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<span>Processes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Processes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Processes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Press_bending" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Press_bending"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Press bending</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Press_bending-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rotary_draw_bending" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rotary_draw_bending"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Rotary draw bending</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rotary_draw_bending-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roll_bending" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roll_bending"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Roll bending</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roll_bending-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Three-roll_push_bending" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three-roll_push_bending"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Three-roll push bending</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three-roll_push_bending-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Simple_three-roll_bending" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simple_three-roll_bending"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Simple three-roll bending</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simple_three-roll_bending-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Induction_bending" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Induction_bending"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Induction bending</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Induction_bending-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Packing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Packing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Packing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Packing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ice_packing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ice_packing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Ice packing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ice_packing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pitch_packing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pitch_packing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Pitch packing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pitch_packing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sand-packing/hot-slab_forming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sand-packing/hot-slab_forming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.3</span> <span>Sand-packing/hot-slab forming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sand-packing/hot-slab_forming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mandrels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mandrels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span><span><span>Mandrel</span></span>s</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mandrels-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only 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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cintrage_de_tubes" title="Cintrage de tubes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cintrage de tubes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savijanje_cijevi" title="Savijanje cijevi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Savijanje cijevi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curvatubi" title="Curvatubi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Curvatubi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Bending_Model_2.jpg/330px-Bending_Model_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Bending_Model_2.jpg/440px-Bending_Model_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Bent tubing</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tromboneparts.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Tromboneparts.JPG/220px-Tromboneparts.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Tromboneparts.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="269" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption>A trombone with some U-bends</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Tube bending</b> is any <a href="/wiki/Metal_forming" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal forming">metal forming</a> processes used to permanently form <a href="/wiki/Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)" title="Pipe (fluid conveyance)">pipes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tubing_(material)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubing (material)">tubing</a>. Tube bending may be form-bound or use freeform-bending procedures, and it may use heat supported or cold forming procedures. </p><p>Form bound bending procedures like “press bending” or “rotary draw bending” are used to form the work piece into the shape of a <a href="/wiki/Die_(manufacturing)" title="Die (manufacturing)">die</a>. Straight tube stock can be formed using a bending machine to create a variety of single or multiple bends and to shape the piece into the desired form. These processes can be used to form complex shapes out of different types of ductile metal tubing.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Freeform-bending processes, like three-roll-pushbending, shape the workpiece kinematically, thus the bending contour is not dependent on the tool geometry. </p><p>Generally, round stock is used in tube bending. However, square and rectangular tubes and pipes may also be bent to meet job specifications. Other factors involved in the bending process are the wall thickness, tooling and lubricants needed by the pipe and tube bender to best shape the material, and the different ways the tube may be used (tube, pipe wires). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geometry">Geometry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tube_bending&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geometry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A tube can be bent in multiple directions and angles. Common simple bends consist of forming elbows, which are 90° bends, and U-bends, which are 180° bends. More complex geometries include multiple two-dimensional (2D) bends and three-dimensional (3D) bends. A 2D tube has the openings on the same plane; a 3D has openings on different planes. </p><p>A two plane bend or compound bend is defined as a compound bend that has a bend in the plan view and a bend in the elevation. When calculating a two plane bend, one must know the bend angle and rotation (dihedral angle). </p><p>One side effect of bending the workpiece is the wall thickness changes; the wall along the inner radius of the tube becomes thicker and the outer wall becomes thinner. To reduce this the tube may be supported internally and or externally to preserve the <a href="/wiki/Cross_section_(geometry)" title="Cross section (geometry)">cross section</a>. Depending on the bend angle, wall thickness, and bending process the inside of the wall may wrinkle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Processes">Processes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tube_bending&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Processes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tube bending as a process starts with loading a tube into a tube or pipe bender and clamping it into place between two dies, the clamping block and the forming die. The tube is also loosely held by two other dies, the wiper die and the pressure die. </p><p>The process of tube bending involves using mechanical force to push stock material pipe or tubing against a die, forcing the pipe or tube to conform to the shape of the die. Often, stock tubing is held firmly in place while the end is rotated and rolled around the die. Other forms of processing including pushing stock through rollers that bend it into a simple curve.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For some tube bending processing, a <a href="/wiki/Mandrel" title="Mandrel">mandrel</a> is placed inside the tube to prevent collapsing. The tube is held in tension by a wiper die to prevent any creasing during stress. A wiper die is usually made of a softer alloy such as aluminum or brass to avoid scratching or damaging the material being bent. </p><p>Much of the tooling is made of hardened steel or tool steel to maintain and prolong the tool's life. However, when there is a concern of scratching or gouging the work piece, a softer material such as aluminum or bronze is utilized. For example, the clamping block, rotating form block and pressure die are often formed from hardened steel because the tubing is not moving past these parts of the machine. The pressure die and the wiping die are formed from aluminum or bronze to maintain the shape and surface of the work piece as it slides by. </p><p>Pipe bending machines are typically human powered, pneumatic powered, <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic">hydraulic</a> assisted, hydraulic driven, or electric servomotor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Press_bending">Press bending</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tube_bending&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Press bending"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Press bending is probably the first bending process used on cold pipes and tubing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In this process a die in the shape of the bend is pressed against the pipe forcing the pipe to fit the shape of the bend. Because the pipe is not supported internally there is some deformation of the shape of the pipe, resulting in an oval cross section. This process is used where a consistent cross section of the pipe is not required. Although a single die can produce various shapes, it only works for one size tube and radius. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rotary_draw_bending">Rotary draw bending</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tube_bending&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rotary draw bending"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Full_tooling_for_rotary_draw_bending.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Full_tooling_for_rotary_draw_bending.jpg/220px-Full_tooling_for_rotary_draw_bending.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Full_tooling_for_rotary_draw_bending.jpg/330px-Full_tooling_for_rotary_draw_bending.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Full_tooling_for_rotary_draw_bending.jpg/440px-Full_tooling_for_rotary_draw_bending.jpg 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="613" /></a><figcaption>Full tooling for rotary draw bending</figcaption></figure> <p>Rotary draw bending (RDB) is a precise technology, since it bends using tooling or "die sets" which have a constant center line radius (CLR), alternatively indicated as mean bending radius (Rm). Rotary draw benders can be programmable to store multiple bend jobs with varying degrees of bending. Often a positioning index table (IDX) is attached to the bender allowing the operator to reproduce complex bends which can have multiple bends and differing planes. </p><p>Rotary draw benders are the most popular machines for use in bending tube, pipe and solids for applications like: <a href="/wiki/Handrail" title="Handrail">handrails</a>, frames, motor vehicle <a href="/wiki/Roll_cage" title="Roll cage">roll cages</a>, handles, lines and much more. Rotary draw benders create aesthetically pleasing bends when the right tooling is matched to the application. CNC rotary draw bending machines can be very complex and use sophisticated tooling to produce severe bends with high quality requirements. </p><p>The complete tooling is required only for high-precision bending of difficult-to-bend tubes with relatively large OD/t (diameter/thickness) ratio and relatively small ratio between the mean bending radius Rm and OD.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of axial boosting either on the tube free end or on the pressure die is useful to prevent excessive thinning and collapse of the extrados of the tube. The mandrel, with or without ball with spherical links, is mostly used to prevent wrinkles and ovalization. For relatively easy bending processes (that is, as the difficulty factor BF decreases), the tooling can be progressively simplified, eliminating the need for the axial assist, the mandrel, and the wiper die (which mostly prevents wrinkling). Furthermore, in some particular cases, the standard tooling must be modified in order to meet specific requirements of the products. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roll_bending">Roll bending</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tube_bending&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Roll bending"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roll_bending" class="mw-redirect" title="Roll bending">Roll bending</a></div> <p>During the roll bending process the pipe, extrusion, or solid is passed through a series of rollers (typically three) that apply pressure to the pipe gradually changing the bend radius in the pipe. The pyramid style roll benders have one moving roll, usually the top roll. Double pinch type roll benders have two adjustable rolls, usually the bottom rolls, and a fixed top roll. This method of bending causes very little deformation in the cross section of the pipe. This process is suited to producing coils of pipe as well as long gentle bends like those used in truss systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Three-roll_push_bending">Three-roll push bending</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tube_bending&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Three-roll push bending"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_roll_push_bending_process.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Three_roll_push_bending_process.jpg/220px-Three_roll_push_bending_process.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Three_roll_push_bending_process.jpg/330px-Three_roll_push_bending_process.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Three_roll_push_bending_process.jpg/440px-Three_roll_push_bending_process.jpg 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption>Three-roll push bending process</figcaption></figure> <p>Three-roll push bending (TRPB) is the most commonly used freeform-bending process to manufacture bending geometries consisting of several plane bending curves. Nevertheless, 3D-shaping is possible. The profile is guided between bending-roll and supporting-roll(s), while being pushed through the tools. The position of the forming-roll defines the bending radius. The bending point is the tangent-point between tube and bending-roll. To change the bending plane, the pusher rotates the tube around its longitudinal axis. Generally, a TRPB tool kit can be applied on a conventional <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Rotary_draw_bending">rotary draw bending</a> machine. The process is very flexible since with a unique tool set, several bending radii values Rm can be obtained, although the geometrical precision of the process is not comparable to <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Rotary_draw_bending">rotary draw bending</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bending contours defined as spline- or polynomial-functions can be manufactured.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Simple_three-roll_bending">Simple three-roll bending</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tube_bending&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Simple three-roll bending"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three roll bending of tubes and open profiles can also be performed with simpler machines, often semi-automatic and non CNC controlled, able to feed the tube into the bending zone by friction. These machines have often a vertical layout, i.e. the three rolls lie on a vertical plane. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Induction_bending">Induction bending</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tube_bending&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Induction bending"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An induction coil is placed around a small section of the pipe at the bend point. It is then induction heated to between 800 and 2,200 degrees Fahrenheit (430 and 1,200 C). While the pipe is hot, pressure is placed on the pipe to bend it. The pipe can then be quenched with either air or water spray or be cooled against ambient air. </p><p>Induction bending is used to produce bends for a wide range of applications, such as (thin walled) pipe lines for both the upstream and down stream and on- and off shore segments of the petrochemical industry, large radius structural parts for the construction industry, thick walled, short radius bends for the power generating industry and city heating systems. </p><p>Big advantages of induction bending are: </p> <ul><li>no need for mandrels</li> <li>bend radii and angles (1°-180°) can be freely selected</li> <li>highly accurate bend radii and angles</li> <li>accurate pipe spools can easily be produced</li> <li>significant savings can be obtained on field welds</li> <li>wide range of pipe sizes can be accommodated in one machine (1” OD thru 80”OD)</li> <li>excellent wall thinning and ovality values</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Packing">Packing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tube_bending&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Packing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ice_packing">Ice packing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tube_bending&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ice packing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pipe is filled with a water solution, frozen, and bent while cold. The solute (soap can be used) makes the ice flexible. This technique is used to make trombones.<sup id="cite_ref-fab1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fab1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pitch_packing">Pitch packing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tube_bending&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pitch packing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A similar techniques using pitch was formerly used, but discontinued because the pitch was hard to clean out without excessive heat.<sup id="cite_ref-fab1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fab1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sand-packing/hot-slab_forming"><span id="Sand-packing.2Fhot-slab_forming"></span>Sand-packing/hot-slab forming</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tube_bending&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sand-packing/hot-slab forming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the sand packing process the pipe is filled with fine sand and the ends are capped. The filled pipe is heated in a furnace to 1,600 °F (870 °C) or higher. Then it is placed on a slab with pins set in it, and bent around the pins using a winch, crane, or some other mechanical force. The sand in the pipe minimizes distortion in the pipe cross section. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mandrels"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Mandrel"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Mandrel</span></span>s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tube_bending&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mandrels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A mandrel is a steel rod or linked ball inserted into the tube while it is being bent to give the tube extra support to reduce wrinkling and breaking the tube during this process. The different types of mandrels are as follows. </p> <ul><li>Plug mandrel: a solid rod used on normal bends</li> <li>Form mandrel: a solid rod with curved end used on bend when more support is needed</li> <li>Ball mandrel without cable: unlinked steel ball bearings inserted into tube, used on critical and precise bends</li> <li>Ball mandrel with cable: linked ball bearings inserted into tube, used on critical bend and precise bends</li> <li>Sand: sand packed into tube</li></ul> <p>In production of a product where the bend is not critical a plug mandrel can be used. A form type tapers the end of the mandrel to provide more support in the bend of the tube. When precise bending is needed a ball mandrel (or ball mandrel with steel cable) should be used. The conjoined ball-like disks are inserted into the tubing to allow for bending while maintaining the same diameter throughout. Other styles include using sand, cerrobend, or frozen water. These allow for a somewhat constant diameter while providing an inexpensive alternative to the aforementioned styles. </p><p>Performance automotive or motorcycle <a href="/wiki/Exhaust_pipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Exhaust pipe">exhaust pipe</a> is a common application for a mandrel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bending_springs">Bending springs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tube_bending&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bending springs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These are strong but flexible springs inserted into a pipe to support the pipe walls during manual bending. They have diameters only slightly less than the internal diameter of the pipe to be bent. They are only suitable for bending 15-and-22 mm (0.6-and-0.9 in) soft copper pipe (typically used in household plumbing) or PVC pipe. </p><p>The spring is pushed into the pipe until its center is roughly where the bend is to be. A length of flexible wire can be attached to the end of the spring to facilitate its removal. The pipe is generally held against the flexed knee, and the ends of the pipe are pulled up to create the bend. To make it easier to retrieve the spring from the pipe, it is a good idea to bend the pipe slightly more than required, and then slacken it off a little. Springs are less cumbersome than rotary benders, but are not suitable for bending short lengths of piping when it is difficult to get the required leverage on the pipe ends. </p><p>Bending springs for smaller diameter pipes (10 mm copper pipe) slide over the pipe instead of inside. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tube_bending&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bending" title="Bending">Bending</a> (mechanics)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bending_machine_(manufacturing)" title="Bending machine (manufacturing)">Bending machine (manufacturing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brake_(sheet_metal_bending)" title="Brake (sheet metal bending)">Brake (sheet metal bending)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_Back_Compensation" title="Spring Back Compensation">Spring Back Compensation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tube_bending&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFToddAllenAlting1994" class="citation cs2">Todd, Robert H.; Allen, Dell K.; Alting, Leo (1994), <i>Manufacturing Processes Reference Guide</i> (1st ed.), Industrial Press Inc., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8311-3049-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8311-3049-7"><bdi>978-0-8311-3049-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manufacturing+Processes+Reference+Guide&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Industrial+Press+Inc.&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8311-3049-7&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft.au=Allen%2C+Dell+K.&rft.au=Alting%2C+Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATube+bending" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.listertube.com/links/tube-bending-design-guide/"><i>Pipe Bending Guide</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-24</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pipe+Bending+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.listertube.com%2Flinks%2Ftube-bending-design-guide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATube+bending" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMentellaStrano,_M.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Mentella, A.; Strano, M. (10 October 2011). "Rotary draw bending of small diameter copper tubes: predicting the quality of the cross-section". <i>Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture</i>. <b>226</b> (2): 267–278. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0954405411416306">10.1177/0954405411416306</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:110467253">110467253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Institution+of+Mechanical+Engineers%2C+Part+B%3A+Journal+of+Engineering+Manufacture&rft.atitle=Rotary+draw+bending+of+small+diameter+copper+tubes%3A+predicting+the+quality+of+the+cross-section&rft.volume=226&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=267-278&rft.date=2011-10-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0954405411416306&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A110467253%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mentella&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Strano%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATube+bending" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStranoB.M._ColosimoE._Del_Castillo2011" class="citation book cs1">Strano, Matteo; B.M. Colosimo; E. Del Castillo (2011). "Improved design of a three roll tube bending process under geometrical uncertainties". <i>The 14th International ESAFORM Conference on Material Forming: ESAFORM 2011</i>. AIP Conference Proceedings. Vol. 1353. pp. 35–40. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AIPC.1353...35S">2011AIPC.1353...35S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.3589488">10.1063/1.3589488</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Improved+design+of+a+three+roll+tube+bending+process+under+geometrical+uncertainties&rft.btitle=The+14th+International+ESAFORM+Conference+on+Material+Forming%3A+ESAFORM+2011&rft.series=AIP+Conference+Proceedings&rft.pages=35-40&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.3589488&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011AIPC.1353...35S&rft.aulast=Strano&rft.aufirst=Matteo&rft.au=B.M.+Colosimo&rft.au=E.+Del+Castillo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATube+bending" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngelKerstenAnders2011" class="citation cs2">Engel, B.; Kersten, S.; Anders, D. (2011), "Spline-Interpolation and Calculation of Machine Parameters for the Three-Roll-Pushbending of Spline-Contours", <i>Steel Research International</i>, <b>82</b> (10): 1180–1186, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fsrin.201100077">10.1002/srin.201100077</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:136452513">136452513</a>.</cite><span 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