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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>16th and 17th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16th_and_17th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>18th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_music_as_program_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_music_as_program_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Popular music as program music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_music_as_program_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Western_canon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Western_canon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In the Western canon</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_the_Western_canon-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In the Western canon subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_the_Western_canon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-18th_century_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>18th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opera_and_ballet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opera_and_ballet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Opera and ballet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opera_and_ballet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Programmatic_music_and_abstract_imagery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Programmatic_music_and_abstract_imagery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Programmatic music and abstract imagery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Programmatic_music_and_abstract_imagery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motion_picture_soundtrack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motion_picture_soundtrack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Motion picture soundtrack</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motion_picture_soundtrack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Програмна музика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Програмна музика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_program%C3%A0tica" title="Música programàtica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Música programàtica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programn%C3%AD_hudba" title="Programní hudba – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Programní hudba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmusik" title="Programmusik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Programmusik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmmusik" title="Programmmusik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Programmmusik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmiline_muusika" title="Programmiline muusika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Programmiline muusika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Προγραμματική μουσική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Προγραμματική μουσική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_program%C3%A1tica" title="Música programática – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Música programática" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmuziko" title="Programmuziko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Programmuziko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musika_programatiko" title="Musika programatiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Musika programatiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="موسیقی برنامه‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موسیقی برنامه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musique_%C3%A0_programme" title="Musique à programme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Musique à programme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_program%C3%A1tica" title="Música programática – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Música programática" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%91%9C%EC%A0%9C_%EC%9D%8C%EC%95%85" title="표제 음악 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="표제 음악" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AA%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ծրագրային երաժշտություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ծրագրային երաժշտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_a_programma" title="Musica a programma – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Musica a programma" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מוזיקה תוכניתית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוזיקה תוכניתית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Программалық музыка – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Программалық музыка" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programzene" title="Programzene – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Programzene" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmatische_muziek" title="Programmatische muziek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Programmatische muziek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E9%A1%8C%E9%9F%B3%E6%A5%BD" title="標題音楽 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="標題音楽" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmusikk" title="Programmusikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Programmusikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmusikk" title="Programmusikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Programmusikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzyka_programowa" title="Muzyka programowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Muzyka programowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_program%C3%A1tica" title="Música programática – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Música programática" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzic%C4%83_programatic%C4%83" title="Muzică programatică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Muzică programatică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Программная музыка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Программная музыка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzika_programore" title="Muzika programore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Muzika programore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_music" title="Program music – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Program music" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programov%C3%A1_hudba" title="Programová hudba – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Programová hudba" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Програмска музика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Програмска музика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programska_muzika" title="Programska muzika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Programska muzika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohjelmamusiikki" title="Ohjelmamusiikki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ohjelmamusiikki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmusik" title="Programmusik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Programmusik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D2%9B%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B2%D3%A3" title="Мусиқии барномавӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мусиқии барномавӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Програмна музика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Програмна музика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Instrumental musical rendition of a narrative</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Programming_(music)" title="Programming (music)">Programming (music)</a> or <a href="/wiki/Concert_program" title="Concert program">Concert program</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Program_music" title="Special:EditPage/Program music">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Program+music%22">"Program music"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Program+music%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Program+music%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Program+music%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Program+music%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Program+music%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> <b>Program music</b> or <b>programmatic music</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Instrumental" title="Instrumental">instrumental</a> <a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">art music</a> that attempts to musically render an extramusical <a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">narrative</a>. The narrative itself might be offered to the audience through the piece's title, or in the form of <a href="/wiki/Concert_program" title="Concert program">program notes</a>, inviting imaginative correlations with the music. A well-known example is <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev" title="Sergei Prokofiev">Sergei Prokofiev</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Peter_and_the_Wolf" title="Peter and the Wolf">Peter and the Wolf</a></i>. </p><p>The genre culminates in the symphonic works of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a> that include narrations of the adventures of <a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote_(Strauss)" title="Don Quixote (Strauss)">Don Quixote</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Till_Eulenspiegel%27s_Merry_Pranks" title="Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks">Till Eulenspiegel</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Symphonia_Domestica" title="Symphonia Domestica">the composer's domestic life</a>, and an interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>'s philosophy of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cbermensch" title="Übermensch">Übermensch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Also_sprach_Zarathustra" title="Also sprach Zarathustra"><i>Also Sprach Zarathustra</i></a>. Following Strauss, the genre declined and new works with explicitly narrative content are rare. Nevertheless the genre continues to exert an influence on <a href="/wiki/Film_score" title="Film score">film music</a>, especially where this draws upon the techniques of 19th-century late <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">romantic music</a>. Similar compositional forms also exist within popular music, including the <a href="/wiki/Concept_album" title="Concept album">concept album</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rock_opera" title="Rock opera">rock opera</a>. </p><p>The term is almost exclusively applied to works in the <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">European classical music</a> tradition, particularly those from the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic music</a> period of the 19th century, during which the concept was popular, but pieces which fit the description have long been a part of music. The term is usually reserved for purely instrumental works (pieces without singers and lyrics), and not used, for example for <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lied" title="Lied">lieder</a>. Single-movement orchestral pieces of program music are often called <a href="/wiki/Symphonic_poem" title="Symphonic poem">symphonic poems</a>. <a href="/wiki/Absolute_music" title="Absolute music">Absolute music</a>, in contrast, is intended to be appreciated without any particular reference to the outside world. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Program_music&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Composers and some theorists argue that there is indeed no such thing as true "absolute (<i><a href="/wiki/Ars_gratia_artis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ars gratia artis">ars gratia artis</a></i>) music" and that music always at least conveys or evokes emotions. While non-professional listeners often claim that music has meaning (to them), <a href="/wiki/New_musicology" title="New musicology">"new" musicologists</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Susan_McClary" title="Susan McClary">Susan McClary</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClary1999_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClary1999-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT"><span title="More information is required to link this short citation to its long citation. (April 2021)">incomplete short citation</span></a></i>]</sup> argue that so-called "abstract" techniques and structures are actually highly politically and socially charged, specifically, even gendered. This may be linked to a more general argument against abstraction, such as <a href="/wiki/Mark_Johnson_(philosopher)" title="Mark Johnson (philosopher)">Mark Johnson</a>'s argument that it is, "necessary...for abstract meaning...to have a bodily basis".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClary1991[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClary1991[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a more specific definition of absolute music is: music which was composed without programmatic intent, or narrative. </p><p>More traditional listeners often reject these views sharply, asserting that music can be meaningful, as well as deeply emotional, while being essentially about itself (notes, themes, keys, and so on), and without any connection to the political and societal conflicts of our own day, but consciously associated with non-musical ideas, images, or events (poems, art works, etc.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="16th_and_17th_centuries">16th and 17th centuries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Program_music&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 16th and 17th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Composers of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance</a> wrote a fair amount of program music, especially for the <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a>, including works such as <a href="/wiki/Martin_Peerson" title="Martin Peerson">Martin Peerson</a>'s <i>The Fall of the Leafe</i> and <a href="/wiki/William_Byrd" title="William Byrd">William Byrd</a>'s <i>The Battell</i>. For the latter work, the composer provided this written description of the sections: "Souldiers sommons, marche of footemen, marche of horsmen, trumpetts, Irishe marche, bagpipe and the drone, flute and the droome, marche to the fighte, the battels be joyned, retreat, galliarde for the victorie."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (April 2020)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="18th_century">18th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Program_music&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Baroque era, Vivaldi's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Seasons_(Vivaldi)" title="The Four Seasons (Vivaldi)">The Four Seasons</a></i> has poetic inscriptions in the score referring to each of the seasons, evoking spring, summer, autumn, and winter. While many <a href="/wiki/Bach_cantata" title="Bach cantata">cantatas by J. S. Bach</a> contain programmatic elements, an example of outright program music is his <i><a href="/wiki/Capriccio_on_the_departure_of_a_beloved_brother" class="mw-redirect" title="Capriccio on the departure of a beloved brother">Capriccio on the departure of a beloved brother</a></i>, BWV 992.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Program music was perhaps less often composed in the <a href="/wiki/Classical_music_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical music era">Classical</a> era. At that time, perhaps more than any other, music achieved drama from its own internal resources, notably in works written in <a href="/wiki/Sonata_form" title="Sonata form">sonata form</a>. It is thought,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="Who says this? (May 2020)">weasel words</span></a></i>]</sup> however, that a number of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Joseph Haydn</a>'s earlier symphonies may be program music; for example, the composer once said that one of his earlier symphonies represents "a dialogue between God and the Sinner".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (May 2020)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup> It is not known which of his symphonies Haydn was referring to. His <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._8_(Haydn)" title="Symphony No. 8 (Haydn)">Symphony No. 8</a> also includes a movement named "La tempesta" that represents a storm. A minor Classical-era composer, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ditters_von_Dittersdorf" title="Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf">Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf</a>, wrote a series of symphonies based on <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i> (not to be confused with twentieth-century composer <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Six_Metamorphoses_after_Ovid" title="Six Metamorphoses after Ovid">Six Metamorphoses after Ovid</a></i>), which falls into this category. German composer <a href="/wiki/Justin_Heinrich_Knecht" title="Justin Heinrich Knecht">Justin Heinrich Knecht</a>'s <i>Le portrait musical de la nature, ou Grande sinfonie (Musical Portrait of Nature or Grand Symphony)</i> from 1784–1785 is another 18th century example, anticipating Beethoven's Pastoral Symphony by twenty years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="19th_century">19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Program_music&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Program_music" title="Special:EditPage/Program music">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Program music particularly flourished in the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic</a> era. As it can invoke in the listener a specific experience other than sitting in front of a musician or musicians, it is related to the purely Romantic idea of the <a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a> describing Wagner's Operas as a fusion of many arts (set design, choreography, poetry and so on), although it relies solely on musical aspects to illustrate a multi-faceted artistic concept such as a poem or a painting. Composers believed that the dynamics of sound that were newly possible in the Romantic orchestra of the era allowed them to focus on emotions and other intangible aspects of life much more than during the Baroque or <a href="/wiki/Classical_music_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical music era">Classical</a> eras. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a> felt a certain reluctance in writing program music, and said of his 1808 <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._6_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 6 (Beethoven)">Symphony No. 6</a> (<i>Pastoral</i>) that the "whole work can be perceived without description – it is more an expression of feelings rather than tone-painting".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeethoven1905[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeethoven1905[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Yet the work clearly contains depictions of bird calls, a babbling brook, a storm, and so on. Beethoven later returned to program music with his <a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._26_(Beethoven)" title="Piano Sonata No. 26 (Beethoven)">Piano Sonata Op. 81a</a>, <i>Les Adieux</i>, which depicts the departure and return of his close friend the <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Rudolf_of_Austria" title="Archduke Rudolf of Austria">Archduke Rudolf</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Hector Berlioz</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Symphonie_fantastique" title="Symphonie fantastique">Symphonie fantastique</a></i> was a musical narration of a hyperbolically emotional love story, the main subject being an actress with whom he was in love at the time. <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a> did provide explicit programs for many of his piano pieces and he was also the inventor of the term <a href="/wiki/Symphonic_poem" title="Symphonic poem">symphonic poem</a>. In 1874, <a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Modest Mussorgsky</a> composed for piano a series of pieces describing seeing a gallery of ten of his friend's paintings and drawings in his <i><a href="/wiki/Pictures_at_an_Exhibition" title="Pictures at an Exhibition">Pictures at an Exhibition</a></i>, later orchestrated by many composers including <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ravel" title="Maurice Ravel">Maurice Ravel</a>. The French composer <a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Camille Saint-Saëns</a> wrote many short pieces of program music which he called <i>Tone Poems</i>. His most famous are probably the <a href="/wiki/Danse_Macabre" title="Danse Macabre">Danse Macabre</a> and several movements from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Carnival_of_the_Animals" title="The Carnival of the Animals">the Carnival of the Animals</a></i>. The composer <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dukas" title="Paul Dukas">Paul Dukas</a> is perhaps best known for his tone poem <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sorcerer%27s_Apprentice_(Dukas)" title="The Sorcerer's Apprentice (Dukas)">The Sorcerer's Apprentice</a></i>, based on a tale from <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a>. </p><p>Possibly the most adept at musical depiction in his program music was German composer <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>. His symphonic poems include <i><a href="/wiki/Death_and_Transfiguration" title="Death and Transfiguration">Death and Transfiguration</a></i> (portraying a dying man and his entry into heaven), <i>Don Juan</i> (based on the ancient legend of <a href="/wiki/Don_Juan" title="Don Juan">Don Juan</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Till_Eulenspiegel%27s_Merry_Pranks" title="Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks">Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks</a></i> (based on episodes in the career of the legendary German figure <a href="/wiki/Till_Eulenspiegel" title="Till Eulenspiegel">Till Eulenspiegel</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote_(Strauss)" title="Don Quixote (Strauss)">Don Quixote</a></i> (portraying episodes in the life of <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a>' character, <a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/A_Hero%27s_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="A Hero's Life">A Hero's Life</a></i> (which depicts episodes in the life of an unnamed hero often taken to be Strauss himself) and <i><a href="/wiki/Symphonia_Domestica" title="Symphonia Domestica">Symphonia Domestica</a></i> (which portrays episodes in the composer's own married life, including putting the baby to bed). Strauss is reported to have said that music can describe anything, even a teaspoon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGifford2012_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGifford2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another composer of programmatic music is <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov</a>, whose colorful "musical pictures" include "Sadko", Op. 5, after the Russian Bylina, about the minstrel who sings to the Tsar of the Sea, the very famous "'<a href="/wiki/Scheherazade_(Rimsky-Korsakov)" title="Scheherazade (Rimsky-Korsakov)">Scheherazade</a>", Op. 35, after the Arabian Nights entertainments (where the heroine is depicted by a violin and whose stories include "Sinbad the Sailor") and any number of orchestral suites from his operas, including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Tsar_Saltan_(opera)" title="The Tale of Tsar Saltan (opera)">The Tale of Tsar Saltan</a></i> (which also contains "<a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Bumblebee" title="Flight of the Bumblebee">Flight of the Bumblebee</a>"), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Cockerel" title="The Golden Cockerel">The Golden Cockerel</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve_(opera)" title="Christmas Eve (opera)">Christmas Eve</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Snow_Maiden" title="The Snow Maiden">The Snow Maiden</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_the_Invisible_City_of_Kitezh_and_the_Maiden_Fevroniya" title="The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh and the Maiden Fevroniya">The Legend of The Invisible City of Kitezh</a></i>. </p><p>In Scandinavia, Sibelius explored the <a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala">Kalevala</a> legend in several tone poems, most famously in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Swan_of_Tuonela" title="The Swan of Tuonela">The Swan of Tuonela</a></i>. </p><p>One of the most famous programs, because it has never been definitively identified, is the secret non-musical idea or theme – the "Enigma" – that underlies <a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Edward Elgar</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Enigma_Variations" title="Enigma Variations">Variations on an Original Theme (Enigma)</a></i> of 1899. The composer disclosed it to certain friends, but at his request they never made it public. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_century">20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Program_music&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ottorino_Respighi" title="Ottorino Respighi">Ottorino Respighi</a> composed a number of tone poems in the 1910s and 1920s, notably three works on different aspects of the city of Rome. Gustav Holst's "<a href="/wiki/The_Planets" title="The Planets">The Planets</a>" is another well-known example. <a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Lyric_Suite_(Berg)" title="Lyric Suite (Berg)">Lyric Suite</a></i> was thought for years to be abstract music, but in 1977 it was discovered that it was in fact dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Hanna_Fuchs-Robettin" title="Hanna Fuchs-Robettin">Hanna Fuchs-Robettin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerle198518_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerle198518-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Important <a href="/wiki/Leitmotif" title="Leitmotif">leitmotifs</a> are based on the melodic series A–<a href="/wiki/B%E2%99%AD_(musical_note)" title="B♭ (musical note)">B</a>–<a href="/wiki/B_(musical_note)" title="B (musical note)">H</a>–F, which is their combined initials. The last movement also contains a setting of a poem by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Charles Baudelaire</a>, suppressed by the composer for publication. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_music_as_program_music">Popular music as program music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Program_music&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Popular music as program music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Program_music" title="Special:EditPage/Program music">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The term "program music" is not generally used with regard to <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a>, although some popular music does have aspects in common with program music. The tradition of purely orchestral program music is continued in pieces for <a href="/wiki/Jazz_orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Jazz orchestra">jazz orchestra</a>, most notably several pieces by <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a>. Instrumental pieces in popular music often have a descriptive title which suggests that they could be categorized as program music, and several instrumental albums are completely devoted to some programmatic idea (for example, <i><a href="/wiki/China_(Vangelis_album)" title="China (Vangelis album)">China</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Vangelis" title="Vangelis">Vangelis</a> or <i><a href="/wiki/The_Songs_of_Distant_Earth_(album)" title="The Songs of Distant Earth (album)">The Songs of Distant Earth</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Mike_Oldfield" title="Mike Oldfield">Mike Oldfield</a>). Some of the genres of popular music are more likely than others to involve programmatic elements; these include <a href="/wiki/Ambient_music" title="Ambient music">ambient</a>, <a href="/wiki/New-age_music" title="New-age music">new-age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Space_music" title="Space music">space music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surf_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Surf rock">surf rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_metal" title="Black metal">black metal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazz_fusion" title="Jazz fusion">jazz fusion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_rock" title="Art rock">art rock</a> and various genres of <a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">techno</a> music. Bluegrass has at least one outstanding bit of program music called <i>Orange Blossom Special</i>. </p><p>Progressive rock groups and musicians during the 1970s in particular experimented with program music, among which was <a href="/wiki/Rush_(band)" title="Rush (band)">Rush's</a> "<a href="/wiki/Jacob%27s_Ladder_(Rush_song)" title="Jacob's Ladder (Rush song)">Jacob's Ladder</a>" (1980), which shows clear influences of <a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1_vlast" title="Má vlast">Má vlast</a></i> ("My Homeland") (1874–1879). In addition, Rush's songs "<a href="/wiki/Xanadu_(Rush_song)" title="Xanadu (Rush song)">Xanadu</a>", "La Villa Strangiato" "Red Barchetta", and "YYZ" also show their experimentalism with program music, as do parts of "<a href="/wiki/2112_(song)" title="2112 (song)">2112</a>", particularly the discovery scene. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_Western_canon">In the Western canon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Program_music&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In the Western canon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Program_music" title="Special:EditPage/Program music">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century_2">18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Program_music&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Part of the music from the Baroque and Classical eras is <a href="/wiki/Absolute_music" title="Absolute music">absolute</a>, as is suggested by titles which often consist simply of the type of composition, a numerical designation within the composer's oeuvre, and its key. Johann Sebastian Bach's <a href="/wiki/Concerto_for_two_harpsichords_in_C_minor,_BWV_1060" title="Concerto for two harpsichords in C minor, BWV 1060">Concerto for two harpsichords in C minor, BWV 1060</a> and Mozart's <a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._16_(Mozart)" title="Piano Sonata No. 16 (Mozart)">Piano Sonata in C major, K. 545</a> are examples of absolute music. </p><p>Some composers<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (December 2021)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> of the Baroque era used to design titles for their music in a fashion resembling that of Romantic program music, called the <i>rappresentativo</i> (representative) style. Some of the most notable examples were composed by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Antonio Vivaldi</a> – some of his <a href="/wiki/Violin_concerto" title="Violin concerto">violin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flute_concerto" title="Flute concerto">flute</a> or recorder concertos bear titles inspired by human <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_the_affections" title="Doctrine of the affections">affects</a> (<i>Il piacere</i> – the pleasure), occupations (<i>La caccia</i> – the hunting, <i>La pastorella</i> – the shepherdess) or, most notably, aspects of nature and meteors (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Seasons_(Vivaldi)" title="The Four Seasons (Vivaldi)">The Four Seasons</a></i>, <i>La notte</i> – the night, <a href="/wiki/La_tempesta_di_mare_(flute_concerto)" title="La tempesta di mare (flute concerto)"><i>La tempesta di mare</i></a> – the sea storm). Another well-known example is <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Ignaz_Biber" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich Ignaz Biber">Heinrich Ignaz Biber</a>'s <i>Sonata representativa</i> (for violin and <a href="/wiki/Basso_continuo" title="Basso continuo">continuo</a>), which depicts various animals (the nightingale, the cuckoo, the cat) in a humoristic manner. However, a distinction may be drawn between "representational" music and program music properly speaking, as well as between "imitation" and "representation. Finally, there is the question of whether a deliberate expressive character is sufficient to rank as a "program".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScruton2001_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScruton2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century_2">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Program_music&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Program music was quite popular during the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic era</a>. Many mainstream "classical" works are unequivocally program music, such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>'s <i>An Alpine Symphony</i>, which is a musical description of ascending and descending a mountain, with 22 section titles such as "Night", "Sunrise", "By the Waterfall", "In Thicket and Underbrush on the Wrong Path", "Summit", "Mists Rise" and "Storm and Descent". <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._6_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 6 (Beethoven)">Symphony No. 6</a> is program music, too, with titled movements and instrumental depictions of bird calls, country dances, and a storm. His fifteenth string quartet, Opus 132, contains a middle movement titled "Heiliger Dankgesang eines Genesenen an die Gottheit, in der lydischen Tonart" ('A Convalescent's Holy Song of Thanksgiving to the Divinity, in the Lydian Mode'), suggesting to some auditors that the entire work can be heard as a tonal evocation of sickness and recovery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century_2">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Program_music&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the late-nineteenth and twentieth century, the increased influence of modernism and other anti-Romantic trends contributed to a decline in esteem for program music, but audiences continued to enjoy such pieces as <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Honegger" title="Arthur Honegger">Arthur Honegger</a>'s depiction of a steam locomotive in <i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_231" title="Pacific 231">Pacific 231</a></i> (1923). Indeed, <a href="/wiki/Percy_Grainger" title="Percy Grainger">Percy Grainger</a>'s incomplete orchestral fragment <i><a href="/wiki/Train_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Train Music">Train Music</a></i> employs the same function. This music for large orchestra depicts a train moving in the mountains of Italy. <a href="/wiki/Heitor_Villa-Lobos" title="Heitor Villa-Lobos">Heitor Villa-Lobos</a> similarly depicted a rural steam-driven train in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Train_of_the_Caipira" title="The Little Train of the Caipira">The Little Train of the Caipira</a></i> (1930). </p><p>Indeed, an entire genre sprang up in the 1920s, particularly in the Soviet Union, of picturesque music depicting machines and factories. Well-known examples include <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mosolov" title="Alexander Mosolov">Alexander Mosolov</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Iron_Foundry" title="Iron Foundry">Iron Foundry</a></i> (1926–27) and <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev" title="Sergei Prokofiev">Sergei Prokofiev</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Le_pas_d%27acier_(Prokofiev)" title="Le pas d'acier (Prokofiev)">Le Pas d'acier</a></i> (The Steel Step, 1926). An example from outside of the Soviet Union is <a href="/wiki/George_Antheil" title="George Antheil">George Antheil</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ballet_m%C3%A9canique" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballet mécanique">Ballet mécanique</a></i> (1923–24). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opera_and_ballet">Opera and ballet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Program_music&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Opera and ballet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Music that is composed to accompany a ballet is often program music, even when presented separately as a concert piece. <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Aaron Copland</a> was amused when a listener said that when she listened to <i><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Spring" title="Appalachian Spring">Appalachian Spring</a></i> she "could <i>see</i> the Appalachians and <i>feel</i> Spring", the title having been a last-minute thought, but it is certainly program music. <a href="/wiki/Film_score" title="Film score">Film scores</a> and the orchestration in operas are very often program music, and some film scores, such as <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev" title="Sergei Prokofiev">Prokofiev</a>'s music for <i>Alexander Nevsky</i>, have even found a place in the classical concert repertoire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Programmatic_music_and_abstract_imagery">Programmatic music and abstract imagery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Program_music&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Programmatic music and abstract imagery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A good deal of program music falls in between the realm of purely programmatic and purely absolute, with titles that clearly suggest an extramusical association, but no detailed story that can be followed and no musical passages that can be unequivocally identified with specific images. Examples would include <a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Dvořák)">Symphony No. 9, <i>From the New World</i></a> or Beethoven's <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)">Symphony No. 3, <i>Eroica</i></a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motion_picture_soundtrack">Motion picture soundtrack</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Program_music&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Motion picture soundtrack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Influenced by the late Romantic work of <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottorino_Respighi" title="Ottorino Respighi">Ottorino Respighi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>, and others, motion picture soundtrack took up the banner of programmatic music following the advent of "talkies". Many film composers, including <a href="/wiki/Paul_Smith_(composer)" title="Paul Smith (composer)">Paul Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ennio_Morricone" title="Ennio Morricone">Ennio Morricone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Williams" title="John Williams">John Williams</a> (whose 1977 <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_(soundtrack)" title="Star Wars (soundtrack)"><i>Star Wars</i> soundtrack</a> redefined the symphonic movie score) have followed the programmatic model and solidified motion picture soundtrack as its own programmatic genre. Music's power for pictorial suggestion may be said to have culminated in <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a>'s 1940 film <i><a href="/wiki/Fantasia_(1940_film)" title="Fantasia (1940 film)">Fantasia</a></i>. Disney gave us, too, the term <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Mousing" title="Mickey Mousing">Mickey Mousing</a>, used to describe scores that mimic too obviously the movements of nature. The music of <a href="/wiki/Max_Steiner" title="Max Steiner">Max Steiner</a>, for instance, often lauded for its uncanny sound-image synchronization, has also been assailed for being too "Mickey Mouse". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Program_music&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Character_piece" title="Character piece">Character piece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurative_art" title="Figurative art">Figurative art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Film music">Film music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incidental_music" title="Incidental music">Incidental music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_program_music" title="List of program music">List of program music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_symphonic_poems" title="List of symphonic poems">List of symphonic poems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Mousing" title="Mickey Mousing">Mickey Mousing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_(arts)" title="Representation (arts)">Representation (arts)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadas_of_Argos" title="Sakadas of Argos">Sakadas of Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_painting" title="Word painting">Word painting</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Program_music&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClary1999-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClary1999_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcClary1999">McClary 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClary1991[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClary1991[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcClary1991">McClary 1991</a>, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeethoven1905[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeethoven1905[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeethoven1905">Beethoven 1905</a>, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGifford2012-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGifford2012_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGifford2012">Gifford 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerle198518-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerle198518_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerle1985">Perle 1985</a>, 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScruton2001-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScruton2001_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScruton2001">Scruton 2001</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Sources</b> </p> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFBeethoven1905">Beethoven, Ludwig van (1905). “<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305212621/https://www.public-domain-content.com/books/beethoven/8.shtml">On His Own Works</a>”. In <i>Beethoven, the Man and the Artist, as Revealed in His own Words</i>, edited by Friedrich Kerst. London: Gay and Bird. (archive from 5 March 2016; accessed 11 May 2020).</cite></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGifford2012" class="citation web cs1">Gifford, Katya (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanitiesweb.org/human.php?s=c&p=c&a=b&ID=60">"Richard Strauss: Biography"</a>. <i>HumanitiesWeb.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HumanitiesWeb.org&rft.atitle=Richard+Strauss%3A+Biography&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Gifford&rft.aufirst=Katya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanitiesweb.org%2Fhuman.php%3Fs%3Dc%26p%3Dc%26a%3Db%26ID%3D60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgram+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFMcClary1991"><a href="/wiki/Susan_McClary" title="Susan McClary">McClary, Susan</a> (1991). <i>Feminine Endings: Music, Gender, and Sexuality</i>, p. 24. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-1898-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-1898-4">0-8166-1898-4</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFMcClary1999">McClary, Susan (1999). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. Inline citation found in text without a corresponding target in the reflist (May 2020)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerle1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Perle" title="George Perle">Perle, George</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/operasofalbanber00perl/"><i>The Operas of Alban Berg: Volume Two, Lulu</i></a>. California: University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/operasofalbanber00perl/page/18">18–29</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-06616-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-06616-2"><bdi>0-520-06616-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Operas+of+Alban+Berg%3A+Volume+Two%2C+Lulu&rft.place=California&rft.pages=18-29&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-520-06616-2&rft.aulast=Perle&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foperasofalbanber00perl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgram+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScruton2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton, Roger</a> (2001). "Programme music". <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.22394">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.22394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Programme+music&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.22394&rft.aulast=Scruton&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgram+music" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Program_music&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Junod, Philippe. "The New <i>Paragone</i>: Paradoxes and Contradictions of Pictorial Musicalism", in <i>The Arts Entwined: Music and Painting in the Nineteenth Century</i>, eds. M. L. Morton and P. L. Schmunk, p. 28–29</li> <li>Pérez-Sobrino, Paula B. 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7924477/Meaning_construction_in_verbomusical_environments_Conceptual_disintegration_and_metonymy._Journal_of_Pragmatics_70_2014_130-151">"Meaning construction in verbomusical environments: Conceptual disintegration and metonymy"</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Pragmatics" title="Journal of Pragmatics">Journal of Pragmatics</a></i> v. 70: 130–151</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Program_music&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/program_music.aspx">"Program music"</a>, Encyclopedia.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060103040932/http://www.essentialsofmusic.com/composer/vivaldi.html">Composers: Vivaldi</a>, Essentials of Music</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070519041404/http://www.apollosfire.org/program_notes/prog_note_Beet_Schub.htm">Cleveland Baroque Orchestra: Program note for: Beethoven & Schubert in Vienna</a>, Apollo's Fire</li> <li>James Reel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/composition/mc0002371047">Alban Berg: <i>Lyric Suite</i>, for string quartet</a> at <a href="/wiki/AllMusic_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="AllMusic (identifier)">AllMusic</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/B0000AN4FJ">Alban Berg: <i>Lyric Suite</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Kronos_Quartet" title="Kronos Quartet">Kronos Quartet</a> with <a href="/wiki/Dawn_Upshaw" title="Dawn Upshaw">Dawn 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