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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Merger_of_behavioral_and_cognitive_therapies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Merger_of_behavioral_and_cognitive_therapies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Merger of behavioral and cognitive therapies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Merger_of_behavioral_and_cognitive_therapies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Medical uses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Medical_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Medical uses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Medical_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Depression_and_anxiety_disorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depression_and_anxiety_disorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Depression and anxiety disorders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depression_and_anxiety_disorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theoretical_approaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theoretical_approaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Theoretical approaches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theoretical_approaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialized_forms_of_CBT" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialized_forms_of_CBT"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Specialized forms of CBT </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specialized_forms_of_CBT-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combined_with_other_treatments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combined_with_other_treatments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Combined with other treatments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combined_with_other_treatments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 Prevention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bipolar_disorder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bipolar_disorder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Bipolar disorder </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bipolar_disorder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Psychosis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schizophrenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schizophrenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Schizophrenia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schizophrenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Addiction_and_substance_use_disorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Addiction_and_substance_use_disorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Addiction and substance use disorders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Addiction_and_substance_use_disorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pathological_and_problem_gambling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathological_and_problem_gambling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Pathological and problem gambling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pathological_and_problem_gambling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smoking_cessation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smoking_cessation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 Smoking cessation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smoking_cessation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Substance_use_disorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Substance_use_disorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.3 Substance use disorders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Substance_use_disorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet_addiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_addiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.4 Internet addiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet_addiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eating_disorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eating_disorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Eating disorders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eating_disorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-With_autistic_adults" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#With_autistic_adults"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 With autistic adults </div> </a> <ul id="toc-With_autistic_adults-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dementia_and_mild_cognitive_impairment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dementia_and_mild_cognitive_impairment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Dementia and mild cognitive impairment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dementia_and_mild_cognitive_impairment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-traumatic_stress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-traumatic_stress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Post-traumatic stress </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-traumatic_stress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Other uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Individuals_with_medical_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individuals_with_medical_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10.1 Individuals with medical conditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individuals_with_medical_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 Age </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Description </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Description subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cognitive_distortions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cognitive_distortions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Cognitive distortions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cognitive_distortions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assumptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assumptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Assumptions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assumptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phases_in_therapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phases_in_therapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Phases in therapy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phases_in_therapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Delivery_protocols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Delivery_protocols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Delivery protocols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Delivery_protocols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Related techniques </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods_of_access" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods_of_access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Methods of access </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Methods_of_access-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Methods of access subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Methods_of_access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Therapist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Therapist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Therapist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Therapist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computerized_or_Internet-delivered_(CCBT)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computerized_or_Internet-delivered_(CCBT)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Computerized or Internet-delivered (CCBT) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computerized_or_Internet-delivered_(CCBT)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smartphone_app-delivered" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smartphone_app-delivered"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Smartphone app-delivered </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smartphone_app-delivered-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reading_self-help_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reading_self-help_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Reading self-help materials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reading_self-help_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Group_educational_course" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Group_educational_course"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Group educational course </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Group_educational_course-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Types </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Types subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brief_cognitive_behavioral_therapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brief_cognitive_behavioral_therapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Brief cognitive behavioral therapy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brief_cognitive_behavioral_therapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cognitive_emotional_behavioral_therapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cognitive_emotional_behavioral_therapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Cognitive emotional behavioral therapy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cognitive_emotional_behavioral_therapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structured_cognitive_behavioral_training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structured_cognitive_behavioral_training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Structured cognitive behavioral training </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structured_cognitive_behavioral_training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moral_reconation_therapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moral_reconation_therapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Moral reconation therapy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moral_reconation_therapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stress_inoculation_training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stress_inoculation_training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Stress inoculation training </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stress_inoculation_training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activity-guided_CBT:_Group-knitting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activity-guided_CBT:_Group-knitting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Activity-guided CBT: Group-knitting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activity-guided_CBT:_Group-knitting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mindfulness-based_cognitive_behavioral_hypnotherapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mindfulness-based_cognitive_behavioral_hypnotherapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Mindfulness-based cognitive behavioral hypnotherapy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mindfulness-based_cognitive_behavioral_hypnotherapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unified_Protocol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unified_Protocol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Unified Protocol </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unified_Protocol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Criticisms </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticisms subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relative_effectiveness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relative_effectiveness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Relative effectiveness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relative_effectiveness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declining_effectiveness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declining_effectiveness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Declining effectiveness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declining_effectiveness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_drop-out_rates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_drop-out_rates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 High drop-out rates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_drop-out_rates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophical_concerns_with_CBT_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophical_concerns_with_CBT_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Philosophical concerns with CBT methods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophical_concerns_with_CBT_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Side_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Side_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Side effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Side_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socio-political_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socio-political_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Socio-political concerns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socio-political_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Society and culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Cognitive behavioral therapy</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" > 49 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A" title="علاج معرفي سلوكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علاج معرفي سلوكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koqnitiv_davran%C4%B1%C5%9F_terapiyas%C4%B1" title="Koqnitiv davranış terapiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Koqnitiv davranış terapiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE" title="সংজ্ঞানাত্মক আচরণীয় চিকিৎসা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সংজ্ঞানাত্মক আচরণীয় চিকিৎসা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Когнитивна поведенческа терапия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Когнитивна поведенческа терапия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognitivno-bihevioralna_terapija" title="Kognitivno-bihevioralna terapija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kognitivno-bihevioralna terapija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ter%C3%A0pia_cognitivoconductual" title="Teràpia cognitivoconductual – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Teràpia cognitivoconductual" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognitivn%C4%9B_behavior%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_terapie" title="Kognitivně behaviorální terapie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kognitivně behaviorální terapie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapi_Gwybyddol_Ymddygiadol_(CBT)" title="Therapi Gwybyddol Ymddygiadol (CBT) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Therapi Gwybyddol Ymddygiadol (CBT)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognitive_Verhaltenstherapie" title="Kognitive Verhaltenstherapie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kognitive Verhaltenstherapie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognitiivne_k%C3%A4itumisteraapia" title="Kognitiivne käitumisteraapia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kognitiivne käitumisteraapia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BD%CF%89%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%85%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γνωστική συμπεριφορική θεραπεία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γνωστική συμπεριφορική θεραπεία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terapias_cognitivo-conductuales" title="Terapias cognitivo-conductuales – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Terapias cognitivo-conductuales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogna_konduta_terapio" title="Kogna konduta terapio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kogna konduta terapio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="رفتاردرمانی شناختی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رفتاردرمانی شناختی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9rapie_cognitivo-comportementale" title="Thérapie cognitivo-comportementale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thérapie cognitivo-comportementale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terapias_cognitivo-comportamentais" title="Terapias cognitivo-comportamentais – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Terapias cognitivo-comportamentais" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EC%A7%80_%ED%96%89%EB%8F%99_%EC%B9%98%EB%A3%8C" title="인지 행동 치료 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인지 행동 치료" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BE-%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Կոգնիտիվ-վարքային թերապիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոգնիտիվ-վարքային թերապիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="संज्ञानात्मक व्यवहारपरक चिकित्सा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संज्ञानात्मक व्यवहारपरक चिकित्सा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognitivno-bihevioralna_psihoterapija" title="Kognitivno-bihevioralna psihoterapija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kognitivno-bihevioralna psihoterapija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terapi_perilaku_kognitif" title="Terapi perilaku kognitif – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Terapi perilaku kognitif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugr%C3%A6n_atferlisme%C3%B0fer%C3%B0" title="Hugræn atferlismeðferð – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hugræn atferlismeðferð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicoterapia_cognitivo-comportamentale" title="Psicoterapia cognitivo-comportamentale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Psicoterapia cognitivo-comportamentale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99-%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%92%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99" title="טיפול קוגניטיבי-התנהגותי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טיפול קוגניטיבי-התנהגותי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86" title="ಸಂವೇದನಾತ್ಮಕ ವರ್ತನ ಚಿಕಿತ್ಸೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಂವೇದನಾತ್ಮಕ ವರ್ತನ ಚಿಕಿತ್ಸೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კოგნიტური ქცევითი თერაპია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კოგნიტური ქცევითი თერაპია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognit%C4%ABvi_biheivior%C4%81l%C4%81_terapija" title="Kognitīvi biheiviorālā terapija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kognitīvi biheiviorālā terapija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognityvin%C4%97_elgesio_terapija" title="Kognityvinė elgesio terapija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kognityvinė elgesio terapija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A7_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8" title="അവബോധ പെരുമാറ്റ ചികിത്സ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അവബോധ പെരുമാറ്റ ചികിത്സ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitieve_gedragstherapie" title="Cognitieve gedragstherapie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cognitieve gedragstherapie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E7%99%82%E6%B3%95" title="認知行動療法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="認知行動療法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognitiv_adferdsterapi" title="Kognitiv adferdsterapi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kognitiv adferdsterapi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicoterapia_cognitiva_e_comportamentala" title="Psicoterapia cognitiva e comportamentala – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Psicoterapia cognitiva e comportamentala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoterapia_poznawczo-behawioralna" title="Psychoterapia poznawczo-behawioralna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Psychoterapia poznawczo-behawioralna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terapia_cognitivo-comportamental" title="Terapia cognitivo-comportamental – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Terapia cognitivo-comportamental" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Когнитивно-поведенческая психотерапия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Когнитивно-поведенческая психотерапия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%A0%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA" title="ප්‍රජානන චර්යා ප්‍රතිකාර ක්‍රමය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්‍රජානන චර්යා ප්‍රතිකාර ක්‍රමය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive-behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive-behavioral therapy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cognitive-behavioral therapy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Когнитивна терапија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Когнитивна терапија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognitiivinen_k%C3%A4ytt%C3%A4ytymisterapia" title="Kognitiivinen käyttäytymisterapia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kognitiivinen käyttäytymisterapia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognitiv_beteendeterapi" title="Kognitiv beteendeterapi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kognitiv beteendeterapi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88" title="புலனுணர்வு சார்ந்த நடத்தை சிகிச்சை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புலனுணர்வு சார்ந்த நடத்தை சிகிச்சை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Type of therapy to improve mental health</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about therapy to improve mental health. For the journal, see <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_Behaviour_Therapy_(journal)" title="Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (journal)">Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (journal)</a>. For other uses of the acronym 'CBT', see <a href="/wiki/CBT_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="CBT (disambiguation)">CBT</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical intervention</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightblue">Cognitive behavioral therapy</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Cognitive_behavioral_therapy_-_basic_tenets.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy_-_basic_tenets.svg/280px-Cognitive_behavioral_therapy_-_basic_tenets.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy_-_basic_tenets.svg/420px-Cognitive_behavioral_therapy_-_basic_tenets.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy_-_basic_tenets.svg/560px-Cognitive_behavioral_therapy_-_basic_tenets.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="698" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The triangle in the middle represents CBT's tenet that all humans' core beliefs can be summed up in three categories: self, others, future.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ICD-10_Procedure_Coding_System" title="ICD-10 Procedure Coding System">ICD-10-PCS</a></th><td class="infobox-data">GZ58ZZZ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D015928">D015928</a></td></tr><tr class="noprint"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1147152" class="extiw" title="d:Q1147152">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a form of <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">psychotherapy</a><a href="#cite_note-Handbook6-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-CBT-2">[2]</a> that aims to reduce symptoms of various mental health conditions, primarily depression, PTSD and anxiety disorders.<a href="#cite_note-ABCs-3">[3]</a> Cognitive behavioral therapy focuses on challenging and changing <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_distortions" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive distortions">cognitive distortions</a> (such as thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes) and their associated behaviors to improve <a href="/wiki/Emotional_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional regulation">emotional regulation</a><a href="#cite_note-CBT-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Benjamin-4">[4]</a> and develop personal <a href="/wiki/Coping" title="Coping">coping strategies</a> that target solving current problems. Though it was originally designed to treat <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">depression</a>, its uses have been expanded to include many issues and the treatment of many <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">mental health</a> and other conditions, including <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">anxiety</a>,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> substance use disorders, marital problems, <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">ADHD</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">eating disorders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Agras-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Powell-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-KnouseLE-10">[10]</a> CBT includes a number of cognitive or behavioral psychotherapies that treat defined psychopathologies using evidence-based techniques and strategies.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> CBT is a common form of <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">talk therapy</a> based on the combination of the basic principles from <a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">behavioral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">cognitive psychology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CBT-2">[2]</a> It is different from other approaches to <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">psychotherapy</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoanalytic">psychoanalytic</a> approach, where the therapist looks for the unconscious meaning behind the behaviors and then formulates a diagnosis. Instead, CBT is a "problem-focused" and "action-oriented" form of therapy, meaning it is used to treat specific problems related to a diagnosed <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental disorder</a>. The therapist's role is to assist the client in finding and practicing effective strategies to address the identified goals and to alleviate symptoms of the disorder.<a href="#cite_note-Schacter-14">[14]</a> CBT is based on the belief that <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_distortion" title="Cognitive distortion">thought distortions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maladaptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Maladaptive">maladaptive</a> behaviors play a role in the development and maintenance of many <a href="/wiki/Psychological_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological disorder">psychological disorders</a><a href="#cite_note-ABCs-3">[3]</a> and that symptoms and associated distress can be reduced by teaching new information-processing skills and coping mechanisms.<a href="#cite_note-Handbook6-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schacter-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> When compared to <a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_medication" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoactive medication">psychoactive medications</a>, review studies have found CBT alone to be as effective for treating less severe forms of depression,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder" title="Borderline personality disorder">borderline personality disorder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Some research suggests that CBT is most effective when combined with medication for treating mental disorders, such as <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">major depressive disorder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15315995-18">[18]</a> CBT is recommended as the first line of treatment for the majority of psychological disorders in children and adolescents, including aggression and <a href="/wiki/Conduct_disorder" title="Conduct disorder">conduct disorder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Handbook6-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Benjamin-4">[4]</a> Researchers have found that other <a href="/wiki/Bona_fide" class="mw-redirect" title="Bona fide">bona fide</a> therapeutic interventions were equally effective for treating certain conditions in adults.<a href="#cite_note-Baardseth_2013-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shedler-20">[20]</a> Along with <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_psychotherapy" title="Interpersonal psychotherapy">interpersonal psychotherapy</a> (IPT), CBT is recommended in treatment guidelines as a psychosocial treatment of choice.<a href="#cite_note-Handbook6-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barth_2013-21">[21]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_roots">Early roots</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early roots">edit</a>]</div> The prevailing body of research consistently indicates that maintaining a faith or belief system generally contributes positively to mental well-being.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Religious institutions have proactively established charities, such as the <a href="/wiki/Samaritans_(charity)" title="Samaritans (charity)">Samaritans</a>, to address mental health issues.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Cognitive behavioral therapy has undergone scrutiny as studies investigating the impact of religious belief and practices have gained prominence. Numerous randomized controlled trials have explored the correlation of CBT within diverse religious frameworks, including <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> and predominantly, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Buddhism">edit</a>]</div> Principles originating from <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> have significantly impacted the evolution of various new forms of CBT, including <a href="/wiki/Dialectical_behavior_therapy" title="Dialectical behavior therapy">dialectical behavior therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mindfulness-based_cognitive_therapy" title="Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy">mindfulness-based cognitive therapy</a>, spirituality-based CBT, and <a href="/wiki/Compassion-focused_therapy" title="Compassion-focused therapy">compassion-focused therapy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Philosophy">edit</a>]</div> Precursors of certain fundamental aspects of CBT have been identified in various ancient philosophical traditions, particularly <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Stoic philosophers, particularly <a href="/wiki/Epictetus" title="Epictetus">Epictetus</a>, believed logic could be used to identify and discard false beliefs that lead to destructive emotions, which has influenced the way modern cognitive-behavioral therapists identify cognitive distortions that contribute to depression and anxiety. <a href="/wiki/Aaron_T._Beck" class="mw-redirect" title="Aaron T. Beck">Aaron T. Beck</a>'s original treatment manual for depression states, "The philosophical origins of cognitive therapy can be traced back to the Stoic philosophers".<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Another example of Stoic influence on cognitive theorists is <a href="/wiki/Epictetus" title="Epictetus">Epictetus</a> on <a href="/wiki/Albert_Ellis" title="Albert Ellis">Albert Ellis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Engler-33">[33]</a> A key philosophical figure who influenced the development of CBT was <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> through his creation of <a href="/wiki/Associationism" title="Associationism">Associationism</a>, a predecessor of <a href="/wiki/Classical_conditioning" title="Classical conditioning">classical conditioning</a> and behavioral theory.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Robinson-35">[35]</a> The modern roots of CBT can be traced to the development of <a href="/wiki/Behavior_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavior therapy">behavior therapy</a> in the early 20th century, the development of <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_therapy" title="Cognitive therapy">cognitive therapy</a> in the 1960s, and the subsequent merging of the two. <a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Behavioral_therapy">Behavioral therapy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Behavioral therapy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Broadus_Watson.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/John_Broadus_Watson.JPG/220px-John_Broadus_Watson.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/John_Broadus_Watson.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="437" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_B._Watson" title="John B. Watson">John B. Watson</a></figcaption></figure> Groundbreaking work of behaviorism began with <a href="/wiki/John_B._Watson" title="John B. Watson">John B. Watson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosalie_Rayner" title="Rosalie Rayner">Rosalie Rayner</a>'s studies of conditioning in 1920.<a href="#cite_note-Trull-37">[37]</a> Behaviorally-centered therapeutic approaches appeared as early as 1924<a href="#cite_note-Rachman_1997-38">[38]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Mary_Cover_Jones" title="Mary Cover Jones">Mary Cover Jones</a>' work dedicated to the unlearning of fears in children.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> These were the antecedents of the development of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wolpe" title="Joseph Wolpe">Joseph Wolpe</a>'s behavioral therapy in the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-Trull-37">[37]</a> It was the work of Wolpe and Watson, which was based on <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a>'s work on learning and conditioning, that influenced <a href="/wiki/Hans_Eysenck" title="Hans Eysenck">Hans Eysenck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Lazarus" title="Arnold Lazarus">Arnold Lazarus</a> to develop new behavioral therapy techniques based on <a href="/wiki/Classical_conditioning" title="Classical conditioning">classical conditioning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Trull-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Corsini-40">[40]</a> During the 1950s and 1960s, behavioral therapy became widely used by researchers in the United States, the United Kingdom, and South Africa. Their inspiration was by the <a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">behaviorist</a> learning theory of <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_B._Watson" title="John B. Watson">John B. Watson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clark_L._Hull" title="Clark L. Hull">Clark L. Hull</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rachman_1997-38">[38]</a> In Britain, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wolpe" title="Joseph Wolpe">Joseph Wolpe</a>, who applied the findings of animal experiments to his method of <a href="/wiki/Systematic_desensitization" title="Systematic desensitization">systematic desensitization</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Trull-37">[37]</a> applied behavioral research to the treatment of neurotic disorders. Wolpe's therapeutic efforts were precursors to today's fear reduction techniques.<a href="#cite_note-Rachman_1997-38">[38]</a> British psychologist <a href="/wiki/Hans_Eysenck" title="Hans Eysenck">Hans Eysenck</a> presented behavior therapy as a constructive alternative.<a href="#cite_note-Rachman_1997-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> At the same time as Eysenck's work, <a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">B. F. Skinner</a> and his associates were beginning to have an impact with their work on <a href="/wiki/Operant_conditioning" title="Operant conditioning">operant conditioning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Trull-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Corsini-40">[40]</a> Skinner's work was referred to as <a href="/wiki/Radical_behaviorism" title="Radical behaviorism">radical behaviorism</a> and avoided anything related to cognition.<a href="#cite_note-Trull-37">[37]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Julian_Rotter" title="Julian Rotter">Julian Rotter</a> in 1954 and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Bandura" title="Albert Bandura">Albert Bandura</a> in 1969 contributed to behavior therapy with their works on <a href="/wiki/Social_learning_theory" title="Social learning theory">social learning theory</a> by demonstrating the effects of cognition on learning and behavior modification.<a href="#cite_note-Trull-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Corsini-40">[40]</a> The work of <a href="/wiki/Claire_Weekes" title="Claire Weekes">Claire Weekes</a> in dealing with anxiety disorders in the 1960s is also seen as a prototype of behavior therapy.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The emphasis on behavioral factors has been described as the "first wave" of CBT.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cognitive_therapy">Cognitive therapy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cognitive therapy">edit</a>]</div> One of the first therapists to address cognition in psychotherapy was <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler">Alfred Adler</a>, notably with his idea of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Adlerian_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Adlerian psychology">basic mistakes</a> and how they contributed to creation of unhealthy behavioral and life goals.<a href="#cite_note-AP-44">[44]</a><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Low" title="Abraham Low">Abraham Low</a> believed that someone's thoughts were best changed by changing their actions.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Adler and Low influenced the work of <a href="/wiki/Albert_Ellis" title="Albert Ellis">Albert Ellis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AP-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> who developed the earliest cognitive-based psychotherapy called <a href="/wiki/Rational_emotive_behavior_therapy" title="Rational emotive behavior therapy">rational emotive behavioral therapy</a>, or REBT.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The first version of REBT was announced to the public in 1956.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the late 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Aaron_T._Beck" class="mw-redirect" title="Aaron T. Beck">Aaron T. Beck</a> was conducting <a href="/wiki/Free_association_(psychology)" title="Free association (psychology)">free association</a> sessions in his <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalytic</a> practice.<a href="#cite_note-Beck_2021-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-EABH-49">[49]</a> During these sessions, Beck noticed that thoughts were not as unconscious as <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Freud</a> had previously theorized, and that certain types of thinking may be the culprits of emotional distress.<a href="#cite_note-EABH-49">[49]</a> It was from this hypothesis that Beck developed <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_therapy" title="Cognitive therapy">cognitive therapy</a>, and called these thoughts "automatic thoughts".<a href="#cite_note-EABH-49">[49]</a> He first published his new methodology in 1967, and his first treatment manual in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-Beck_2021-48">[48]</a> Beck has been referred to as "the father of cognitive behavioral therapy".<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> It was these two therapies, rational emotive therapy, and cognitive therapy, that started the "second wave" of CBT, which emphasized cognitive factors.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Merger_of_behavioral_and_cognitive_therapies">Merger of behavioral and cognitive therapies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Merger of behavioral and cognitive therapies">edit</a>]</div> Although the early behavioral approaches were successful in many so-called <a href="/wiki/Neurotic_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotic disorders">neurotic disorders</a>, they had little success in treating <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">depression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Trull-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rachman_1997-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Behaviorism was also losing popularity due to the <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_revolution" title="Cognitive revolution">cognitive revolution</a>. The therapeutic approaches of <a href="/wiki/Albert_Ellis_(psychologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Ellis (psychologist)">Albert Ellis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aaron_T._Beck" class="mw-redirect" title="Aaron T. Beck">Aaron T. Beck</a> gained popularity among behavior therapists, despite the earlier behaviorist rejection of <a href="/wiki/Mentalism_(psychology)" title="Mentalism (psychology)">mentalistic</a> concepts like thoughts and cognitions.<a href="#cite_note-Trull-37">[37]</a> Both of these systems included behavioral elements and interventions, with the primary focus being on problems in the present.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In initial studies, cognitive therapy was often contrasted with behavioral treatments to see which was most effective. During the 1980s and 1990s, cognitive and behavioral techniques were merged into cognitive behavioral therapy. Pivotal to this merging was the successful development of treatments for <a href="/wiki/Panic_disorder" title="Panic disorder">panic disorder</a> by <a href="/wiki/David_M._Clark" title="David M. Clark">David M. Clark</a> in the UK and <a href="/wiki/David_H._Barlow" title="David H. Barlow">David H. Barlow</a> in the US.<a href="#cite_note-Rachman_1997-38">[38]</a> Over time, cognitive behavior therapy came to be known not only as a therapy, but as an umbrella term for all cognitive-based psychotherapies.<a href="#cite_note-Trull-37">[37]</a> These therapies include, but are not limited to, <a href="/wiki/Rational_emotive_behavior_therapy" title="Rational emotive behavior therapy">REBT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_therapy" title="Cognitive therapy">cognitive therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acceptance_and_commitment_therapy" title="Acceptance and commitment therapy">acceptance and commitment therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dialectical_behavior_therapy" title="Dialectical behavior therapy">dialectical behavior therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metacognitive_therapy" title="Metacognitive therapy">metacognitive therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metacognitive_training" title="Metacognitive training">metacognitive training</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reality_therapy" title="Reality therapy">reality therapy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Glasser%27s_choice_theory" title="Glasser's choice theory">choice theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_processing_therapy" title="Cognitive processing therapy">cognitive processing therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eye_movement_desensitization_and_reprocessing" title="Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing">EMDR</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Multimodal_therapy" title="Multimodal therapy">multimodal therapy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Trull-37">[37]</a> This blending of theoretical and technical foundations from both <a href="/wiki/Behaviour_therapy#"Third_generation"" title="Behaviour therapy">behavior</a> and cognitive therapies constituted the "third wave" of CBT.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-43">[43]</a> The most prominent therapies of this third wave are <a href="/wiki/Dialectical_behavior_therapy" title="Dialectical behavior therapy">dialectical behavior therapy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acceptance_and_commitment_therapy" title="Acceptance and commitment therapy">acceptance and commitment therapy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson-43">[43]</a> Despite the increasing popularity of third-wave treatment approaches, reviews of studies reveal there may be no difference in the effectiveness compared with non-third wave CBT for the treatment of depression.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Medical uses">edit</a>]</div> In adults, CBT has been shown to be an effective part of treatment plans for <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">anxiety disorders</a>,<a href="#cite_note-OtteC-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-plosone.org-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Body_dysmorphic_disorder" title="Body dysmorphic disorder">body dysmorphic disorder</a>,<a href="#cite_note-MetaNSUE-56">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>,<a href="#cite_note-DriessenE-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-biomedcentral.com-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-INSERM-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">eating disorders</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Agras-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-MurphyR-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-INSERM-59">[59]</a> chronic <a href="/wiki/Low_back_pain" title="Low back pain">low back pain</a>,<a href="#cite_note-GatchelRJ-61">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder">personality disorders</a>,<a href="#cite_note-MatusiewiczAK-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-INSERM-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychosis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-GutierrezM-63">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-RathodS-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-INSERM-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Substance_use_disorder" title="Substance use disorder">substance use disorders</a>,<a href="#cite_note-McHughRK-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-INSERM-59">[59]</a> and bipolar disorder.<a href="#cite_note-INSERM-59">[59]</a> It is also effective as part of treatment plans in the adjustment, depression, and anxiety associated with <a href="/wiki/Fibromyalgia" title="Fibromyalgia">fibromyalgia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-HassettAL-66">[66]</a> and with post-<a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord_injury" title="Spinal cord injury">spinal cord injuries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MehtaS-67">[67]</a> In children or adolescents, CBT is an effective part of treatment plans for anxiety disorders,<a href="#cite_note-SeligmanLD-68">[68]</a> body dysmorphic disorder,<a href="#cite_note-PhillipsKA-69">[69]</a> depression and <a href="/wiki/Suicidal_ideation" title="Suicidal ideation">suicidality</a>,<a href="#cite_note-SpiritoA-70">[70]</a> eating disorders<a href="#cite_note-Agras-7">[7]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>,<a href="#cite_note-WilfleyDE-71">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">obsessive–compulsive disorder</a> (OCD),<a href="#cite_note-BoileauB-72">[72]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a> (PTSD),<a href="#cite_note-KowalikJ-73">[73]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Tic_disorder" title="Tic disorder">tic disorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trichotillomania" title="Trichotillomania">trichotillomania</a>, and other repetitive behavior disorders.<a href="#cite_note-FlessnerCA-74">[74]</a> CBT has also been applied to a variety of childhood disorders,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> including depressive disorders and various anxiety disorders. CBT has shown to be the most effective intervention for people exposed to <a href="/wiki/Adverse_childhood_experiences" title="Adverse childhood experiences">adverse childhood experiences</a> in the form of abuse or neglect.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Criticism of CBT sometimes focuses on implementations (such as the UK <a href="/wiki/Improving_Access_to_Psychological_Therapies" title="Improving Access to Psychological Therapies">IAPT</a>) which may result initially in low quality therapy being offered by poorly trained practitioners.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> However, evidence supports the effectiveness of CBT for anxiety and depression.<a href="#cite_note-pmid20948835-79">[79]</a> Evidence suggests that the addition of <a href="/wiki/Hypnotherapy" title="Hypnotherapy">hypnotherapy</a> as an adjunct to CBT improves treatment efficacy for a variety of clinical issues.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Health_and_Care_Excellence" title="National Institute for Health and Care Excellence">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence</a> (NICE) recommends CBT in the treatment plans for a number of <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">mental health</a> difficulties, including PTSD, OCD, <a href="/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa" title="Bulimia nervosa">bulimia nervosa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clinical_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical depression">clinical depression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Depression_and_anxiety_disorders">Depression and anxiety disorders</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Depression and anxiety disorders">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder#Talking_therapies" title="Major depressive disorder">Major depressive disorder § Talking therapies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Management_of_depression#Psychotherapy" title="Management of depression">Management of depression § Psychotherapy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#Treatment" title="Anxiety disorder">Anxiety disorder § Treatment</a></div> Cognitive behavioral therapy has been shown as an effective treatment for clinical depression.<a href="#cite_note-DriessenE-57">[57]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a> Practice Guidelines (April 2000) indicated that, among psychotherapeutic approaches, cognitive behavioral therapy and <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_psychotherapy" title="Interpersonal psychotherapy">interpersonal psychotherapy</a> had the best-documented efficacy for treatment of <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">major depressive disorder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] A 2001 meta-analysis comparing CBT and <a href="/wiki/Psychodynamic_psychotherapy" title="Psychodynamic psychotherapy">psychodynamic psychotherapy</a> suggested the approaches were equally effective in the short term for depression.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In contrast, a 2013 meta-analysis suggested that CBT, <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpersonal therapy">interpersonal therapy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Problem-solving_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Problem-solving therapy">problem-solving therapy</a> outperformed psychodynamic psychotherapy and <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_activation" title="Behavioral activation">behavioral activation</a> in the treatment of depression.<a href="#cite_note-Barth_2013-21">[21]</a> According to a 2004 review by <a href="/wiki/INSERM" class="mw-redirect" title="INSERM">INSERM</a> of three methods, cognitive behavioral therapy was either proven or presumed to be an effective therapy on several <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental disorders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-INSERM-59">[59]</a> This included <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panic_disorder" title="Panic disorder">panic disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress</a>, and other anxiety disorders.<a href="#cite_note-INSERM-59">[59]</a> CBT has been shown to be effective in the treatment of adults with anxiety disorders.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> In a 2020 Cochrane review it was determined that CBT for children and adolescents was probably more effective (short term) than wait list or no treatment and more effective than <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2760607/">attention control</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Results from a 2018 systematic review found a high strength of evidence that CBT-exposure therapy can reduce PTSD symptoms and lead to the loss of a PTSD diagnosis.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> CBT has also been shown to be effective for post-traumatic stress disorder in very young children (3 to 6 years of age).<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> A Cochrane review found low quality evidence that CBT may be more effective than other psychotherapies in reducing symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Systematic_review" title="Systematic review">systematic review</a> of CBT in depression and anxiety disorders concluded that "CBT delivered in primary care, especially including computer- or Internet-based self-help programs, is potentially more effective than usual care and could be delivered effectively by primary care therapists."<a href="#cite_note-HoifodtRS-91">[91]</a> Some meta-analyses find CBT more effective than psychodynamic therapy and equal to other therapies in treating anxiety and depression.<a href="#cite_note-Tolin_2010-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cuijpers_2008-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Theoretical_approaches">Theoretical approaches</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Theoretical approaches">edit</a>]</div> One <a href="/wiki/Etiology" title="Etiology">etiological</a> theory of depression is <a href="/wiki/Aaron_T._Beck" class="mw-redirect" title="Aaron T. Beck">Aaron T. Beck</a>'s cognitive theory of depression. His theory states that depressed people think the way they do because their thinking is biased towards negative interpretations. Beck's theory rests on the aspect of cognitive behavioral therapy known as <a href="/wiki/Schema_(psychology)" title="Schema (psychology)">schemata</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-94">[94]</a> Schemata are the mental maps used to integrate new information into memories and to organize existing information in the mind. An example of a <a href="/wiki/Schema_(psychology)" title="Schema (psychology)">schema</a> would be a person hearing the word "dog" and picturing different versions of the animal that they have grouped together in their mind.<a href="#cite_note-:0-94">[94]</a> According to this theory, depressed people acquire a negative <a href="/wiki/Schema_(psychology)" title="Schema (psychology)">schema</a> of the world in childhood and adolescence as an effect of stressful life events, and the negative schema is activated later in life when the person encounters similar situations.<a href="#cite_note-Neale247-95">[95]</a> Beck also described a negative <a href="/wiki/Beck%27s_cognitive_triad" title="Beck's cognitive triad">cognitive triad</a>. The cognitive triad is made up of the depressed individual's negative evaluations of themselves, the world, and the future. Beck suggested that these negative evaluations derive from the negative schemata and cognitive biases of the person. According to this theory, depressed people have views such as "I never do a good job", "It is impossible to have a good day", and "things will never get better". A negative schema helps give rise to the cognitive bias, and the cognitive bias helps fuel the negative schema. Beck further proposed that depressed people often have the following cognitive biases: <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_inference" title="Arbitrary inference">arbitrary inference</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selective_abstraction" title="Selective abstraction">selective abstraction</a>, overgeneralization, magnification, and <a href="/wiki/Minimisation_(psychology)" title="Minimisation (psychology)">minimization</a>. These cognitive biases are quick to make negative, generalized, and personal inferences of the self, thus fueling the negative schema.<a href="#cite_note-Neale247-95">[95]</a> On the other hand, a positive cognitive triad relates to a person's positive evaluations of themself, the world, and the future.<a href="#cite_note-:1-96">[96]</a> More specifically, a positive cognitive triad requires <a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">self-esteem</a> when viewing oneself and hope for the future. A person with a positive cognitive triad has a positive schema used for viewing themself in addition to a positive schema for the world and for the future. Cognitive behavioral research suggests a positive cognitive triad bolsters <a href="/wiki/Psychological_resilience" title="Psychological resilience">resilience</a>, or the ability to cope with stressful events. Increased levels of resilience is associated with greater resistance to <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-96">[96]</a> Another major theoretical approach to cognitive behavioral therapy treatment is the concept of <a href="/wiki/Locus_of_control" title="Locus of control">Locus of Control</a> outlined in <a href="/wiki/Social_learning_theory" title="Social learning theory">Julian Rotter's Social Learning Theory</a>. Locus of control refers to the degree to which an individual's sense of control is either internal or external.<a href="#cite_note-:2-97">[97]</a> An internal locus of control exists when an individual views an outcome of a particular action as being reliant on themselves and their personal attributes whereas an external locus of control exists when an individual views other's or some outside, intangible force such as luck or fate as being responsible for the outcome of a particular action.<a href="#cite_note-:2-97">[97]</a> A basic concept in some CBT treatments used in anxiety disorders is in vivo <a href="/wiki/Exposure_therapy" title="Exposure therapy">exposure</a>. CBT-exposure therapy refers to the direct confrontation of feared objects, activities, or situations by a patient. For example, a woman with PTSD who fears the location where she was assaulted may be assisted by her therapist in going to that location and directly confronting those fears.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Likewise, a person with a social anxiety disorder who fears public speaking may be instructed to directly confront those fears by giving a speech.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> This "two-factor" model is often credited to <a href="/wiki/Orval_Hobart_Mowrer" title="Orval Hobart Mowrer">O. Hobart Mowrer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Through exposure to the stimulus, this harmful conditioning can be "unlearned" (referred to as <a href="/wiki/Extinction_(psychology)" title="Extinction (psychology)">extinction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habituation" title="Habituation">habituation</a>). CBT for children with phobias is normally delivered over multiple sessions, but one-session treatment has been shown to be equally effective and is cheaper.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Specialized_forms_of_CBT">Specialized forms of CBT</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Specialized forms of CBT">edit</a>]</div> CBT-SP, an adaptation of CBT for suicide prevention (SP), was specifically designed for treating youths who are severely depressed and who have recently attempted suicide within the past 90 days, and was found to be effective, feasible, and acceptable.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Acceptance_and_commitment_therapy" title="Acceptance and commitment therapy">Acceptance and commitment therapy</a> (ACT) is a specialist branch of CBT (sometimes referred to as contextual CBT<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a>). ACT uses mindfulness and acceptance interventions and has been found to have a greater longevity in therapeutic outcomes. In a study with anxiety, CBT and ACT improved similarly across all outcomes from pre- to post-treatment. However, during a 12-month follow-up, ACT proved to be more effective, showing that it is a highly viable lasting treatment model for anxiety disorders.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Computerized CBT (CCBT) has been proven to be effective by randomized controlled and other trials in treating depression and anxiety disorders,<a href="#cite_note-plosone.org-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-biomedcentral.com-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-HoifodtRS-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20948835-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> including children.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Some research has found similar effectiveness to an intervention of informational websites and weekly telephone calls.<a href="#cite_note-Schneider-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-MoodGym_no_better_than_informational_websites_2012-110">[110]</a> CCBT was found to be equally effective as face-to-face CBT in adolescent anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Combined_with_other_treatments">Combined with other treatments</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Combined with other treatments">edit</a>]</div> Studies have provided evidence that when examining animals and humans, that <a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">glucocorticoids</a> may lead to a more successful extinction learning during exposure therapy for anxiety disorders. For instance, glucocorticoids can prevent aversive learning episodes from being retrieved and heighten reinforcement of memory traces creating a non-fearful reaction in feared situations. A combination of glucocorticoids and exposure therapy may be a better-improved treatment for treating people with anxiety disorders.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prevention">Prevention</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Prevention">edit</a>]</div> For anxiety disorders, use of CBT with people at risk has significantly reduced the number of episodes of generalized anxiety disorder and other anxiety symptoms, and also given significant improvements in explanatory style, hopelessness, and dysfunctional attitudes.<a href="#cite_note-pmid20948835-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> In another study, 3% of the group receiving the CBT intervention developed generalized anxiety disorder by 12 months postintervention compared with 14% in the control group.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Individuals with subthreshold levels of panic disorder significantly benefitted from use of CBT.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Use of CBT was found to significantly reduce social anxiety prevalence.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> For depressive disorders, a stepped-care intervention (watchful waiting, CBT and medication if appropriate) achieved a 50% lower incidence rate in a patient group aged 75 or older.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Another depression study found a neutral effect compared to personal, social, and health education, and usual school provision, and included a comment on potential for increased depression scores from people who have received CBT due to greater self recognition and acknowledgement of existing symptoms of depression and negative thinking styles.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> A further study also saw a neutral result.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> A meta-study of the Coping with Depression course, a cognitive behavioral intervention delivered by a psychoeducational method, saw a 38% reduction in risk of major depression.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bipolar_disorder">Bipolar disorder</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bipolar disorder">edit</a>]</div> Many studies show CBT, combined with pharmacotherapy, is effective in improving depressive symptoms, <a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">mania</a> severity and psychosocial functioning with mild to moderate effects, and that it is better than medication alone.<a href="#cite_note-daCostaRT-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kingdon-125">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/INSERM" class="mw-redirect" title="INSERM">INSERM</a>'s 2004 review found that CBT is an effective therapy for several mental disorders, including bipolar disorder.<a href="#cite_note-INSERM-59">[59]</a> This included schizophrenia, <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panic_disorder" title="Panic disorder">panic disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress</a>, anxiety disorders, <a href="/wiki/Bulimia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulimia">bulimia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">anorexia</a>, personality disorders and <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcohol dependency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-INSERM-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychosis">Psychosis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Psychosis">edit</a>]</div> In long-term <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychoses</a>, CBT is used to complement medication and is adapted to meet individual needs. Interventions particularly related to these conditions include exploring reality testing, changing delusions and hallucinations, examining factors which precipitate relapse, and managing relapses.<a href="#cite_note-GutierrezM-63">[63]</a> Meta-analyses confirm the effectiveness of <a href="/wiki/Metacognitive_training" title="Metacognitive training">metacognitive training</a> (MCT) for the improvement of positive symptoms (e.g., delusions).<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> For people at risk of <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychosis</a>, in 2014 the UK <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Health_and_Care_Excellence" title="National Institute for Health and Care Excellence">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)</a> recommended preventive CBT.<a href="#cite_note-thementalelf.net-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Schizophrenia">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/INSERM" class="mw-redirect" title="INSERM">INSERM</a>'s 2004 review found that CBT is an effective therapy for several mental disorders, including schizophrenia.<a href="#cite_note-INSERM-59">[59]</a> A Cochrane review reported CBT had "no effect on long‐term risk of relapse" and no additional effect above standard care.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> A 2015 <a href="/wiki/Systematic_review" title="Systematic review">systematic review</a> investigated the effects of CBT compared with other psychosocial therapies for people with schizophrenia and determined that there is no clear advantage over other, often less expensive, interventions but acknowledged that better quality evidence is needed before firm conclusions can be drawn.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Addiction_and_substance_use_disorders">Addiction and substance use disorders</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Addiction and substance use disorders">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pathological_and_problem_gambling">Pathological and problem gambling</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Pathological and problem gambling">edit</a>]</div> CBT is also used for <a href="/wiki/Problem_gambling" title="Problem gambling">pathological and problem gambling</a>. The percentage of people who problem gamble is 1–3% around the world.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Cognitive behavioral therapy develops skills for relapse prevention and someone can learn to control their mind and manage high-risk cases.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> There is evidence of efficacy of CBT for treating pathological and problem gambling at immediate follow up, however the longer term efficacy of CBT for it is currently unknown.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Smoking_cessation">Smoking cessation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Smoking cessation">edit</a>]</div> CBT looks at the habit of smoking cigarettes as a learned behavior, which later evolves into a coping strategy to handle daily stressors. Since smoking is often easily accessible and quickly allows the user to feel good, it can take precedence over other coping strategies, and eventually work its way into everyday life during non-stressful events as well. CBT aims to target the function of the behavior, as it can vary between individuals, and works to inject other coping mechanisms in place of smoking. CBT also aims to support individuals with strong cravings, which are a major reported reason for relapse during treatment.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> A 2008 controlled study out of Stanford University School of Medicine suggested CBT may be an effective tool to help maintain abstinence. The results of 304 random adult participants were tracked over the course of one year. During this program, some participants were provided medication, CBT, 24-hour phone support, or some combination of the three methods. At 20 weeks, the participants who received CBT had a 45% abstinence rate, versus non-CBT participants, who had a 29% abstinence rate. Overall, the study concluded that emphasizing cognitive and behavioral strategies to support smoking cessation can help individuals build tools for long term smoking abstinence.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Mental health history can affect the outcomes of treatment. Individuals with a history of depressive disorders had a lower rate of success when using CBT alone to combat smoking addiction.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12924670-137">[137]</a> A 2019 Cochrane review was unable to find sufficient evidence to differentiate effects between CBT and hypnosis for smoking cessation and highlighted that a review of the current research showed variable results for both modalities. <a href="#cite_note-pmid31198991-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Substance_use_disorders">Substance use disorders</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Substance use disorders">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Disputed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-disputed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/45px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/68px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/90px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's factual accuracy is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">disputed</a>. Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Cognitive_behavioral_therapy#Disputed" title="Talk:Cognitive behavioral therapy">talk page</a>. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliably sourced</a>. (May 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Studies have shown CBT to be an effective treatment for substance use disorders.<a href="#cite_note-McHughRK-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> For individuals with substance use disorders, CBT aims to reframe maladaptive thoughts, such as denial, minimizing and catastrophizing thought patterns, with healthier narratives.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Specific techniques include identifying potential triggers and developing coping mechanisms to manage high-risk situations. Research has shown CBT to be particularly effective when combined with other therapy-based treatments or medication.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <a href="/wiki/INSERM" class="mw-redirect" title="INSERM">INSERM</a>'s 2004 review found that CBT is an effective therapy for several mental disorders, including <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcohol dependency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-INSERM-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Internet_addiction">Internet addiction</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Internet addiction">edit</a>]</div> Research has identified <a href="/wiki/Internet_addiction_disorder" title="Internet addiction disorder">Internet addiction</a> as a new clinical disorder that causes relational, occupational, and social problems. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been suggested as the treatment of choice for Internet addiction, and addiction recovery in general has used CBT as part of treatment planning.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> There is also evidence for the efficacy of CBT in multicenter randomized controlled trials such as STICA (Short-Term Treatment of Internet and Computer Game Addiction).<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eating_disorders">Eating disorders</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Eating disorders">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_treatment_of_eating_disorders" title="Cognitive behavioral treatment of eating disorders">Cognitive behavioral treatment of eating disorders</a></div> Though many forms of <a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder#Treatment" title="Eating disorder">treatment</a> can support individuals with eating disorders, CBT is proven to be a more effective treatment than medications and interpersonal psychotherapy alone.<a href="#cite_note-MurphyR-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Agras-7">[7]</a> CBT aims to combat major causes of distress such as negative cognitions surrounding body weight, shape and size. CBT therapists also work with individuals to regulate strong emotions and thoughts that lead to dangerous compensatory behaviors. CBT is the first line of treatment for <a href="/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa#Psychotherapy" title="Bulimia nervosa">bulimia nervosa</a>, and non-specific eating disorders.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> While there is evidence to support the efficacy of CBT for bulimia nervosa and binging, the evidence is somewhat variable and limited by small study sizes.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/INSERM" class="mw-redirect" title="INSERM">INSERM</a>'s 2004 review found that CBT is an effective therapy for several mental disorders, including <a href="/wiki/Bulimia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulimia">bulimia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">anorexia nervosa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-INSERM-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="With_autistic_adults">With autistic adults</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: With autistic adults">edit</a>]</div> Emerging evidence for cognitive behavioral interventions aimed at reducing symptoms of depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder in <a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum">autistic</a> adults without intellectual disability has been identified through a systematic review.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> While the research was focused on adults, cognitive behavioral interventions have also been beneficial to autistic children.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> A 2021 Cochrane review found limited evidence regarding the efficacy of CBT for obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder stating a need for further study.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dementia_and_mild_cognitive_impairment">Dementia and mild cognitive impairment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Dementia and mild cognitive impairment">edit</a>]</div> A Cochrane review in 2022 found that adults with <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mild_cognitive_impairment" title="Mild cognitive impairment">mild cognitive impairment (MCI)</a> who experience symptoms of depression may benefit from CBT, whereas other counselling or supportive interventions might not improve symptoms significantly.<a href="#cite_note-Orgeta_2022-150">[150]</a> Across 5 different psychometric scales, where higher scores indicate severity of depression, adults receiving CBT reported somewhat lower mood scores than those receiving usual care for dementia and MCI overall.<a href="#cite_note-Orgeta_2022-150">[150]</a> In this review, a sub-group analysis found <a href="/wiki/Clinically_significant" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinically significant">clinically significant</a> benefits only among those diagnosed with dementia, rather than MCI.<a href="#cite_note-Orgeta_2022-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> The likelihood of remission from depression also appeared to be 84% higher following CBT, though the evidence for this was less certain. Anxiety, cognition and other neuropsychiatric symptoms were not significantly improved following CBT, however this review did find moderate evidence of improved quality of life and daily living activity scores in those with dementia and MCI.<a href="#cite_note-Orgeta_2022-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-traumatic_stress">Post-traumatic stress</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Post-traumatic stress">edit</a>]</div> Cognitive behavioral therapy interventions may have some benefits for people who have post-traumatic stress related to surviving rape, sexual abuse, or sexual assault.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Other uses">edit</a>]</div> Evidence suggests a possible role for CBT in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a> (ADHD),<a href="#cite_note-KnouseLE-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hypochondriasis" title="Hypochondriasis">hypochondriasis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> and bipolar disorder,<a href="#cite_note-daCostaRT-123">[123]</a> but more study is needed and results should be interpreted with caution. Moderate evidence from a 2024 systematic review supports the effectiveness of CBT and neurofeedback as part of <a href="/wiki/Psychosocial" title="Psychosocial">psychosocial</a> interventions for improving ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> CBT has been studied as an aid in the treatment of anxiety associated with <a href="/wiki/Stuttering" title="Stuttering">stuttering</a>. Initial studies have shown CBT to be effective in reducing social anxiety in adults who stutter,<a href="#cite_note-pmid21705407-155">[155]</a> but not in reducing stuttering frequency.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21478283-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19948272-157">[157]</a> There is some evidence that CBT is superior in the long-term to <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepines</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nonbenzodiazepine" title="Nonbenzodiazepine">nonbenzodiazepines</a> in the treatment and management of <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mitchell-2012-158">[158]</a> Computerized CBT (CCBT) has been proven to be effective by randomized controlled and other trials in treating insomnia.<a href="#cite_note-DoisleepMissing-159">[159]</a> Some research has found similar effectiveness to an intervention of informational websites and weekly telephone calls.<a href="#cite_note-Schneider-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-MoodGym_no_better_than_informational_websites_2012-110">[110]</a> CCBT was found to be equally effective as face-to-face CBT in <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DoisleepMissing-159">[159]</a> A Cochrane review of interventions aimed at preventing psychological stress in healthcare workers found that CBT was more effective than no intervention but no more effective than alternative stress-reduction interventions.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Cochrane Reviews have found no convincing evidence that CBT training helps <a href="/wiki/Foster_care" title="Foster care">foster care</a> providers manage difficult behaviors in the youths under their care,<a href="#cite_note-Turner_W,_Macdonald_GM,_Dennis_JA_2007_CD003760-161">[161]</a> nor was it helpful in treating people who <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">abuse</a> their intimate partners.<a href="#cite_note-Smedslund_G,_Dalsbø_TK,_Steiro_AK,_Winsvold_A,_Clench-Aas_J_2007_CD006048-162">[162]</a> CBT has been applied in both clinical and non-clinical environments to treat disorders such as personality disorders and behavioral problems.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/INSERM" class="mw-redirect" title="INSERM">INSERM</a>'s 2004 review found that CBT is an effective therapy for personality disorders.<a href="#cite_note-INSERM-59">[59]</a> CBT has been used with other researchers as well to minimize <a href="/wiki/Chronic_pain" title="Chronic pain">chronic pain</a> and help relieve symptoms from those suffering from <a href="/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndrome" title="Irritable bowel syndrome">irritable bowel syndrome</a> (IBS).<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Individuals_with_medical_conditions">Individuals with medical conditions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Individuals with medical conditions">edit</a>]</div> In the case of people with <a href="/wiki/Metastatic_breast_cancer" title="Metastatic breast cancer">metastatic breast cancer</a>, data is limited but CBT and other psychosocial interventions might help with psychological outcomes and pain management.<a href="#cite_note-Mustafa2013-165">[165]</a> A 2015 Cochrane review also found that CBT for symptomatic management of non-specific chest pain is probably effective in the short term. However, the findings were limited by small trials and the evidence was considered of questionable quality.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cochrane_Collaboration" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochrane Collaboration">Cochrane reviews</a> have found no evidence that CBT is effective for <a href="/wiki/Tinnitus" title="Tinnitus">tinnitus</a>, although there appears to be an effect on management of associated depression and quality of life in this condition.<a href="#cite_note-Martinez-Devesa_P,_Perera_R,_Theodoulou_M,_Waddell_A_2010_CD005233-167">[167]</a> CBT combined with hypnosis and distraction reduces self-reported pain in children.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> There is limited evidence to support CBT's use in managing the impact of <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> sleep disturbances related to aging,<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dysmenorrhea" title="Dysmenorrhea">dysmenorrhea</a>,<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> but more study is needed and results should be interpreted with caution. Previously CBT has been considered as moderately effective for treating <a href="/wiki/Myalgic_encephalomyelitis/chronic_fatigue_syndrome" title="Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome">myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome</a> (ME/CFS),<a href="#cite_note-cbt_systematic_review-173">[173]</a> however a <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> Pathways to Prevention Workshop stated that in respect of improving treatment options for ME/CFS that the modest benefit from cognitive behavioral therapy should be studied as an adjunct to other methods.<a href="#cite_note-Position_Papers-174">[174]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Centres_for_Disease_Control" class="mw-redirect" title="Centres for Disease Control">Centres for Disease Control</a> advice on the treatment of ME/CFS<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> makes no reference to CBT while the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Health_and_Care_Excellence" title="National Institute for Health and Care Excellence">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> states that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has sometimes been assumed to be a cure for ME/CFS, however, it should only be offered to support people who live with ME/CFS to manage their symptoms, improve their functioning and reduce the distress associated with having a chronic illness." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age">Age</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Age">edit</a>]</div> CBT is used to help people of all ages, but the therapy should be adjusted based on the age of the patient with whom the therapist is dealing. Older individuals in particular have certain characteristics that need to be acknowledged and the therapy altered to account for these differences thanks to age.<a href="#cite_note-Bienenfeld-177">[177]</a> Of the small number of studies examining CBT for the management of depression in older people, there is currently no strong support.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a>]</div> Mainstream cognitive behavioral therapy assumes that changing <a href="/wiki/Maladaptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Maladaptive">maladaptive</a> thinking leads to change in <a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">behavior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">affect</a>,<a href="#cite_note-HassettAL-66">[66]</a> but recent variants emphasize changes in one's relationship to maladaptive thinking rather than changes in thinking itself.<a href="#cite_note-HayesSC-179">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cognitive_distortions">Cognitive distortions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Cognitive distortions">edit</a>]</div> Therapists use CBT techniques to help people challenge their patterns and beliefs and replace errors in thinking, known as <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_distortions" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive distortions">cognitive distortions</a> with "more realistic and effective thoughts, thus decreasing emotional distress and self-defeating behavior".<a href="#cite_note-HassettAL-66">[66]</a> Cognitive distortions can be either a pseudo-discrimination belief[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] or an overgeneralization of something.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> CBT techniques may also be used to help individuals take a more open, mindful, and aware posture toward cognitive distortions so as to diminish their impact.<a href="#cite_note-HayesSC-179">[179]</a> Mainstream CBT helps individuals replace "maladaptive... coping skills, cognitions, emotions and behaviors with more adaptive ones",<a href="#cite_note-GatchelRJ-61">[61]</a> by challenging an individual's way of thinking and the way that they react to certain habits or behaviors,<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> but there is still controversy about the degree to which these traditional cognitive elements account for the effects seen with CBT over and above the earlier behavioral elements such as exposure and skills training.<a href="#cite_note-LongmoreRJ-182">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assumptions">Assumptions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Assumptions">edit</a>]</div> Chaloult, Ngo, Cousineau and Goulet<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> have attempted to identify the main assumptions of cognitive therapy used in CBT based on the research literature (Beck;<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Walen and Wessler;<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> Beck, Emery and Greenberg,<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> and Auger<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a>). They describe fourteen assumptions: <ol><li>Human emotions are primarily caused by people's thoughts and perceptions rather than events.</li> <li>Events, thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and physiological reactions influence each other.</li> <li>Dysfunctional emotions are typically caused by unrealistic thoughts. Reducing dysfunctional emotions requires becoming aware of irrational thoughts and changing them.</li> <li>Human beings have an innate tendency to develop irrational thoughts. This tendency is reinforced by their environment.</li> <li>People are largely responsible for their own dysfunctional emotions, as they maintain and reinforce their own beliefs.</li> <li>Sustained effort is necessary to modify dysfunctional thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.</li> <li>Rational thinking usually causes a decrease in the frequency, intensity, and duration of dysfunctional emotions, rather than an absence of affect or feelings.</li> <li>A positive therapeutic relationship is essential to successful cognitive therapy.</li> <li>Cognitive therapy is based on a teacher-student relationship, where the therapist educates the client.</li> <li>Cognitive therapy uses <a href="/wiki/Socratic_questioning" title="Socratic questioning">Socratic questioning</a> to challenge cognitive distortions.</li> <li>Homework is an essential aspect of cognitive therapy. It consolidates the skills learned in therapy.</li> <li>The cognitive approach is active, directed, and structured.</li> <li>Cognitive therapy is generally short.</li> <li>Cognitive therapy is based on predictable steps.</li></ol> These steps largely involve learning about the CBT model; making links between thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and physiological reactions; noticing when dysfunctional emotions occur; learning to question the thoughts associated with these emotions; replacing irrational thoughts with others more grounded in reality; modifying behaviors based on new interpretations of events; and, in some cases, learning to recognize and change the major beliefs and attitudes underlying cognitive distortions. Chaloult, Ngo, Cousineau and Goulet have also described the assumptions of behavioral therapy as used in CBT.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> They refer to the work of Agras,<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Prochaska and Norcross,<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> and Kirk.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> The assumptions are: <ol><li>Behaviors play an essential role in the onset, perpetuation and exacerbation of psychopathology.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Learning theory</a> is key in understanding the treatment of mental illness, as behaviors can be learned and unlearned.</li> <li>A rigorous evaluation (<a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">applied behavior analysis</a>) is essential at the start of treatment. It includes identifying behaviors; precipitating, moderating, and perpetuating factors; the consequences of the behaviors; avoidance, and personal resources.</li> <li>The effectiveness of the treatment is monitored throughout its duration.</li> <li>Behavior therapy is scientific and the different forms of treatment are evaluated with rigorous evidence.</li> <li>Behavior therapy is active, directed, and structured.</li></ol> Together, these sets of assumptions cover the cognitive and behavioral aspects of CBT. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phases_in_therapy">Phases in therapy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Phases in therapy">edit</a>]</div> CBT can be seen as having six phases:<a href="#cite_note-GatchelRJ-61">[61]</a> <ol><li>Assessment or <a href="/wiki/Psychological_assessment" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological assessment">psychological assessment</a>;</li> <li>Reconceptualization;</li> <li>Skills acquisition;</li> <li>Skills consolidation and application training;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalization" title="Generalization">Generalization</a> and maintenance;</li> <li>Post-treatment assessment follow-up.</li></ol> These steps are based on a system created by Kanfer and Saslow.<a href="#cite_note-Psychological_Testing-192">[192]</a> After identifying the behaviors that need changing, whether they be in excess or deficit, and treatment has occurred, the psychologist must identify whether or not the intervention succeeded. For example, "If the goal was to decrease the behavior, then there should be a decrease relative to the baseline. If the critical behavior remains at or above the baseline, then the intervention has failed."<a href="#cite_note-Psychological_Testing-192">[192]</a> The steps in the assessment phase include: <ol><li>Identify critical behaviors;</li> <li>Determine whether critical behaviors are excesses or deficits;</li> <li>Evaluate critical behaviors for frequency, duration, or intensity (obtain a baseline);</li> <li>If excess, attempt to decrease frequency, duration, or intensity of behaviors; if deficits, attempt to increase behaviors.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a></li></ol> The re-conceptualization phase makes up much of the "cognitive" portion of CBT.<a href="#cite_note-GatchelRJ-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Delivery_protocols">Delivery protocols</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Delivery protocols">edit</a>]</div> There are different protocols for delivering cognitive behavioral therapy, with important similarities among them.<a href="#cite_note-HofmannSG-194">[194]</a> Use of the term CBT may refer to different interventions, including "self-instructions (e.g. distraction, imagery, motivational self-talk), relaxation and/or <a href="/wiki/Biofeedback" title="Biofeedback">biofeedback</a>, development of adaptive coping strategies (e.g. minimizing negative or self-defeating thoughts), changing maladaptive beliefs about pain, and <a href="/wiki/Goal_setting" title="Goal setting">goal setting</a>".<a href="#cite_note-GatchelRJ-61">[61]</a> Treatment is sometimes manualized, with brief, direct, and time-limited treatments for individual psychological disorders that are specific technique-driven.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> CBT is used in both individual and group settings, and the techniques are often adapted for <a href="/wiki/Self-help" title="Self-help">self-help</a> applications. Some clinicians and researchers are cognitively oriented (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_restructuring" title="Cognitive restructuring">cognitive restructuring</a>), while others are more behaviorally oriented (e.g. <a href="/wiki/In_vivo" title="In vivo">in vivo</a> <a href="/wiki/Exposure_therapy" title="Exposure therapy">exposure therapy</a>). Interventions such as imaginal exposure therapy combine both approaches.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_techniques">Related techniques</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Related techniques">edit</a>]</div> CBT may be delivered in conjunction with a variety of diverse but related techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Exposure_therapy" title="Exposure therapy">exposure therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stress_inoculation" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress inoculation">stress inoculation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_processing_therapy" title="Cognitive processing therapy">cognitive processing therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_therapy" title="Cognitive therapy">cognitive therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metacognitive_therapy" title="Metacognitive therapy">metacognitive therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metacognitive_training" title="Metacognitive training">metacognitive training</a>, <a href="/wiki/Relaxation_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Relaxation training">relaxation training</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dialectical_behavior_therapy" title="Dialectical behavior therapy">dialectical behavior therapy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Acceptance_and_commitment_therapy" title="Acceptance and commitment therapy">acceptance and commitment therapy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-KaczkurkinFoa2015-199">[199]</a> Some practitioners promote a form of mindful cognitive therapy which includes a greater emphasis on self-awareness as part of the therapeutic process.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods_of_access">Methods of access</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Methods of access">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Therapist">Therapist</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Therapist">edit</a>]</div> A typical CBT program would consist of face-to-face sessions between patient and therapist, made up of 6–18 sessions of around an hour each with a gap of 1–3 weeks between sessions. This initial program might be followed by some booster sessions, for instance after one month and three months.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> CBT has also been found to be effective if patient and therapist type in real time to each other over computer links.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> Cognitive-behavioral therapy is most closely allied with the <a href="/wiki/Scientist%E2%80%93practitioner_model" title="Scientist–practitioner model">scientist–practitioner model</a> in which clinical practice and research are informed by a scientific perspective, clear <a href="/wiki/Operationalization" title="Operationalization">operationalization</a> of the problem, and an emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Measurement" title="Measurement">measurement</a>, including measuring changes in cognition and behavior and the attainment of <a href="/wiki/Goal" title="Goal">goals</a>. These are often met through "<a href="/wiki/Homework_in_psychotherapy" title="Homework in psychotherapy">homework</a>" assignments in which the patient and the therapist work together to craft an assignment to complete before the next session.<a href="#cite_note-Martin-204">[204]</a> The completion of these assignments – which can be as simple as a person with depression attending some kind of social event – indicates a dedication to treatment compliance and a desire to change.<a href="#cite_note-Martin-204">[204]</a> The therapists can then logically gauge the next step of treatment based on how thoroughly the patient completes the assignment.<a href="#cite_note-Martin-204">[204]</a> Effective cognitive behavioral therapy is dependent on a <a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_relationship" title="Therapeutic relationship">therapeutic alliance</a> between the healthcare practitioner and the person seeking assistance.<a href="#cite_note-CBT-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-BAT-205">[205]</a> Unlike many other forms of psychotherapy, the patient is very involved in CBT.<a href="#cite_note-Martin-204">[204]</a> For example, an anxious patient may be asked to talk to a stranger as a homework assignment, but if that is too difficult, he or she can work out an easier assignment first.<a href="#cite_note-Martin-204">[204]</a> The therapist needs to be flexible and willing to listen to the patient rather than acting as an authority figure.<a href="#cite_note-Martin-204">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computerized_or_Internet-delivered_(CCBT)"> Computerized or Internet-delivered (CCBT)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Computerized or Internet-delivered (CCBT)">edit</a>]</div> Computerized cognitive behavioral therapy (CCBT) has been described by <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Health_and_Clinical_Excellence" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence">NICE</a> as a "generic term for delivering CBT via an interactive computer interface delivered by a personal computer, internet, or interactive voice response system",<a href="#cite_note-NiceTA97-206">[206]</a> instead of face-to-face with a human therapist. It is also known as internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy or ICBT.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> CCBT has potential to improve access to evidence-based therapies, and to overcome the prohibitive costs and lack of availability sometimes associated with retaining a human therapist.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> In this context, it is important not to confuse CBT with 'computer-based training', which nowadays is more commonly referred to as <a href="/wiki/E-Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="E-Learning">e-Learning</a>. Although improvements in both research quality and treatment adherence is required before advocating for the global dissemination of CCBT,<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> it has been found in meta-studies to be cost-effective and often cheaper than usual care,<a href="#cite_note-journals.cambridge.org-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> including for anxiety<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> and PTSD.<a href="#cite_note-NIHR_Evidence_2023-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bisson_2022-215">[215]</a> Studies have shown that individuals with social anxiety and depression experienced improvement with online CBT-based methods.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> A study assessing an online version of CBT for people with mild-to-moderate PTSD found that the online approach was as effective as, and cheaper than, the same therapy given face-to-face.<a href="#cite_note-NIHR_Evidence_2023-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bisson_2022-215">[215]</a> A review of current CCBT research in the treatment of OCD in children found this interface to hold great potential for future treatment of OCD in youths and adolescent populations.<a href="#cite_note-Freeman2014-217">[217]</a> Additionally, most <a href="/wiki/Internet_Interventions_for_Posttraumatic_Stress" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Interventions for Posttraumatic Stress">internet interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder</a> use CCBT. CCBT is also predisposed to treating mood disorders amongst non-heterosexual populations, who may avoid face-to-face therapy from fear of stigma. However presently CCBT programs seldom cater to these populations.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> In February 2006 NICE recommended that CCBT be made available for use within the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">NHS</a> across England and Wales for patients presenting with mild-to-moderate depression, rather than immediately opting for antidepressant medication,<a href="#cite_note-NiceTA97-206">[206]</a> and CCBT is made available by some health systems.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> The 2009 NICE guideline recognized that there are likely to be a number of computerized CBT products that are useful to patients, but removed endorsement of any specific product.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smartphone_app-delivered">Smartphone app-delivered</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Smartphone app-delivered">edit</a>]</div> Another new method of access is the use of <a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">mobile app</a> or smartphone applications to deliver self-help or guided CBT. Technology companies are developing mobile-based artificial intelligence <a href="/wiki/Chatbot" title="Chatbot">chatbot</a> applications in delivering CBT as an early intervention to support <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">mental health</a>, to build <a href="/wiki/Psychological_resilience" title="Psychological resilience">psychological resilience</a>, and to promote <a href="/wiki/Emotional_well-being" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional well-being">emotional well-being</a>. <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a> (AI) text-based conversational application delivered securely and privately over smartphone devices have the ability to scale globally and offer contextual and always-available support. Active research is underway including real-world data studies<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> that measure effectiveness and engagement of text-based smartphone chatbot apps for delivery of CBT using a text-based conversational interface. Recent market research and analysis of over 500 online mental healthcare solutions identified 3 key challenges in this market: quality of the content, guidance of the user and personalisation.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> A study compared CBT alone with a mindfulness-based therapy combined with CBT, both delivered via an app. It found that mindfulness-based self-help reduced the severity of depression more than CBT self-help in the short-term. Overall, NHS costs for the mindfulness approach were £500 less per person than for CBT.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reading_self-help_materials">Reading self-help materials</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Reading self-help materials">edit</a>]</div> Enabling patients to read self-help CBT guides has been shown to be effective by some studies.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> However one study found a negative effect in patients who tended to ruminate,<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> and another meta-analysis found that the benefit was only significant when the self-help was guided (e.g. by a medical professional).<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Group_educational_course">Group educational course</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Group educational course">edit</a>]</div> Patient participation in group courses has been shown to be effective.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> In a meta-analysis reviewing evidence-based treatment of OCD in children, individual CBT was found to be more efficacious than group CBT.<a href="#cite_note-Freeman2014-217">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Types">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brief_cognitive_behavioral_therapy">Brief cognitive behavioral therapy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Brief cognitive behavioral therapy">edit</a>]</div> Brief cognitive behavioral therapy (BCBT) is a form of CBT which has been developed for situations in which there are time constraints on the therapy sessions and specifically for those struggling with suicidal ideation and/or making suicide attempts.<a href="#cite_note-RuddDM-231">[231]</a> BCBT was based on Rudd's proposed "suicidal mode", an elaboration of Beck's modal theory.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid10782716-233">[233]</a> BCBT takes place over a couple of sessions that can last up to 12 accumulated hours by design. This technique was first implemented and developed with soldiers on active duty by Dr. <a href="/wiki/M._David_Rudd" title="M. David Rudd">M. David Rudd</a> to prevent suicide.<a href="#cite_note-RuddDM-231">[231]</a> Breakdown of treatment<a href="#cite_note-RuddDM-231">[231]</a> <ol><li>Orientation <ol><li>Commitment to treatment</li> <li>Crisis response and safety planning</li> <li>Means restriction</li> <li>Survival kit</li> <li>Reasons for living card</li> <li>Model of suicidality</li> <li>Treatment journal</li> <li>Lessons learned</li></ol></li> <li>Skill focus <ol><li>Skill development worksheets</li> <li>Coping cards</li> <li>Demonstration</li> <li>Practice</li> <li>Skill refinement</li></ol></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relapse" title="Relapse">Relapse</a> prevention <ol><li>Skill generalization</li> <li>Skill refinement</li></ol></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cognitive_emotional_behavioral_therapy">Cognitive emotional behavioral therapy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Cognitive emotional behavioral therapy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_emotional_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive emotional behavioral therapy">Cognitive emotional behavioral therapy</a></div> Cognitive emotional behavioral therapy (CEBT) is a form of CBT developed initially for individuals with eating disorders but now used with a range of problems including <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obsessive_compulsive_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsessive compulsive disorder">obsessive compulsive disorder</a> (OCD), <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a> (PTSD) and anger problems. It combines aspects of CBT and <a href="/wiki/Dialectical_behavioral_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialectical behavioral therapy">dialectical behavioral therapy</a> and aims to improve understanding and tolerance of emotions in order to facilitate the therapeutic process. It is frequently used as a "pretreatment" to prepare and better equip individuals for longer-term therapy.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structured_cognitive_behavioral_training">Structured cognitive behavioral training</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Structured cognitive behavioral training">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Structured_cognitive_behavioral_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Structured cognitive behavioral training">Structured cognitive behavioral training</a></div> Structured cognitive-behavioral training (SCBT) is a cognitive-based process with core philosophies that draw heavily from CBT. Like CBT, SCBT asserts that behavior is inextricably related to beliefs, thoughts, and emotions. SCBT also builds on core CBT philosophy by incorporating other well-known modalities in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioral health">behavioral health</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>: most notably, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Ellis" title="Albert Ellis">Albert Ellis</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Rational_emotive_behavior_therapy" title="Rational emotive behavior therapy">rational emotive behavior therapy</a>. SCBT differs from CBT in two distinct ways. First, SCBT is delivered in a highly regimented format. Second, SCBT is a predetermined and finite training process that becomes personalized by the input of the participant. SCBT is designed to bring a participant to a specific result in a specific period of time. SCBT has been used to challenge addictive behavior, particularly with substances such as tobacco,<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a> and food, and to manage <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a> and subdue stress and anxiety. SCBT has also been used in the field of <a href="/wiki/Criminal_psychology" title="Criminal psychology">criminal psychology</a> in the effort to reduce recidivism. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moral_reconation_therapy">Moral reconation therapy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Moral reconation therapy">edit</a>]</div> Moral reconation therapy, a type of CBT used to help felons overcome <a href="/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorder" title="Antisocial personality disorder">antisocial personality disorder</a> (ASPD), slightly decreases the risk of further offending.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> It is generally implemented in a group format because of the risk of offenders with ASPD being given one-on-one therapy reinforces narcissistic behavioral characteristics, and can be used in correctional or outpatient settings. Groups usually meet weekly for two to six months.<a href="#cite_note-SAMHSA-237">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stress_inoculation_training">Stress inoculation training</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Stress inoculation training">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stress_inoculation_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress inoculation training">Stress inoculation training</a></div> This type of therapy uses a blend of cognitive, behavioral, and certain humanistic training techniques to target the stressors of the client. This is usually used to help clients better cope with their stress or anxiety after stressful events.<a href="#cite_note-Meichenbaum_1996_4–7-238">[238]</a> This is a three-phase process that trains the client to use skills that they already have to better adapt to their current stressors. The first phase is an interview phase that includes psychological testing, client self-monitoring, and a variety of reading materials. This allows the therapist to individually tailor the training process to the client.<a href="#cite_note-Meichenbaum_1996_4–7-238">[238]</a> Clients learn how to categorize problems into emotion-focused or problem-focused so that they can better treat their negative situations. This phase ultimately prepares the client to eventually confront and reflect upon their current reactions to stressors, before looking at ways to change their reactions and emotions to their stressors. The focus is conceptualization.<a href="#cite_note-Meichenbaum_1996_4–7-238">[238]</a> The second phase emphasizes the aspect of skills acquisition and rehearsal that continues from the earlier phase of conceptualization. The client is taught skills that help them cope with their stressors. These skills are then practiced in the space of therapy. These skills involve self-regulation, problem-solving, interpersonal communication skills, etc.<a href="#cite_note-Meichenbaum_1996_4–7-238">[238]</a> The third and final phase is the application and following through of the skills learned in the training process. This gives the client opportunities to apply their learned skills to a wide range of stressors. Activities include role-playing, imagery, modeling, etc. In the end, the client will have been trained on a preventive basis to inoculate personal, chronic, and future stressors by breaking down their stressors into problems they will address in long-term, short-term, and intermediate coping goals.<a href="#cite_note-Meichenbaum_1996_4–7-238">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activity-guided_CBT:_Group-knitting">Activity-guided CBT: Group-knitting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Activity-guided CBT: Group-knitting">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible">This section has multiple issues. 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(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>) <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Importance_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may contain information not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Encyclopedic_content" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">important or relevant</a> to the article's subject. 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See Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">guide to writing better articles</a> for suggestions. (September 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> A recently developed group therapy model, based on CBT, integrates knitting into the therapeutic process and has been proven to yield reliable and promising results. The foundation for this novel approach to CBT is the frequently emphasized notion that therapy success depends on how embedded the therapy method is in the patients' natural routine. Similar to standard group-based CBT, patients meet once a week in a group of 10 to 15 patients and knit together under the instruction of a trained psychologist or mental health professional. Central for the therapy is the patient's imaginative ability to assign each part of the wool to a certain thought. During the therapy, the wool is carefully knitted, creating a knitted piece of any form. This therapeutic process teaches the patient to meaningfully align thought, by (physically) creating a coherent knitted piece. Moreover, since CBT emphasizes the behavior as a result of cognition, the knitting illustrates how thoughts (which are tried to be imaginary tight to the wool) materialize into the reality surrounding us.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mindfulness-based_cognitive_behavioral_hypnotherapy">Mindfulness-based cognitive behavioral hypnotherapy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Mindfulness-based cognitive behavioral hypnotherapy">edit</a>]</div> Mindfulness-based cognitive behavioral hypnotherapy (MCBH) is a form of CBT that focuses on awareness in a reflective approach, addressing subconscious tendencies. It is more the process that contains three phases for achieving wanted goals and integrates the principles of mindfulness and cognitive-behavioral techniques with the transformative potential of hypnotherapy.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unified_Protocol">Unified Protocol</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Unified Protocol">edit</a>]</div> The Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders (UP) is a form of CBT, developed by <a href="/wiki/David_H._Barlow" title="David H. Barlow">David H. Barlow</a> and researchers at <a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a>, that can be applied to a range of anxiety disorders. The rationale is that anxiety and depression disorders often occur together due to <a href="/wiki/Transdiagnostic_process" title="Transdiagnostic process">common underlying causes</a> and can efficiently be treated together.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> The UP includes a common set of components:<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> <ol><li>Psycho-education</li> <li>Cognitive reappraisal</li> <li>Emotion regulation</li> <li>Changing behaviour</li></ol> The UP has been shown to produce equivalent results to single-diagnosis protocols for specific disorders, such as <a href="/wiki/OCD" class="mw-redirect" title="OCD">OCD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder" title="Social anxiety disorder">social anxiety disorder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> Several studies have shown that the UP is easier to disseminate as compared to single-diagnosis protocols. Culturally adapted CBT The study of psychotherapy across races, religions, and cultures, or "ethno-psycho-therapy", is a relatively new discipline <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Criticisms">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Behavior_modification#Criticism" title="Behavior modification">Behavior modification § Criticism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy#General_critiques" title="Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy § General critiques</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relative_effectiveness">Relative effectiveness</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Relative effectiveness">edit</a>]</div> The research conducted for CBT has been a topic of sustained controversy. While some researchers write that CBT is more effective than other treatments,<a href="#cite_note-Tolin_2010-92">[92]</a> many other researchers<a href="#cite_note-Barth_2013-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baardseth_2013-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cuijpers_2008-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Glenn-246">[246]</a> and practitioners<a href="#cite_note-Slife-247">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fancher-248">[248]</a> have questioned the validity of such claims. For example, one study<a href="#cite_note-Tolin_2010-92">[92]</a> determined CBT to be superior to other treatments in treating anxiety and depression. However, researchers<a href="#cite_note-Baardseth_2013-19">[19]</a> responding directly to that study conducted a re-analysis and found no evidence of CBT being superior to other bona fide treatments and conducted an analysis of thirteen other CBT clinical trials and determined that they failed to provide evidence of CBT superiority. In cases where CBT has been reported to be statistically better than other psychological interventions in terms of primary outcome measures, effect sizes were small and suggested that those differences were clinically meaningless and insignificant. Moreover, on secondary outcomes (i.e., measures of general functioning) no significant differences have been typically found between CBT and other treatments.<a href="#cite_note-Baardseth_2013-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> A major criticism has been that clinical studies of CBT efficacy (or any psychotherapy) are not double-blind (i.e., either the subjects or the therapists in psychotherapy studies are not blind to the type of treatment). They may be single-blinded, i.e. the rater may not know the treatment the patient received, but neither the patients nor the therapists are blinded to the type of therapy given (two out of three of the persons involved in the trial, i.e., all of the persons involved in the treatment, are unblinded). The patient is an active participant in correcting negative distorted thoughts, thus quite aware of the treatment group they are in.<a href="#cite_note-psychiatrictimes.com-250">[250]</a> The importance of double-blinding was shown in a meta-analysis that examined the effectiveness of CBT when placebo control and blindness were factored in.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> Pooled data from published trials of CBT in <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">major depressive disorder</a> (MDD), and <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a> that used controls for non-specific effects of intervention were analyzed. This study concluded that CBT is no better than non-specific control interventions in the treatment of schizophrenia and does not reduce relapse rates; treatment effects are small in treatment studies of MDD, and it is not an effective treatment strategy for prevention of relapse in bipolar disorder. For MDD, the authors note that the pooled effect size was very low.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declining_effectiveness">Declining effectiveness</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Declining effectiveness">edit</a>]</div> Additionally, a 2015 meta-analysis revealed that the positive effects of CBT on depression have been declining since 1977. The overall results showed two different declines in <a href="/wiki/Effect_size" title="Effect size">effect sizes</a>: 1) an overall decline between 1977 and 2014, and 2) a steeper decline between 1995 and 2014. Additional sub-analysis revealed that CBT studies where therapists in the test group were instructed to adhere to the Beck CBT manual had a steeper decline in effect sizes since 1977 than studies where therapists in the test group were instructed to use CBT without a manual. The authors reported that they were unsure why the effects were declining but did list inadequate therapist training, failure to adhere to a manual, lack of therapist experience, and patients' hope and faith in its efficacy waning as potential reasons. The authors did mention that the current study was limited to depressive disorders only.<a href="#cite_note-Johnsen2015-255">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_drop-out_rates">High drop-out rates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: High drop-out rates">edit</a>]</div> Furthermore, other researchers write that CBT studies have high drop-out rates compared to other treatments. One meta-analysis found that CBT drop-out rates were 17% higher than those of other therapies.<a href="#cite_note-Cuijpers_2008-93">[93]</a> This high drop-out rate is also evident in the treatment of several disorders, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">eating disorder</a> <a href="/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">anorexia nervosa</a>, which is commonly treated with CBT. Those treated with CBT have a high chance of dropping out of therapy before completion and reverting to their anorexia behaviors.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> Other researchers analyzing treatments for youths who self-injure found similar drop-out rates in CBT and <a href="/wiki/Dialectical_behavioral_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialectical behavioral therapy">DBT</a> groups. In this study, the researchers analyzed several clinical trials that measured the efficacy of CBT administered to youths who self-injure. The researchers concluded that none of them were found to be efficacious.<a href="#cite_note-Glenn-246">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophical_concerns_with_CBT_methods">Philosophical concerns with CBT methods</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Philosophical concerns with CBT methods">edit</a>]</div> The methods employed in CBT research have not been the only criticisms; some individuals have called its theory and therapy into question.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> Slife and Williams write that one of the hidden assumptions in CBT is that of <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">determinism</a>, or the absence of <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>. They argue that CBT holds that external stimuli from the environment enter the mind, causing different thoughts that cause emotional states: nowhere in CBT theory is agency, or free will, accounted for.<a href="#cite_note-Slife-247">[247]</a> Another criticism of CBT theory, especially as applied to major depressive disorder (MDD), is that it confounds the symptoms of the disorder with its causes.<a href="#cite_note-psychiatrictimes.com-250">[250]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Side_effects">Side effects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Side effects">edit</a>]</div> CBT is generally regarded as having very few if any side effects.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> Calls have been made by some for more appraisal of possible side effects of CBT.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> Many randomized trials of psychological interventions like CBT do not monitor potential harms to the patient.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> In contrast, randomized trials of pharmacological interventions are much more likely to take adverse effects into consideration.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> A 2017 meta-analysis revealed that adverse events are not common in children receiving CBT and, furthermore, that CBT is associated with fewer dropouts than either placebo or medications.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> Nevertheless, CBT therapists do sometimes report 'unwanted events' and side effects in their outpatients with "negative wellbeing/distress" being the most frequent.<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socio-political_concerns">Socio-political concerns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Socio-political concerns">edit</a>]</div> The writer and group analyst Farhad Dalal questions the socio-political assumptions behind the introduction of CBT. According to one reviewer, Dalal connects the rise of CBT with "the parallel rise of <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a>, with its focus on marketization, efficiency, quantification and <a href="/wiki/Managerialism" title="Managerialism">managerialism</a>", and he questions the scientific basis of CBT, suggesting that "the 'science' of psychological treatment is often less a scientific than a political contest".<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> In his book, Dalal also questions the ethical basis of CBT.<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Society and culture">edit</a>]</div> The UK's <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service_(England)" title="National Health Service (England)">National Health Service</a> announced in 2008 that more therapists would be trained to provide CBT at government expense<a href="#cite_note-Laurence-267">[267]</a> as part of an initiative called <a href="/wiki/Improving_Access_to_Psychological_Therapies" title="Improving Access to Psychological Therapies">Improving Access to Psychological Therapies</a> (IAPT).<a href="#cite_note-Leader-268">[268]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Health_and_Clinical_Excellence" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence">NICE</a> said that CBT would become the mainstay of treatment for non-severe depression, with medication used only in cases where CBT had failed.<a href="#cite_note-Laurence-267">[267]</a> Therapists complained that the data does not fully support the attention and funding CBT receives. Psychotherapist and professor <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Samuels" title="Andrew Samuels">Andrew Samuels</a> stated that this constitutes "a coup, a power play by a community that has suddenly found itself on the brink of corralling an enormous amount of money ... Everyone has been seduced by CBT's apparent cheapness."<a href="#cite_note-Laurence-267">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-conf1-269">[269]</a> The <a href="/wiki/UK_Council_for_Psychotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Council for Psychotherapy">UK Council for Psychotherapy</a> issued a press release in 2012 saying that the IAPT's policies were undermining traditional psychotherapy and criticized proposals that would limit some approved therapies to CBT,<a href="#cite_note-UKCP-270">[270]</a> claiming that they restricted patients to "a watered-down version of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), often delivered by very lightly trained staff".<a href="#cite_note-UKCP-270">[270]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Handbook6-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Handbook6_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Handbook6_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Handbook6_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Handbook6_1-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHollonBeck" class="citation book cs1">Hollon SD, Beck AT. 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Retrieved 22 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UKCP+response+to+Andy+Burnham%27s+speech+on+mental+health&rft.pub=UK+Council+for+Psychotherapy&rft.date=2012-02-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychotherapy.org.uk%2Farticle1488.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACognitive+behavioral+therapy" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButlerFennellHackmann2008" class="citation book cs1">Butler G, Fennell M, Hackmann A (2008). Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety Disorders. New York: The Guilford Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60623-869-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60623-869-1"><bdi>978-1-60623-869-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cognitive-Behavioral+Therapy+for+Anxiety+Disorders&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Guilford+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-60623-869-1&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Fennell%2C+M&rft.au=Hackmann%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACognitive+behavioral+therapy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDattilioFreeman2007" class="citation book cs1">Dattilio FM, Freeman A, eds. (2007). Cognitive-Behavioral Strategies in Crisis Intervention (3rd ed.). New York: The Guilford Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60623-648-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60623-648-2"><bdi>978-1-60623-648-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cognitive-Behavioral+Strategies+in+Crisis+Intervention&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=The+Guilford+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-60623-648-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACognitive+behavioral+therapy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFancher1995" class="citation book cs1">Fancher RT (1995). "The Middlebrowland of Cognitive Therapy". Cultures of Healing: Correcting the image of American mental healthcare. pp. 195–250.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Middlebrowland+of+Cognitive+Therapy&rft.btitle=Cultures+of+Healing%3A+Correcting+the+image+of+American+mental+healthcare&rft.pages=195-250&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Fancher&rft.aufirst=RT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACognitive+behavioral+therapy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobson2009" class="citation book cs1">Dobson KS (2009). Handbook of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies (Third ed.). Guilford Press. pp. 74–88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60623-438-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60623-438-9"><bdi>978-1-60623-438-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Cognitive-Behavioral+Therapies&rft.pages=74-88&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Guilford+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60623-438-9&rft.aulast=Dobson&rft.aufirst=KS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACognitive+behavioral+therapy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofmann2011" class="citation book cs1">Hofmann SG (2011). "An Introduction to Modern CBT". Psychological Solutions to Mental Health Problems. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-97175-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-97175-8"><bdi>978-0-470-97175-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+Introduction+to+Modern+CBT&rft.btitle=Psychological+Solutions+to+Mental+Health+Problems&rft.place=Chichester%2C+UK&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-470-97175-8&rft.aulast=Hofmann&rft.aufirst=SG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACognitive+behavioral+therapy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillsonBranch2006" class="citation book cs1">Willson R, Branch R (2006). Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Dummies. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-01838-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-01838-5"><bdi>978-0-470-01838-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cognitive+Behavioural+Therapy+for+Dummies&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-470-01838-5&rft.aulast=Willson&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Branch%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACognitive+behavioral+therapy" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_behavioral_therapy&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Cognitive behavioral therapy <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=cognitive+behavioral+therapy">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=cognitive+behavioral+therapy&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cognitive behavioral therapy">Cognitive behavioral therapy</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abct.org/">Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies (ABCT)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.babcp.com/">British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nacbt.org/">National Association of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapists</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://i-acbt.com/">International Association of Cognitive Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180104180430/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/psychotherapies/index.shtml">Information on Research-based CBT Treatments</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.counsellingsydney.com.au/cbt-cognitive-behavioural-therapy-psychologist/">Associated Counsellors & Psychologists CBT Therapists</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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<li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_analytic_therapy" title="Cognitive analytic therapy">Cognitive analytic therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_analysis_system_of_psychotherapy" title="Cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy">Cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_therapy" title="Cognitive therapy">Cognitive therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_reinforcement_approach_and_family_training" title="Community reinforcement approach and family training">Community reinforcement approach and family training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion-focused_therapy" title="Compassion-focused therapy">Compassion-focused therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_management" title="Contingency management">Contingency management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desensitization_(psychology)" title="Desensitization (psychology)">Desensitization</a> / <a href="/wiki/Exposure_therapy" title="Exposure therapy">Exposure therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_therapeutic_exposure" title="Direct therapeutic exposure">Direct therapeutic exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_and_response_prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Exposure and response prevention">Exposure and response prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooding_(psychology)" title="Flooding (psychology)">Flooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolonged_exposure_therapy" title="Prolonged exposure therapy">Prolonged exposure therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_desensitization" title="Systematic desensitization">Systematic desensitization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_behavior_therapy" title="Dialectical behavior therapy">Dialectical behavior therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_analytic_psychotherapy" title="Functional analytic psychotherapy">Functional analytic psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habit_reversal_training" title="Habit reversal training">Habit reversal training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inference-based_therapy" title="Inference-based therapy">Inference-based therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacognitive_therapy" title="Metacognitive therapy">Metacognitive therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_of_levels" title="Method of levels">Method of levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness-based_cognitive_therapy" title="Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy">Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimodal_therapy" title="Multimodal therapy">Multimodal therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_emotive_behavior_therapy" title="Rational emotive behavior therapy">Rational emotive behavior therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_therapy" title="Reality therapy">Reality therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relapse_prevention" title="Relapse prevention">Relapse prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schema_therapy" title="Schema therapy">Schema therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-control_therapy" title="Self-control therapy">Self-control therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Reinforcement_disorders:_addiction_and_dependence" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Addiction" title="Template:Addiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Addiction" title="Template talk:Addiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Addiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Addiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Reinforcement_disorders:_addiction_and_dependence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement" title="Reinforcement">Reinforcement</a> disorders: <a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">addiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">dependence</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">Addiction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drug</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine#Addiction" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine_addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocaine addiction">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine#Addiction" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate#Addiction_and_dependence" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicotine addiction">Nicotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_use_disorder" title="Opioid use disorder">Opioid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_addiction" title="Behavioral addiction">Behavioral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Financial <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Problem_gambling" title="Problem gambling">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsive_buying_disorder" title="Compulsive buying disorder">Shopping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_addiction" title="Food addiction">Palatable food</a></li> <li>Sex-related <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_addiction" title="Sexual addiction">Intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_addiction" title="Pornography addiction">Pornography</a></li></ul></li> <li>Internet-related <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_addiction_disorder" title="Internet addiction disorder">Internet addiction disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_sex_addiction" title="Internet sex addiction">Internet sex addiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_addiction" title="Video game addiction">Video game addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Digital media use and mental health">Digital media addictions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Cellular mechanisms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">Transcriptional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FOSB#ΔFosB" title="FOSB">ΔFosB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-Fos" class="mw-redirect" title="C-Fos">c-Fos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cdk5" class="mw-redirect" title="Cdk5">Cdk5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CREB" title="CREB">CREB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GluR2" class="mw-redirect" title="GluR2">GluR2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NF-%CE%BAB" title="NF-κB">NF-κB</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histone-modifying_enzymes" title="Histone-modifying enzymes">Epigenetic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G9a" class="mw-redirect" title="G9a">G9a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G9a-like_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="G9a-like protein">G9a-like protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDAC1" title="HDAC1">HDAC1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDAC2" class="mw-redirect" title="HDAC2">HDAC2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDAC3" title="HDAC3">HDAC3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDAC4" title="HDAC4">HDAC4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDAC5" class="mw-redirect" title="HDAC5">HDAC5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDAC9" title="HDAC9">HDAC9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDAC10" title="HDAC10">HDAC10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIRT1" class="mw-redirect" title="SIRT1">SIRT1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIRT2" class="mw-redirect" title="SIRT2">SIRT2</a></li> <li>...</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Dependence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_childhood_experiences" title="Adverse childhood experiences">Adverse childhood experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">Physical dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_dependence" title="Psychological dependence">Psychological dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">Withdrawal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Disorders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Drugs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">Alcoholism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine_dependence" title="Amphetamine dependence">Amphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate_dependence" title="Barbiturate dependence">Barbiturate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_dependence" title="Benzodiazepine dependence">Benzodiazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine_dependence" title="Caffeine dependence">Caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis dependence">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine_dependence" title="Cocaine dependence">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_dependence" title="Nicotine dependence">Nicotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_use_disorder" title="Opioid use disorder">Opioid</a></li></ul></li> <li>Non-drug stimuli <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanning_dependence" title="Tanning dependence">Tanning dependence</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treatment_and_management_of_addiction" title="Treatment and management of addiction">Treatment and management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Detoxification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_detoxification" title="Alcohol detoxification">Alcohol detoxification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_detoxification" title="Drug detoxification">Drug detoxification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Behavioral therapies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cognitive behavioral therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relapse_prevention" title="Relapse prevention">Relapse prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_management" title="Contingency management">Contingency management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_reinforcement_approach_and_family_training" title="Community reinforcement approach and family training">Community reinforcement approach and family training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motivational_enhancement_therapy" title="Motivational enhancement therapy">Motivational enhancement therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motivational_interviewing" title="Motivational interviewing">Motivational interviewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motivational_therapy" title="Motivational therapy">Motivational therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise#Addiction" title="Neurobiological effects of physical exercise">Physical exercise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Treatment programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_rehab" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug rehab">Drug rehab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Residential_treatment_center" title="Residential treatment center">Residential treatment center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroin-assisted_treatment" title="Heroin-assisted treatment">Heroin-assisted treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_outpatient_program" title="Intensive outpatient program">Intensive outpatient program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methadone_maintenance" class="mw-redirect" title="Methadone maintenance">Methadone maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_cessation" title="Smoking cessation">Smoking cessation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_replacement_therapy" title="Nicotine replacement therapy">Nicotine replacement therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_cessation_clinics_in_India" title="Tobacco cessation clinics in India">Tobacco cessation clinics in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-step_program" title="Twelve-step program">Twelve-step program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Support groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_recovery_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Addiction recovery groups">Addiction recovery groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twelve-step_groups" title="List of twelve-step groups">List of twelve-step groups</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harm_reduction" title="Category:Harm reduction">Category:Harm reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_checking" title="Drug checking">Drug checking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagent_testing" title="Reagent testing">Reagent testing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-threshold_treatment_programs" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-threshold treatment programs">Low-threshold treatment programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_alcohol_program" title="Managed alcohol program">Managed alcohol program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderation_Management" title="Moderation Management">Moderation Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_exchange_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Needle exchange program">Needle exchange program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsible_drug_use" title="Responsible drug use">Responsible drug use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulant_maintenance" title="Stimulant maintenance">Stimulant maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_harm_reduction" title="Tobacco harm reduction">Tobacco harm reduction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Addiction medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Carr" title="Allen Carr">Allen Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Addiction" title="Category:Addiction">Category:Addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vaccines_against_drugs" title="Category:Vaccines against drugs">Category:Vaccines against drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Discrimination against drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_dysregulation_syndrome" title="Dopamine dysregulation syndrome">Dopamine dysregulation syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive control">Cognitive control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inhibitory_control" title="Inhibitory control">Inhibitory control</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motivational_salience" title="Motivational salience">Motivational salience</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motivational_salience#Incentive_salience" title="Motivational salience">Incentive salience</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sober_companion" title="Sober companion">Sober companion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Addiction" title="Category:Addiction">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Psychology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#BFD7FF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Psychology" title="Template:Psychology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Psychology" title="Template talk:Psychology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Psychology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Psychology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Psychology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#DFEBFF;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_psychology" title="History of psychology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" title="Philosophy of psychology">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">Psychologist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/Basic_science_(psychology)" title="Basic science (psychology)">Basic psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abnormal_psychology" title="Abnormal psychology">Abnormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">Affective neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_science" title="Affective science">Affective science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">Behavioral genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">Behavioral neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">Cognitive</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cognitivism_(psychology)" title="Cognitivism (psychology)">Cognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">Cognitive neuroscience</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_cognitive_neuroscience" title="Social cognitive neuroscience">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_psychology" title="Comparative psychology">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychology" title="Cross-cultural psychology">Cross-cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_psychology" title="Cultural psychology">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">Developmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_psychology" title="Differential psychology">Differential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_psychology" title="Ecological psychology">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_psychology" title="Experimental psychology">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestalt_psychology" title="Gestalt psychology">Gestalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_psychology" title="Mathematical psychology">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_psychology" title="Moral psychology">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">Personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psycholinguistics" title="Psycholinguistics">Psycholinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychophysiology" title="Psychophysiology">Psychophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_psychology" title="Quantitative psychology">Quantitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_psychology" title="Theoretical psychology">Theoretical</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Psi-stylized.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="stylized letter psi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Psi-stylized.svg/50px-Psi-stylized.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Psi-stylized.svg/75px-Psi-stylized.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Psi-stylized.svg/100px-Psi-stylized.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="123" data-file-height="124" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/Applied_psychology" title="Applied psychology">Applied psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalistic_psychology" title="Anomalistic psychology">Anomalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Applied behavior analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_testing" title="Psychological testing">Assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">Clinical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coaching_psychology" title="Coaching psychology">Coaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_psychology" title="Community psychology">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counseling_psychology" title="Counseling psychology">Counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_psychology" title="Critical psychology">Critical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_psychology" title="Educational psychology">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_psychology" title="Forensic psychology">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_psychology" title="Health psychology">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_organizational_psychology" title="Industrial and organizational psychology">Industrial and organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_psychology" title="Legal psychology">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_psychology" title="Media psychology">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_psychology" title="Medical psychology">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_psychology" title="Military psychology">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_psychology" title="Music psychology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_psychology" title="Occupational health psychology">Occupational health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral psychology">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">Positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_psychology" title="School psychology">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_psychology" title="Sport psychology">Sport and exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidology" title="Suicidology">Suicidology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_psychology" title="Systems psychology">Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_psychology" title="Traffic psychology">Traffic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychological_research_methods" title="List of psychological research methods">Methodologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">Animal testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archival_research" title="Archival research">Archival research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_epigenetics" title="Behavioral epigenetics">Behavior epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_study" title="Case study">Case study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_analysis" title="Content analysis">Content analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_psychology" title="Experimental psychology">Experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_subject_research" title="Human subject research">Human subject research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interview_(research)" title="Interview (research)">Interviews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">Neuroimaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">Observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychophysics" title="Psychophysics">Psychophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualitative_psychological_research" title="Qualitative psychological research">Qualitative research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_psychological_research" title="Quantitative psychological research">Quantitative research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-report_inventory" title="Self-report inventory">Self-report inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_methodology" title="Survey methodology">Statistical surveys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">Behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Behavioral engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">Behavioral genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">Behavioral neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competence_(polyseme)" title="Competence (polyseme)">Competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">Feelings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Human factors and ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terror_management_theory" title="Terror management theory">Terror management theory</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychologists" title="List of psychologists">Psychologists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundt" title="Wilhelm Wundt">Wilhelm Wundt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Thorndike" title="Edward Thorndike">Edward Thorndike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Watson" title="John B. Watson">John B. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_L._Hull" title="Clark L. Hull">Clark L. Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Lewin" title="Kurt Lewin">Kurt Lewin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Jean Piaget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Allport" title="Gordon Allport">Gordon Allport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Guilford" title="J. P. Guilford">J. P. Guilford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Rogers" title="Carl Rogers">Carl Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Erikson" title="Erik Erikson">Erik Erikson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">B. F. Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_O._Hebb" title="Donald O. Hebb">Donald O. Hebb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hilgard" title="Ernest Hilgard">Ernest Hilgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Harlow" title="Harry Harlow">Harry Harlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Cattell" title="Raymond Cattell">Raymond Cattell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Maslow" title="Abraham Maslow">Abraham Maslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_E._Miller" title="Neal E. Miller">Neal E. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Bruner" title="Jerome Bruner">Jerome Bruner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_T._Campbell" title="Donald T. Campbell">Donald T. Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Eysenck" title="Hans Eysenck">Hans Eysenck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McClelland" title="David McClelland">David McClelland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Festinger" title="Leon Festinger">Leon Festinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller" title="George Armitage Miller">George A. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lazarus" title="Richard Lazarus">Richard Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Schachter" title="Stanley Schachter">Stanley Schachter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Zajonc" title="Robert Zajonc">Robert Zajonc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bandura" title="Albert Bandura">Albert Bandura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Brown_(psychologist)" title="Roger Brown (psychologist)">Roger Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endel_Tulving" title="Endel Tulving">Endel Tulving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Kohlberg" title="Lawrence Kohlberg">Lawrence Kohlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulric_Neisser" title="Ulric Neisser">Ulric Neisser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Kagan" title="Jerome Kagan">Jerome Kagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mischel" title="Walter Mischel">Walter Mischel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Aronson" title="Elliot Aronson">Elliot Aronson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kahneman" title="Daniel Kahneman">Daniel Kahneman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ekman" title="Paul Ekman">Paul Ekman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Posner_(psychologist)" title="Michael Posner (psychologist)">Michael Posner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Tversky" title="Amos Tversky">Amos Tversky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_McEwen" title="Bruce McEwen">Bruce McEwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Squire" title="Larry Squire">Larry Squire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Nisbett" title="Richard E. Nisbett">Richard E. Nisbett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman">Martin Seligman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Diener" title="Ed Diener">Ed Diener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelley_E._Taylor" title="Shelley E. Taylor">Shelley E. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Anderson_(psychologist)" title="John Robert Anderson (psychologist)">John Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_C._Kessler" title="Ronald C. Kessler">Ronald C. Kessler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._LeDoux" title="Joseph E. LeDoux">Joseph E. LeDoux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Davidson" title="Richard Davidson">Richard Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Fiske" title="Susan Fiske">Susan Fiske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Baumeister" title="Roy Baumeister">Roy Baumeister</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Psychology_lists" title="Category:Psychology lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_counseling" title="Outline of counseling">Counseling topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_branches_of_psychology" title="List of branches of psychology">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychology_organizations" title="List of psychology organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_psychology" title="Outline of psychology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychologists" title="List of psychologists">Psychologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychotherapies" title="List of psychotherapies">Psychotherapies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychological_research_methods" title="List of psychological research methods">Research methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychological_schools" title="List of psychological schools">Schools of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology" title="Timeline of psychology">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_psychology_articles" title="Index of psychology articles">Topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#DFEBFF;"><div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/psychology" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:psychology">Wiktionary definition</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:en:Psychology" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:en:Psychology">Wiktionary category</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Psychology" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Category:Psychology">Wikisource</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Psychology" class="extiw" title="commons:category:Psychology">Wikimedia Commons</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Psychology" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Psychology">Wikiquote</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Psychology" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Special:Search/Psychology">Wikinews</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Psychology" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Psychology">Wikibooks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Psychotherapy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Psychotherapy" title="Template:Psychotherapy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Psychotherapy" title="Template talk:Psychotherapy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Psychotherapy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Psychotherapy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Psychotherapy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychodynamic_psychotherapy" title="Psychodynamic psychotherapy">Psychodynamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlerian" class="mw-redirect" title="Adlerian">Adlerian therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_psychology" title="Analytical psychology">Analytical therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentalization-based_treatment" title="Mentalization-based treatment">Mentalization-based treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transference_focused_psychotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Transference focused psychotherapy">Transference focused psychotherapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_psychotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioral psychotherapy">Cognitive and behavioral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_behavior_analysis" title="Clinical behavior analysis">Clinical behavior analysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptance_and_commitment_therapy" title="Acceptance and commitment therapy">Acceptance and commitment therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_analytic_psychotherapy" title="Functional analytic psychotherapy">Functional analytic psychotherapy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cognitive behavioral therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_therapy" title="Cognitive therapy">Cognitive therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_behavior_therapy" title="Dialectical behavior therapy">Dialectical behavior therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness-based_cognitive_therapy" title="Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy">Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_emotive_behavior_therapy" title="Rational emotive behavior therapy">Rational emotive behavior therapy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">Humanistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotionally_focused_therapy" title="Emotionally focused therapy">Emotionally focused therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_therapy" title="Existential therapy">Existential therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focusing_(psychotherapy)" title="Focusing (psychotherapy)">Focusing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestalt_therapy" title="Gestalt therapy">Gestalt therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logotherapy" title="Logotherapy">Logotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person-centered_therapy" title="Person-centered therapy">Person-centered therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_therapy" title="Art therapy">Art therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_therapy" title="Dance therapy">Dance therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_therapy" title="Feminist therapy">Feminist therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">Music therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_therapy" title="Narrative therapy">Narrative therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_therapy" title="Play therapy">Play therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_therapy" title="Reality therapy">Reality therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_therapy_(psychotherapy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic therapy (psychotherapy)">Systemic therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transactional_analysis" title="Transactional analysis">Transactional analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychotherapies" title="List of psychotherapies">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Integrative_psychotherapy" title="Integrative psychotherapy">Integrative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_psychotherapy" title="Eclectic psychotherapy">Eclectic psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimodal_therapy" title="Multimodal therapy">Multimodal therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheoretical_model" title="Transtheoretical model">Transtheoretical model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brief_psychotherapy" title="Brief psychotherapy">Brief psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counseling_psychology" title="Counseling psychology">Counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_counseling" title="Online counseling">Online counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_treatment_center" title="Residential treatment center">Residential treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-help" title="Self-help">Self-help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Support_group" title="Support group">Support groups</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_formulation" title="Clinical formulation">Clinical formulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_pluralism" title="Clinical pluralism">Clinical pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_factors_theory" title="Common factors theory">Common factors theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy_discontinuation" title="Psychotherapy discontinuation">Discontinuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_psychotherapy" title="History of psychotherapy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practitioner%E2%80%93scholar_model" title="Practitioner–scholar model">Practitioner–scholar model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Behaviour_therapy" title="Behaviour therapy">Behaviour therapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aversion_therapy" title="Aversion therapy">Aversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaining" title="Chaining">Chaining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_management" title="Contingency management">Contingency management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaping_(psychology)" title="Shaping (psychology)">Shaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulus_control" title="Stimulus control">Stimulus control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Token_economy" title="Token economy">Token economy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterconditioning" title="Counterconditioning">Counterconditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desensitization_(psychology)" title="Desensitization (psychology)">Desensitization</a>/<a href="/wiki/Exposure_therapy" title="Exposure therapy">Exposure therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_desensitization" title="Systematic desensitization">Systematic desensitization</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other individual therapy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autogenic_training" title="Autogenic training">Autogenic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofeedback" title="Biofeedback">Biofeedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_language" title="Clean language">Clean language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_restructuring" title="Cognitive restructuring">Cognitive restructuring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_self-regulation" title="Emotional self-regulation">Emotion regulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_labeling" title="Affect labeling">Affect labeling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(psychology)" title="Free association (psychology)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homework_in_psychotherapy" title="Homework in psychotherapy">Homework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnotherapy" title="Hypnotherapy">Hypnotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_(psychology)" title="Modeling (psychology)">Modeling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Group_psychotherapy" title="Group psychotherapy">Group psychotherapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-therapy" title="Co-therapy">Co-therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couples_therapy" title="Couples therapy">Couples therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_therapy" title="Family therapy">Family therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychodrama" title="Psychodrama">Psychodrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensitivity_training" title="Sensitivity training">Sensitivity training</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Pinel" title="Philippe Pinel">Philippe Pinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Breuer" title="Josef Breuer">Josef Breuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Janet" title="Pierre Janet">Pierre Janet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler">Alfred Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Ferenczi" title="Sándor Ferenczi">Sándor Ferenczi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Binswanger" title="Ludwig Binswanger">Ludwig Binswanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanie_Klein" title="Melanie Klein">Melanie Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Rank" title="Otto Rank">Otto Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Horney" title="Karen Horney">Karen Horney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Stack_Sullivan" title="Harry Stack Sullivan">Harry Stack Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Perls" title="Fritz Perls">Fritz Perls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Freud" title="Anna Freud">Anna Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Winnicott" title="Donald Winnicott">Donald Winnicott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Wilhelm Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_H._Erickson" title="Milton H. Erickson">Milton H. Erickson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Jacques Lacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Erikson" title="Erik Erikson">Erik Erikson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Rogers" title="Carl Rogers">Carl Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl">Viktor Frankl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Kelly_(psychologist)" title="George Kelly (psychologist)">George Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollo_May" title="Rollo May">Rollo May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Axline" title="Virginia Axline">Virginia Axline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Whitaker" title="Carl Whitaker">Carl Whitaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Ellis" title="Albert Ellis">Albert Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvano_Arieti" title="Silvano Arieti">Silvano Arieti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bugental" title="James Bugental">James Bugental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wolpe" title="Joseph Wolpe">Joseph Wolpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Satir" title="Virginia Satir">Virginia Satir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Beck" title="Aaron Beck">Aaron Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Minuchin" title="Salvador Minuchin">Salvador Minuchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Watzlawick" title="Paul Watzlawick">Paul Watzlawick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haim_Ginott" title="Haim Ginott">Haim Ginott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogden_Lindsley" title="Ogden Lindsley">Ogden Lindsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Watzlawick" title="Paul Watzlawick">Paul Watzlawick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Janov" title="Arthur Janov">Arthur Janov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Gendlin" title="Eugene Gendlin">Eugene Gendlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._D._Laing" title="R. D. Laing">R. D. Laing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baker_Miller" title="Jean Baker Miller">Jean Baker Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_F._Kernberg" title="Otto F. Kernberg">Otto F. Kernberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Azrin" title="Nathan Azrin">Nathan Azrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvin_D._Yalom" title="Irvin D. Yalom">Irvin D. Yalom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Lazarus" title="Arnold Lazarus">Arnold Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorna_Smith_Benjamin" title="Lorna Smith Benjamin">Lorna Smith Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsha_M._Linehan" title="Marsha M. Linehan">Marsha M. Linehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Guidano" title="Vittorio Guidano">Vittorio Guidano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Greenberg" title="Les Greenberg">Les Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Richard_Miller" title="William Richard Miller">William R. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_C._Hayes" title="Steven C. Hayes">Steven C. Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_White_(psychotherapist)" title="Michael White (psychotherapist)">Michael White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Young_(psychologist)" title="Jeffrey Young (psychologist)">Jeffrey Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fonagy" title="Peter Fonagy">Peter Fonagy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Psychotherapy" title="Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy">Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Applied_Psychophysiology_and_Biofeedback" title="Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback">Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Behavioral_and_Cognitive_Therapies" title="Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies">Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Behavior_Analysis_International" title="Association for Behavior Analysis International">Association for Behavior Analysis International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Association_for_Psychotherapy" title="European Association for Psychotherapy">European Association for Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Psychotherapy_Research" title="Society for Psychotherapy Research">Society for Psychotherapy Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_for_Psychotherapy" title="World Council for Psychotherapy">World Council for Psychotherapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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