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id="toc-Wild_silk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wild_silk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Wild silk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wild_silk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stages_of_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stages_of_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Stages of production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stages_of_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pupae_as_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pupae_as_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pupae as food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pupae_as_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sericulture</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A9_(%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%D8%A9)" title="قزازة (مهنة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قزازة (مهنة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sericicultura" title="Sericicultura – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sericicultura" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barama%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1q" title="Baramaçılıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Baramaçılıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7" title="রেশম চাষ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রেশম চাষ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Бубарство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бубарство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sericicultura" title="Sericicultura – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sericicultura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedv%C3%A1bnictv%C3%AD" title="Hedvábnictví – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hedvábnictví" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seidenbau" title="Seidenbau – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Seidenbau" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sericicultura" title="Sericicultura – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sericicultura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silkokulturo" title="Silkokulturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Silkokulturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serikultura" title="Serikultura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Serikultura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="نوغان‌داری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نوغان‌داری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9riciculture" title="Sériciculture – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sériciculture" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%91%EC%9E%A0%EC%97%85" title="양잠업 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="양잠업" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Շերամապահություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շերամապահություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8" title="रेशमकीट पालन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रेशमकीट पालन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Akpa_an%E1%BB%A5" title="Ịkpa anụ – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ịkpa anụ" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serikultur" title="Serikultur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Serikultur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachicoltura" title="Bachicoltura – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bachicoltura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86_%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%86" title="ರೇಷ್ಮೆ ಹುಳು ಸಾಕಣೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರೇಷ್ಮೆ ಹುಳು ಸಾಕಣೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%AC%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="აბრეშუმის მრეწველობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აბრეშუმის მრეწველობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Жібек шаруашылығы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жібек шаруашылығы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sericultura" title="Sericultura – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sericultura" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%BD" title="പട്ടുനൂൽപ്പുഴു വളർത്തൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പട്ടുനൂൽപ്പുഴു വളർത്തൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="रेसम खेती – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रेसम खेती" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A4%8A%E8%9A%95%E6%A5%AD" title="養蚕業 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="養蚕業" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillachilik" title="Pillachilik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pillachilik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ریشم بانی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ریشم بانی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedwabnictwo" title="Jedwabnictwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jedwabnictwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sericicultura" title="Sericicultura – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sericicultura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sericicultur%C4%83" title="Sericicultură – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sericicultură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Шелководство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шелководство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sericulture" title="Sericulture – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sericulture" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodv%C3%A1bnictvo" title="Hodvábnictvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hodvábnictvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Свиларство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Свиларство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svilarstvo" title="Svilarstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Svilarstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serikulttuuri" title="Serikulttuuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Serikulttuuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="பட்டுப்புழு வளர்ப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பட்டுப்புழு வளர்ப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%84%D3%99%D0%BA%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Ефәкчелек – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ефәкчелек" 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Process of silk production</div> <p> <b>Sericulture</b>, or <b>silk farming</b>, is the cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Silkworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Silkworm">silkworms</a> to produce <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>. Although there are several commercial species of silkworms, the caterpillar of the <a href="/wiki/Bombyx_mori" title="Bombyx mori">domestic silkmoth</a> is the most widely used and intensively studied silkworm. This species of silkmoth is no longer found in the wild as they have been modified through selective breeding, rendering most flightless and without defense against predators. Silk is believed to have first been produced in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> as early as the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period. Sericulture has become an important <a href="/wiki/Putting-out_system#Cottage_industry" title="Putting-out system">cottage industry</a> in countries such as <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, China, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>. Today, China and India are the two main producers, with more than 60% of the world's annual production. </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:707px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto;direction:rtl"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Court_Ladies_Preparing_Newly_Woven_Silk_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="‪Court Ladies Preparing Newly Woven Silk by Zhang Xuan (713–755), reproduced by Emperor Huizong in the 12th century‬"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Court_Ladies_Preparing_Newly_Woven_Silk_%28cropped%29.jpg/699px-Court_Ladies_Preparing_Newly_Woven_Silk_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="699" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Court_Ladies_Preparing_Newly_Woven_Silk_%28cropped%29.jpg/1049px-Court_Ladies_Preparing_Newly_Woven_Silk_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Court_Ladies_Preparing_Newly_Woven_Silk_%28cropped%29.jpg/1398px-Court_Ladies_Preparing_Newly_Woven_Silk_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11692" data-file-height="3010" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Court_Ladies_Preparing_Newly_Woven_Silk_(cropped).jpg" title="File:Court Ladies Preparing Newly Woven Silk (cropped).jpg"> </a></div><i><a href="/wiki/Court_Ladies_Preparing_Newly_Woven_Silk" title="Court Ladies Preparing Newly Woven Silk">Court Ladies Preparing Newly Woven Silk</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xuan" title="Zhang Xuan">Zhang Xuan</a> (713–755), reproduced by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Huizong_of_Song" title="Emperor Huizong of Song">Emperor Huizong</a> in the 12th century</div></div></div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sericulture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_silk" title="History of silk">History of silk</a></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucian</a> text, the discovery of silk production dates to about 2700 BCE, although archaeological records point to silk cultivation as early as the <a href="/wiki/Yangshao" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangshao">Yangshao</a> period (5000–3000 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1977, a piece of ceramic created 5400–5500 years ago and designed to look like a silkworm was discovered in <a href="/wiki/Nancun,_Hebei" title="Nancun, Hebei">Nancun, Hebei</a>, providing the earliest known evidence of sericulture.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, by careful analysis of archaeological silk fibre found on Indus Civilization sites dating back to 2450–2000 BCE, it is believed that silk was being used over a wide region of South Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By about the first half of the 1st century CE, it had reached ancient <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Khotan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by a series of interactions along the Silk Road. By 140 CE, the practice had been established in India.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 6th century CE, the <a href="/wiki/Smuggling_of_silkworm_eggs_into_the_Byzantine_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Smuggling of silkworm eggs into the Byzantine Empire">smuggling of silkworm eggs into the Byzantine Empire</a> led to its establishment in the Mediterranean, remaining a monopoly in the Byzantine Empire for centuries (<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_silk" title="Byzantine silk">Byzantine silk</a>). In 1147, during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Crusade" title="Second Crusade">Second Crusade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_II_of_Sicily" title="Roger II of Sicily">Roger II of Sicily</a> (1095–1154) attacked <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thebes_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thebes (Greece)">Thebes</a>, two important centres of Byzantine silk production, capturing the weavers and their equipment and establishing his own silkworks in <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AM4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AM4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eventually spreading the industry to Western Europe. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines"> <li class="gallerycaption">Traditional Chinese process</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Women_placing_silkworms_on_trays_together_with_mulberry_leaves_(Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai,_1200s).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The silkworms and mulberry leaves are placed on trays."><img alt="The silkworms and mulberry leaves are placed on trays." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Women_placing_silkworms_on_trays_together_with_mulberry_leaves_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg/169px-Women_placing_silkworms_on_trays_together_with_mulberry_leaves_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Women_placing_silkworms_on_trays_together_with_mulberry_leaves_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg/253px-Women_placing_silkworms_on_trays_together_with_mulberry_leaves_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Women_placing_silkworms_on_trays_together_with_mulberry_leaves_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg/338px-Women_placing_silkworms_on_trays_together_with_mulberry_leaves_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="842" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The silkworms and mulberry leaves are placed on trays.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Men_preparing_twig_frames_where_silkworms_will_spin_cocoons_(Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai,_1200s).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Twig frames for the silkworms are prepared."><img alt="Twig frames for the silkworms are prepared." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Men_preparing_twig_frames_where_silkworms_will_spin_cocoons_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg/180px-Men_preparing_twig_frames_where_silkworms_will_spin_cocoons_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Men_preparing_twig_frames_where_silkworms_will_spin_cocoons_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg/270px-Men_preparing_twig_frames_where_silkworms_will_spin_cocoons_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Men_preparing_twig_frames_where_silkworms_will_spin_cocoons_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg/360px-Men_preparing_twig_frames_where_silkworms_will_spin_cocoons_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="498" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Twig frames for the silkworms are prepared.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Weighing_and_sorting_the_cocoons_(Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai,_1200s).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The cocoons are weighed."><img alt="The cocoons are weighed." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Weighing_and_sorting_the_cocoons_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg/158px-Weighing_and_sorting_the_cocoons_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Weighing_and_sorting_the_cocoons_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg/236px-Weighing_and_sorting_the_cocoons_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Weighing_and_sorting_the_cocoons_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg/315px-Weighing_and_sorting_the_cocoons_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="761" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The cocoons are weighed.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Soaking_the_cocoons_and_reeling_the_silk_(Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai,_1200s).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The cocoons are boiled and the silk is wound on spools."><img alt="The cocoons are boiled and the silk is wound on spools." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Soaking_the_cocoons_and_reeling_the_silk_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg/180px-Soaking_the_cocoons_and_reeling_the_silk_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Soaking_the_cocoons_and_reeling_the_silk_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg/270px-Soaking_the_cocoons_and_reeling_the_silk_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Soaking_the_cocoons_and_reeling_the_silk_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg/360px-Soaking_the_cocoons_and_reeling_the_silk_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The cocoons are boiled and the silk is wound on spools.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Weaving_the_silk_(Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai,_1200s).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The silk is woven using a loom."><img alt="The silk is woven using a loom." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Weaving_the_silk_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg/180px-Weaving_the_silk_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Weaving_the_silk_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg/270px-Weaving_the_silk_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Weaving_the_silk_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg/360px-Weaving_the_silk_%28Sericulture_by_Liang_Kai%2C_1200s%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="869" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The silk is woven using a loom.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sericulture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The silkworms are fed with <a href="/wiki/Morus_(plant)" title="Morus (plant)">mulberry</a> leaves, and after the fourth <a href="/wiki/Ecdysis" title="Ecdysis">moult</a>, they climb a twig placed near them and spin their silken <a href="/wiki/Cocoon_(silk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocoon (silk)">cocoons</a>. The silk is a <a href="/wiki/Continuous_filament" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous filament">continuous filament</a> comprising <a href="/wiki/Fibroin" title="Fibroin">fibroin</a> <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>, secreted from two <a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland" title="Salivary gland">salivary glands</a> in the head of each worm, and a gum called <a href="/wiki/Sericin" title="Sericin">sericin</a>, which cements the filaments. The sericin is removed by placing the cocoons in hot water, which frees the silk filaments and readies them for reeling. This is known as the degumming process.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The immersion in hot water also kills the silkmoth pupa. </p><p>Single filaments are combined to form <a href="/wiki/Thread_(yarn)" title="Thread (yarn)">thread</a>, in a process called "throwing", which is drawn under tension through several guides and wound onto reels. This process of throwing produces various yarns depending on the amount and direction of the twisting.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The threads may be plied to form <a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">yarn</a> (short <a href="/wiki/Staple_length" class="mw-redirect" title="Staple length">staple lengths</a> are spun; see <a href="/wiki/Silk_noil" class="mw-redirect" title="Silk noil">silk noil</a>). After drying, the raw silk is packed according to quality. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sustainable_silk">Sustainable silk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sericulture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sustainable silk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peace_silk">Peace silk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sericulture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Peace silk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most popular substitute for traditional silk is peace silk, also known as <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_silk" title="Ahimsa silk">ahimsa silk</a>. The primary factor that makes this form of silk more ethical is that moths are permitted to emerge from their cocoons and fly away prior to boiling. It denotes that no pupa is ever cooked alive during manufacture. However, domesticated silkworms used to make silk have undergone thousands of years of selective breeding and are not "manufactured" to emerge from their cocoons. They are unable to defend themselves against predators since they cannot fly or see clearly. They typically die soon after emerging from their cocoons as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wild_silk">Wild silk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sericulture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Wild silk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cocoons of Tussar silkworms, which are found in open woodlands, are used to produce <a href="/wiki/Wild_silk" title="Wild silk">wild silk</a>, also known as Tussar silk. Compared to conventional silk, their cocoons are typically picked after the moths have emerged, making it a more ethical option. Because wild silkworms consume a variety of plants, their fabric is less uniform but more robust. The fabric is made with fewer chemicals<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (April 2024)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> as well. The pupae are still inside the cocoons when they are harvested by certain enterprises that employ "wild silk", though.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stages_of_production"><span class="anchor" id="Stages_of_production"></span>Stages of production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sericulture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Stages of production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The stages of production are as follows: </p> <ol><li>The female silkmoth lays 300 to 500 eggs.</li> <li>The silkmoth eggs hatch to form larvae or caterpillars, known as silkworms.</li> <li>The larvae feed on mulberry leaves.</li> <li>Having grown and moulted several times, the silkworm extrudes a silk fibre and forms a net to hold itself.</li> <li>It swings itself from side to side in a figure '8', distributing the saliva that will form silk.</li> <li>The silk solidifies when it contacts the air.</li> <li>The silkworm spins approximately one mile of filament and completely encloses itself in a cocoon in about two or three days. The amount of usable quality silk in each cocoon is small. As a result, about 2,500 silkworms are required to produce a pound of raw silk.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The intact cocoons are boiled, killing the silkworm pupa.</li> <li>The silk is obtained by brushing the undamaged cocoon to find the outside end of the filament.</li> <li>The silk filaments are then wound on a reel. One cocoon contains approximately 1,000 yards (910 m) of silk filament. The silk at this stage is known as raw silk. One thread comprises up to 48 individual silk filaments.</li></ol> <p><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> was critical of silk production based on the <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a> philosophy "not to hurt any living thing". He also promoted "Ahimsa silk", made without boiling the pupa to procure the silk and wild silk made from the cocoons of wild and semiwild silkmoths.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Google Books preview for former citation returns no results for 'Ahimsa silk' or 'silk'; latter citation claims only that Ahimsa silk is 'inspired by' Gandhi; it would have been difficult for Gandhi to endorse the particular method whose article states it was 'invented in the early 2000s' given his death in 1948 (October 2020)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Human_League" title="The Human League">The Human League</a> also criticised sericulture in their early single "<a href="/wiki/Being_Boiled" title="Being Boiled">Being Boiled</a>". The organisation <a href="/wiki/PETA" class="mw-redirect" title="PETA">PETA</a> has also campaigned against silk.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pupae_as_food">Pupae as food</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sericulture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pupae as food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beondegi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Beondegi.jpg/220px-Beondegi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Beondegi.jpg/330px-Beondegi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Beondegi.jpg/440px-Beondegi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Beondegi" title="Beondegi">Beondegi</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bombyx_mori#As_food" title="Bombyx mori">Bombyx mori § As food</a></div> <p>The conventional method of silk production results in ~8 kg of wet silkworm pupae and ~2 kg of dry pupae per kilogram of raw silk.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This byproduct has historically been consumed by people in silk-producing areas.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sericulture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dye_in_pan_on_stove._Khotan,_Xinjiang.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dye in pan on stove. Khotan"><img alt="Dye in pan on stove. Khotan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dye_in_pan_on_stove._Khotan%2C_Xinjiang.jpg/120px-Dye_in_pan_on_stove._Khotan%2C_Xinjiang.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dye_in_pan_on_stove._Khotan%2C_Xinjiang.jpg/180px-Dye_in_pan_on_stove._Khotan%2C_Xinjiang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dye_in_pan_on_stove._Khotan%2C_Xinjiang.jpg/240px-Dye_in_pan_on_stove._Khotan%2C_Xinjiang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dye in pan on stove. Khotan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Equipment_for_unravelling_silk_cocoons._Khotan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Equipment for unravelling silk cocoons, Khotan"><img alt="Equipment for unravelling silk cocoons, Khotan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Equipment_for_unravelling_silk_cocoons._Khotan.jpg/120px-Equipment_for_unravelling_silk_cocoons._Khotan.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Equipment_for_unravelling_silk_cocoons._Khotan.jpg/180px-Equipment_for_unravelling_silk_cocoons._Khotan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Equipment_for_unravelling_silk_cocoons._Khotan.jpg/240px-Equipment_for_unravelling_silk_cocoons._Khotan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Equipment for unravelling silk cocoons, <a href="/wiki/Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan">Khotan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sericulture.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The third stage of the silkworm"><img alt="The third stage of the silkworm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Sericulture.jpg/120px-Sericulture.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Sericulture.jpg/180px-Sericulture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Sericulture.jpg/240px-Sericulture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="339" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The third stage of the silkworm</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sericuturist.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Silkworms on a modern rotary mountage"><img alt="Silkworms on a modern rotary mountage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sericuturist.jpg/97px-Sericuturist.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sericuturist.jpg/146px-Sericuturist.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sericuturist.jpg/194px-Sericuturist.jpg 2x" data-file-width="284" data-file-height="351" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Silkworms on a modern rotary mountage</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sericulture-cocoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Silk cocoons on mountages"><img alt="Silk cocoons on mountages" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Sericulture-cocoon.jpg/96px-Sericulture-cocoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Sericulture-cocoon.jpg/144px-Sericulture-cocoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Sericulture-cocoon.jpg/192px-Sericulture-cocoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Silk cocoons on mountages</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sericulture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macclesfield_Museums" title="Macclesfield Museums">Macclesfield silk museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnanery" title="Magnanery">Magnanery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_industry_in_Azerbaijan" title="Silk industry in Azerbaijan">Silk industry in Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_industry_in_China" title="Silk industry in China">Silk industry in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_mill_of_Caraglio" class="mw-redirect" title="Silk mill of Caraglio">Silk mill of Caraglio</a> and Museum</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sericulture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarber1992" class="citation book cs1">Barber, E. J. W. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HnSlynSfeEIC&q=yangshao%20dynasty%20silkworm%20discovery&pg=PA31"><i>Prehistoric textiles: the development of cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with special reference to the Aegean</i></a> (reprint, illustrated ed.). <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00224-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00224-8"><bdi>978-0-691-00224-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prehistoric+textiles%3A+the+development+of+cloth+in+the+Neolithic+and+Bronze+Ages+with+special+reference+to+the+Aegean&rft.pages=31&rft.edition=reprint%2C+illustrated&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00224-8&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=E.+J.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHnSlynSfeEIC%26q%3Dyangshao%2520dynasty%2520silkworm%2520discovery%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASericulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180208004240/http://sjzntv.cn/news/ms/2015/10/2015-10-29240509.html">"2015-10-29240509.html"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sjzntv.cn/news/ms/2015/10/2015-10-29240509.html">the original</a> on 8 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2018</span>. <q><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">1977年在石家庄长安区南村镇南杨庄出土的5400–5500年前的陶质蚕蛹，是仿照家蚕蛹烧制的陶器，这是目前发现的人类饲养家蚕的最古老的文物证据。</span></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2015-10-29240509.html&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsjzntv.cn%2Fnews%2Fms%2F2015%2F10%2F2015-10-29240509.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASericulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodKenoyerMeadow2009" class="citation journal cs1">Good, I. L.; Kenoyer, J. M.; Meadow, R. H. (June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:14117751">"New Evidence for Early Silk in the Indus Civilization"</a>. <i>Archaeometry</i>. <b>51</b> (3): 457–466. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-4754.2008.00454.x">10.1111/j.1475-4754.2008.00454.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeometry&rft.atitle=New+Evidence+for+Early+Silk+in+the+Indus+Civilization&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=457-466&rft.date=2009-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1475-4754.2008.00454.x&rft.aulast=Good&rft.aufirst=I.+L.&rft.au=Kenoyer%2C+J.+M.&rft.au=Meadow%2C+R.+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnrs.harvard.edu%2Furn-3%3AHUL.InstRepos%3A14117751&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASericulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVainker2004" class="citation book cs1">Vainker, Shelagh (2004). <i>Chinese Silk: A Cultural History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813534461" title="Special:BookSources/0813534461"><bdi>0813534461</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Silk%3A+A+Cultural+History&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0813534461&rft.aulast=Vainker&rft.aufirst=Shelagh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASericulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/hhshu/hou_han_shu.html#a">Hill, John E. 2003. "Annotated Translation of the Chapter on the Western Regions according to the <i>Hou Hanshu</i>." 2nd Draft Edition. Appendix A.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155409/http://www.seri.ap.gov.in/download/1_History%20of%20Sericulture.pdf">"History of Sericulture"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Government of Andhra Pradesh (India) – Department of Sericulture. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seri.ap.gov.in/download/1_History%20of%20Sericulture.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Sericulture&rft.pub=Government+of+Andhra+Pradesh+%28India%29+%E2%80%93+Department+of+Sericulture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seri.ap.gov.in%2Fdownload%2F1_History%2520of%2520Sericulture.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASericulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AM4-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AM4_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muthesius, "Silk in the Medieval World", p. 331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBezzina" class="citation web cs1">Bezzina, Neville. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120629231032/http://www.senature.com/sensemagazine/research-technologies/silk-production-process-go-behind-the-scenes-1701.html">"Silk Production Process"</a>. Sense of Nature Research. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.senature.com/sensemagazine/research-technologies/silk-production-process-go-behind-the-scenes-1701.html">the original</a> on 29 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Silk+Production+Process&rft.pub=Sense+of+Nature+Research&rft.aulast=Bezzina&rft.aufirst=Neville&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.senature.com%2Fsensemagazine%2Fresearch-technologies%2Fsilk-production-process-go-behind-the-scenes-1701.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASericulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Sericulture | Silk Production." Encyclopædia Britannica, Britannica, www.britannica.com/topic/sericulture. Accessed 8 July 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commonobjective.co/article/silk-and-sustainable-silk">"Silk and Sustainable Silk"</a>. <i>Common Objective</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Down+and+Silk%3A+Birds+and+Insects+Exploited+for+Fabric&rft.pub=PETA&rft.date=2004-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peta.org%2Fissues%2Fanimals-used-for-clothing%2Fanimals-used-clothing-factsheets%2Fsilk-birds-insects-exploited-fabric%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASericulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadatBiswasCardosoMondal2022" class="citation journal cs1">Sadat, Abdul; Biswas, Trishanjan; Cardoso, Marlon H; Mondal, Rittick; Ghosh, Ashmita; Dam, Paulami; Nesa, Jannatun; Chakraborty, Joydeep; Bhattacharjya, Debjoy; Franco, Octávio L; Gangopadhyay, Debnirmalya; Mandal, Amit K (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2214799322000200">"Silkworm pupae as a future food with nutritional and medicinal benefits"</a>. <i>Current Opinion in Food Science</i>. <b>44</b>: 100818. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cofs.2022.100818">10.1016/j.cofs.2022.100818</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247312134">247312134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Food+Science&rft.atitle=Silkworm+pupae+as+a+future+food+with+nutritional+and+medicinal+benefits&rft.volume=44&rft.pages=100818&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cofs.2022.100818&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247312134%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sadat&rft.aufirst=Abdul&rft.au=Biswas%2C+Trishanjan&rft.au=Cardoso%2C+Marlon+H&rft.au=Mondal%2C+Rittick&rft.au=Ghosh%2C+Ashmita&rft.au=Dam%2C+Paulami&rft.au=Nesa%2C+Jannatun&rft.au=Chakraborty%2C+Joydeep&rft.au=Bhattacharjya%2C+Debjoy&rft.au=Franco%2C+Oct%C3%A1vio+L&rft.au=Gangopadhyay%2C+Debnirmalya&rft.au=Mandal%2C+Amit+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2214799322000200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASericulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://matadornetwork.com/read/beondegi/">"Salty Silkworm Pupae Are the One Street Food You Shouldn't Miss in South Korea"</a>. <i>Matador Network</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Matador+Network&rft.atitle=Salty+Silkworm+Pupae+Are+the+One+Street+Food+You+Shouldn%27t+Miss+in+South+Korea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmatadornetwork.com%2Fread%2Fbeondegi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASericulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sericulture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sericulture" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sericulture">Sericulture</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" 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Production Process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121108172719/http://picasaweb.google.com/srither240255/CycleOfSilkworm">Silk worm Life cycle photos</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Silk">Silk</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_silk" title="History of silk">History of silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnanery" title="Magnanery">Magnanery</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sericulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_mill" title="Silk mill">Silk mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_throwing" title="Silk throwing">Silk throwing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_waste" title="Silk waste">Silk waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_silk" title="Ahimsa silk">Ahimsa silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_silk" title="Assam silk">Assam silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_silk" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlas silk">Atlas silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_silk" title="Byzantine silk">Byzantine silk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burmese_silk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burmese silk (page does not exist)">Burmese silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_silk" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese silk">Chinese silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eri_silk" title="Eri silk">Eri silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_silk" title="Pat silk">Pat silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_silk" title="Japanese silk">Japanese silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_silk" title="Lao silk">Lao silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshidabad_silk" title="Murshidabad silk">Murshidabad silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_silk" title="Mysore silk">Mysore silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajshahi_silk" title="Rajshahi silk">Rajshahi silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_silk" title="Sea silk">Sea silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_silk" title="Thai silk">Thai silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tussar_silk" title="Tussar silk">Tussar silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_silk" title="Wild silk">Wild silk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silk_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Silk in the Indian subcontinent">Silk in the Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_industry_in_China" title="Silk industry in China">Silk industry in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_industry_of_Cheshire" title="Silk industry of Cheshire">Silk industry of Cheshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">Sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenun_Pahang_Diraja" title="Tenun Pahang Diraja">Tenun Pahang Diraja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_interactions_with_insects" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Insects_in_culture" title="Template:Insects in culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Insects_in_culture" title="Template talk:Insects in culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Insects_in_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Insects in culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_interactions_with_insects" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_interactions_with_insects" title="Human interactions with insects">Human interactions with insects</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects<br />of <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a><br />in culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_art" title="Insects in art">Insects in art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beetlewing" title="Beetlewing">Beetlewing</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musca_depicta" title="Musca depicta">Musca depicta</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthropods_in_film" title="Arthropods in film">Arthropods in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_literature" title="Insects in literature">Insects in literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_music" title="Insects in music">Insects in music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_insect-inspired_songs" title="List of insect-inspired songs">List of insect-inspired songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_on_stamps" title="Insects on stamps">Insects on stamps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In fishing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_bait" title="Fishing bait">Fishing bait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_fishing" title="Fly fishing">Fly fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_fly" title="Artificial fly">Artificial fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_tying" title="Fly tying">Fly tying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_medicine" title="Insects in medicine">In medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apitherapy" title="Apitherapy">Apitherapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apitoxin" title="Apitoxin">Apitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melittin" title="Melittin">Melittin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lytta_vesicatoria" title="Lytta vesicatoria">Spanish fly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantharidin" title="Cantharidin">Cantharidin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_mythology" title="Insects in mythology">In mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bees_in_mythology" title="Bees in mythology">Bees in mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicadas_in_mythology" title="Cicadas in mythology">Cicadas in mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarab_(artifact)" title="Scarab (artifact)">Scarab (artifact)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomimetics" title="Biomimetics">Biomimicry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockroach_racing" title="Cockroach racing">Cockroach racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockroaches_in_popular_culture" title="Cockroaches in popular culture">Cockroaches in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_fighting" title="Cricket fighting">Cricket fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entomological_warfare" title="Entomological warfare">Entomological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entomophagy_in_humans" title="Entomophagy in humans">Entomophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_farming" title="Insect farming">Insect farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flea_circus" title="Flea circus">Flea circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_ethics" title="Insects in ethics">Insects in ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_religion" title="Insects in religion">Insects in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingzhe" title="Jingzhe">Jingzhe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_entomology" title="Economic entomology">Economic<br />entomology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneficial_insect" title="Beneficial insect">Beneficial insect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pest_control" title="Biological pest control">Biological pest control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beekeeping" title="Beekeeping">Beekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bee_pollen" title="Bee pollen">Bee pollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crop_plants_pollinated_by_bees" title="List of crop plants pollinated by bees">List of crop plants pollinated by bees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">Beeswax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">Honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propolis" title="Propolis">Propolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_jelly" title="Royal jelly">Royal jelly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmine" title="Carmine">Carmine/Cochineal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cochineal" title="Polish cochineal">Polish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">Chitin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermes_(dye)" title="Kermes (dye)">Kermes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sericulture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">Shellac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">Model organism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)#Insects" title="Pest (organism)">Harmful<br />insects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insect_bites_and_stings" class="mw-redirect" title="Insect bites and stings">Insect bites and stings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_sting_allergy" title="Insect sting allergy">Insect sting allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed_bug" title="Bed bug">Bed bug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworm" title="Woodworm">Woodworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home-stored_product_entomology" title="Home-stored product entomology">Home-stored product entomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothes_moth" title="Clothes moth">Clothes moth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam">Jan Swammerdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Fabre" title="Jean-Henri Fabre">Jean-Henri Fabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Zinsser" title="Hans Zinsser">Hans Zinsser</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Rats,_Lice_and_History" title="Rats, Lice and History">Rats, Lice and History</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafcadio_Hearn" title="Lafcadio Hearn">Lafcadio Hearn</a> (<i>Insect Literature</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concerns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bees_and_toxic_chemicals" title="Bees and toxic chemicals">Bees and toxic chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_collapse_disorder" title="Colony collapse disorder">Colony collapse disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">Decline in insect populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_insects" title="List of endangered insects">List of endangered insects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">Insecticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonicotinoid" title="Neonicotinoid">Neonicotinoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees" title="Pesticide toxicity to bees">Pesticide toxicity to bees</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories,<br />templates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Insects_and_humans" title="Category:Insects and humans">Insects and humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Insecticides" title="Template:Insecticides">Insecticides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Pesticides" title="Template:Pesticides">Pesticides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beetle_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Beetle_icon.svg/25px-Beetle_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Beetle_icon.svg/38px-Beetle_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Beetle_icon.svg/50px-Beetle_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="143" data-file-height="159" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Insects" title="Portal:Insects">Insects portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864650#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864650#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864650#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4194787-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sericulture"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85120235">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sériciculture"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11966736g">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sériciculture"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11966736g">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="hedvábnictví"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph216777&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sericicultura"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX528601">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="zīdkopība"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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