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This collection of twenty-one carefully selected essays is remarkable both in the depth of its scholarship and the breadth of its subjects. Moving with ease across the centuries, Momigliano supplements powerful readings of writers in the Greek, Jewish, and Roman traditions, such as Tacitus and Polybius, with writings that focus on later historians, such as Vico and Croce. Charmingly written and concise, these pieces range from review essays reprinted from the New York Review of Books to treatises on the nature of historical scholarship. Essays in Ancient and Modern Historiography is a brilliant reminder of Momigliano’s profound knowledge of classical civilization and his gift for deftly handling prose. 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Momigliano\u0026#39;s interests in this period ranged widely, from the history of the Roman Empire and that of the Jews in the Hellenistic period to the development of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR17","page_number":"xvii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslated\u003c/b\u003e for this collection by Mrs Judith Landry . The \u003cb\u003etranslations\u003c/b\u003e were revised by Dr T. J. Cornell who also helped me in other ways . Each essay must be read with its original date of publication in mind . As a rule , no attempt is\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA1","page_number":"1","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslated\u003c/b\u003e his book into English . In the specific field of history of philosophy there was little to match Bosanquet\u0026#39;s History of Aesthetic ( as Croce reluctantly admitted ) or Burnet\u0026#39;s much - admired Early Greek Philosophy . The\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA2","page_number":"2","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslation\u003c/b\u003e of the book on religious liberty by Francesco Ruffini had shown that this interest was reciprocated . The masters of the Law Faculty set their pupils and , literally , their sons to work on themes of English origin and sent\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA10","page_number":"10","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslate\u003c/b\u003e it into our own language . But if we succeed , we shall have established a bridge to minds worth knowing . These men can explain themselves directly to us by their own words ; and we do our part by commenting on their words\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA13","page_number":"13","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslating\u003c/b\u003e foreign books into Greek . The Septuagint \u003cb\u003etranslation\u003c/b\u003e of the Bible was almost certainly performed by Jews on their private initiative and only later attributed to the initiative of Ptolemy II Philadelphus . All the evidence\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA14","page_number":"14","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslated\u003c/b\u003e into Greek ( by a grandson of the original author ) in the second century B.C. If Ecclesiastes belongs to the third or second century B.C. , it can give us the measure of the sophistication with which a Jew could react to the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA15","page_number":"15","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslated\u003c/b\u003e the Odyssey and composed the first comedy and the first tragedy in Latin , had perhaps no choice : he was brought to Rome as a slave . But Polybius had a choice , even if limited . He came to Rome as a hostage in 167 B.C. and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA19","page_number":"19","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslated\u003c/b\u003e for his library.4 Much has been made of the story of the Dinkart ( itself a ninth - century document ) that the \u0026#39; evil destined villain Alexander \u0026#39; had the Avesta \u003cb\u003etranslated\u003c/b\u003e into Greek.5 When , however , one asks what was\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA20","page_number":"20","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslations\u003c/b\u003e from Oriental languages were mainly forgeries by writers in Greek . What circulated in Greek under the names of Zoroaster , Hystaspes , Thoth and even Abraham was quite simply faked , though no doubt some of the writings\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA22","page_number":"22","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslating\u003c/b\u003e the Bible , the Jews presented their national history in chap- ters full of memorable episodes . The Christians added new chapters and memorable new episodes in the New Testament . Thus to become a Jewish or Christian\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA28","page_number":"28","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslations\u003c/b\u003e into Aramaic . It is known , for instance , that an Aramaic version of the Behistun inscription was read by the Jews of Elephantine in Egypt more or less at the time of Ezra and Nehemiah.14 But something remains which at\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA32","page_number":"32","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslations\u003c/b\u003e or presumptive \u003cb\u003etranslations\u003c/b\u003e of Eastern inscriptions as best he could , such as that of Sesostris ( Book II , 106 ) , or of the Pyra- mids ( Book II , 125 ) . Furthermore , he used documents of Persian origin whose nature is\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA44","page_number":"44","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslated\u003c/b\u003e Demosthenian eloquence into history . Demo- chares \u0026#39; Tappηoía is connected with the libertas of Tacitus , however tenuous the historical link between the two . Like Tacitus , Demochares was suspicious of philosophy ( which he\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA69","page_number":"69","snippet_text":"Arnaldo Momigliano. will be pronounced upon my own country \u0026quot; . ( \u003cb\u003eTranslated\u003c/b\u003e by W. R. Paton , Loeb Library edition . ) Having decided that it was foolish to question Rome\u0026#39;s rise to world power , Polybius saw deeply enough into his own\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA77","page_number":"77","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslation\u003c/b\u003e by N. Perotti did not make sense to him as a piece of technical writing . The recent publication of the \u0026#39; Book of War \u0026#39; by a third Nassau , Johann von Nassau - Siegen ( 1561-1623 ) , adds a fascinating document to this\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA80","page_number":"80","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslations\u003c/b\u003e by Romulus Amasaeus and Abramus Loescher which appeared respectively in 1547 and 1550 . Scholars of the second part of the sixteenth century could not fail to be touched by the decree of the Megalopolitans which praised\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA81","page_number":"81","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslation\u003c/b\u003e of Polybius ( a partial text of Book VI ) , Janus Lascaris in 1529 , did so in response to the increasing interest by Italian scholars and politicians in this author . How the MSS . of Polybius reached Italy is only\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA82","page_number":"82","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslation\u003c/b\u003e from Polybius , I - II , 35 . - 8 J. E. Sandys a name one always utters with respect - thought he had found some evidence that about 1403 Pier Paolo Vergerio had chosen Polybius as an example of a Greek historian who knew\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA83","page_number":"83","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslation\u003c/b\u003e of Books I - II , 35 by Polybius . He intended to write history , more precisely that history of the first Punic War and of the Gallic War 225-222 B.C. which was missing in Livy . It must 83 POLYBIUS \u0026#39; REAPPEARANCE IN\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA84","page_number":"84","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslation\u003c/b\u003e of Plutarch\u0026#39;s life of Marc Antony - perhaps before 1405 : In historia vero , in qua nulla est inventio ... \u003cb\u003etranslations\u003c/b\u003e or paraphrases of ancient texts : his Commentaria rerum graecarum of 1439 are a paraphrase of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA85","page_number":"85","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslated\u003c/b\u003e Poly- bius \u0026#39; Book I , Bruni knew what Polybius thought about the bias of Fabius Pictor and Philinus ... \u003cb\u003etranslation\u003c/b\u003e of Aristotle\u0026#39;s Politics . From Aristotle he derived the interpretation of the Florentine constitution as\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA86","page_number":"86","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslation\u003c/b\u003e of Basilius . Plutarch and Polybius were his authors . The allusion of Sicco Polenton to him is obvious : Ptolemy had been \u003cb\u003etranslated\u003c/b\u003e by one of Bruni\u0026#39;s fellow students under Chrysoloras , Giacomo da Scarparia . The new\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA87","page_number":"87","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslation\u003c/b\u003e of it was as yet in circulation . Machiavelli did not have to go far to learn about the cycle of the constitutions . There is no need to suppose that he had to wait for Janus Lascaris or anybody else to come to Florence to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA88","page_number":"88","snippet_text":"Arnaldo Momigliano. the mystery of the missing \u003cb\u003etranslation\u003c/b\u003e ( Studies in the Renaissance 3 , 1956 , pp . 75-96 ) ... \u003cb\u003etranslations\u003c/b\u003e of the military chapters of Book VI multiply . There are at least four between 1525 and 1550. One was\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA89","page_number":"89","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslation\u003c/b\u003e of the Excerpta which he had promised . \u0026#39; Giorgio greco \u0026#39; , that is , Giorgio Balsamone who used to check Cavalcanti\u0026#39;s \u003cb\u003etranslations\u003c/b\u003e of Polybius word by word , died about that time.30 Certainly no one was in any hurry to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA90","page_number":"90","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslation\u003c/b\u003e of Books I - V in 1545 ( ? ) and of Book VI in 1546 ( ? ) . The Italian \u003cb\u003etranslation\u003c/b\u003e by L. Domenichi , notori- ously incompetent , belongs to the same year , 1546. The English came a bad third in 1568 with a meagre\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA91","page_number":"91","snippet_text":"Arnaldo Momigliano. them . He lacked style , but \u003cb\u003etranslation\u003c/b\u003e into Latin would improve him . About 1550 Benedetto Varchi declared in the \u0026#39; Proemio \u0026#39; to the Storia Fiorentina : \u0026#39; Polibio , il quale de \u0026#39; Greci avemo preso a dover imitare\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA93","page_number":"93","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslation\u003c/b\u003e of that section of Polybius was un- reliable and had another \u003cb\u003etranslation\u003c/b\u003e made by Volrat von Plessen.38 Approved as a pragmatic historian of the highest competence by Bodin , presented to the ruling classes as an authority on\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA94","page_number":"94","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslation\u003c/b\u003e of Polybius by Sir H. S [ hears ] in 1693. Dryden , like Casaubon , is still concerned with the question ... \u003cb\u003etranslated\u003c/b\u003e into Latin by the middle of the fifteenth century , his reputation as a historian and as a\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA96","page_number":"96","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslation\u003c/b\u003e of a lost ( ? ) Italian trans- lation of the first book of Polybius by P. C. Decembrio ( perhaps based on the Latin \u003cb\u003etranslation\u003c/b\u003e by L. Bruni ) . 19. Ed . C. F. Neumann , Frankfurt , 1822 ; L. W. Hasper , Leipzig , 1861 . 20\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA98","page_number":"98","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslation\u003c/b\u003e had reached England in the fifteenth century : R. Weiss , Humanism in England2 , Oxford , 1957 , p . 152 . 40. H. Grotii et aliorum De omni genere studiorum recte instituendo dissertationes , Lugduni Batavorum , 1637 , p\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA109","page_number":"109","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslated\u003c/b\u003e . \u0026#39; The story may remind us of two facts . The first is that there was a time in which the New Testament was only avail- able in Greek . The second and more important is that at that time it was as difficult as it is now to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA111","page_number":"111","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslations\u003c/b\u003e ( another was incorporated in the Chronographer of 354 ) , it was his purpose to show \u0026#39; quae divisio ... \u003cb\u003etranslation\u003c/b\u003e . Both versions reflect the inevitable vagaries of Eusebius \u0026#39; mind to whom chronology was something\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA112","page_number":"112","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslated\u003c/b\u003e into Greek by a friend of Libanius and began his momentous career in the Byzantine world . There can be few other Latin authors able to boast of at least three successive \u003cb\u003etranslations\u003c/b\u003e into Greek . -- In their characteristic\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA114","page_number":"114","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslated\u003c/b\u003e into Latin.21 The question then arises whether the Christians became the masters of the field also on the higher level of original historical writing and whether here , too , they confirmed their capacity for assimilating\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA121","page_number":"121","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslated\u003c/b\u003e as History of the Roman people . It includes a history of Roman origins from Saturnus to the murder of Remus , a collection of short biographies from Romulus to Augustus ( the so - called De viris illustribus ) , and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA124","page_number":"124","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslated\u003c/b\u003e with introduction and notes , London , 1928 ; reprint , 1954 , ii , p . 332. Cf. S. Liebermann , Ann ... \u003cb\u003etranslation\u003c/b\u003e , 1928 ; H. Edmonds , Zweite Auflagen im Altertum , Leipzig , 1941 , pp . 25-45 ( with bibliography )\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA125","page_number":"125","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslated\u003c/b\u003e in Bibl . Class . Orient . , v , 1960 , pp . 93-110 , and A. I. Dovatur , V.D.I. quoted , pp . 245-56 . I am not moved by the arguments of J. Schwartz , Bull . Fac . Lettres Strasbourg , xl , 1961 , pp . 169-76 . Further bibl\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA126","page_number":"126","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslation\u003c/b\u003e of the life of St Anthony by R. T. Meyer , Ancient Christian Writers , x , 1950 . 27. The Vitae sophistarum are now to be read in the edition by G. Giangrande , Rome , 1956 . 28. It will be enough to refer to the two well\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA127","page_number":"127","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslated\u003c/b\u003e and imitated Greek works . Yet any careful observer of the contemporary scene would easily have ... \u003cb\u003etranslation\u003c/b\u003e of Ammianus by the late Sara Dvoretzky , Bialik Institute , Jerusalem , 1974 . The historian of Latin\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA132","page_number":"132","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslate\u003c/b\u003e Greek for his benefit . \u0026quot; The letter is directed to a historian who was trying eloquence ; why should he be Ammianus ? It is a poor substitute to have Symmachus \u0026#39; father favour- ably mentioned by Ammianus ( 27 , 3 , 3 )\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA179","page_number":"179","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslation\u003c/b\u003e of the difficult Hebrew text is irrelevant to our point . ) The same priestly author speaks of the first , second , third day , and so forth . \u0026#39; The wrath do thou sing , o goddess , of Peleus \u0026#39; son , Achilles sing thou\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA182","page_number":"182","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslate\u003c/b\u003e xpóvos \u0026#39; ; and as von Rad reiterates , \u0026#39; Für unseren abendländischen Begriff \u0026quot; Zeit \u0026quot; hat das Hebräische überhaupt kein Wort \u0026#39; . Consequently the Jews are allegedly unable to formulate the abstract notion of chronological\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA184","page_number":"184","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslation\u003c/b\u003e into a different system of signs about time to be intelli- gible to the modern mind . Finally , there is the third and most publicized difference between the cyclical thinking of the Greeks about time and the non - cyclical\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA197","page_number":"197","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslated\u003c/b\u003e as Hebrew Thought Compared with Greek , London , 1960 , in Rivista Storica Italiana , 74 , 1962 , pp . 603-7 , now reprinted in Terzo Contributo alla Storia degli Studi Classici , Rome , 1966 , pp . 757–62 . Subsequently I\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA198","page_number":"198","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslation\u003c/b\u003e ( Cristo e il tempo , Bologna , 1964 ) contains an im- portant introduction by B. Ulianich with ... \u003cb\u003etranslated\u003c/b\u003e in Man and Time , Papers from the Eranos Yearbooks , London , 1958 ) . 8. The notion of Semitic rhythmical\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA199","page_number":"199","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslation\u003c/b\u003e : Cosmos and History , New York , 1959 ) . 13. It will be enough to refer to some of those French scholars who have contributed so outstandingly to the interpretation of St Augustine : J. Guitton , Le temps et l\u0026#39;éternité\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA203","page_number":"203","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslation\u003c/b\u003e Oral Tradition , London , 1965. For contemporary discussions. 46. French sociologists have a proud record of research on the notions of time and memory , which starts with H. Hubert and M. Mauss , \u0026#39; La représentation du temps\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA204","page_number":"204","snippet_text":"Arnaldo Momigliano. \u003cb\u003etranslation\u003c/b\u003e Oral Tradition , London , 1965. For contemporary discussions of the theoretical ambiguities about time , which may perhaps be taken to start with the Göttingen lectures by E. Husserl in 1905 , Zur\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA211","page_number":"211","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslated\u003c/b\u003e into English , 1642 ) ; the Considerazioni sopra Cornelio Tacito by Pio Mutio ( 1623 ) , etc. , etc. The theoretically im- portant Quaestiones ac discursus in duos primos libros annalium , by P. A. Canonherius ( 1609 ) belong\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA215","page_number":"215","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslated\u003c/b\u003e from Italian into French a eulogy \u0026#39; della gran Caterina de \u0026#39; Medici reina di Francia \u0026#39; , 48 but did not write the eulogy of Elias Vinet , the great editor of Ausonius , which is usually attributed to him.49 His literary\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA224","page_number":"224","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslation\u003c/b\u003e of De Constantia , Rutgers University Press , New Jersey , 1939 , is good yet not exhaustive ) . Tacitus explained to him the misery of contemporary politics , but Stoicism was a faith he jealously preserved throughout the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA229","page_number":"229","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslated\u003c/b\u003e Pibrac into Italian for Catherine de \u0026#39; Medici ( probably his unsavoury apology for Saint - Bartholomew ) . Cf. R. Calderini de Marchi , J. Corbinelli et les érudits français , Milan , 1914 , p . 57 , n . 2 , 59 ; also P\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA244","page_number":"244","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslation\u003c/b\u003e by J. Schefferus , De quaestione num Aeneas unquam fuerit in Italia in appendix to S. Bochart , Geographia Sacra , Francofurti , 1674. Cluverius wrote : \u0026#39; Merum igitur figmentum est quod post Homerum sive poetae sive\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA253","page_number":"253","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslation\u003c/b\u003e of Vico\u0026#39;s Scienza Nuova was about to appear , his enthusiasm was unbounded : \u0026#39; L\u0026#39;Inglese è una lingua onesta . Di Vico non rimarrà nulla \u0026#39; . This was the protest by an Italian positivist against the use and abuse of Vico in\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA275","page_number":"275","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslation\u003c/b\u003e by T. G. Bergin and M. H. Fisch , Ithaca , 1948 , now reprinted in an abridged and revised version with a new important introduction ( Anchor Books , Garden City , N.Y. , 1961 ) . 21. Notwithstanding F. Nicolini , Commento\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA284","page_number":"284","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslated\u003c/b\u003e into Latin and Italian and made a profound im- pression everywhere . Bacchini was of course one of the first to praise it in his Giornale . It cannot be by chance that just in those years of hope and excitement he persuaded\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA295","page_number":"295","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslation\u003c/b\u003e of the Griechische Kulturgeschichte , Sansoni , Florence , 1955. We omit the \u0026#39; Appendice critico - bibliografica \u0026#39; reprinted in Secondo Contributo , 1960 , pp . 293- 8 . and which were later published posthumously with the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA303","page_number":"303","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslated\u003c/b\u003e into the sociological language current at the time . The specialists themselves ended by accepting the judgement of the educated public and were won over to admiration for Burckhardt . Some of his ideas , such as those of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA311","page_number":"311","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslated\u003c/b\u003e into French by A. Bouché - Leclercq , that started the great revival of studies in the political and institutional history of the Hellenistic period in the last decades of the nineteenth century and in the early twentieth\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA314","page_number":"314","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslating\u003c/b\u003e , interpreting , popularizing Attic literature , and clearly considered it the centre of his emotional life . While he was intellectually convinced that Providence had guided mankind along the path of Hellenism in order to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA326","page_number":"326","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslation\u003c/b\u003e by P. Bonfante and C. Longo ( 1906 ) of the Grundriss der ethnologischen Jurisprudenz by A. H. Post ( 1894-5 ) . But it originated with H. S. Maine\u0026#39;s Ancient Law ( 1861 ) in England , and the Cité antique by Fustel in France\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA327","page_number":"327","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslation\u003c/b\u003e of the Cité antique by G. Perrotta ( 1924 ) was inevitably affected by the bias of its author , who believed on the one hand that Fustel had never read either Niebuhr or Mommsen , and on the other hand that he had \u0026#39; found\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA333","page_number":"333","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslation\u003c/b\u003e , and probably on E.-L. Burnouf , Essai sur le Vêda ( 1863 ) . Fustel therefore believed that he had arrived at the origins of human society and that he was giving an explanation of the institution of pro- perty which on the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA341","page_number":"341","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslated\u003c/b\u003e into Italian a second time in the same years by G. E. Calapaj ( Laterza , Bari , 1925 ) . The most interesting German review of the original publication of 1864 is possibly that by F. Liebrecht , Götting . Gel . Anz . , 1865\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA353","page_number":"353","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etranslated\u003c/b\u003e under Croce\u0026#39;s auspices , was impounded by the police . Croce saw himself as a Thrasea Paetus or a Boethius in a time of tyranny and barbarism . He expected the end of Fascism to come not from the hands of men , but from\u0026nbsp;..."}],"search_query_escaped":"translation"},{});</script></div></div></div><script>(function() {var href = window.location.href;if (href.indexOf('?') !== -1) {var parameters = href.split('?')[1].split('&');for (var i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {var param = parameters[i].split('=');if (param[0] == 'focus') {var elem = document.getElementById(param[1]);if (elem) {elem.focus();}}}}})();</script>