CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Hermaphrodite - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"a621ddf6-9271-441d-86c7-5459d987a102","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Hermaphrodite","wgTitle":"Hermaphrodite","wgCurRevisionId":1274906430,"wgRevisionId":1274906430,"wgArticleId":18611260, "wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Hermaphrodite","wgRelevantArticleId":18611260,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true,"wgMFScriptPath":"", "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"am","autonym":"አማርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"an","autonym":"aragonés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"arz","autonym":"مصرى","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ast","autonym":"asturianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym":"अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym":"Aymar aru","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"azb","autonym":"تۆرکجه","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ba","autonym":"башҡортса","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bar","autonym":"Boarisch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bcl","autonym":"Bikol Central","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"be","autonym":"беларуская","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bg","autonym":"български","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bn","autonym":"বাংলা","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym":"বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm", "autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo","autonym":"閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ce","autonym":"нохчийн","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ceb","autonym":"Cebuano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ckb","autonym":"کوردی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"de","autonym":"Deutsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"diq","autonym":"Zazaki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym": "Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fo","autonym":"føroyskt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frr","autonym":"Nordfriisk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fy","autonym":"Frysk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gcr","autonym":"kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gl","autonym":"galego","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym": "गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gu","autonym":"ગુજરાતી","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ha","autonym":"Hausa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hak","autonym":"客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hif","autonym":"Fiji Hindi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hr","autonym":"hrvatski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hu","autonym":"magyar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ia","autonym":"interlingua","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym":"Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ilo","autonym":"Ilokano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"io","autonym":"Ido","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"it","autonym":"italiano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jv","autonym":"Jawa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ka","autonym":"ქართული","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp","autonym":"Kabɩyɛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kk","autonym":"қазақша","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kn","autonym":"ಕನ್ನಡ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"knc","autonym":"Yerwa Kanuri" ,"dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ku","autonym":"kurdî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kw","autonym":"kernowek","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ky","autonym":"кыргызча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"li","autonym":"Limburgs","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lmo","autonym":"lombard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym":"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym": "मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mg","autonym":"Malagasy","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"min","autonym":"Minangkabau","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ml","autonym":"മലയാളം","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mn","autonym":"монгол","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mwl","autonym":"Mirandés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"my","autonym":"မြန်မာဘာသာ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mzn","autonym":"مازِرونی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr" },{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds","autonym":"Plattdüütsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym":"Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"oc","autonym":"occitan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym":"ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"os","autonym":"ирон","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pa","autonym":"ਪੰਜਾਬੀ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"} ,{"lang":"pcd","autonym":"Picard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pms","autonym":"Piemontèis","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pnb","autonym":"پنجابی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"qu","autonym":"Runa Simi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ro","autonym":"română","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rue","autonym":"русиньскый","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sah","autonym":"саха тыла","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sc","autonym":"sardu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"scn","autonym":"sicilianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sco","autonym": "Scots","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"se","autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"si","autonym":"සිංහල","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sq","autonym":"shqip","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"su","autonym":"Sunda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym" :"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"te","autonym":"తెలుగు","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tig","autonym":"ትግሬ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tt","autonym":"татарча / tatarça","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"udm","autonym":"удмурт","dir":"ltr"}, {"lang":"ur","autonym":"اردو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"uz","autonym":"oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vec","autonym":"vèneto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vep","autonym":"vepsän kel’","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vls","autonym":"West-Vlams","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wa","autonym":"walon","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"war","autonym":"Winaray","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wuu","autonym":"吴语","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xmf","autonym":"მარგალური","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yi","autonym":"ייִדיש","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"yo","autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym": "ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","knc","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln", "lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tig","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId": "Q303479","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready", "skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.15"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Snails_mating.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="886"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Snails_mating.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="591"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Snails_mating.jpg/640px-Snails_mating.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="473"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="Hermaphrodite - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Hermaphrodite&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermaphrodite"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Hermaphrodite rootpage-Hermaphrodite stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"><div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"> <a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"> <input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="/wiki/Main_Page" data-mw="interface"> Home </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="/wiki/Special:Random" data-mw="interface"> Random </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="/wiki/Special:Nearby" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> Nearby </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor mw-list-item menu__item--login" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hermaphrodite" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> Log in </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=Hermaphrodite" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> Settings </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en&wmf_key=minerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> Donate </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" data-mw="interface"> About Wikipedia </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" data-mw="interface"> Disclaimers </a> </li> </ul> </div> <label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hermaphrodite</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Hermaphrodite" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hermaphrodite" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Hermaphrodite&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hermaphrodite (disambiguation)">Hermaphrodite (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex people</a> or <a href="/wiki/Intersex_(biology)" title="Intersex (biology)">Intersex (biology)</a>.</div> A hermaphrodite (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/hərˈmæfrəˌdaɪt/</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexually reproducing</a> <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organism</a> that produces both <a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">male</a> and <a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">female</a> <a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">gametes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Avise-2011-1">[1]</a> Animal species in which individuals are either male or female are <a href="/wiki/Gonochorism" title="Gonochorism">gonochoric</a>, which is the opposite of hermaphroditic.<a href="#cite_note-Holub-2020-2">[2]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snails_mating.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Snails_mating.jpg/300px-Snails_mating.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Snails_mating.jpg/450px-Snails_mating.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Snails_mating.jpg/600px-Snails_mating.jpg 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="536"></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cornu_aspersum" title="Cornu aspersum">Garden snails</a> mating</figcaption></figure> The individuals of many <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomic</a> groups of <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>, primarily invertebrates, are hermaphrodites, capable of producing viable gametes of both <a href="/wiki/Sex" title="Sex">sexes</a>. In the great majority of <a href="/wiki/Tunicata" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunicata">tunicates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mollusk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusk">mollusks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Earthworm" title="Earthworm">earthworms</a>, hermaphroditism is a normal condition, enabling a form of sexual reproduction in which either partner can act as the female or male. Hermaphroditism is <a href="/wiki/Fish_reproduction#Hermaphroditism" title="Fish reproduction">also found in some fish species</a>, but is rare in other <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrate</a> groups. Most hermaphroditic species exhibit some degree of self-fertilization. The distribution of self-fertilization rates among animals is similar to that of plants, suggesting that similar pressures are operating to direct the evolution of <a href="/wiki/Selfing" class="mw-redirect" title="Selfing">selfing</a> in animals and plants.<a href="#cite_note-Jarne-2006-3">[3]</a> A rough estimate of the number of hermaphroditic animal species is 65,000, about 5% of all animal species, or 33% excluding insects. Insects are almost exclusively gonochoric, and no definitive cases of hermaphroditism have been demonstrated in this group.<a href="#cite_note-Royer-1975-4">[4]</a> There are no known hermaphroditic species among <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a><a href="#cite_note-Gorshkov-2012-5">[5]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sch%C3%A4rer-2017a-6">[6]</a> About 94% of <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plant</a> species are either hermaphroditic (all flowers produce both male and female gametes) or <a href="/wiki/Monoecy" title="Monoecy">monoecious</a>, where both male and female flowers occur on the same plant. There are also <a href="/wiki/Sexual_system#Types_of_sexual_systems" title="Sexual system">mixed breeding systems</a>, in both plants and animals, where hermaphrodite individuals coexist with males (called <a href="/wiki/Androdioecy" title="Androdioecy">androdioecy</a>) or with females (called <a href="/wiki/Gynodioecy" title="Gynodioecy">gynodioecy</a>), or all three exist in the same species (called <a href="/wiki/Trioecy" title="Trioecy">trioecy</a>). Sometimes, both male and hermaphrodite flowers occur on the same plant (<a href="/wiki/Andromonoecious" class="mw-redirect" title="Andromonoecious">andromonoecy</a>) or both female and hermaphrodite flowers occur on the same plant (<a href="/wiki/Gynomonoecious" class="mw-redirect" title="Gynomonoecious">gynomonoecy</a>). Hermaphrodism is not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Ovotesticular_syndrome" title="Ovotesticular syndrome">ovotesticular syndrome</a> in mammals, which is a separate and unrelated phenomenon. While people with the condition were previously called "true hermaphrodites" in medical literature, this usage is now considered to be outdated as of 2006 and misleading,<a href="#cite_note-Herndon-2011-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-IntersexSoc-8">[8]</a> as people with ovotesticular syndrome do not have functional sets of both male and female organs.<a href="#cite_note-Rosenfield-2018-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mills-2018-10">[10]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Animals">2 Animals</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Sequential_hermaphrodites">2.1 Sequential hermaphrodites</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Simultaneous_hermaphrodites">2.2 Simultaneous hermaphrodites</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Pseudohermaphroditism">2.3 Pseudohermaphroditism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Plants">3 Plants</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Monoecy">3.1 Monoecy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Andromonoecy">3.2 Andromonoecy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Gynomonoecy">3.3 Gynomonoecy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Use_regarding_humans">4 Use regarding humans</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Evolution">5 Evolution</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#In_animals">5.1 In animals</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#In_plants">5.2 In plants</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#See_also">6 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#References">7 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Further_reading">8 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#External_links">9 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hermaphrodite&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The term hermaphrodite derives from the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: hermaphroditus, from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: ἑρμαφρόδιτος, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: hermaphroditos,<a href="#cite_note-LatinLexicon-11">[11]</a> which derives from <a href="/wiki/Hermaphroditus" title="Hermaphroditus">Hermaphroditus</a> (Ἑρμαφρόδιτος), the son of <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, he fused with the <a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">nymph</a> <a href="/wiki/Salmacis" title="Salmacis">Salmacis</a> resulting in one individual possessing physical traits of male and female sexes.<a href="#cite_note-Ovid-12">[12]</a> According to the earlier <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, he was born with a physical body combining male and female sexes.<a href="#cite_note-Diodorus-13">[13]</a> The word hermaphrodite entered the <a href="/wiki/English_lexicon" class="mw-redirect" title="English lexicon">English lexicon</a> as early as the late fourteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-OnlineEtymologyDictionary-14">[14]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Animals">Animals</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hermaphrodite&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Animals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sequential_hermaphrodites">Sequential hermaphrodites</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hermaphrodite&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sequential hermaphrodites" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sequential_hermaphroditism" title="Sequential hermaphroditism">Sequential hermaphroditism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crepidula_fornicata.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Crepidula_fornicata.JPG/220px-Crepidula_fornicata.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="538"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 187px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Crepidula_fornicata.JPG/220px-Crepidula_fornicata.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="187" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Crepidula_fornicata.JPG/330px-Crepidula_fornicata.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Crepidula_fornicata.JPG/440px-Crepidula_fornicata.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Shells of <a href="/wiki/Crepidula_fornicata" title="Crepidula fornicata">Crepidula fornicata</a> (common slipper shell)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ocellaris_clownfish.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ocellaris_clownfish.JPG/220px-Ocellaris_clownfish.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ocellaris_clownfish.JPG/220px-Ocellaris_clownfish.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ocellaris_clownfish.JPG/330px-Ocellaris_clownfish.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Ocellaris_clownfish.JPG/440px-Ocellaris_clownfish.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Clownfish" title="Clownfish">Clownfish</a> are initially male; the largest fish in a group becomes a female.</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parrotfish_Timor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Parrotfish_Timor.jpg/220px-Parrotfish_Timor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="550"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 173px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Parrotfish_Timor.jpg/220px-Parrotfish_Timor.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="173" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Parrotfish_Timor.jpg/330px-Parrotfish_Timor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Parrotfish_Timor.jpg/440px-Parrotfish_Timor.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Most species of <a href="/wiki/Parrotfish" title="Parrotfish">parrotfish</a> start life as females and later change into males.</figcaption></figure> Sequential hermaphrodites (<a href="/wiki/Dichogamy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dichogamy">dichogamy</a>) occur in <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> in which the individual first develops as one sex, but can later change into the opposite sex.<a href="#cite_note-Barrows-2001-15">[15]</a> (Definitions differ on whether sequential hermaphroditism encompasses serial hermaphroditism; for authors who exclude serial hermaphroditism, a sequential hermaphrodite is also stipulated to only change sex once.<a href="#cite_note-Pandian-2011-16">[16]</a>) This contrasts with simultaneous hermaphrodites, in which an individual possesses fully functional male and female genitalia. Sequential hermaphroditism is common in fish (particularly <a href="/wiki/Teleost" title="Teleost">teleost</a> fish) and many <a href="/wiki/Gastropods" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastropods">gastropods</a> (such as the <a href="/wiki/Common_slipper_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Common slipper shell">common slipper shell</a>). Sequential hermaphroditism can best be understood in terms of <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_ecology" title="Behavioral ecology">behavioral ecology</a> and evolutionary <a href="/wiki/Life_history_theory" title="Life history theory">life history theory</a>, as described in the size-advantage mode<a href="#cite_note-Warner-1988-17">[17]</a> first proposed by <a href="/wiki/Michael_T._Ghiselin" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael T. Ghiselin">Michael T. Ghiselin</a><a href="#cite_note-Ghiselin-1969-18">[18]</a> which states that if an individual of a certain sex could significantly increase its reproductive success after reaching a certain size, it would be to their advantage to switch to that sex. Sequential hermaphrodites can be divided into three broad categories: <ul><li>Protandry: Where an organism develops as a male, and then changes sex to a female.<a href="#cite_note-Barrows-2001-15">[15]</a> <ul><li>Example: The <a href="/wiki/Clownfish" title="Clownfish">clownfish</a> (genus <a href="/wiki/Amphiprion" title="Amphiprion">Amphiprion</a>) are colorful reef fish found living in <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiosis</a> with <a href="/wiki/Sea_anemone" title="Sea anemone">sea anemones</a>. Generally one anemone contains a 'harem', consisting of a large female, a smaller reproductive male, and even smaller non-reproductive males. If the female is removed, the reproductive male will change sex and the largest of the non-reproductive males will mature and become reproductive. It has been shown that fishing pressure can change when the switch from male to female occurs, since fishermen usually prefer to catch the larger fish. The populations are generally changing sex at a smaller size, due to <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Protogyny: Where the organism develops as a female, and then changes sex to a male.<a href="#cite_note-Barrows-2001-15">[15]</a> <ul><li>Example: <a href="/wiki/Wrasse" title="Wrasse">Wrasses</a> (Family <a href="/wiki/Labridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Labridae">Labridae</a>) are a group of reef fish in which protogyny is common. Wrasses also have an uncommon life history strategy, which is termed diandry (literally, two males). In these species, two male morphs exists: an initial phase male and a terminal phase male. Initial phase males do not look like males and spawn in groups with females. They are not territorial. They are, perhaps, female mimics (which is why they are found swimming in group with females). Terminal phase males are territorial and have a distinctively bright coloration.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Individuals are born as males or females, but if they are born males, they are not born as terminal phase males. Females and initial phase males can become terminal phase males. Usually, the most dominant female or initial phase male replaces any terminal phase male when those males die or abandon the group.</li></ul></li> <li>Bidirectional sex changers: Where an organism has female and male reproductive organs, but may act either as a female or as a male during different stages in life.<a href="#cite_note-Barrows-2001-15">[15]</a> <ul><li>Example: <a href="/wiki/Lythrypnus_dalli" title="Lythrypnus dalli">Lythrypnus dalli</a> (Family <a href="/wiki/Lythrypnus" title="Lythrypnus">Lythrypnus</a>) are a group of <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef_fish" title="Coral reef fish">coral reef fish</a> in which bidirectional sex change occurs. Once a social hierarchy is established a fish changes sex according to its social status, regardless of the initial sex, based on a simple principle: if the fish expresses subordinate behavior then it changes its sex to female, and if the fish expresses dominant or non-dominant superior behavior then it changes its sex to male.<a href="#cite_note-Rodgers-2007-20">[20]</a></li></ul></li></ul> Dichogamy can have both conservation-related implications for humans, as mentioned above, as well as economic implications. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Grouper" title="Grouper">groupers</a> are favoured fish for eating in many Asian countries and are often <a href="/wiki/Aquacultured" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquacultured">aquacultured</a>. Since the adults take several years to change from female to male, the <a href="/wiki/Broodstock" title="Broodstock">broodstock</a> are extremely valuable individuals. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simultaneous_hermaphrodites">Simultaneous hermaphrodites</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hermaphrodite&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Simultaneous hermaphrodites" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mating_Pseudobiceros_bedfordi.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mating_Pseudobiceros_bedfordi.png/220px-Mating_Pseudobiceros_bedfordi.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="420"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 142px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mating_Pseudobiceros_bedfordi.png/220px-Mating_Pseudobiceros_bedfordi.png" data-width="220" data-height="142" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mating_Pseudobiceros_bedfordi.png/330px-Mating_Pseudobiceros_bedfordi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mating_Pseudobiceros_bedfordi.png/440px-Mating_Pseudobiceros_bedfordi.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Turbellaria" title="Turbellaria">Turbellarians</a> mating by <a href="/wiki/Penis_fencing" title="Penis fencing">penis fencing</a>. Each has two penises on the undersides of their heads which they use to inject sperm.</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mating_earthworms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Mating_earthworms.jpg/220px-Mating_earthworms.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Mating_earthworms.jpg/220px-Mating_earthworms.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Mating_earthworms.jpg/330px-Mating_earthworms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Mating_earthworms.jpg/440px-Mating_earthworms.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Earthworm" title="Earthworm">Earthworms</a> are simultaneous hermaphrodites, having both male and female reproductive organs.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_hermaphroditism" title="Simultaneous hermaphroditism">Simultaneous hermaphrodites</a> (or homogamous hermaphrodites) are individuals in which both male and female sexual organs are present and functional at the same time.<a href="#cite_note-Barrows-2001-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Self-fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-fertilization">Self-fertilization</a> often occurs.<a href="#cite_note-Rosenfield-2018-9">[9]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonate">Pulmonate</a> <a href="/wiki/Land_snail" title="Land snail">land snails</a> and land <a href="/wiki/Slug" title="Slug">slugs</a> are perhaps the best-known kinds of simultaneous hermaphrodites, and are the most widespread of terrestrial animals possessing this sexual polymorphism. Sexual material is exchanged between both animals via <a href="/wiki/Spermatophore" title="Spermatophore">spermatophores</a>, and is then stored in the <a href="/wiki/Spermatheca" title="Spermatheca">spermatheca</a>. After exchange of <a href="/wiki/Spermatozoon" title="Spermatozoon">spermatozoa</a>, both animals will lay fertilized eggs after a period of gestation. The eggs will proceed to hatch after a development period. Snails typically reproduce from early spring through late autumn.<a href="#cite_note-Janssen-2015-21">[21]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_slug" title="Banana slug">Banana slugs</a> are an example of a hermaphroditic gastropod. Mating with a partner is more desirable biologically than self-fertilization, as the genetic material of the resultant offspring is varied, but if mating with a partner is not possible, self-fertilization is practiced. The male sexual organ of an adult banana slug is quite large in proportion to its size, as well as compared to the female organ. It is possible for banana slugs, while mating, to become stuck together. If a substantial amount of wiggling fails to separate them, the male organ will be bitten off (using the slug's <a href="/wiki/Radula" title="Radula">radula</a>), see <a href="/wiki/Apophallation" title="Apophallation">apophallation</a>. If a banana slug has lost its male sexual organ, it can still mate as a female, making hermaphroditism a valuable adaptation.<a href="#cite_note-Leonard-2002-22">[22]</a></li> <li>The species of colourful <a href="/wiki/Sea_slugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea slugs">sea slugs</a> <a href="/wiki/Goniobranchus_reticulatus" title="Goniobranchus reticulatus">Goniobranchus reticulatus</a> is hermaphroditic, with both male and female organs active at the same time during copulation. After mating, the external portion of the penis detaches, but is able to regrow within 24 hours.<a href="#cite_note-Morelle_R-2013-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthworm" title="Earthworm">Earthworms</a> are another example of a simultaneous hermaphrodite. Although they possess ovaries and testes, they have a protective mechanism against self-fertilization. Sexual reproduction occurs when two worms meet and exchange <a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">gametes</a>, copulating on damp nights during warm seasons.</li> <li>The free-living hermaphroditic nematode <a href="/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans">Caenorhabditis elegans</a> reproduces primarily by self-fertilization, but infrequent out-crossing events occur at a rate of approximately 1%.<a href="#cite_note-Barri%C3%A8re-2005-25">[25]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(fish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamlet (fish)">Hamlets</a> do not practice self-fertilization, but a pair will mate multiple times over several nights, taking turns between which one acts as the male and which acts as the female.<a href="#cite_note-Russell-2016-26">[26]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>]</li> <li>The mangrove killifish (<a href="/wiki/Mangrove_rivulus" title="Mangrove rivulus">Kryptolebias marmoratus</a>) are simultaneous hermaphrodites, producing both eggs and sperm and routinely reproducing by self-fertilization. Each individual normally fertilizes itself when an egg and sperm produced by an internal organ unite inside the fish's body.<a href="#cite_note-Sakakura-2006-27">[27]</a> This species is also regarded as the only known vertebrate species that can reproduce by <a href="/wiki/Autogamy" title="Autogamy">self fertilization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kanamori-2006-28">[28]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pseudohermaphroditism">Pseudohermaphroditism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hermaphrodite&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pseudohermaphroditism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pseudohermaphroditism" title="Pseudohermaphroditism">Pseudohermaphroditism</a></div> When <a href="/wiki/Spotted_hyena" title="Spotted hyena">spotted hyenas</a> were first scientifically observed by explorers, they were thought to be hermaphrodites. Early observations of wild spotted hyenas led researchers to believe that all spotted hyenas, male or female, were born with what looked to be a penis. A <a href="/wiki/Spotted_hyena#Female_genitalia" title="Spotted hyena">female spotted hyena's apparent penis</a> is in fact an enlarged clitoris, which contains an external birth canal.<a href="#cite_note-LiveScience-2006-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-EurekAlert!-30">[30]</a> It can be difficult to determine the sex of spotted hyenas until <a href="/wiki/Sexual_maturity" title="Sexual maturity">sexual maturity</a>, when they may become pregnant. When a female spotted hyena gives birth, she passes the cub through the cervix internally, but then passes it out through the elongated clitoris.<a href="#cite_note-bella-31">[31]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Plants">Plants</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hermaphrodite&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Plants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction_in_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual reproduction in plants">Sexual reproduction in plants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology#Bisexual" title="Plant reproductive morphology">Plant reproductive morphology § Bisexual</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Monoicy" title="Monoicy">Monoicy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hylocereus_undatus_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photo of a flower with a large orange centre and delicate yellow stigma protruding. The centre is surrounded by white petals and a halo of green and yellow spikes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hylocereus_undatus_1.jpg/220px-Hylocereus_undatus_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hylocereus_undatus_1.jpg/220px-Hylocereus_undatus_1.jpg" data-alt="Photo of a flower with a large orange centre and delicate yellow stigma protruding. The centre is surrounded by white petals and a halo of green and yellow spikes." data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hylocereus_undatus_1.jpg/330px-Hylocereus_undatus_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hylocereus_undatus_1.jpg/440px-Hylocereus_undatus_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hylocereus_undatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hylocereus undatus">Hylocereus undatus</a>, a hermaphrodite plant with perfect flowers that have both functional <a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">carpels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">stamens</a>.</figcaption></figure> The term hermaphrodite is used in <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a> to describe, for example, a <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#perfect" title="Glossary of botanical terms">perfect</a> <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flower</a> that has both <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">staminate</a> (male, pollen-producing) and <a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">carpellate</a> (female, ovule-producing) parts. The overwhelming majority of flowering plant species are hermaphroditic.<a href="#cite_note-Soni-2010-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monoecy">Monoecy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hermaphrodite&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Monoecy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Flowering plant species with separate, imperfect, male and female flowers on the same individual are called <a href="/wiki/Monoecious_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoecious (botany)">monoecious</a>. Monoecy only occurs in about 7% of flowering plant species.<a href="#cite_note-Molnar-2004-33">[33]</a> Monoecious plants are often referred to as hermaphroditic because they produce both male and female gametes. However, the individual flowers are not hermaphroditic if they only produce gametes of one sex.<a href="#cite_note-Glover-2014-34">[34]</a> 65% of <a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">gymnosperm</a> species are dioecious, but <a href="/wiki/Pinophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinophyta">conifers</a> are almost all monoecious.<a href="#cite_note-Walas-2018-35">[35]</a> Some plants can change their sex throughout their lifetime, a phenomenon called <a href="/wiki/Sequential_hermaphroditism" title="Sequential hermaphroditism">sequential hermaphroditism</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Andromonoecy">Andromonoecy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hermaphrodite&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Andromonoecy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In <a href="/wiki/Andromonoecy" title="Andromonoecy">andromonoecious</a> species, the plants produce <a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology#perfect" title="Plant reproductive morphology">perfect</a> (hermaphrodite) flowers and separate fertile male flowers that are sterile as female.<a href="#cite_note-Fusco-2019-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kouonon-2009-37">[37]</a> Andromonoecy occurs in about 4000 species of flowering plants (2% of flowering plants).<a href="#cite_note-Vallejo-Mar%C3%ADn-2007-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gynomonoecy">Gynomonoecy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hermaphrodite&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gynomonoecy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In <a href="/wiki/Gynomonoecy" title="Gynomonoecy">gynomonoecious</a> species, the plants produce hermaphrodite flowers and separate male-sterile pistillate flowers.<a href="#cite_note-Fusco-2019-36">[36]</a> One example is the meadow saxifrage, <a href="/wiki/Saxifraga_granulata" title="Saxifraga granulata">Saxifraga granulata</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stevens-1985-39">[39]</a> Charles Darwin gave several other examples in his 1877 book "The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species".<a href="#cite_note-Darwin-1877-40">[40]</a> About 57% of moss species and 68% of liverworts are <a href="/wiki/Dioicy" title="Dioicy">unisexual</a>, meaning that their gametophytes produce either male or female gametes, but not both.<a href="#cite_note-Shaw-2000-41">[41]</a>: 377 Sequential hermaphroditism is common in <a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">bryophytes</a> and some vascular plants.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Use_regarding_humans">Use regarding humans</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hermaphrodite&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Use regarding humans" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Disorders_of_sex_development" title="Disorders of sex development">Disorders of sex development</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermaphroditus_lady_lever.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Hermaphroditus_lady_lever.jpg/170px-Hermaphroditus_lady_lever.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1817" data-file-height="2726"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 255px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Hermaphroditus_lady_lever.jpg/170px-Hermaphroditus_lady_lever.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="255" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Hermaphroditus_lady_lever.jpg/255px-Hermaphroditus_lady_lever.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Hermaphroditus_lady_lever.jpg/340px-Hermaphroditus_lady_lever.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hermaphroditus" title="Hermaphroditus">Hermaphroditus</a>, the "son" of the Greek god <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a> and the goddess <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a>, origin of the word "hermaphrodite"</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fertilityobandojf.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Fertilityobandojf.JPG/220px-Fertilityobandojf.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Fertilityobandojf.JPG/220px-Fertilityobandojf.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Fertilityobandojf.JPG/330px-Fertilityobandojf.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Fertilityobandojf.JPG/440px-Fertilityobandojf.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Obando_Fertility_Rites" title="Obando Fertility Rites">Obando Fertility Rites</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, before becoming a Catholic festival, was initially an <a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Anitist ritual</a> dedicated to the hermaphrodite deity, Lakapati, who presided over fertility.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nadar_-_%22Hermaphrodite%22_(Seventh_Gallica_image).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nadar_-_%22Hermaphrodite%22_%28Seventh_Gallica_image%29.jpg/170px-Nadar_-_%22Hermaphrodite%22_%28Seventh_Gallica_image%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2758" data-file-height="3550"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 219px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nadar_-_%22Hermaphrodite%22_%28Seventh_Gallica_image%29.jpg/170px-Nadar_-_%22Hermaphrodite%22_%28Seventh_Gallica_image%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="219" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nadar_-_%22Hermaphrodite%22_%28Seventh_Gallica_image%29.jpg/255px-Nadar_-_%22Hermaphrodite%22_%28Seventh_Gallica_image%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nadar_-_%22Hermaphrodite%22_%28Seventh_Gallica_image%29.jpg/340px-Nadar_-_%22Hermaphrodite%22_%28Seventh_Gallica_image%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>1860 photograph by <a href="/wiki/Nadar_(photographer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nadar (photographer)">Nadar</a> of a person displaying ambiguous genitalia, one of a <a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite_(Nadar)" title="Hermaphrodite (Nadar)">nine-part series</a>. The series may be the earliest medical photographic documentation of an intersex person.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a>: 358 </figcaption></figure> Historically, the term hermaphrodite was used in law to refer to people whose sex was in doubt. The 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Decretum_Gratiani" title="Decretum Gratiani">Decretum Gratiani</a> states that "Whether an hermaphrodite may witness a testament, depends on which sex prevails" ("Hermafroditus an ad testamentum adhiberi possit, qualitas sexus incalescentis ostendit.").<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_ab_Alexandro" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander ab Alexandro">Alexander ab Alexandro</a> (1461–1523) stated, using the term hermaphrodite, that the people who bore the sexes of both man and woman were regarded by the Athenians and the Romans as monsters, and thrown into the sea at Athens and into the Tiber at Rome.<a href="#cite_note-de_Jaucourt-1765-46">[46]</a> Similarly, the 17th-century English jurist and judge <a href="/wiki/Edward_Coke" title="Edward Coke">Edward Coke</a> (Lord Coke), wrote in his <a href="/wiki/Institutes_of_the_Lawes_of_England" title="Institutes of the Lawes of England">Institutes of the Lawes of England</a> on laws of succession stating, "Every heire is either a male, a female, or an hermaphrodite, that is both male and female. And an hermaphrodite (which is also called Androgynus) shall be heire, either as male or female, according to that kind of sexe which doth prevaile."<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>, medical authors attempted to ascertain whether or not humans could be hermaphrodites, adopting a precise biological definition to the term.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> From that period until the early 21st century, individuals with <a href="/wiki/Ovotesticular_syndrome" title="Ovotesticular syndrome">ovotesticular syndrome</a> were termed <a href="/wiki/True_hermaphroditism" class="mw-redirect" title="True hermaphroditism">true hermaphrodites</a> if their <a href="/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonadal</a> tissue contained both testicular and ovarian tissue, and <a href="/wiki/Pseudohermaphroditism" title="Pseudohermaphroditism">pseudohermaphrodites</a> if their external appearance (<a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotype</a>) differed from sex expected from internal gonads. This language has fallen out of favor due to misconceptions and stigma associated with the terms,<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-IntersexSoc-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mills-2018-10">[10]</a> and also a shift to nomenclature based on genetics. The term "intersex" described a wide variety of combinations of what are ambiguous biological characteristics. Intersex biology may include, for example, ambiguous-looking external genitalia, <a href="/wiki/Karyotype" title="Karyotype">karyotypes</a> that include mixed XX and XY chromosome pairs (46XX/46XY, 46XX/47XXY or 45X/XY <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_(genetics)" title="Mosaic (genetics)">mosaic</a>). Clinically, medicine currently uses the terminology "<a href="/wiki/Disorders_of_sex_development" title="Disorders of sex development">disorders of sex development</a>" <a href="#cite_note-Georgiann-2011-52">[52]</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Variations_in_sex_characteristics" class="mw-redirect" title="Variations in sex characteristics">variations in sex characteristics</a>.)<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> This is particularly significant because of the relationship between medical terminology and medical intervention.<a href="#cite_note-Black-2017-54">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Intersex_civil_society_organizations" title="Intersex civil society organizations">Intersex civil society organizations</a>, and many human rights institutions,<a href="#cite_note-IACHR-2016-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Commissioner_for_Human_Rights-2015-56">[56]</a> have criticized <a href="/wiki/Intersex_medical_intervention" class="mw-redirect" title="Intersex medical intervention">medical interventions</a> designed to make bodies more typically male or female. In some cases, variations in sex characteristics are caused by unusual levels of sex hormones, which may be the result of an atypical set of sex chromosomes.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">medical citation needed</a>] One common cause of variations in sex characteristics traits is the crossing over of the <a href="/wiki/Testis-determining_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Testis-determining factor">testis-determining factor</a> (SRY) from the Y chromosome to the X chromosome during <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a>. The SRY is then activated in only certain areas, causing development of <a href="/wiki/Testes" class="mw-redirect" title="Testes">testes</a> in some areas by beginning a series of events starting with the upregulation of the <a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">transcription factor</a> (SOX9), and in other areas not being active (causing the growth of <a href="/wiki/Ovarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovarian">ovarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissues</a>). Thus, <a href="/wiki/Testicular" class="mw-redirect" title="Testicular">testicular</a> and ovarian tissues will both be present in the same individual.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Of all total recorded cases of ovotesticular DSD, in only 8% percent of all cases was SRY present, leaving the rest of cases that could be explained to other or less common causes, with the vast majority simply being currently unexplainable. Fetuses were previously thought to be phenotypically female before the <a href="/wiki/Sexual_differentiation" title="Sexual differentiation">sexual differentiation</a> stage;<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> however, this is now known to be incorrect, as humans are simply undifferentiated before this stage and possess a <a href="/wiki/Paramesonephric_duct" title="Paramesonephric duct">paramesonephric duct</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Mesonephric_duct" title="Mesonephric duct">mesonephric duct</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Genital_tubercle" title="Genital tubercle">genital tubercle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rey-2020-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hughes-2001-60">[60]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hermaphrodite&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Evolution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction" title="Evolution of sexual reproduction">Evolution of sexual reproduction</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For evolution of sexual systems with hermaphodites, see <a href="/wiki/Trioecy#Evolution_of_trioecy" title="Trioecy">Trioecy § Evolution of trioecy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Androdioecy#Evolution_of_androdioecy" title="Androdioecy">Androdioecy § Evolution of androdioecy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gynodioecy#Evolution" title="Gynodioecy">Gynodioecy § Evolution</a>.</div>The evolution of <a href="/wiki/Anisogamy" title="Anisogamy">anisogamy</a> may have contributed to the evolution of simultaneous hermaphroditism and sequential hermaphroditism,<a href="#cite_note-Sch%C3%A4rer-2017b-61">[61]</a> it remains unclear if the evolution of anisogamy first led to hermaphroditism or <a href="/wiki/Gonochorism" title="Gonochorism">gonochorism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kliman-2016-62">[62]</a>: 213 A 2023 study argued that hermaphroditism can evolve directly from <a href="/wiki/Mating_type" title="Mating type">mating types</a> under certain circumstances, such as if the fertilization is well organized and the average size of groups is small.<a href="#cite_note-Henshaw-2023-63">[63]</a> Simultaneous hermaphroditism that exclusively reproduces through self-fertilization has evolved many times in plants and animals, but it might not last long evolutionarily.<a href="#cite_note-Leonard-2019-64">[64]</a>: 14 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_animals">In animals</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hermaphrodite&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In animals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Joan_Roughgarden" title="Joan Roughgarden">Joan Roughgarden</a> and Priya Iyer argued that the last <a href="/wiki/Common_ancestor" class="mw-redirect" title="Common ancestor">common ancestor</a> for animals was hermaphroditic and that transitions from hermaphroditism to gonochorism were more numerous than the reverse. Other scientists have criticized this argument; saying it’s based on <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a> <a href="/wiki/Spiralia" title="Spiralia">Spiralia</a>, assignments of sexual modes for the <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phylum</a> level than the species level, and methods exclusively based on <a href="/wiki/Maximum_parsimony_(phylogenetics)" title="Maximum parsimony (phylogenetics)">maximum parsimony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sasson-2017-65">[65]</a> Hermaphroditism is <a href="/wiki/Polyphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyphyletic">polyphyletic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a> where it <a href="/wiki/Gonochorism#Evolution" title="Gonochorism">evolved from gonochorism</a><a href="#cite_note-Avise-2011-1">[1]</a>: 97 and gonochorism is also ancestral to hermaphroditic fishes.<a href="#cite_note-Erisman-2013-66">[66]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Nelson_%C3%87abej" title="Nelson Çabej">Nelson Çabej</a> simultaneous hermaphroditism in animals most likely evolved due to a limited number of mating partners.<a href="#cite_note-Cabej-2013-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_plants">In plants</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hermaphrodite&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In plants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Monoecy#Evolution" title="Monoecy">Monoecy § Evolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andromonoecy#Evolution" title="Andromonoecy">Andromonoecy § Evolution</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gynomonoecy#Evolution" title="Gynomonoecy">Gynomonoecy § Evolution</a></div> It is widely accepted that the first <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plants</a> were outcrossing hermaphrodites.<a href="#cite_note-Orton-2019-68">[68]</a> In flowering plants, hermaphroditism is ancestral to dioecy.<a href="#cite_note-N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez-Farf%C3%A1n-2020-69">[69]</a> Hermaphroditism in plants may promote self fertilization in pioneer populations.<a href="#cite_note-Burns-2019-70">[70]</a> However, plants have evolved multiple different mechanisms to avoid self-fertilization in hermaphrodites, including <a href="/wiki/Sequential_hermaphroditism" title="Sequential hermaphroditism">sequential hermaphroditism</a>, molecular recognition systems and mechanical or morphological mechanisms such as <a href="/wiki/Heterostyly" title="Heterostyly">heterostyly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Judd-2002-71">[71]</a>: 73, 74 </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hermaphrodite&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asexual_reproduction" title="Asexual reproduction">Asexual reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trioecy" title="Trioecy">Trioecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androgyny" title="Androgyny">Androgyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futanari" title="Futanari">Futanari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonochorism" title="Gonochorism">Gonochorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynandromorph" class="mw-redirect" title="Gynandromorph">Gynandromorph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-pollination" title="Self-pollination">Self-pollination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-fertilization">Self-fertilization</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hermaphrodite&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Avise-2011-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Avise-2011_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avise-2011_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAvise2011" class="citation book cs1">Avise JC (2011-03-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jqiR8C0lEckC&q=Sex+is+defined+by+gametes&pg=PA1">Hermaphroditism: A Primer on the Biology, Ecology, and Evolution of Dual Sexuality</a>. Columbia University Press. pp. 1–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-52715-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-52715-6"><bdi>978-0-231-52715-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hermaphroditism%3A+A+Primer+on+the+Biology%2C+Ecology%2C+and+Evolution+of+Dual+Sexuality&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2011-03-18&rft.isbn=978-0-231-52715-6&rft.aulast=Avise&rft.aufirst=JC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjqiR8C0lEckC%26q%3DSex%2Bis%2Bdefined%2Bby%2Bgametes%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holub-2020-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Holub-2020_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolubShackelford2020" class="citation book cs1">Holub AM, <a href="/wiki/Todd_K._Shackelford" title="Todd K. Shackelford">Shackelford TK</a> (2020). "Gonochorism". In Vonk J, Shackelford TK (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.toddkshackelford.com/downloads/Holub-Shackelford-Gonochorism-EACB-2021.pdf">Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior</a> (PDF). Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-47829-6_305-1">10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_305-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-47829-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-47829-6"><bdi>978-3-319-47829-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240938739">240938739</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gonochorism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Animal+Cognition+and+Behavior&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240938739%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-47829-6_305-1&rft.isbn=978-3-319-47829-6&rft.aulast=Holub&rft.aufirst=AM&rft.au=Shackelford%2C+TK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.toddkshackelford.com%2Fdownloads%2FHolub-Shackelford-Gonochorism-EACB-2021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jarne-2006-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Jarne-2006_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarneAuld2006" class="citation journal cs1">Jarne P, Auld JR (September 2006). "Animals mix it up too: the distribution of self-fertilization among hermaphroditic animals". Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution. 60 (9): 1816–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1554%2F06-246.1">10.1554/06-246.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17089966">17089966</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23849389">23849389</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolution%3B+International+Journal+of+Organic+Evolution&rft.atitle=Animals+mix+it+up+too%3A+the+distribution+of+self-fertilization+among+hermaphroditic+animals&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1816-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.date=2006-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23849389%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17089966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1554%2F06-246.1&rft.aulast=Jarne&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Auld%2C+JR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Royer-1975-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Royer-1975_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyer1975" class="citation book cs1">Royer M (1975). "Hermaphroditism in Insects. Studies on Icerya purchasi". In Reinboth R (ed.). Intersexuality in the Animal Kingdom. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 135–145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-66069-6_14">10.1007/978-3-642-66069-6_14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-66071-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-66071-9"><bdi>978-3-642-66071-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hermaphroditism+in+Insects.+Studies+on+Icerya+purchasi&rft.btitle=Intersexuality+in+the+Animal+Kingdom&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E145&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-66069-6_14&rft.isbn=978-3-642-66071-9&rft.aulast=Royer&rft.aufirst=M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gorshkov-2012-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Gorshkov-2012_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorshkov2012" class="citation book cs1">Gorshkov V (2012-12-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xaO1BwAAQBAJ&q=No+cases+of+hermaphroditism+or+parthenogenesis+are+found+among+birds+and+mammals.&pg=PT165">Physical and Biological Bases of Life Stability: Man, Biota, Environment</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-85001-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-85001-1"><bdi>978-3-642-85001-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physical+and+Biological+Bases+of+Life+Stability%3A+Man%2C+Biota%2C+Environment&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.isbn=978-3-642-85001-1&rft.aulast=Gorshkov&rft.aufirst=V&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxaO1BwAAQBAJ%26q%3DNo%2Bcases%2Bof%2Bhermaphroditism%2Bor%2Bparthenogenesis%2Bare%2Bfound%2Bamong%2Bbirds%2Band%2Bmammals.%26pg%3DPT165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schärer-2017a-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Sch%C3%A4rer-2017a_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchärer2017" class="citation journal cs1">Schärer L (February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fmrd.22775">"The varied ways of being male and female"</a>. Molecular Reproduction and Development. 84 (2): 94–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fmrd.22775">10.1002/mrd.22775</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28032683">28032683</a>. <q>Of note, the otherwise well-studied insects, birds, and mammals are strikingly absent here—with not a single species among these groups showing hermaphroditism (for details on a supposedly hermaphroditic scale insect, however, see Gardner and Ross, 2011).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Reproduction+and+Development&rft.atitle=The+varied+ways+of+being+male+and+female&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E94-%3C%2Fspan%3E104&rft.date=2017-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fmrd.22775&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28032683&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%A4rer&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fmrd.22775&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herndon-2011-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Herndon-2011_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerndon" class="citation web cs1">Herndon A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isna.org/node/979">"Getting Rid of "Hermaphroditism" Once and For All"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Intersex_Society_of_North_America" title="Intersex Society of North America">Intersex Society of North America</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927013509/http://www.isna.org/node/979">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Getting+Rid+of+%22Hermaphroditism%22+Once+and+For+All&rft.pub=Intersex+Society+of+North+America&rft.aulast=Herndon&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isna.org%2Fnode%2F979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IntersexSoc-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IntersexSoc_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IntersexSoc_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isna.org/faq/hermaphrodite/">"Is a person who is intersex a hermaphrodite?"</a>. Intersex Society of North America. Retrieved 2024-01-20. <q>The mythological term "hermaphrodite" implies that a person is both fully male and fully female. This is a physiologic impossibility. The words "hermaphrodite" and "pseudo-hermaphrodite" are stigmatizing and misleading words.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Intersex+Society+of+North+America&rft.atitle=Is+a+person+who+is+intersex+a+hermaphrodite%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisna.org%2Ffaq%2Fhermaphrodite%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosenfield-2018-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rosenfield-2018_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosenfield-2018_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenfield2018" class="citation cs2">Rosenfield KA (2018), "Hermaphrodite", in Vonk J, Shackelford T (eds.), Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–2, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-47829-6_329-1">10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_329-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-47829-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-47829-6"><bdi>978-3-319-47829-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hermaphrodite&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Animal+Cognition+and+Behavior&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-47829-6_329-1&rft.isbn=978-3-319-47829-6&rft.aulast=Rosenfield&rft.aufirst=KA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mills-2018-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mills-2018_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mills-2018_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills2018" class="citation book cs1">Mills A (2018-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bLhcDwAAQBAJ&q=term+hermaphrodite+misleading+biology+of+sex&pg=PA309">Biology of Sex</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 309. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-9337-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-9337-7"><bdi>978-1-4875-9337-7</bdi></a>. <q>In the past, the term hermaphrodite was widely applied in such cases, but humans are not hermaphroditic. In a truly hermaphroditic species, individuals have functional sets of male and female organs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology+of+Sex&rft.pages=309&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2018-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4875-9337-7&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbLhcDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dterm%2Bhermaphrodite%2Bmisleading%2Bbiology%2Bof%2Bsex%26pg%3DPA309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LatinLexicon-11"><a href="#cite_ref-LatinLexicon_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latinlexicon.org/definition.php?p1=2025388">"Definition of hermaphroditus"</a>. Numen: The Latin Lexicon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141106082854/http://latinlexicon.org/definition.php?p1=2025388">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2014. Retrieved 19 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+hermaphroditus&rft.pub=Numen%3A+The+Latin+Lexicon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatinlexicon.org%2Fdefinition.php%3Fp1%3D2025388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ovid-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Ovid_12-0">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Metamorphoses/Book_IV#The_Story_of_Salmacis_and_Hermaphroditus" class="extiw" title="s:Metamorphoses/Book IV">Ovid, Metamorphoses, Book IV: The story of Hermaphroditus and Salmacis.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diodorus-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Diodorus_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Chapters 1–7". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4A*.html#6.5">The Library of History of Diodorus Siculus</a>. Vol. IV. p. 361 – via penelope.uchicago.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapters+1%E2%80%937&rft.btitle=The+Library+of+History+of+Diodorus+Siculus&rft.pages=361&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FDiodorus_Siculus%2F4A%2A.html%236.5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OnlineEtymologyDictionary-14"><a href="#cite_ref-OnlineEtymologyDictionary_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=hermaphrodite">"Hermaphrodite"</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105230942/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=hermaphrodite">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Hermaphrodite&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dhermaphrodite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barrows-2001-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barrows-2001_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrows-2001_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrows-2001_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrows-2001_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrows-2001_15-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrows2001" class="citation book cs1">Barrows EM (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/animalbehaviorde00barr_955">Animal behavior desk reference: a dictionary of animal behavior, ecology, and evolution</a> (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/animalbehaviorde00barr_955/page/n329">317</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-2005-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-2005-7"><bdi>978-0-8493-2005-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/299866547">299866547</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animal+behavior+desk+reference%3A+a+dictionary+of+animal+behavior%2C+ecology%2C+and+evolution&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Fla&rft.pages=317&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F299866547&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-2005-7&rft.aulast=Barrows&rft.aufirst=EM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanimalbehaviorde00barr_955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pandian-2011-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Pandian-2011_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandian2011" class="citation book cs1">Pandian TJ (2 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eAjSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA164">Sex Determination in Fish</a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-7919-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-7919-1"><bdi>978-1-4398-7919-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107033127/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eAjSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA164">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2017 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+Determination+in+Fish&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2011-09-02&rft.isbn=978-1-4398-7919-1&rft.aulast=Pandian&rft.aufirst=TJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeAjSBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warner-1988-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Warner-1988_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner1988" class="citation journal cs1">Warner RR (June 1988). "Sex change and the size-advantage model". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 3 (6): 133–6. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988TEcoE...3..133W">1988TEcoE...3..133W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0169-5347%2888%2990176-0">10.1016/0169-5347(88)90176-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21227182">21227182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.atitle=Sex+change+and+the+size-advantage+model&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E133-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=1988-06&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21227182&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0169-5347%2888%2990176-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1988TEcoE...3..133W&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=RR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ghiselin-1969-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Ghiselin-1969_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhiselin1969" class="citation journal cs1">Ghiselin MT (June 1969). "The evolution of hermaphroditism among animals". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 44 (2): 189–208. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F406066">10.1086/406066</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4901396">4901396</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38139187">38139187</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Review+of+Biology&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+hermaphroditism+among+animals&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E189-%3C%2Fspan%3E208&rft.date=1969-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38139187%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4901396&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F406066&rft.aulast=Ghiselin&rft.aufirst=MT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBagemihl1999" class="citation book cs1">Bagemihl B (1999). Biological exuberance : animal homosexuality and natural diversity (2nd ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-25377-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-25377-6"><bdi>978-0-312-25377-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biological+exuberance+%3A+animal+homosexuality+and+natural+diversity&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-312-25377-6&rft.aulast=Bagemihl&rft.aufirst=B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rodgers-2007-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Rodgers-2007_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodgersEarlyGrober2007" class="citation journal cs1">Rodgers EW, Early RL, Grober MA (2007). "Social status determines sexual phenotype in the bi-directional sex changing bluebanded goby Lythrypnus dalli". J Fish Biol. 70 (6): 1660–1668. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JFBio..70.1660R">2007JFBio..70.1660R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8649.2007.01427.x">10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01427.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Fish+Biol&rft.atitle=Social+status+determines+sexual+phenotype+in+the+bi-directional+sex+changing+bluebanded+goby+Lythrypnus+dalli&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1660-%3C%2Fspan%3E1668&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8649.2007.01427.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007JFBio..70.1660R&rft.aulast=Rodgers&rft.aufirst=EW&rft.au=Early%2C+RL&rft.au=Grober%2C+MA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Janssen-2015-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Janssen-2015_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanssenBaur2015" class="citation journal cs1">Janssen R, Baur B (July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4541995">"Seasonal effects on egg production and level of paternity in a natural population of a simultaneous hermaphrodite snail"</a>. Ecology and Evolution. 5 (14): 2916–28. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EcoEv...5.2916J">2015EcoEv...5.2916J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fece3.1560">10.1002/ece3.1560</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4541995">4541995</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26306176">26306176</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Seasonal+effects+on+egg+production+and+level+of+paternity+in+a+natural+population+of+a+simultaneous+hermaphrodite+snail&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2916-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.date=2015-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4541995%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26306176&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fece3.1560&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015EcoEv...5.2916J&rft.aulast=Janssen&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Baur%2C+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4541995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leonard-2002-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Leonard-2002_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonardPearseHarper2002" class="citation journal cs1">Leonard JL, Pearse JS, Harper AB (2002). "Comparative reproductive biology of Ariolimax californicus and A. dolichophallus (Gastropoda; Stylommiatophora)". Invertebrate Reproduction & Development. 41 (1–3): 83–93. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002InvRD..41...83L">2002InvRD..41...83L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07924259.2002.9652738">10.1080/07924259.2002.9652738</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83829239">83829239</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Invertebrate+Reproduction+%26+Development&rft.atitle=Comparative+reproductive+biology+of+Ariolimax+californicus+and+A.+dolichophallus+%28Gastropoda%3B+Stylommiatophora%29&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E93&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A83829239%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07924259.2002.9652738&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002InvRD..41...83L&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=JL&rft.au=Pearse%2C+JS&rft.au=Harper%2C+AB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morelle_R-2013-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Morelle_R-2013_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorelle_R2013" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Morelle" title="Rebecca Morelle">Morelle R</a> (12 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-21431678">"Sea slug's 'disposable penis' surprises"</a>. BBC News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Sea+slug%27s+%27disposable+penis%27+surprises&rft.date=2013-02-12&rft.au=Morelle+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-21431678&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSekizawaSekiTokuzatoShiga2013" class="citation journal cs1">Sekizawa A, Seki S, Tokuzato M, Shiga S, Nakashima Y (April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3639767">"Disposable penis and its replenishment in a simultaneous hermaphrodite"</a>. Biology Letters. 9 (2): 20121150. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2012.1150">10.1098/rsbl.2012.1150</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3639767">3639767</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23407499">23407499</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biology+Letters&rft.atitle=Disposable+penis+and+its+replenishment+in+a+simultaneous+hermaphrodite&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=20121150&rft.date=2013-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3639767%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23407499&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2012.1150&rft.aulast=Sekizawa&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Seki%2C+S&rft.au=Tokuzato%2C+M&rft.au=Shiga%2C+S&rft.au=Nakashima%2C+Y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3639767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barrière-2005-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Barri%C3%A8re-2005_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrièreFélix2005" class="citation journal cs1">Barrière A, Félix MA (July 2005). "High local genetic diversity and low outcrossing rate in Caenorhabditis elegans natural populations". Current Biology. 15 (13): 1176–84. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/q-bio/0508003">q-bio/0508003</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005CBio...15.1176B">2005CBio...15.1176B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2005.06.022">10.1016/j.cub.2005.06.022</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16005289">16005289</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2229622">2229622</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=High+local+genetic+diversity+and+low+outcrossing+rate+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans+natural+populations&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1176-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.date=2005-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2229622%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005CBio...15.1176B&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fq-bio%2F0508003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16005289&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2005.06.022&rft.aulast=Barri%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=F%C3%A9lix%2C+MA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russell-2016-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Russell-2016_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussellHertzMcMillan2016" class="citation book cs1">Russell PJ, Hertz PE, McMillan B (2016-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bLgaCgAAQBAJ&q=simultaneous+hermaphroditism+mammals&pg=PT1192">"Animal Reproduction"</a>. Biology: The Dynamic Science. Cengage Learning. p. 1151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-305-85610-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-305-85610-3"><bdi>978-1-305-85610-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Animal+Reproduction&rft.btitle=Biology%3A+The+Dynamic+Science&rft.pages=1151&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2016-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-305-85610-3&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=PJ&rft.au=Hertz%2C+PE&rft.au=McMillan%2C+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbLgaCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsimultaneous%2Bhermaphroditism%2Bmammals%26pg%3DPT1192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sakakura-2006-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Sakakura-2006_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSakakuraSoyanoNoakesHagiwara2006" class="citation journal cs1">Sakakura Y, Soyano K, Noakes D, Hagiwara A (2006). "Gonadal morphology in the self-fertilizing mangrove killifish, Kryptolebias marmoratus". Ichthyological Research. 53 (4): 427–430. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006IchtR..53..427S">2006IchtR..53..427S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10228-006-0362-2">10.1007/s10228-006-0362-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10069%2F35713">10069/35713</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9474211">9474211</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ichthyological+Research&rft.atitle=Gonadal+morphology+in+the+self-fertilizing+mangrove+killifish%2C+Kryptolebias+marmoratus&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E427-%3C%2Fspan%3E430&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10069%2F35713&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9474211%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10228-006-0362-2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006IchtR..53..427S&rft.aulast=Sakakura&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Soyano%2C+K&rft.au=Noakes%2C+D&rft.au=Hagiwara%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kanamori-2006-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Kanamori-2006_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanamoriYamamuraKoshibaLee2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kanamori A, Yamamura A, Koshiba S, Lee JS, Orlando EF, Hori H (October 2006). "Methyltestosterone efficiently induces male development in the self-fertilizing hermaphrodite fish, Kryptolebias marmoratus". Genesis. 44 (10): 495–503. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fdvg.20240">10.1002/dvg.20240</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17029221">17029221</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13639701">13639701</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genesis&rft.atitle=Methyltestosterone+efficiently+induces+male+development+in+the+self-fertilizing+hermaphrodite+fish%2C+Kryptolebias+marmoratus&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E495-%3C%2Fspan%3E503&rft.date=2006-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13639701%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17029221&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fdvg.20240&rft.aulast=Kanamori&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Yamamura%2C+A&rft.au=Koshiba%2C+S&rft.au=Lee%2C+JS&rft.au=Orlando%2C+EF&rft.au=Hori%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LiveScience-2006-29"><a href="#cite_ref-LiveScience-2006_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livescience.com/699-painful-realities-hyena-sex.html">"The Painful Realities of Hyena Sex"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Live_Science" title="Live Science">Live Science</a>. 26 April 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121119124756/http://www.livescience.com/699-painful-realities-hyena-sex.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Live+Science&rft.atitle=The+Painful+Realities+of+Hyena+Sex&rft.date=2006-04-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F699-painful-realities-hyena-sex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EurekAlert!-30"><a href="#cite_ref-EurekAlert!_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110310230213/http://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/pub/716.php">"Hyena Graphic"</a>. EurekAlert!. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/pub/716.php">the original</a> on 2011-03-10. Retrieved 2011-03-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EurekAlert%21&rft.atitle=Hyena+Graphic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurekalert.org%2Fmultimedia%2Fpub%2F716.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bella-31"><a href="#cite_ref-bella_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101123173312/http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art27509.asp">"Hermaphrodite Hyenas?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art27509.asp">the original</a> on 2010-11-23. Retrieved 2011-03-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hermaphrodite+Hyenas%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bellaonline.com%2Farticles%2Fart27509.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soni-2010-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Soni-2010_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoni2010" class="citation book cs1">Soni NK (2010-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RvBe_bCQAukC&q=hermaphrodite+or+bisexual+flower&pg=PA87">Fundamentals of Botany</a>. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-068177-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-068177-4"><bdi>978-0-07-068177-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Botany&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Tata+McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.date=2010-04-01&rft.isbn=978-0-07-068177-4&rft.aulast=Soni&rft.aufirst=NK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRvBe_bCQAukC%26q%3Dhermaphrodite%2Bor%2Bbisexual%2Bflower%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Molnar-2004-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Molnar-2004_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolnar2004" class="citation web cs1">Molnar S (17 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091022174814/http://geocities.com/we_evolve/Plants/breeding_sys.html">"Plant Reproductive Systems"</a>. Evolution and the Origins of Life. Geocities.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/we_evolve/Plants/breeding_sys.html">the original</a> on 2009-10-22. Retrieved 12 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Evolution+and+the+Origins+of+Life&rft.atitle=Plant+Reproductive+Systems&rft.date=2004-02-17&rft.aulast=Molnar&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2Fwe_evolve%2FPlants%2Fbreeding_sys.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glover-2014-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Glover-2014_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlover2014" class="citation book cs1">Glover B (February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uXMVDAAAQBAJ&q=Monoecy&pg=PA139">Understanding Flowers and Flowering</a> (Second ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 138–139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966159-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966159-6"><bdi>978-0-19-966159-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Flowers+and+Flowering&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E138-%3C%2Fspan%3E139&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014-02&rft.isbn=978-0-19-966159-6&rft.aulast=Glover&rft.aufirst=B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuXMVDAAAQBAJ%26q%3DMonoecy%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walas-2018-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Walas-2018_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalasMandrykThomasTyrała-Wierucka2018" class="citation journal cs1">Walas Ł, Mandryk W, Thomas PA, Tyrała-Wierucka Ż, Iszkuło G (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://keele-repository.worktribe.com/previewfile/457433/29052018_1-s2.0-S1439179117304498-main.pdf">"Sexual systems in gymnosperms: A review"</a> (PDF). Basic and Applied Ecology. 31: 1–9. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018BApEc..31....1W">2018BApEc..31....1W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.baae.2018.05.009">10.1016/j.baae.2018.05.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:90740232">90740232</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Basic+and+Applied+Ecology&rft.atitle=Sexual+systems+in+gymnosperms%3A+A+review&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A90740232%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.baae.2018.05.009&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018BApEc..31....1W&rft.aulast=Walas&rft.aufirst=%C5%81&rft.au=Mandryk%2C+W&rft.au=Thomas%2C+PA&rft.au=Tyra%C5%82a-Wierucka%2C+%C5%BB&rft.au=Iszku%C5%82o%2C+G&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkeele-repository.worktribe.com%2Fpreviewfile%2F457433%2F29052018_1-s2.0-S1439179117304498-main.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fusco-2019-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fusco-2019_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fusco-2019_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuscoMinelli2019" class="citation book cs1">Fusco G, <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Minelli_(biologist)" title="Alessandro Minelli (biologist)">Minelli A</a> (2019-10-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AKGsDwAAQBAJ&q=The+Biology+of+Reproduction+PAGE+112">The Biology of Reproduction</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 111–113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49985-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49985-9"><bdi>978-1-108-49985-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210401100101/https://books.google.com/books?id=AKGsDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Biology+of+Reproduction+PAGE+112&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biology+of+Reproduction&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019-10-10&rft.isbn=978-1-108-49985-9&rft.aulast=Fusco&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Minelli%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAKGsDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DThe%2BBiology%2Bof%2BReproduction%2BPAGE%2B112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kouonon-2009-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Kouonon-2009_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKouononJacquemartBiBertin2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kouonon LC, Jacquemart AL, Bi AI, Bertin P, Baudoin JP, Dje Y (November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2766191">"Reproductive biology of the andromonoecious Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis (Cucurbitaceae)"</a>. Annals of Botany. 104 (6): 1129–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faob%2Fmcp196">10.1093/aob/mcp196</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2766191">2766191</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19671577">19671577</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Reproductive+biology+of+the+andromonoecious+Cucumis+melo+subsp.+agrestis+%28Cucurbitaceae%29&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1129-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=2009-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2766191%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19671577&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Faob%2Fmcp196&rft.aulast=Kouonon&rft.aufirst=LC&rft.au=Jacquemart%2C+AL&rft.au=Bi%2C+AI&rft.au=Bertin%2C+P&rft.au=Baudoin%2C+JP&rft.au=Dje%2C+Y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2766191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vallejo-Marín-2007-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Vallejo-Mar%C3%ADn-2007_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallejo-MarínRausher2007" class="citation journal cs1">Vallejo-Marín M, Rausher MD (February 2007). "The role of male flowers in andromonoecious species: energetic costs and siring success in Solanum carolinense L". Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution. 61 (2): 404–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1558-5646.2007.00031.x">10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00031.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17348949">17348949</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:781464">781464</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolution%3B+International+Journal+of+Organic+Evolution&rft.atitle=The+role+of+male+flowers+in+andromonoecious+species%3A+energetic+costs+and+siring+success+in+Solanum+carolinense+L&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E404-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=2007-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A781464%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17348949&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1558-5646.2007.00031.x&rft.aulast=Vallejo-Mar%C3%ADn&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Rausher%2C+MD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stevens-1985-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Stevens-1985_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevensRichards1985" class="citation journal cs1">Stevens D, Richards A (1985). "Gynodioecy in Saxifraga granulata L.". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 151: 43–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02418018">10.1007/BF02418018</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21632274">21632274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Systematics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Gynodioecy+in+Saxifraga+granulata+L.&rft.volume=151&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02418018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21632274%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Richards%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Darwin-1877-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Darwin-1877_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles1877" class="citation book cs1">Charles D (1877). The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+different+forms+of+flowers+on+plants+of+the+same+species&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1877&rft.aulast=Charles&rft.aufirst=D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaw-2000-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Shaw-2000_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShawGoffinet2000" class="citation book cs1">Shaw AJ, Goffinet B (2000). "Chapter 12: Population ecology, population genetics, and microevolution". In Shaw AJ, Goffinet B (eds.). Bryophyte biology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 369–402. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66794-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66794-4"><bdi>978-0-521-66794-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+12%3A+Population+ecology%2C+population+genetics%2C+and+microevolution&rft.btitle=Bryophyte+biology&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E369-%3C%2Fspan%3E402&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-66794-4&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=AJ&rft.au=Goffinet%2C+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aswangproject.com/lakapati-the-transgender-tagalog-deity/">"LAKAPATI: The "Transgender" Tagalog Deity? Not so fast…"</a>. THE ASWANG PROJECT. 29 November 2018. Retrieved 2019-07-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=THE+ASWANG+PROJECT&rft.atitle=LAKAPATI%3A+The+%22Transgender%22+Tagalog+Deity%3F+Not+so+fast%E2%80%A6&rft.date=2018-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aswangproject.com%2Flakapati-the-transgender-tagalog-deity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchultheissHerrmannJonas2006" class="citation journal cs1">Schultheiss D, Herrmann TR, Jonas U (March 2006). "Early photo-illustration of a hermaphrodite by the French photographer and artist Nadar in 1860". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 3 (2): 355–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1743-6109.2005.00157.x">10.1111/j.1743-6109.2005.00157.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16490032">16490032</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Sexual+Medicine&rft.atitle=Early+photo-illustration+of+a+hermaphrodite+by+the+French+photographer+and+artist+Nadar+in+1860&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E355-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=2006-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1743-6109.2005.00157.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16490032&rft.aulast=Schultheiss&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Herrmann%2C+TR&rft.au=Jonas%2C+U&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Decretum Gratiani, C. 4, q. 2 et 3, c. 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geschichte.digitale-sammlungen.de/decretum-gratiani/kapitel/dc_chapter_1_1585">"Decretum Gratiani (Kirchenrechtssammlung)"</a>. Bayerische StaatsBibliothek (<a href="/wiki/Bavarian_State_Library" title="Bavarian State Library">Bavarian State Library</a>). February 5, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220084841/http://geschichte.digitale-sammlungen.de/decretum-gratiani/kapitel/dc_chapter_1_1585">Archived</a> from the original on December 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bayerische+StaatsBibliothek+%28Bavarian+State+Library%29&rft.atitle=Decretum+Gratiani+%28Kirchenrechtssammlung%29&rft.date=2009-02-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeschichte.digitale-sammlungen.de%2Fdecretum-gratiani%2Fkapitel%2Fdc_chapter_1_1585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-de_Jaucourt-1765-46"><a href="#cite_ref-de_Jaucourt-1765_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFchevalier_de_Jaucourt1765" class="citation journal cs1">chevalier de Jaucourt L (1765). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/d/did/did2222.0000.208/--hermaphrodite?rgn=main;view=fulltext;q1=hair">"Hermaphrodite"</a>. Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert. 8: 165–167. Retrieved 13 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Diderot+%26+d%27Alembert&rft.atitle=Hermaphrodite&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E165-%3C%2Fspan%3E167&rft.date=1765&rft.aulast=chevalier+de+Jaucourt&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fd%2Fdid%2Fdid2222.0000.208%2F--hermaphrodite%3Frgn%3Dmain%3Bview%3Dfulltext%3Bq1%3Dhair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoke1812" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Coke" title="Edward Coke">Coke E</a> (1812). The First Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England, Institutes 8.a. (1st Am. ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Part+of+the+Institutes+of+the+Laws+of+England%2C+Institutes+8.a.&rft.edition=1st+Am.&rft.date=1812&rft.aulast=Coke&rft.aufirst=E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg1999" class="citation journal cs1">Greenberg J (1999). "Defining Male and Female: Intersexuality and the Collision Between Law and Biology". Arizona Law Review. 41: 277–278. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=896307">896307</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arizona+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Defining+Male+and+Female%3A+Intersexuality+and+the+Collision+Between+Law+and+Biology&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E277-%3C%2Fspan%3E278&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D896307%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReis2009" class="citation book cs1">Reis E (2009). Bodies in Doubt: an American History of Intersex. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 55–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9155-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9155-7"><bdi>978-0-8018-9155-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bodies+in+Doubt%3A+an+American+History+of+Intersex&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-9155-7&rft.aulast=Reis&rft.aufirst=E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDregerChaseSousaGruppuso2005" class="citation journal cs1">Dreger AD, Chase C, Sousa A, Gruppuso PA, Frader J (August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220154642/http://www.aissg.org/PDFs/Dreger-Nomenclature-2005.PDF">"Changing the nomenclature/taxonomy for intersex: a scientific and clinical rationale"</a> (PDF). Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism. 18 (8): 729–733. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2FJPEM.2005.18.8.729">10.1515/JPEM.2005.18.8.729</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16200837">16200837</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39459050">39459050</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aissg.org/PDFs/Dreger-Nomenclature-2005.PDF">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pediatric+Endocrinology+%26+Metabolism&rft.atitle=Changing+the+nomenclature%2Ftaxonomy+for+intersex%3A+a+scientific+and+clinical+rationale&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E729-%3C%2Fspan%3E733&rft.date=2005-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39459050%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16200837&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2FJPEM.2005.18.8.729&rft.aulast=Dreger&rft.aufirst=AD&rft.au=Chase%2C+C&rft.au=Sousa%2C+A&rft.au=Gruppuso%2C+PA&rft.au=Frader%2C+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aissg.org%2FPDFs%2FDreger-Nomenclature-2005.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVilainAchermannEugsterHarley2007" class="citation journal cs1">Vilain E, Achermann JC, Eugster EA, Harley VR, Morel Y, Wilson JD, et al. (February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FGIM.0b013e31802cffcf">"We used to call them hermaphrodites"</a>. Genetics in Medicine. 9 (2): 65–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FGIM.0b013e31802cffcf">10.1097/GIM.0b013e31802cffcf</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17304046">17304046</a>. <q>use of the words "hermaphrodite," "pseudohermaphrodite," and "intersex" should be abandoned, as they either are confusing or have a negative social connotation that may be perceived as harmful by some patients and parents.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genetics+in+Medicine&rft.atitle=We+used+to+call+them+hermaphrodites&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.date=2007-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FGIM.0b013e31802cffcf&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17304046&rft.aulast=Vilain&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Achermann%2C+JC&rft.au=Eugster%2C+EA&rft.au=Harley%2C+VR&rft.au=Morel%2C+Y&rft.au=Wilson%2C+JD&rft.au=Hiort%2C+O&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1097%252FGIM.0b013e31802cffcf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Georgiann-2011-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Georgiann-2011_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgiann2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georgiann_Davis" title="Georgiann Davis">Georgiann D</a> (2011). McGann PJ, Hutson DJ (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emeraldinsight.com/books.htm?chapterid=1943090">"DSD is a Perfectly Fine Term": Reasserting Medical Authority through a Shift in Intersex Terminology"</a>. Sociology of Diagnosis (Advances in Medical Sociology). Advances in Medical Sociology. 12: 155–182. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2FS1057-6290%282011%290000012012">10.1108/S1057-6290(2011)0000012012</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85724-575-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85724-575-5"><bdi>978-0-85724-575-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociology+of+Diagnosis+%28Advances+in+Medical+Sociology%29&rft.atitle=DSD+is+a+Perfectly+Fine+Term%22%3A+Reasserting+Medical+Authority+through+a+Shift+in+Intersex+Terminology&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E182&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2FS1057-6290%282011%290000012012&rft.isbn=978-0-85724-575-5&rft.aulast=Georgiann&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emeraldinsight.com%2Fbooks.htm%3Fchapterid%3D1943090&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stats.govt.nz/methods/information-about-the-standard-for-gender-sex-and-variations-of-sex-characteristics">"Information about the standard for gender, sex, and variations of sex characteristics | Stats NZ"</a>. www.stats.govt.nz. Retrieved 2024-03-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.stats.govt.nz&rft.atitle=Information+about+the+standard+for+gender%2C+sex%2C+and+variations+of+sex+characteristics+%7C+Stats+NZ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.govt.nz%2Fmethods%2Finformation-about-the-standard-for-gender-sex-and-variations-of-sex-characteristics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Black-2017-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Black-2017_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrogen_Insensitivity_Support_Syndrome_Support_Group_AustraliaIntersex_Trust_Aotearoa_New_ZealandOrganisation_Intersex_International_AustraliaBlack2017" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Androgen_Insensitivity_Syndrome_Support_Group_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome Support Group Australia">Androgen Insensitivity Support Syndrome Support Group Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intersex_Trust_Aotearoa_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Intersex Trust Aotearoa New Zealand">Intersex Trust Aotearoa New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organisation_Intersex_International_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation Intersex International Australia">Organisation Intersex International Australia</a>, Black E, Bond K, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Briffa_(politician)" title="Tony Briffa (politician)">Briffa T</a>, et al. (March 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170322204013/https://oii.org.au/darlington-statement/">Darlington Statement</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oii.org.au/darlington-statement/">the original</a> on 2017-03-22, retrieved March 21, 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Darlington+Statement&rft.date=2017-03&rft.au=Androgen+Insensitivity+Support+Syndrome+Support+Group+Australia&rft.au=Intersex+Trust+Aotearoa+New+Zealand&rft.au=Organisation+Intersex+International+Australia&rft.au=Black%2C+E&rft.au=Bond%2C+K&rft.au=Briffa%2C+T&rft.au=Carpenter%2C+M&rft.au=Morgan&rft.au=Cody%2C+C&rft.au=David%2C+A&rft.au=Driver%2C+B&rft.au=Hannaford%2C+C&rft.au=Harlow%2C+E&rft.au=Hart%2C+B&rft.au=Hart%2C+P&rft.au=Leckey%2C+D&rft.au=Lum%2C+S&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+MB&rft.au=Nyhuis%2C+E&rft.au=O%27Callaghan%2C+B&rft.au=Perrin%2C+S&rft.au=Smith%2C+C&rft.au=Williams%2C+T&rft.au=Yang%2C+I&rft.au=Yovanovic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foii.org.au%2Fdarlington-statement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IACHR-2016-55"><a href="#cite_ref-IACHR-2016_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUN_Committee_against_TortureUN_Committee_on_the_Rights_of_the_ChildUN_Committee_on_the_Rights_of_People_with_DisabilitiesUN_Subcommittee_on_Prevention_of_Torture_and_other_Cruel,_Inhuman_or_Degrading_Treatment_or_Punishment2016" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_against_Torture#Committee_against_Torture" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Convention against Torture">UN Committee against Torture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Committee on the Rights of the Child">UN Committee on the Rights of the Child</a>, <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities">UN Committee on the Rights of People with Disabilities</a>, UN Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, <a href="/wiki/Juan_E._M%C3%A9ndez" title="Juan E. Méndez">Méndez J</a>, Pῡras D, et al. (October 24, 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=20739&LangID=E">"Intersex Awareness Day – Wednesday 26 October. End violence and harmful medical practices on intersex children and adults, UN and regional experts urge"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights">Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161121185256/http://ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=20739&LangID=E">archived</a> from the original on November 21, 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+High+Commissioner+for+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=Intersex+Awareness+Day+%E2%80%93+Wednesday+26+October.+End+violence+and+harmful+medical+practices+on+intersex+children+and+adults%2C+UN+and+regional+experts+urge&rft.date=2016-10-24&rft.au=UN+Committee+against+Torture&rft.au=UN+Committee+on+the+Rights+of+the+Child&rft.au=UN+Committee+on+the+Rights+of+People+with+Disabilities&rft.au=UN+Subcommittee+on+Prevention+of+Torture+and+other+Cruel%2C+Inhuman+or+Degrading+Treatment+or+Punishment&rft.au=M%C3%A9ndez+J&rft.au=P%E1%BF%A1ras+D&rft.au=%C5%A0imonovi%C3%A6+D&rft.au=Santos+Pais+M&rft.au=African+Commission+on+Human+and+Peoples%27+Rights&rft.au=Council+of+Europe+Commissioner+for+Human+Rights&rft.au=Inter-American+Commission+on+Human+Rights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FEN%2FNewsEvents%2FPages%2FDisplayNews.aspx%3FNewsID%3D20739%26LangID%3DE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Commissioner_for_Human_Rights-2015-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Commissioner_for_Human_Rights-2015_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouncil_of_EuropeCommissioner_for_Human_Rights2015" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Commissioner for Human Rights">Commissioner for Human Rights</a> (April 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160106203349/https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?Ref=CommDH%2FIssuePaper%282015%291&Language=lanEnglish&Ver=original">Human rights and intersex people, Issue Paper</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?Ref=CommDH/IssuePaper(2015)1&Language=lanEnglish&Ver=original">the original</a> on 2016-01-06, retrieved 2018-06-10</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+rights+and+intersex+people%2C+Issue+Paper&rft.date=2015-04&rft.au=Council+of+Europe&rft.au=Commissioner+for+Human+Rights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwcd.coe.int%2FViewDoc.jsp%3FRef%3DCommDH%2FIssuePaper%282015%291%26Language%3DlanEnglish%26Ver%3Doriginal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargaritCollOlivaGómez2000" class="citation journal cs1">Margarit E, Coll MD, Oliva R, Gómez D, Soler A, Ballesta F (January 2000). "SRY gene transferred to the long arm of the X chromosome in a Y-positive XX true hermaphrodite". American Journal of Medical Genetics. 90 (1): 25–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291096-8628%2820000103%2990%3A1%3C25%3A%3AAID-AJMG5%3E3.0.CO%3B2-5">10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(20000103)90:1<25::AID-AJMG5>3.0.CO;2-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10602113">10602113</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Medical+Genetics&rft.atitle=SRY+gene+transferred+to+the+long+arm+of+the+X+chromosome+in+a+Y-positive+XX+true+hermaphrodite&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2000-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F%28SICI%291096-8628%2820000103%2990%3A1%3C25%3A%3AAID-AJMG5%3E3.0.CO%3B2-5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10602113&rft.aulast=Margarit&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Coll%2C+MD&rft.au=Oliva%2C+R&rft.au=G%C3%B3mez%2C+D&rft.au=Soler%2C+A&rft.au=Ballesta%2C+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeynerGoldberg2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Leyner" title="Mark Leyner">Leyner M</a>, Goldberg B (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whydomenhavenipp00leyn">Why Do Men Have Nipples?: Hundreds of Questions You'd Only Ask a Doctor After Your Third Martini</a>. New York: Three Rivers Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-8231-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-8231-5"><bdi>978-1-4000-8231-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57722472">57722472</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Do+Men+Have+Nipples%3F%3A+Hundreds+of+Questions+You%27d+Only+Ask+a+Doctor+After+Your+Third+Martini&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57722472&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-8231-5&rft.aulast=Leyner&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Goldberg%2C+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhydomenhavenipp00leyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rey-2020-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Rey-2020_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReyJossoRacine2020" class="citation book cs1">Rey R, Josso N, Racine C (2020-05-27) [first published 2000]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279001/">"Sexual Differentiation"</a>. In Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Blackman MR, Boyce A, Chrousos G, Corpas E, et al. (eds.). Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth, Mass.: MDText.com, Inc. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25905232">25905232</a>. Retrieved 28 Mar 2023 – via <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sexual+Differentiation&rft.btitle=Endotext+%5BInternet%5D&rft.place=South+Dartmouth%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=MDText.com%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2020-05-27&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25905232&rft.aulast=Rey&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Josso%2C+N&rft.au=Racine%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK279001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hughes-2001-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Hughes-2001_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2001" class="citation journal cs1">Hughes IA (August 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fendo.142.8.8406">"Minireview: sex differentiation"</a>. Endocrinology. 142 (8): 3281–3287. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fendo.142.8.8406">10.1210/endo.142.8.8406</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11459768">11459768</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endocrinology&rft.atitle=Minireview%3A+sex+differentiation&rft.volume=142&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3281-%3C%2Fspan%3E3287&rft.date=2001-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fendo.142.8.8406&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11459768&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=IA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1210%252Fendo.142.8.8406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schärer-2017b-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Sch%C3%A4rer-2017b_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchärer2017" class="citation journal cs1">Schärer L (February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fmrd.22775">"The varied ways of being male and female"</a>. Molecular Reproduction and Development. 84 (2): 94–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fmrd.22775">10.1002/mrd.22775</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28032683">28032683</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Reproduction+and+Development&rft.atitle=The+varied+ways+of+being+male+and+female&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E94-%3C%2Fspan%3E104&rft.date=2017-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fmrd.22775&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28032683&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%A4rer&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fmrd.22775&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kliman-2016-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Kliman-2016_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKliman2016" class="citation book cs1">Kliman R (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_r4OCAAAQBAJ">Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Biology</a>. Vol. 2. Academic Press. pp. 212–224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-800426-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-800426-5"><bdi>978-0-12-800426-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506205920/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Encyclopedia_of_Evolutionary_Biology/_r4OCAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&kptab=overview">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-06. Retrieved 2021-09-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Evolutionary+Biology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E212-%3C%2Fspan%3E224&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-12-800426-5&rft.aulast=Kliman&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_r4OCAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henshaw-2023-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Henshaw-2023_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenshawBittlingmaierSchärer2023" class="citation journal cs1">Henshaw JM, Bittlingmaier M, Schärer L (May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10024982">"Hermaphroditic origins of anisogamy"</a>. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 378 (1876): 20220283. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2022.0283">10.1098/rstb.2022.0283</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10024982">10024982</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36934747">36934747</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London.+Series+B%2C+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Hermaphroditic+origins+of+anisogamy&rft.volume=378&rft.issue=1876&rft.pages=20220283&rft.date=2023-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10024982%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36934747&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2022.0283&rft.aulast=Henshaw&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Bittlingmaier%2C+M&rft.au=Sch%C3%A4rer%2C+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10024982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leonard-2019-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Leonard-2019_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard2019" class="citation book cs1">Leonard JL (2019-05-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0rWZDwAAQBAJ&q=sexual+system">Transitions Between Sexual Systems: Understanding the Mechanisms of, and Pathways Between, Dioecy, Hermaphroditism and Other Sexual Systems</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-94139-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-94139-4"><bdi>978-3-319-94139-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transitions+Between+Sexual+Systems%3A+Understanding+the+Mechanisms+of%2C+and+Pathways+Between%2C+Dioecy%2C+Hermaphroditism+and+Other+Sexual+Systems&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2019-05-21&rft.isbn=978-3-319-94139-4&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=JL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0rWZDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsexual%2Bsystem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sasson-2017-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Sasson-2017_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSassonRyan2017" class="citation journal cs1">Sasson DA, Ryan JF (December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5717846">"A reconstruction of sexual modes throughout animal evolution"</a>. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (1): 242. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017BMCEE..17..242S">2017BMCEE..17..242S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12862-017-1071-3">10.1186/s12862-017-1071-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5717846">5717846</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29207942">29207942</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Evolutionary+Biology&rft.atitle=A+reconstruction+of+sexual+modes+throughout+animal+evolution&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=242&rft.date=2017-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5717846%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29207942&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12862-017-1071-3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017BMCEE..17..242S&rft.aulast=Sasson&rft.aufirst=DA&rft.au=Ryan%2C+JF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5717846&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erisman-2013-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Erisman-2013_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErismanPetersenHastingsWarner2013" class="citation journal cs1">Erisman BE, Petersen CW, Hastings PA, Warner RR (October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2Fict077">"Phylogenetic perspectives on the evolution of functional hermaphroditism in teleost fishes"</a>. Integrative and Comparative Biology. 53 (4): 736–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2Fict077">10.1093/icb/ict077</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23817661">23817661</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Integrative+and+Comparative+Biology&rft.atitle=Phylogenetic+perspectives+on+the+evolution+of+functional+hermaphroditism+in+teleost+fishes&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E736-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=2013-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficb%2Fict077&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23817661&rft.aulast=Erisman&rft.aufirst=BE&rft.au=Petersen%2C+CW&rft.au=Hastings%2C+PA&rft.au=Warner%2C+RR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Ficb%252Fict077&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cabej-2013-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Cabej-2013_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCabej2013" class="citation book cs1">Cabej NR (2013-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=THz_-R8BSs0C&q=The+most+plausible+hypothesis+on+the+evolution+of+simultaneous+hermaphroditism+is+the+limited+availability+of+mating+partners.&pg=PA101">Building the Most Complex Structure on Earth: An Epigenetic Narrative of Development and Evolution of Animals</a>. Newnes. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-401729-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-401729-0"><bdi>978-0-12-401729-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+the+Most+Complex+Structure+on+Earth%3A+An+Epigenetic+Narrative+of+Development+and+Evolution+of+Animals&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Newnes&rft.date=2013-04-01&rft.isbn=978-0-12-401729-0&rft.aulast=Cabej&rft.aufirst=NR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTHz_-R8BSs0C%26q%3DThe%2Bmost%2Bplausible%2Bhypothesis%2Bon%2Bthe%2Bevolution%2Bof%2Bsimultaneous%2Bhermaphroditism%2Bis%2Bthe%2Blimited%2Bavailability%2Bof%2Bmating%2Bpartners.%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orton-2019-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Orton-2019_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrton2019" class="citation book cs1">Orton TJ (2019-11-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rte_DwAAQBAJ&q=Horticultural+Plant+Breeding">Horticultural Plant Breeding</a>. Academic Press. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-815570-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-815570-7"><bdi>978-0-12-815570-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horticultural+Plant+Breeding&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2019-11-21&rft.isbn=978-0-12-815570-7&rft.aulast=Orton&rft.aufirst=TJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drte_DwAAQBAJ%26q%3DHorticultural%2BPlant%2BBreeding&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Núñez-Farfán-2020-69"><a href="#cite_ref-N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez-Farf%C3%A1n-2020_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNúñez-FarfánValverde2020" class="citation book cs1">Núñez-Farfán J, Valverde PL (2020-07-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iF70DwAAQBAJ&q=consensus+dioecy&pg=PA177">Evolutionary Ecology of Plant-Herbivore Interaction</a>. Springer Nature. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-46012-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-46012-9"><bdi>978-3-030-46012-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolutionary+Ecology+of+Plant-Herbivore+Interaction&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2020-07-30&rft.isbn=978-3-030-46012-9&rft.aulast=N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez-Farf%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Valverde%2C+PL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiF70DwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dconsensus%2Bdioecy%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns-2019-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Burns-2019_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns2019" class="citation book cs1">Burns KC (2019-05-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wbOQDwAAQBAJ&q=evolution+of+hermaphroditism+in+plants">Evolution in Isolation: The Search for an Island Syndrome in Plants</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 21–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-42201-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-42201-7"><bdi>978-1-108-42201-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution+in+Isolation%3A+The+Search+for+an+Island+Syndrome+in+Plants&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019-05-16&rft.isbn=978-1-108-42201-7&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=KC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwbOQDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Devolution%2Bof%2Bhermaphroditism%2Bin%2Bplants&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Judd-2002-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Judd-2002_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuddCampbellKelloggStevens2002" class="citation book cs1">Judd WS, Campbell CS, Kellogg EA, Stevens PF, Donoghue MJ (2002). Plant systematics, a phylogenetic approach (2 ed.). Sunderland MA, US: Sinauer Associates Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87893-403-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87893-403-0"><bdi>0-87893-403-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+systematics%2C+a+phylogenetic+approach&rft.place=Sunderland+MA%2C+US&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates+Inc.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-87893-403-0&rft.aulast=Judd&rft.aufirst=WS&rft.au=Campbell%2C+CS&rft.au=Kellogg%2C+EA&rft.au=Stevens%2C+PF&rft.au=Donoghue%2C+MJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hermaphrodite&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725112536/http://www.buschgardens.org/animal-info/info-books/bony-fish/reproduction.htm">"Bony Fishes: Reproduction"</a>. SeaWorld/Busch Gardens Animal Infobooks. Busch Entertainment Corporation. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buschgardens.org/animal-info/info-books/bony-fish/reproduction.htm">the original</a> on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 12 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SeaWorld%2FBusch+Gardens+Animal+Infobooks&rft.atitle=Bony+Fishes%3A+Reproduction&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buschgardens.org%2Fanimal-info%2Finfo-books%2Fbony-fish%2Freproduction.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Discovery Health Channel, (2007) "I Am My Own Twin"</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimKwonJoungKim2002" class="citation journal cs1">Kim KR, Kwon Y, Joung JY, Kim KS, Ayala AG, Ro JY (October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.MP.0000027623.23885.0D">"True hermaphroditism and mixed gonadal dysgenesis in young children: a clinicopathologic study of 10 cases"</a>. Modern Pathology. 15 (10): 1013–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.MP.0000027623.23885.0D">10.1097/01.MP.0000027623.23885.0D</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/357415945">357415945</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12379746">12379746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Pathology&rft.atitle=True+hermaphroditism+and+mixed+gonadal+dysgenesis+in+young+children%3A+a+clinicopathologic+study+of+10+cases&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1013-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2002-10&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F357415945&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12379746&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F01.MP.0000027623.23885.0D&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=KR&rft.au=Kwon%2C+Y&rft.au=Joung%2C+JY&rft.au=Kim%2C+KS&rft.au=Ayala%2C+AG&rft.au=Ro%2C+JY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1097%252F01.MP.0000027623.23885.0D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandall2005" class="citation book cs1">Randall JE (2005). Reef and Shore Fishes of the South Pacific: New Caledonia to Tahiti and the Pitcairn Islands. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 346, 387. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2698-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2698-7"><bdi>978-0-8248-2698-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52152732">52152732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reef+and+Shore+Fishes+of+the+South+Pacific%3A+New+Caledonia+to+Tahiti+and+the+Pitcairn+Islands&rft.place=Honolulu%2C+Hawaii&rft.pages=346%2C+387&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52152732&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2698-7&rft.aulast=Randall&rft.aufirst=JE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChase1998" class="citation book cs1">Chase C (1998). "Affronting Reason". In Atkins D (ed.). Looking Queer: Body Image and Identity in Lesbian, Bisexual, Gay, and Transgender Communities. New York: Haworth Press. pp. 205–219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56023-931-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56023-931-4"><bdi>978-1-56023-931-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38519315">38519315</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Affronting+Reason&rft.btitle=Looking+Queer%3A+Body+Image+and+Identity+in+Lesbian%2C+Bisexual%2C+Gay%2C+and+Transgender+Communities&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E205-%3C%2Fspan%3E219&rft.pub=Haworth+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38519315&rft.isbn=978-1-56023-931-4&rft.aulast=Chase&rft.aufirst=C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFausto-Sterling1993" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Fausto-Sterling" title="Anne Fausto-Sterling">Fausto-Sterling A</a> (12 March 1993). "How Many Sexes Are There?". The New York Times. New York. p. Op–Ed.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+Many+Sexes+Are+There%3F&rft.pages=Op-Ed&rft.date=1993-03-12&rft.aulast=Fausto-Sterling&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988">, reprinted in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarwood1996" class="citation book cs1">Harwood S, ed. (1996). Business As Ethical and Business As Usual: Text, Readings, and Cases. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Pub. pp. 168–170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-534-54251-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-534-54251-1"><bdi>978-0-534-54251-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/141382073">141382073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Business+As+Ethical+and+Business+As+Usual%3A+Text%2C+Readings%2C+and+Cases&rft.place=Belmont%2C+CA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E168-%3C%2Fspan%3E170&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Pub&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F141382073&rft.isbn=978-0-534-54251-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrumbachConte1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Melvin_M._Grumbach" title="Melvin M. Grumbach">Grumbach MM</a>, Conte FA (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/williamstextbook00wils">"Disorders of sex differentiation"</a>. In Williams RH, Wilson JD (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/williamstextbook00wils/page/1303">Williams Textbook of Endocrinology</a>. Philadelphia: Saunders. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/williamstextbook00wils/page/1303">1303–1425</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-6152-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-6152-0"><bdi>978-0-7216-6152-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35364729">35364729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Disorders+of+sex+differentiation&rft.btitle=Williams+Textbook+of+Endocrinology&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=1303-1425&rft.pub=Saunders&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35364729&rft.isbn=978-0-7216-6152-0&rft.aulast=Grumbach&rft.aufirst=MM&rft.au=Conte%2C+FA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwilliamstextbook00wils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHermaphrodite" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hermaphrodite&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hermaphrodite" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:hermaphrodite">hermaphrodite</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hermaphrodites" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hermaphrodites">Hermaphrodites</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/263151/hermaphroditism">Britannica Online Encyclopedia: hermaphroditism (biology)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822%2805%2901105-X">Current Biology – Gender trading in a hermaphrodite</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0030030">The Evolution of Self-Fertile Hermaphroditism: The Fog Is Clearing</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140116131052/http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0030030">Archived</a> 2014-01-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.angelfire.com/ca2/BornHermaphrodite/">"Born True Hermaphrodite – Pictorial Profile", about Lynn Edward Harris</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermaphrodite&oldid=1274906430">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermaphrodite&oldid=1274906430</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Hermaphrodite&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 9 February 2025, at 22:49 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermafrodiet" title="Hermafrodiet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hermafrodiet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%86%D8%AB%D9%89" title="خنثى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خنثى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermofroditizm" title="Hermofroditizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hermofroditizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bancir" title="Bancir – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Bancir" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermafrodit" title="Hermafrodit – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hermafrodit" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divreizhadezh" title="Divreizhadezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Divreizhadezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermafrodita" title="Hermafrodita – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hermafrodita" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermafrodit" title="Hermafrodit – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hermafrodit" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deurywiad" title="Deurywiad – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Deurywiad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermafrodit" title="Hermafrodit – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hermafrodit" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermafrodiit" title="Hermafrodiit – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hermafrodiit" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%86%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B4%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ερμαφρόδιτος οργανισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ερμαφρόδιτος οργανισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermafrodita" title="Hermafrodita – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hermafrodita" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermafrodito_(vivoscienco)" title="Hermafrodito (vivoscienco) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hermafrodito (vivoscienco)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermafrodita" title="Hermafrodita – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hermafrodita" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87" title="نرماده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نرماده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisme_hermaphrodite" title="Organisme hermaphrodite – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Organisme hermaphrodite" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearmafraid%C3%ADteach" title="Hearmafraidíteach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hearmafraidíteach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%9B%85%EB%8F%99%EC%B2%B4" title="자웅동체 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자웅동체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%86%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Հերմաֆրոդիտիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հերմաֆրոդիտիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80" title="उभयलिंगी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उभयलिंगी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8k%E1%BA%B9l%E1%BA%B9kb%E1%BB%8D" title="Ẹkẹlẹkbọ – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ẹkẹlẹkbọ" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermafrodit" title="Hermafrodit – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hermafrodit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tv%C3%ADkynjungur" title="Tvíkynjungur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tvíkynjungur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%98" title="הרמאפרודיט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרמאפרודיט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntha" title="Huntha – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Huntha" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88mafwodit" title="Èmafwodit – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Èmafwodit" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermaphrodita" title="Hermaphrodita – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hermaphrodita" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermafrod%C4%ABts" title="Hermafrodīts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hermafrodīts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwitter" title="Zwitter – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Zwitter" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermafroditas" title="Hermafroditas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hermafroditas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Хермафродит – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хермафродит" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80" title="द्विलिंगी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="द्विलिंगी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khunsa" title="Khunsa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Khunsa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweeslachtigheid" title="Tweeslachtigheid – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tweeslachtigheid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80" title="उभयलिङ्गी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="उभयलिङ्गी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%8C%E9%9B%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%93" title="雌雄同体 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="雌雄同体" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermafroditt" title="Hermafroditt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hermafroditt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B1%DA%9A%DA%81%DA%A9_(%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%89%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%BC)" title="نرښځک (هرمافروډایټ) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نرښځک (هرمافروډایټ)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermafrodytyzm" title="Hermafrodytyzm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hermafrodytyzm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermafrodita" title="Hermafrodita – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hermafrodita" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hermaphrodite" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermafrodit" title="Hermafrodit – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hermafrodit" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermafrodit" title="Hermafrodit – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hermafrodit" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Хермафродит – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хермафродит" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermafrodit" title="Hermafrodit – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hermafrodit" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermafrodiitti" title="Hermafrodiitti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hermafrodiitti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermafrodit" title="Hermafrodit – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hermafrodit" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hermaphrodite" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="இருபாலுயிரி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இருபாலுயிரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrawtem" title="Abrawtem – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Abrawtem" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2_(%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2)" title="กะเทย (ชีววิทยา) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กะเทย (ชีววิทยา)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Гермофродит – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гермофродит" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermafroditlik" title="Hermafroditlik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hermafroditlik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Гермафродит – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гермафродит" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinh_v%E1%BA%ADt_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A1ng_t%C3%ADnh" title="Sinh vật lưỡng tính – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sinh vật lưỡng tính" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E4%B9%B8%E5%90%8C%E9%AB%94" title="公乸同體 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="公乸同體" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%8C%E9%9B%84%E5%90%8C%E9%AB%94" title="雌雄同體 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="雌雄同體" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 February 2025, at 22:49 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermaphrodite&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-567b97b4dc-ctgs9","wgBackendResponseTime":237,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.054","walltime":"1.277","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6856,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":267574,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3776,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":23,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":328648,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1089.478 1 -total"," 37.39% 407.325 1 Template:Reflist"," 16.88% 183.864 30 Template:Cite_book"," 10.92% 118.922 28 Template:Cite_journal"," 10.63% 115.811 2 Template:Langx"," 8.86% 96.552 1 Template:Intersex_sidebar"," 8.65% 94.216 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 7.80% 84.954 2 Template:Sister_project"," 7.67% 83.557 2 Template:Side_box"," 5.18% 56.398 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.678","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":24745429,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7878cd4448-67tbk","timestamp":"20250211200912","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Hermaphrodite","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hermaphrodite","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q303479","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q303479","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-03-08T17:27:01Z","dateModified":"2025-02-09T22:49:40Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/82\/Snails_mating.jpg","headline":"sexually reproducing organism that produces both male and female gametes"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>