun 1587 ketika ‘’censor’’ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_de_Monte" class="extiw" title="en:Andrea de Monte">Andrea de Monte</a> (mati tahun 1587) menghibahkannya kepada <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugo_Boncompagni" class="extiw" title="en:Ugo Boncompagni">Ugo Boncompagni</a> — yang merupakan keanehan, karena Boncompagni, lebih dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Paus_Gregorius_XIII" title="Paus Gregorius XIII">Paus Gregorius XIII</a>, mati tahun 1585. Jalur transmisi tampaknya melalui seorang bernama "Giovan Paolo Eustachio romano neophito."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sebelumnya, de Monte telah menyensornya dengan menghilangkan kebanyakan rujukan mengenai penyembahan berhala. Pada tahun 1602 estate Boncompagni memberikannya kepada Collegium Ecclesiasticum Adolescentium Neophytorum (atau <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pia_Domus_Neophytorum" class="extiw" title="en:Pia Domus Neophytorum">Pia Domus Neophytorum</a>, sebuah college untuk orang-orang yang pindah agama dari Yudaisme dan Islam) sampai tahun 1886, ketika <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy See">Vatican</a> membelinya bersama naskah-naskah lain pada waktu Collegium itu tutup (alasan penamaan dan designasi naskah-naskah itu). Sayangnya, naskah-naskah itu diberi label yang keliru sebagai naskah Targum Onkelos sampai tahun 1949, ketika <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_D%C3%ADez_Macho" class="extiw" title="en:Alejandro Díez Macho">Alejandro Díez Macho</a> mengamati perbedaan besar dengan Targum Onkelos. Naskah itu diterjemahkan dan diterbitkan pada tahun 1968–1979, dan sejak itu dianggap sebagai Targum Palestina terpenting, karena paling komplet dan tampaknya juga paling tua.<sup id="cite_ref-McNamara_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNamara-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sysling_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sysling-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sekelompok Fragmen Targum (dulunya disebut “Targum Yerushalmi II”) terdiri dari sejumlah besar fragmen yang telah dibagi atas sepuluh naskah. antaranya P, V dan L pertama kalinya diterbitkan pada tahun 1899 oleh M Ginsburger, A, B, C, D, F dan G pada tahun 1930 oleh P Kahle dan E pada tahun 1955 oleh A Díez Macho. Sayangnya, naskah-naskah ini terlalu terfragmentasi untuk menegaskan gunanya, tetapi tampaknya merupakan sisa-sisa suatu targum komplet atau varian bacaan pendek targum lain. Kelompok ini bersesuaian pandangan teologinya dengan Targum Neofiti, sehingga diyakini merupakan bacaan varian targum tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-McNamara_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNamara-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sysling_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sysling-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>“Cairo Genizah Fragment Targums” berasal dari Genizah Sinagoge Ben-Ezra di Kairo. Banyak kemiripan dengan Fragment Targums karena terdiri dari sejumlah besar naskah terfragmentasi yang telah dikumpulkan dalam satu kelompok targum. Naskah-naskah A dan E merupakan yang tertua di antara Targum Palestina dan bertarikh sekitar abad ke-7. Naskah C, E, H dan Z hanya memuat perikop-perikop Kitab Kejadian, A dari Kitab Keluaran sementara naskah B memuat ayat-ayat dari kedua kitab dan dari Kitab Ulangan.<sup id="cite_ref-McNamara_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNamara-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sysling_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sysling-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pesyita">Pesyita</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Targum&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Pesyita" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Targum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pesyita"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Pesyita" title="Pesyita">Pesyita</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pesyita" title="Pesyita">Pesyita</a> adalah Kitab Suci tradisional orang Kristen ber<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Suryani" title="Bahasa Suryani">bahasa Suryani</a> (dalam beberapa dialek bahasa Aram yang berbeda). Banyak sarjana percaya bahwa bagian <a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_Lama" title="Perjanjian Lama">Perjanjian Lama</a> berdasarkan pada targumim rabbinik ("dikoreksi" sedikit untuk menyesuaikan dengan <a href="/wiki/Septuaginta" title="Septuaginta">Septuaginta</a>), dan umumnya diperkirakan diterjemahkan antara tahun 100 SM dan 100 M. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Targum&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Targum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Schühlein_1912-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schühlein_1912_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schühlein_1912_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSchühlein1912" class="citation">Schühlein, Franz (1912), <i>Targum</i>, New York: Robert Appleton Company</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Targum&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&amp;rft.date=1912&amp;rft.aulast=Sch%C3%BChlein&amp;rft.aufirst=Franz&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATargum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;access-date=</code> membutuhkan <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#accessdate_missing_url" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Philip-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Philip_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philip_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philip_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philip_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philip_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip S. Alexander, (1992) “Targum, Targumim,” in The Anchor Bible Dictionary, ed. David Noel Freedman (New York: Doubleday), 6:320-31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSchühlein1912" class="citation">Schühlein, Franz (1912), <i>Targum</i>, New York: Robert Appleton Company</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Targum&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&amp;rft.date=1912&amp;rft.aulast=Sch%C3%BChlein&amp;rft.aufirst=Franz&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATargum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;access-date=</code> membutuhkan <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#accessdate_missing_url" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Studi di biblioteconomia e storia del libro in onore di Francesco Barberi,<i> ed. Giorgio De Gregori, Maria Valenti – 1976 "(42) Trascrivo una supplica dell'Eustachio al Sirleto: «&#160;Giovan Paolo Eustachio romano neophito devotissimo servidor di... (44) «&#160;Die 22 mensis augusti 1602. Inventarium factum in domo illustrissimi domini Ugonis Boncompagni posita".</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McNamara-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McNamara_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McNamara_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McNamara_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McNamara, M. (1972) <i>Targum and Testament</i>. Shannon, Irish University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sysling-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sysling_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sysling_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sysling_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sysling, H. (1996) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.il/books?id=eg8kJweeplcC">Tehiyyat Ha-Metim</a>. Tübingen, JCB Mohr.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Targum&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Targum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat pula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pesyita" title="Pesyita">Pesyita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum_Yonatan" title="Targum Yonatan">Targum Yonatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum_Onkelos" title="Targum Onkelos">Targum Onkelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum_Pseudo-Jonathan" class="mw-redirect" title="Targum Pseudo-Jonathan">Targum Pseudo-Jonathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah" class="mw-redirect" title="Torah">Torah</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Targum&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Targum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terjemahan_Targum_dalam_bahasa_Inggris">Terjemahan Targum dalam bahasa Inggris</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Targum&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Terjemahan Targum dalam bahasa Inggris" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Targum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Terjemahan Targum dalam bahasa Inggris"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFEtheridge" class="citation">Etheridge, John Wesley, "Targum Pseudo-Jonathan and Targum Onkelos", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://targum.info/?page_id=8"><i>Newsletter for Targumic and Cognate Studies</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Targum+Pseudo-Jonathan+and+Targum+Onkelos&amp;rft.btitle=Newsletter+for+Targumic+and+Cognate+Studies&amp;rft.aulast=Etheridge&amp;rft.aufirst=John+Wesley&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftargum.info%2F%3Fpage_id%3D8&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATargum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCook" class="citation">Cook, Edward M, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071006135957/http://targum.info//?page_id=11"><i>The Aramaic Targum to Psalms</i></a>, Targum.info, diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://targum.info/?page_id=11">versi asli</a> tanggal 2007-10-06<span class="reference-accessdate">, diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2013-05-24</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Aramaic+Targum+to+Psalms&amp;rft.pub=Targum.info&amp;rft.aulast=Cook&amp;rft.aufirst=Edward+M&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftargum.info%2F%3Fpage_id%3D11&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATargum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTreat" class="citation">Treat, Jay C, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~jtreat/song/targum/"><i>The Aramaic Targum to the Song of Songs (Shir HaShirim)</i></a>, University of Pennsylvania</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Aramaic+Targum+to+the+Song+of+Songs+%28Shir+HaShirim%29&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania&amp;rft.aulast=Treat&amp;rft.aufirst=Jay+C&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccat.sas.upenn.edu%2F~jtreat%2Fsong%2Ftargum%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATargum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLevey" class="citation">Levey, Samson H, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://targum.info/meg/ruth.htm"><i>The Aramaic Targum to Ruth</i></a>, Targum.info</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Aramaic+Targum+to+Ruth&amp;rft.pub=Targum.info&amp;rft.aulast=Levey&amp;rft.aufirst=Samson+H&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftargum.info%2Fmeg%2Fruth.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATargum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBrady" class="citation">Brady, Christian ‘Chris’ MM, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://targuman.org/blog/targum-ruth/targum-ruth-in-english/"><i>Targum Ruth in English</i></a>, Targuman</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Targum+Ruth+in+English&amp;rft.pub=Targuman&amp;rft.aulast=Brady&amp;rft.aufirst=Christian+%E2%80%98Chris%E2%80%99+MM&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftarguman.org%2Fblog%2Ftargum-ruth%2Ftargum-ruth-in-english%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATargum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBrady" class="citation">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://targum.info/meg/tglam.htm"><i>The Aramaic Targum to Lamentations</i></a>, Targum.info</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Aramaic+Targum+to+Lamentations&amp;rft.pub=Targum.info&amp;rft.aulast=Brady&amp;rft.aufirst=Christian+%E2%80%98Chris%E2%80%99+MM&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftargum.info%2Fmeg%2Ftglam.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATargum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanakh.info">Aramaic Targums</a> - The Aramaic text of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanakh.info/gn2-1">Targum Onkelos</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanakh.info/gn1-1">Samaritan Targum</a> with a new English translation for each version and critical apparatus.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sumber-sumber_lain_mengenai_Targum">Sumber-sumber lain mengenai Targum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Targum&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Sumber-sumber lain mengenai Targum" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Targum&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sumber-sumber lain mengenai Targum"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation">"Targum", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=67&amp;letter=T"><i>The Jewish Encyclopedia</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Targum&amp;rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D67%26letter%3DT&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATargum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>.</li> <li><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131018045941/http://cal1.cn.huc.edu/"><i>The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon</i></a>, HUC, diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cal1.cn.huc.edu/">versi asli</a> tanggal 2013-10-18<span class="reference-accessdate">, diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2013-05-24</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Comprehensive+Aramaic+Lexicon&amp;rft.pub=HUC&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcal1.cn.huc.edu%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATargum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> — memuat edisi kritikal semua <i>targumim</i> bersama alat-alat leksikal dan analisis gramatika.</li> <li><cite class="citation">"Targum", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14454b.htm"><i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i></a>, New Advent</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Targum&amp;rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&amp;rft.pub=New+Advent&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F14454b.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATargum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFaur" class="citation">Faur, Jose, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080720160655/http://faur.derushah.com/articlesbyhakhamjosefaur.html#targumim"><i>The Targumim and Halakha</i></a>, Derushah, diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faur.derushah.com/articlesbyhakhamjosefaur.html#targumim">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(article)</span> tanggal 2008-07-20<span class="reference-accessdate">, diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2013-05-24</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Targumim+and+Halakha&amp;rft.pub=Derushah&amp;rft.aulast=Faur&amp;rft.aufirst=Jose&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaur.derushah.com%2Farticlesbyhakhamjosefaur.html%23targumim&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATargum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>, menganalisis status Targumim dalam hukum Yahudi</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span>&#160;<cite class="citation encyclopaedia">"<a href="https://id.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Targum" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Targum">Targum</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Targum&amp;rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&amp;rft.date=1905&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ATargum" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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Imamat">Imamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Bilangan" title="Kitab Bilangan">Bilangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Ulangan" title="Kitab Ulangan">Ulangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Yosua" title="Kitab Yosua">Yosua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Hakim-hakim" title="Kitab Hakim-hakim">Hakim-hakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Rut" title="Kitab Rut">Rut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Samuel" title="Kitab Samuel">Samuel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_1_Samuel" title="Kitab 1 Samuel">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_2_Samuel" title="Kitab 2 Samuel">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Raja-raja" title="Kitab Raja-raja">Raja-raja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_1_Raja-raja" title="Kitab 1 Raja-raja">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_2_Raja-raja" title="Kitab 2 Raja-raja">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Tawarikh" title="Kitab Tawarikh">Tawarikh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_1_Tawarikh" title="Kitab 1 Tawarikh">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_2_Tawarikh" title="Kitab 2 Tawarikh">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Ezra%E2%80%93Nehemia" title="Kitab Ezra–Nehemia">Ezra–Nehemia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Ezra" title="Kitab Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Nehemia" title="Kitab Nehemia">Nehemia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Ester" title="Kitab Ester">Ester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Ayub" title="Kitab Ayub">Ayub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Mazmur" title="Kitab Mazmur">Mazmur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Amsal" title="Kitab Amsal">Amsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Pengkhotbah" title="Kitab Pengkhotbah">Pengkhotbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Kidung_Agung" title="Kitab Kidung Agung">Kidung Agung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Yesaya" title="Kitab Yesaya">Yesaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Yeremia" title="Kitab Yeremia">Yeremia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Ratapan" title="Kitab Ratapan">Ratapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Yehezkiel" title="Kitab Yehezkiel">Yehezkiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Daniel" title="Kitab Daniel">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dua_Belas_Nabi" title="Dua Belas Nabi">Dua Belas Nabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Hosea" title="Kitab Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Yo%C3%ABl" title="Kitab Yoël">Yoël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Amos" title="Kitab Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Obaja" title="Kitab Obaja">Obaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Yunus" title="Kitab Yunus">Yunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Mikha" title="Kitab Mikha">Mikha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Nahum" title="Kitab Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Habakuk" title="Kitab Habakuk">Habakuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Zefanya" title="Kitab Zefanya">Zefanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Hagai" title="Kitab Hagai">Hagai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Zakharia" title="Kitab Zakharia">Zakharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Maleakhi" title="Kitab Maleakhi">Maleakhi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Deuterokanonika" title="Deuterokanonika">Deuterokanonika</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal;">dan</span> <a href="/wiki/Apokrifa_Alkitab" title="Apokrifa Alkitab">Apokrifa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gereja_Katolik_Roma" title="Gereja Katolik Roma">Katolik</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gereja_Ortodoks_Timur" title="Gereja Ortodoks Timur">Ortodoks</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Tobit" title="Kitab Tobit">Tobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Yudit" title="Kitab Yudit">Yudit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambahan-tambahan_pada_Kitab_Ester" title="Tambahan-tambahan pada Kitab Ester">Tambahan Ester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Makabe_yang_Pertama" title="Kitab Makabe yang Pertama">1 Makabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Makabe_yang_Kedua" title="Kitab Makabe yang Kedua">2 Makabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Kebijaksanaan_Salomo" title="Kitab Kebijaksanaan Salomo">Kebijaksanaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Yesus_bin_Sirakh" title="Kitab Yesus bin Sirakh">Sirakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Barukh" title="Kitab Barukh">Barukh</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Surat_Nabi_Yeremia" title="Surat Nabi Yeremia">Surat Yeremia</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambahan-tambahan_pada_Kitab_Daniel" title="Tambahan-tambahan pada Kitab Daniel">Tambahan Daniel</a> <ul><li><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Doa_Azarya_dan_Lagu_Pujian_Ketiga_Pemuda" title="Doa Azarya dan Lagu Pujian Ketiga Pemuda">Doa Azarya dan Lagu Pujian Ketiga Pemuda</a></span></i></li> <li><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Susana_(Kitab_Daniel)" title="Susana (Kitab Daniel)">Susana</a></span></i></li> <li><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Dewa_Bel_dan_Naga_Babel" title="Dewa Bel dan Naga Babel">Dewa Bel dan Naga Babel</a></span></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">khusus Ortodoks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doa_Manasye" title="Doa Manasye">Doa Manasye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazmur_151" title="Mazmur 151">Mazmur 151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Makabe_yang_Ketiga" title="Kitab Makabe yang Ketiga">3 Makabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Makabe_yang_Keempat" title="Kitab Makabe yang Keempat">4 Makabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Syair_Pujian" title="Kitab Syair Pujian">Syair Pujian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gereja_Tewahedo_Ortodoks" title="Gereja Tewahedo Ortodoks">Tewahedo Ortodoks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Henokh" title="Kitab Henokh">Henokh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_Yobel" title="Kitab Yobel">Yobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makabian" title="Makabian">1, 2, dan 3 Makabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralipomena_Barukh" title="Paralipomena Barukh">Paralipomena Barukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanon_Alkitab_Tewahedo_Ortodoks" title="Kanon Alkitab Tewahedo Ortodoks">Kanon lebih luas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kekristenan_Suriah" title="Kekristenan Suriah">Suriah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2_Barukh#Surat_Barukh" title="2 Barukh">Surat Barukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Barukh" title="2 Barukh">2 Barukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazmur_152-155" title="Mazmur 152-155">Mazmur 152–155</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_Baru" title="Perjanjian Baru">Perjanjian Baru</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Injil_Matius" title="Injil Matius">Matius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injil_Markus" title="Injil Markus">Markus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injil_Lukas" title="Injil Lukas">Lukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injil_Yohanes" title="Injil Yohanes">Yohanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisah_Para_Rasul" title="Kisah Para Rasul">Kisah Para Rasul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Paulus_kepada_Jemaat_di_Roma" title="Surat Paulus kepada Jemaat di Roma">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Paulus_yang_Pertama_kepada_Jemaat_di_Korintus" title="Surat Paulus yang Pertama kepada Jemaat di Korintus">1 Korintus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Paulus_yang_Kedua_kepada_Jemaat_di_Korintus" title="Surat Paulus yang Kedua kepada Jemaat di Korintus">2 Korintus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Paulus_kepada_Jemaat_di_Galatia" title="Surat Paulus kepada Jemaat di Galatia">Galatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Paulus_kepada_Jemaat_di_Efesus" title="Surat Paulus kepada Jemaat di Efesus">Efesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Paulus_kepada_Jemaat_di_Filipi" title="Surat Paulus kepada Jemaat di Filipi">Filipi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Paulus_kepada_Jemaat_di_Kolose" title="Surat Paulus kepada Jemaat di Kolose">Kolose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Paulus_yang_Pertama_kepada_Jemaat_di_Tesalonika" title="Surat Paulus yang Pertama kepada Jemaat di Tesalonika">1 Tesalonika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Paulus_yang_Kedua_kepada_Jemaat_di_Tesalonika" title="Surat Paulus yang Kedua kepada Jemaat di Tesalonika">2 Tesalonika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Paulus_yang_Pertama_kepada_Timotius" title="Surat Paulus yang Pertama kepada Timotius">1 Timotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Paulus_yang_Kedua_kepada_Timotius" title="Surat Paulus yang Kedua kepada Timotius">2 Timotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Paulus_kepada_Titus" title="Surat Paulus kepada Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Paulus_kepada_Filemon" title="Surat Paulus kepada Filemon">Filemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_kepada_Orang_Ibrani" title="Surat kepada Orang Ibrani">Ibrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Yakobus" title="Surat Yakobus">Yakobus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Petrus_yang_Pertama" title="Surat Petrus yang Pertama">1 Petrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Petrus_yang_Kedua" title="Surat Petrus yang Kedua">2 Petrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Yohanes_yang_Pertama" title="Surat Yohanes yang Pertama">1 Yohanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Yohanes_yang_Kedua" title="Surat Yohanes yang Kedua">2 Yohanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Yohanes_yang_Ketiga" title="Surat Yohanes yang Ketiga">3 Yohanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Yudas" title="Surat Yudas">Yudas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahyu_kepada_Yohanes" title="Wahyu kepada Yohanes">Wahyu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pembagian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pasal_dan_ayat_dalam_Alkitab" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasal dan ayat dalam Alkitab">Pasal dan ayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_Lama" title="Perjanjian Lama">Perjanjian Lama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protokanonika" title="Protokanonika">Protokanonika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterokanonika" title="Deuterokanonika">Deuterokanonika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apokrifa" title="Apokrifa">Apokrifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurat" title="Taurat">Taurat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab-kitab_sejarah" title="Kitab-kitab sejarah">Sejarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab-kitab_puisi" title="Kitab-kitab puisi">Puisi</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Sastra_hikmat" title="Sastra hikmat">Hikmat</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab-kitab_kenabian" title="Kitab-kitab kenabian">Kenabian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Nabi-nabi_Besar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabi-nabi Besar">Besar</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Nabi-nabi_Kecil" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabi-nabi Kecil">Kecil</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_Baru" title="Perjanjian Baru">Perjanjian Baru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Injil" title="Injil">Injil</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Injil_Sinoptik" title="Injil Sinoptik">Sinoptik</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaman_Apostolik" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaman Apostolik">Sejarah kerasulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistola" title="Epistola">Epistola</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Surat-surat_Paulus" title="Surat-surat Paulus">Paulus</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Surat-surat_umum" title="Surat-surat umum">Umum</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Surat-surat_Yohanes" title="Surat-surat Yohanes">Yohanes</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Surat-surat_pastoral" title="Surat-surat pastoral">Pastoral</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apokalips" title="Apokalips">Apokalips</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Sastra_apokaliptik" title="Sastra apokaliptik">Sastra</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perkembangan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perkembangan_kanon_Perjanjian_Lama" title="Perkembangan kanon Perjanjian Lama">Kanon Perjanjian Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkembangan_kanon_Perjanjian_Baru" title="Perkembangan kanon Perjanjian Baru">Kanon Perjanjian Baru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkembangan_kanon_Alkitab_Ibrani" title="Perkembangan kanon Alkitab Ibrani">Kanon Yahudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkembangan_kanon_Alkitab_Kristen" class="mw-redirect" title="Perkembangan kanon Alkitab Kristen">Kanon Kristen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Naskah_Alkitab" title="Naskah Alkitab">Naskah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naskah_Laut_Mati" title="Naskah Laut Mati">Naskah Laut Mati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurat_Samaria" title="Taurat Samaria">Taurat Samaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuaginta" title="Septuaginta">Septuaginta</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Targum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaron</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanon_Muratori" title="Kanon Muratori">Fragmen Muratori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesyita" title="Pesyita">Pesyita</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teks_Masoret" class="mw-redirect" title="Teks Masoret">Teks Masoret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kategori_Naskah_Perjanjian_Baru" title="Kategori Naskah Perjanjian Baru">Kategori Naskah Perjanjian Baru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_Papirus_Perjanjian_Baru" title="Daftar Papirus Perjanjian Baru">Papirus Perjanjian Baru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_Uncial_Perjanjian_Baru" title="Daftar Uncial Perjanjian Baru">Uncial Perjanjian Baru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lihat pula</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanon_Alkitab" title="Kanon Alkitab">Kanon Alkitab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepengarangan_Alkitab" title="Kepengarangan Alkitab">Penulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penerjemahan_Alkitab" title="Penerjemahan Alkitab">Terjemahan Alkitab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_non-kanonik_yang_dirujuk_dalam_Alkitab" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitab non-kanonik yang dirujuk dalam Alkitab">Kitab lain yang dikutip dalam Kitab Suci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudopigrafa" title="Pseudopigrafa">Pseudopigrafa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_Pseudopigrafa_Perjanjian_Lama" title="Daftar Pseudopigrafa Perjanjian Lama">daftar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apokrifa_Perjanjian_Baru" title="Apokrifa Perjanjian Baru">Apokrifa Perjanjian Baru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studi_Alkitab" title="Studi Alkitab">Studi Alkitab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinode_Hippo" title="Sinode Hippo">Sinode Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kritik_teks" title="Kritik teks">Kritik teks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kata_serapan_dari_bahasa_Tamil_Kuno_dalam_bahasa_Ibrani_Alkitabiah" title="Kata serapan dari bahasa Tamil Kuno dalam bahasa Ibrani Alkitabiah">Kata serapan dari bahasa Tamil Kuno dalam bahasa Ibrani Alkitabiah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Alkitab" title="Kategori:Alkitab">Kategori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Kristen" title="Portal:Kristen">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="https://id.wikibooks.org/wiki/Alkitab" class="extiw" title="b:Alkitab">BukuWiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐7556f8b5dd‐prpvp Cached time: 20241123001150 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.341 seconds Real time usage: 0.534 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1986/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 100570/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 5806/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 17563/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.168/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3095916/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities 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