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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Founding_a_church_(1827–1830)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding_a_church_(1827–1830)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Founding a church (1827–1830) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding_a_church_(1827–1830)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_in_Ohio_(1831–1838)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_in_Ohio_(1831–1838)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Life in Ohio (1831–1838) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_in_Ohio_(1831–1838)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_in_Missouri_(1838–39)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_in_Missouri_(1838–39)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Life in Missouri (1838–39) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_in_Missouri_(1838–39)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_in_Nauvoo,_Illinois_(1839–1844)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_in_Nauvoo,_Illinois_(1839–1844)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Life in Nauvoo, Illinois (1839–1844) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_in_Nauvoo,_Illinois_(1839–1844)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Immediate_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immediate_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Immediate aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immediate_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_and_assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_and_assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Impact and assessment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_and_assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Successors_and_denominations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Successors_and_denominations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Successors and denominations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Successors_and_denominations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_and_descendants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_and_descendants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Family and descendants </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Family_and_descendants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Family and descendants subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Family_and_descendants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Polygamy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polygamy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Polygamy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polygamy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revelations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revelations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Revelations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Revelations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Revelations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Revelations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Book_of_Mormon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_of_Mormon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Book of Mormon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_of_Mormon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bible_revision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bible_revision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Bible revision </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bible_revision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_of_Abraham" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_of_Abraham"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Book of Abraham </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_of_Abraham-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_revelations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_revelations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Other revelations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_revelations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_and_teachings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_and_teachings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Views and teachings </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Views_and_teachings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Views and teachings subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Views_and_teachings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cosmology_and_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cosmology_and_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Cosmology and theology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cosmology_and_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_authority_and_ritual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_authority_and_ritual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Religious authority and ritual </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_authority_and_ritual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theology_of_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theology_of_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Theology of family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theology_of_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Joseph Smith</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 93 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" > 93 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Joseph Smith" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%86%E1%88%B0%E1%8D%8D_%E1%88%B5%E1%88%9A%E1%88%B5" title="ጆሰፍ ስሚስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጆሰፍ ስሚስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AB" title="جوزيف سميث – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جوزيف سميث" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith,_Jr." title="Joseph Smith, Jr. – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Joseph Smith, Jr." data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith_(f%C3%ADu)" title="Joseph Smith (fíu) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Joseph Smith (fíu)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hose_Smith" title="Hose Smith – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Hose Smith" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cozef_Smit" title="Cozef Smit – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cozef Smit" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AB_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A5" title="জোসেফ স্মিথ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জোসেফ স্মিথ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82" title="Джозеф Сміт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джозеф Сміт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith,_Jr." title="Joseph Smith, Jr. – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Joseph Smith, Jr." data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Smit" title="Josef Smit – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Josef Smit" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Джоузеф Смит – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джоузеф Смит" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Joseph Smith" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith,_Jr." title="Joseph Smith, Jr. – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Joseph Smith, Jr." data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Joseph Smith" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Joseph Smith" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Joseph Smith" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Joseph Smith" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Joseph Smith" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CF%8C%CE%B6%CE%B5%CF%86_%CE%A3%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%B8" title="Τζόζεφ Σμιθ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζόζεφ Σμιθ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Joseph Smith" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Joseph Smith" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Jr." title="Joseph Smith Jr. – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Joseph Smith Jr." data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Joseph Smith" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="جوزف اسمیت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جوزف اسمیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Joseph Smith" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Joseph Smith" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Joseph Smith" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Jr" title="Joseph Smith Jr – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Joseph Smith Jr" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Joseph Smith" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%85%89_%EC%8A%A4%EB%AF%B8%EC%8A%A4_%EC%A3%BC%EB%8B%88%EC%96%B4" title="조셉 스미스 주니어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조셉 스미스 주니어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josepa_Samika" title="Josepa Samika – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Josepa Samika" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%86_%D5%8D%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A9" title="Ջոզեֆ Սմիթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջոզեֆ Սմիթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Joseph Smith" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith,_Jr." title="Joseph Smith, Jr. – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Joseph Smith, Jr." data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith,_Jr." title="Joseph Smith, Jr. – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Joseph Smith, Jr." data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Jr." title="Joseph Smith Jr. – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Joseph Smith Jr." data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith,_Jr." title="Joseph Smith, Jr. – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Joseph Smith, Jr." data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Joseph Smith" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Joseph Smith" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%96%D7%A3_%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA%27_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%9F" title="ג'וזף סמית' הבן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'וזף סמית' הבן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Jr." title="Joseph Smith Jr. – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Joseph Smith Jr." data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ჯოზეფ სმითი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯოზეფ სმითი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Joseph Smith" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Joseph Smith" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Joseph Smith" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosephus_Smith" title="Iosephus Smith – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iosephus Smith" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEozefs_Smits" title="Džozefs Smits – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džozefs Smits" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Joseph Smith" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Jr." title="Joseph Smith Jr. – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Joseph Smith Jr." data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/djosef.smit" title="djosef.smit – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="djosef.smit" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Joseph Smith" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith_(egyh%C3%A1zalap%C3%ADt%C3%B3)" title="Joseph Smith (egyházalapító) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Joseph Smith (egyházalapító)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Joseph Smith" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5,_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="जोसेफ स्मिथ, जुनियर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जोसेफ स्मिथ, जुनियर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AB" title="جوزيف سميث – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جوزيف سميث" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Joseph Smith" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Jr." title="Joseph Smith Jr. – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Joseph Smith Jr." data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Иосеф Смит – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Иосеф Смит" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josefa_Simici" title="Josefa Simici – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Josefa Simici" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Joseph Smith" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%82%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9F%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2" title="ジョセフ・スミス・ジュニア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョセフ・スミス・ジュニア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Joseph Smith" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Joseph Smith" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith,_Jr" title="Joseph Smith, Jr – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Joseph Smith, Jr" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%AA%DA%BE" title="جوزف سمتھ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جوزف سمتھ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Joseph Smith" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Jr." title="Joseph Smith Jr. – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Joseph Smith Jr." data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosepha_Semita" title="Iosepha Semita – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Iosepha Semita" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith,_Jr." title="Joseph Smith, Jr. – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Joseph Smith, Jr." data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84" title="Смит, Джозеф – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Смит, Джозеф" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosefa_Samita" title="Iosefa Samita – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Iosefa Samita" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Joseph Smith" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Joseph Smith" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Joseph Smith" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Joseph Smith" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Џозеф Смит – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џозеф Смит" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Joseph Smith" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Joseph Smith" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Joseph Smith" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith,_Jr." title="Joseph Smith, Jr. – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Joseph Smith, Jr." data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="இரண்டாம் யோசப்பு இசுமித்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இரண்டாம் யோசப்பு இசுமித்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%9F_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98" title="โจเซฟ สมิธ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โจเซฟ สมิธ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siosefa_S%C4%81mita" title="Siosefa Sāmita – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Siosefa Sāmita" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith,_Jr." title="Joseph Smith, Jr. – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Joseph Smith, Jr." data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82" title="Джозеф Сміт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джозеф Сміт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%AA%DA%BE" title="جوزف سمتھ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جوزف سمتھ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Joseph Smith" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Joseph Smith" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%AF%86%E6%96%AF" title="约瑟夫·史密斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="约瑟夫·史密斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%96%E4%BA%9B%E5%A4%AB%E5%8F%B2%E5%AF%86%E5%A4%AB" title="祖些夫史密夫 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="祖些夫史密夫" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Joseph Smith" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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For other persons, see <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Joseph Smith (disambiguation)">Joseph Smith (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Joseph Smith</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Smith_daguerreotype.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Joseph Smith Jr." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Joseph_Smith_daguerreotype.jpg/220px-Joseph_Smith_daguerreotype.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Joseph_Smith_daguerreotype.jpg/330px-Joseph_Smith_daguerreotype.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Joseph_Smith_daguerreotype.jpg/440px-Joseph_Smith_daguerreotype.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="900" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Daguerreotype, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1844</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender; line-height: normal; padding: 0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Church" title="President of the Church">President</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)">Church of Christ</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">April 6, 1830 (1830-04-06) – June 27, 1844 (1844-06-27)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Succession_crisis_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)">Disputed</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[b]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">End reason</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Joseph_Smith" title="Killing of Joseph Smith">Death</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender;">2nd Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Nauvoo,_Illinois" title="Nauvoo, Illinois">Nauvoo, Illinois</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender;">In office</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">May 19, 1842 (1842-05-19)<a href="#cite_note-Mayor-6">[4]</a> – June 27, 1844 (1844-06-27)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Bennett" title="John C. Bennett">John C. Bennett</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">Chancy Robison<a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data org">Independent</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender;">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Joseph Smith Jr. (1805-12-23)December 23, 1805 <a href="/wiki/Sharon,_Vermont" title="Sharon, Vermont">Sharon, Vermont</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">June 27, 1844(1844-06-27) (aged 38) <a href="/wiki/Carthage,_Illinois" title="Carthage, Illinois">Carthage, Illinois</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Joseph_Smith" title="Killing of Joseph Smith">Gunshot wounds</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Smith_Family_Cemetery" title="Smith Family Cemetery">Smith Family Cemetery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nauvoo,_Illinois" title="Nauvoo, Illinois">Nauvoo, Illinois</a>, U.S. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Joseph_Smith&params=40.54052_N_91.39244_W_type:landmark&title=Smith+Family+Cemetery">40°32′26″N 91°23′33″W / 40.54052°N 91.39244°W / 40.54052; -91.39244 (Smith Family Cemetery)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known For</th><td class="infobox-data">Founding <a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Emma_Smith" title="Emma Smith">Emma Smith</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1827)</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Joseph_Smith%27s_wives" title="List of Joseph Smith's wives">Multiple others</a><a href="#cite_note-Polygamy-8">[c]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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(";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Murdock_Smith" title="Julia Murdock Smith">Julia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_III" title="Joseph Smith III">Joseph III</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hale_Smith" title="Alexander Hale Smith">Alexander</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/David_Hyrum_Smith" title="David Hyrum Smith">David</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_Joseph_Smith" title="Children of Joseph Smith">others</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Sr." title="Joseph Smith Sr.">Joseph Smith Sr.</a> (father)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Mack_Smith" title="Lucy Mack Smith">Lucy Mack Smith</a> (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Smith_(brother_of_Joseph_Smith)" title="Alvin Smith (brother of Joseph Smith)">Alvin Smith</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrum_Smith" title="Hyrum Smith">Hyrum Smith</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_H._Smith_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Samuel H. Smith (Latter Day Saints)">Samuel H. Smith</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="William Smith (Latter Day Saints)">William Smith</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Smith_Salisbury" title="Katharine Smith Salisbury">Katharine Smith</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos_Smith" title="Don Carlos Smith">Don Carlos Smith</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Smith_Millikin" title="Lucy Smith Millikin">Lucy Smith</a> (sister)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Smith_Jr_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="J Smith" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Joseph_Smith_Jr_Signature.svg/100px-Joseph_Smith_Jr_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Joseph_Smith_Jr_Signature.svg/150px-Joseph_Smith_Jr_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Joseph_Smith_Jr_Signature.svg/200px-Joseph_Smith_Jr_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="268" data-file-height="93" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 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.sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Joseph Smith</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Joseph_Smith" title="Early life of Joseph Smith">1805 to 1827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Joseph_Smith_from_1827_to_1830" title="Life of Joseph Smith from 1827 to 1830">1827 to 1830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Joseph_Smith_from_1831_to_1837" title="Life of Joseph Smith from 1831 to 1837">1831 to 1837</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Joseph_Smith_from_1838_to_1839" title="Life of Joseph Smith from 1838 to 1839">1838 to 1839</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Joseph_Smith_from_1839_to_1844" title="Life of Joseph Smith from 1839 to 1844">1839 to 1844</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Joseph_Smith" title="Killing of Joseph Smith">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_and_the_criminal_justice_system" title="Joseph Smith and the criminal justice system">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_Latter_Day_Saint_polygamy" title="Origin of Latter Day Saint polygamy">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Joseph_Smith%27s_wives" title="List of Joseph Smith's wives">Wives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_Joseph_Smith" title="Children of Joseph Smith">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teachings_of_Joseph_Smith" title="Teachings of Joseph Smith">Teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Joseph_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Miracles of Joseph Smith">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prophecies_of_Joseph_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="List of prophecies of Joseph Smith">Prophecies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_relating_to_Joseph_Smith" title="Works relating to Joseph Smith">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_in_the_19th_century" title="Mormonism in the 19th century">Chronology</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Joseph_Smith" title="Outline of Joseph Smith">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Joseph_Smith" title="Category:Joseph Smith">Category</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg/16px-Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg/24px-Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg/32px-Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Latter_Day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Latter Day Saints">Latter Day Saints portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Joseph_Smith" title="Template:Joseph Smith"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Joseph_Smith" title="Template talk:Joseph Smith"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Joseph_Smith" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Joseph Smith"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Joseph Smith Jr. (December 23, 1805 – June 27, 1844) was an American religious leader and the founder of <a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a>. Publishing the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a> at the age of 24, Smith attracted tens of thousands of followers by the time of his death fourteen years later. The religion he founded is followed by millions of global adherents and several churches, the largest of which is <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church). Born in <a href="/wiki/Sharon,_Vermont" title="Sharon, Vermont">Sharon, Vermont</a>, Smith moved with his family to <a href="/wiki/Western_New_York" title="Western New York">Western New York</a>, following <a href="/wiki/Year_Without_a_Summer" title="Year Without a Summer">a series of crop failures</a> in 1816. Living in an area of intense religious revivalism during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a>, Smith reported experiencing a series of visions. The <a href="/wiki/First_Vision" title="First Vision">first of these</a> was in 1820, when he saw "two personages" (whom he eventually described as <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>). In 1823, he said he was visited by <a href="/wiki/Angel_Moroni" title="Angel Moroni">an angel</a> who directed him to a buried book of <a href="/wiki/Golden_plates" title="Golden plates">golden plates</a> inscribed with a Judeo-Christian history of an ancient American civilization. In 1830, Smith published the Book of Mormon, which he described as an English translation of those plates. The same year he organized the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)">Church of Christ</a>, calling it a <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Latter_Day_Saints)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (Latter Day Saints)">restoration</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian Church">early Christian Church</a>. Members of the church were later called "Latter Day Saints" or "Mormons". In 1831, Smith and his followers moved west, planning to build a <a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">communal</a> <a href="/wiki/Zion_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Zion (Latter Day Saints)">Zion</a> in the American heartland. They first gathered in <a href="/wiki/Kirtland,_Ohio" title="Kirtland, Ohio">Kirtland, Ohio</a>, and established an outpost in <a href="/wiki/Independence,_Missouri" title="Independence, Missouri">Independence, Missouri</a>, which was intended to be Zion's "center place". During the 1830s, Smith sent out missionaries, published <a href="/wiki/Revelation_(Latter_Day_Saints)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revelation (Latter Day Saints)">revelations</a>, and supervised construction of the <a href="/wiki/Kirtland_Temple" title="Kirtland Temple">Kirtland Temple</a>. Because of the collapse of the church-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Kirtland_Safety_Society" title="Kirtland Safety Society">Kirtland Safety Society</a>, violent skirmishes with non-Mormon Missourians, and the <a href="/wiki/Mormon_extermination_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon extermination order">Mormon extermination order</a>, Smith and his followers established a new settlement at <a href="/wiki/Nauvoo,_Illinois" title="Nauvoo, Illinois">Nauvoo, Illinois</a>, of which he was the spiritual and political leader. In 1844, when the <a href="/wiki/Nauvoo_Expositor" title="Nauvoo Expositor">Nauvoo Expositor</a> criticized Smith's power and his practice of <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a>, Smith and the Nauvoo City Council ordered the destruction of its <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a>, inflaming anti-Mormon sentiment. Fearing an invasion of Nauvoo, Smith rode to <a href="/wiki/Carthage,_Illinois" title="Carthage, Illinois">Carthage, Illinois</a>, to stand trial, but <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Joseph_Smith" title="Killing of Joseph Smith">was shot and killed</a> by a mob that stormed the jailhouse. During his ministry, Smith published numerous documents and texts, many of which he attributed to divine inspiration and revelation from <a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">God</a>. He dictated the majority of these in the first-person, saying they were the writings of ancient prophets or expressed the voice of God. His followers accepted his teachings as prophetic and revelatory, and several of these texts were <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/canonized" class="extiw" title="wikt:canonized">canonized</a> by denominations of the Latter Day Saint movement, which continue to treat them as <a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">scripture</a>. Smith's teachings discuss God's nature, <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a>, family structures, political organization, and religious community and authority. Mormons generally regard Smith as a prophet comparable to <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a>. Several religious denominations identify as the continuation of the church that he organized, including the LDS Church and the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Christ" title="Community of Christ">Community of Christ</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years_(1805–1827)">Early years (1805–1827)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Joseph_Smith" title="Early life of Joseph Smith">Early life of Joseph Smith</a></div> Joseph Smith was born on December 23, 1805, in <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, on the border between the villages of <a href="/wiki/South_Royalton,_Vermont" title="South Royalton, Vermont">South Royalton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sharon,_Vermont" title="Sharon, Vermont">Sharon</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Mack_Smith" title="Lucy Mack Smith">Lucy Mack Smith</a> and her husband <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Sr." title="Joseph Smith Sr.">Joseph Smith Sr.</a>, a merchant and farmer.<a href="#cite_note-9">[6]</a> He was one of eleven children. At the age of seven, Smith had a bone infection and, after receiving surgery, used crutches for three years.<a href="#cite_note-10">[7]</a> After an ill-fated business venture and three successive years of crop failures culminating in the 1816 <a href="/wiki/Year_Without_a_Summer" title="Year Without a Summer">Year Without a Summer</a>, the Smith family left Vermont and moved to <a href="/wiki/Western_New_York" title="Western New York">Western New York</a>,<a href="#cite_note-11">[8]</a> and took out a mortgage on a 100-acre (40 ha) <a href="/wiki/Smith_Family_Farm" title="Smith Family Farm">farm</a> in the townships of <a href="/wiki/Palmyra_(village),_New_York" title="Palmyra (village), New York">Palmyra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchester,_New_York" title="Manchester, New York">Manchester</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[9]</a> The region was a <a href="/wiki/Burned-over_district" title="Burned-over district">hotbed of religious enthusiasm</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-14">[11]</a> Between 1817 and 1825, there were several camp meetings and revivals in the Palmyra area.<a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a> Smith's parents disagreed about religion, but the family was caught up in this excitement.<a href="#cite_note-16">[13]</a> Smith later recounted that he had become interested in religion by age 12, and as a teenager, may have been sympathetic to <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a> With other family members, he also engaged in <a href="/wiki/Cunning_folk_traditions_and_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Cunning folk traditions and the Latter Day Saint movement">religious folk magic</a>, a relatively common practice in that time and place.<a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a> Both his parents and his maternal grandfather reported having visions or dreams that they believed communicated messages from God.<a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a> Smith said that, although he had become concerned about the welfare of his soul, he was confused by the claims of competing religious denominations.<a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a> Years later, Smith wrote that he had received <a href="/wiki/First_Vision" title="First Vision">a vision</a> that resolved his religious confusion.<a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a> He said that in 1820, while he had been praying in a <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Grove_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Sacred Grove (Latter Day Saints)">wooded area</a> near his home, <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> together appeared to him, told him his sins were forgiven, and said that all contemporary churches had "turned aside from the gospel."<a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> Smith said he recounted the experience to a Methodist minister, who dismissed the story "with great contempt".<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a> According to historian Steven C. Harper, "There is no evidence in the historical record that Joseph Smith told anyone but the minister of his vision for at least a decade", and Smith might have kept it private because of how uncomfortable that first dismissal was.<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> During the 1830s, Smith orally described the vision to some of his followers, though it was not widely published among Mormons until the 1840s.<a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> This vision later grew in importance to Smith's followers, who eventually regarded it as the first event in the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Latter_Day_Saints)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (Latter Day Saints)">restoration of Christ's church to Earth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> Smith himself may have originally considered the vision to be a personal conversion.<a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Hill_Cumorah_by_C.C.A._Christensen.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/The_Hill_Cumorah_by_C.C.A._Christensen.jpeg/220px-The_Hill_Cumorah_by_C.C.A._Christensen.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/The_Hill_Cumorah_by_C.C.A._Christensen.jpeg/330px-The_Hill_Cumorah_by_C.C.A._Christensen.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/The_Hill_Cumorah_by_C.C.A._Christensen.jpeg/440px-The_Hill_Cumorah_by_C.C.A._Christensen.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption>Smith said he received golden plates from the <a href="/wiki/Angel_Moroni" title="Angel Moroni">angel Moroni</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Hill_Cumorah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill Cumorah">Hill Cumorah</a>.</figcaption></figure> According to Smith's later accounts, while praying one night in 1823, he was visited by an angel named <a href="/wiki/Angel_Moroni" title="Angel Moroni">Moroni</a>. Smith claimed this angel revealed the location of a buried book made of <a href="/wiki/Golden_plates" title="Golden plates">golden plates</a>, as well as other artifacts including a breastplate and a <a href="/wiki/Urim_and_Thummim_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Urim and Thummim (Latter Day Saints)">set of interpreters</a> composed of two <a href="/wiki/Seer_stone_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Seer stone (Latter Day Saints)">seer stones</a> set in a frame, which had been hidden in <a href="/wiki/Cumorah" title="Cumorah">a hill</a> near his home.<a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> Smith said he attempted to remove the plates the next morning, but was unsuccessful because Moroni returned and prevented him.<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> He reported that during the next four years he made annual visits to the hill, but, until the fourth and final visit, each time he returned without the plates.<a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a> Meanwhile, Smith's family faced financial hardship, due in part to the death of his oldest brother <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Smith_(brother_of_Joseph_Smith)" title="Alvin Smith (brother of Joseph Smith)">Alvin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> Family members supplemented their meager farm income by hiring out for odd jobs and working as treasure seekers,<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> a type of <a href="/wiki/Cunning_folk_traditions_and_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Cunning folk traditions and the Latter Day Saint movement">magical supernaturalism</a> common during the period.<a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> Smith was said to have an ability to locate lost items by looking into a seer stone, which he also used in treasure hunting, including, beginning in 1825, several unsuccessful attempts to find buried treasure sponsored by <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Stowell" title="Josiah Stowell">Josiah Stowell</a>, a wealthy farmer in <a href="/wiki/Chenango_County,_New_York" title="Chenango County, New York">Chenango County</a>.<a href="#cite_note-treasure-34">[31]</a> In 1826, Smith was brought before a Chenango County court for "glass-looking", or pretending to find lost treasure; Stowell's relatives accused Smith of tricking Stowell and faking an ability to perceive hidden treasure, though Stowell attested that he believed Smith had such abilities.<a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_and_the_criminal_justice_system#Disorderly_person,_March_1826" title="Joseph Smith and the criminal justice system">result of the proceeding remains unclear</a> because primary sources report conflicting outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EmmaSmith.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Emma Smith" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/EmmaSmith.jpg/195px-EmmaSmith.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/EmmaSmith.jpg/293px-EmmaSmith.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/EmmaSmith.jpg 2x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emma_Smith" title="Emma Smith">Emma Hale Smith</a>, who married Joseph Smith in 1827.</figcaption></figure> While boarding at the Hale house, located in the township of Harmony (now <a href="/wiki/Oakland,_Susquehanna_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Oakland, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania">Oakland</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, Smith met and courted <a href="/wiki/Emma_Smith" title="Emma Smith">Emma Hale</a>. When he proposed marriage, her father, Isaac Hale, objected; he believed Smith had no means to support his daughter.<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> Hale also considered Smith a stranger who appeared "careless" and "not very well educated."<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> Smith and Emma <a href="/wiki/Elopement" title="Elopement">eloped</a> and married on January 18, 1827, after which the couple began boarding with Smith's parents in Manchester. Later that year, when Smith promised to abandon treasure seeking, his father-in-law offered to let the couple live on his property in Harmony and help Smith get started in business.<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> Smith made his last visit to the hill shortly after midnight on September 22, 1827, taking Emma with him.<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> This time, he said he successfully retrieved the plates.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> Smith said Moroni commanded him not to show the plates to anyone else,<a href="#cite_note-42">[d]</a> but to translate them and publish their translation. He also said the plates were a religious record of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Indian_theory" title="Jewish Indian theory">Middle-Eastern indigenous Americans</a> and were engraved in an unknown language, called <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Egyptian" title="Reformed Egyptian">reformed Egyptian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a> He told associates that he was capable of reading and translating them.<a href="#cite_note-44">[40]</a> Although Smith had abandoned treasure hunting, former associates believed he had double crossed them and had taken the golden plates for himself, property they believed should be jointly shared.<a href="#cite_note-45">[41]</a> After they ransacked places where they believed the plates might have been hidden, Smith decided to leave Palmyra.<a href="#cite_note-46">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding_a_church_(1827–1830)">Founding a church (1827–1830)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Joseph_Smith_from_1827_to_1830" title="Life of Joseph Smith from 1827 to 1830">Life of Joseph Smith from 1827 to 1830</a></div> In October 1827, Smith and Emma permanently moved to Harmony, aided by a relatively prosperous neighbor, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Harris_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Martin Harris (Latter Day Saints)">Martin Harris</a>,<a href="#cite_note-47">[43]</a> who began serving as Smith's scribe in April 1828.<a href="#cite_note-48">[44]</a> Although he and his wife, Lucy, were early supporters of Smith, by June 1828 they began to have doubts about the existence of the golden plates. Harris persuaded Smith to let him take <a href="/wiki/Lost_116_pages" title="Lost 116 pages">116 pages of manuscript</a> to Palmyra to show a few family members, including his wife.<a href="#cite_note-49">[45]</a> While Harris had the manuscript in his possession—of which there was no other copy—it was lost.<a href="#cite_note-50">[46]</a> Smith was devastated by this loss, especially since it came at the same time as the death of his first son, who died shortly after birth.<a href="#cite_note-51">[47]</a> Smith said that as punishment for his having lost the manuscript, Moroni returned, took away the plates, and revoked his ability to translate.<a href="#cite_note-52">[48]</a> During this period, Smith briefly attended Methodist meetings with his wife, until a cousin of hers objected to inclusion of a "practicing <a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">necromancer</a>" on the Methodist class roll.<a href="#cite_note-53">[49]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Book_of_Mormon-_An_Account_Written_by_the_Hand_of_Mormon_upon_Plates_Taken_from_the_Plates_of_Nephi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/The_Book_of_Mormon-_An_Account_Written_by_the_Hand_of_Mormon_upon_Plates_Taken_from_the_Plates_of_Nephi.jpg/170px-The_Book_of_Mormon-_An_Account_Written_by_the_Hand_of_Mormon_upon_Plates_Taken_from_the_Plates_of_Nephi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/The_Book_of_Mormon-_An_Account_Written_by_the_Hand_of_Mormon_upon_Plates_Taken_from_the_Plates_of_Nephi.jpg/255px-The_Book_of_Mormon-_An_Account_Written_by_the_Hand_of_Mormon_upon_Plates_Taken_from_the_Plates_of_Nephi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/The_Book_of_Mormon-_An_Account_Written_by_the_Hand_of_Mormon_upon_Plates_Taken_from_the_Plates_of_Nephi.jpg/340px-The_Book_of_Mormon-_An_Account_Written_by_the_Hand_of_Mormon_upon_Plates_Taken_from_the_Plates_of_Nephi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Cover page of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a>, original 1830 edition</figcaption></figure> Smith said that Moroni returned the plates to him in September 1828,<a href="#cite_note-54">[50]</a> and he then dictated some of the book to his wife Emma.<a href="#cite_note-Bushman_2005_70-55">[51]</a> In April 1829 he met <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cowdery" title="Oliver Cowdery">Oliver Cowdery</a>, who had also dabbled in folk magic; and with Cowdery as scribe, Smith began a period of "rapid-fire translation".<a href="#cite_note-Bushman_2005_70-55">[51]</a> Between April and early June 1829, the two worked full time on the manuscript, then moved to <a href="/wiki/Fayette,_New_York" title="Fayette, New York">Fayette, New York</a>, where they continued the work at the home of Cowdery's friend, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Whitmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Whitmer">Peter Whitmer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[52]</a> When the narrative described an institutional church and a requirement for <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>, Smith and Cowdery baptized each other.<a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a> Dictation was completed about July 1, 1829.<a href="#cite_note-58">[54]</a> According to Smith, Moroni took back the plates once Smith finished using them.<a href="#cite_note-59">[55]</a> The completed work, titled the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a>, was published in Palmyra by printer <a href="/wiki/Egbert_Bratt_Grandin" class="mw-redirect" title="Egbert Bratt Grandin">Egbert Bratt Grandin</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a> and was first advertised for sale on March 26, 1830.<a href="#cite_note-61">[57]</a> Less than two weeks later, on April 6, 1830, Smith and his followers formally organized the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)">Church of Christ</a>, and small branches were established in Manchester, Fayette, and <a href="/wiki/Colesville,_New_York" title="Colesville, New York">Colesville, New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a> The Book of Mormon brought Smith regional notoriety and renewed the hostility of those who remembered the 1826 Chenango County trial.<a href="#cite_note-63">[59]</a> After Cowdery baptized several new church members, Smith's followers were threatened with mob violence. Before Smith could <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Confirmation (Latter Day Saints)">confirm</a> the newly baptized, he was arrested and charged with being a "disorderly person."<a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a> Although he was <a href="/wiki/Acquittal" title="Acquittal">acquitted</a>, both he and Cowdery fled to Colesville to escape a gathering mob. Smith later claimed that, probably around this time, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a>, <a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Zebedee" class="mw-redirect" title="James, son of Zebedee">James</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a> had appeared to him and had ordained him and Cowdery to a higher priesthood.<a href="#cite_note-65">[61]</a> Smith's authority was undermined when Cowdery, <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Page" title="Hiram Page">Hiram Page</a>, and other church members also claimed to receive revelations.<a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a> In response, Smith dictated a revelation which clarified his office as a prophet and an <a href="/wiki/Apostle_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Apostle (Latter Day Saints)">apostle</a>, stating that only he had the ability to declare doctrine and scripture for the church.<a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a> Smith then dispatched Cowdery, Peter Whitmer, and others on a mission to <a href="/wiki/Proselytize" class="mw-redirect" title="Proselytize">proselytize</a> <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a> Cowdery was also assigned the task of locating the site of the <a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a>, which was to be "on the borders" of the United States with what was then Indian territory.<a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a> On their way to <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, Cowdery's party passed through northeastern <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Rigdon" title="Sidney Rigdon">Sidney Rigdon</a> and over a hundred followers of his variety of <a href="/wiki/Campbellite" title="Campbellite">Campbellite</a> <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationism</a> converted to the Church of Christ, swelling the ranks of the new organization dramatically.<a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> After Rigdon visited New York, he soon became Smith's primary assistant.<a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a> With growing opposition in New York, Smith announced a revelation that his followers should gather to <a href="/wiki/Kirtland,_Ohio" title="Kirtland, Ohio">Kirtland, Ohio</a>, establish themselves as a people and await word from Cowdery's mission.<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_in_Ohio_(1831–1838)">Life in Ohio (1831–1838)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Joseph_Smith_from_1831_to_1837" title="Life of Joseph Smith from 1831 to 1837">Life of Joseph Smith from 1831 to 1837</a></div> When Smith moved to Kirtland in January 1831, he encountered a religious culture that included enthusiastic demonstrations of <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_gift" title="Spiritual gift">spiritual gifts</a>, including fits and trances, rolling on the ground, and <a href="/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues" title="Speaking in tongues">speaking in tongues</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a> Rigdon's followers were practicing a form of <a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">communalism</a>. Smith brought the Kirtland congregation under his authority and tamed ecstatic outbursts.<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a> He had promised church <a href="/wiki/Elder_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Elder (Latter Day Saints)">elders</a> that in Kirtland they would receive an <a href="/wiki/Endowment_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Endowment (Latter Day Saints)">endowment</a> of heavenly power, and at the June 1831 <a href="/wiki/General_conference_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="General conference (Latter Day Saints)">general conference</a>, he introduced the greater authority of a <a href="/wiki/Melchizedek_priesthood_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Melchizedek priesthood (Latter Day Saints)">High ("Melchizedek") Priesthood</a> to the church hierarchy.<a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Josephsmithtarandfeatherharpers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Angry men surrounding Smith at night" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Josephsmithtarandfeatherharpers.jpg/220px-Josephsmithtarandfeatherharpers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Josephsmithtarandfeatherharpers.jpg/330px-Josephsmithtarandfeatherharpers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Josephsmithtarandfeatherharpers.jpg/440px-Josephsmithtarandfeatherharpers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption>A mob <a href="/wiki/Tarring_and_feathering" title="Tarring and feathering">tarred and feathered</a> Smith in 1832.</figcaption></figure> Converts poured into Kirtland. By the summer of 1835, there were fifteen hundred to two thousand Latter Day Saints in the vicinity,<a href="#cite_note-Arrington_1979_21-76">[72]</a> many expecting Smith to lead them shortly to the <a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennial</a> kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a> Though his mission to the Native Americans had been a failure,<a href="#cite_note-78">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a> Cowdery and the other missionaries with him were charged with finding a site for "a holy city". They found <a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Missouri" title="Jackson County, Missouri">Jackson County, Missouri</a>. After Smith visited in July 1831, he pronounced the frontier hamlet of <a href="/wiki/Independence,_Missouri" title="Independence, Missouri">Independence</a> the "center place" of <a href="/wiki/Zion_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Zion (Latter Day Saints)">Zion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a> For most of the 1830s, the church was effectively based in Ohio.<a href="#cite_note-Arrington_1979_21-76">[72]</a> Smith lived there, though he visited Missouri again in early 1832 to prevent a rebellion of prominent church members who believed the church in Missouri was being neglected.<a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a> Smith's trip was hastened by a mob of Ohio residents who were incensed over the church's presence and Smith's political power. The mob beat Smith and Rigdon unconscious, <a href="/wiki/Tarring_and_feathering" title="Tarring and feathering">tarred and feathered</a> them, and left them for dead.<a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a> In Jackson County, existing Missouri residents resented the Latter Day Saint newcomers for both political and religious reasons.<a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a> Additionally, their rapid growth aroused fears that they would soon constitute a majority in local elections, and thus "rule the county."<a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a> Tension increased until July 1833, when non-Mormons forcibly evicted the Mormons and destroyed their property. Smith advised his followers to bear the violence patiently until after they had been attacked multiple times, after which they could fight back.<a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a> Armed bands exchanged fire, killing one Mormon and two non-Mormons, until the old settlers forcibly expelled the Latter Day Saints from the county.<a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a> After petitions to Missouri governor <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dunklin" title="Daniel Dunklin">Daniel Dunklin</a> for aid were unsuccessful,<a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a> Smith organized and led a small <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> expedition, called <a href="/wiki/Zion%27s_Camp" title="Zion's Camp">Zion's Camp</a>, to aid the Latter Day Saints in Missouri.<a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a> As a military endeavor, the expedition was a failure. The men of the expedition were disorganized, suffered from a <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> outbreak and were severely outnumbered. By the end of June, Smith deescalated the confrontation, sought peace with Jackson County's residents, and disbanded Zion's Camp.<a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a> Nevertheless, Zion's Camp transformed Latter Day Saint leadership because many future church leaders came from among the participants.<a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a> After the Camp returned to Ohio, Smith drew heavily from its participants to establish various governing bodies in the church.<a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a> He gave a revelation announcing that in order to redeem Zion, his followers would have to receive an endowment in the <a href="/wiki/Kirtland_Temple" title="Kirtland Temple">Kirtland Temple</a>,<a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a> which he and his followers constructed. In March 1836, at the temple's dedication, many who received the endowment reported seeing visions of angels and engaged in prophesying and speaking in tongues.<a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KirtlandTemple_Ohio_USA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A white two-story building with a steeple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/KirtlandTemple_Ohio_USA.jpg/170px-KirtlandTemple_Ohio_USA.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/KirtlandTemple_Ohio_USA.jpg/255px-KirtlandTemple_Ohio_USA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/KirtlandTemple_Ohio_USA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Smith dedicated the <a href="/wiki/Kirtland_Temple" title="Kirtland Temple">Kirtland Temple</a> in 1836.</figcaption></figure> In January 1837, Smith and other churchleaders created a <a href="/wiki/Joint-stock_company" title="Joint-stock company">joint stock company</a>, called the <a href="/wiki/Kirtland_Safety_Society" title="Kirtland Safety Society">Kirtland Safety Society</a>, to act as a quasi-bank; the company issued <a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">banknotes</a> partly <a href="/wiki/Financial_capital" title="Financial capital">capitalized</a> by real estate. Smith encouraged his followers to buy the notes, in which he invested heavily himself. The bank failed within a month.<a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a> As a result, Latter Day Saints in Kirtland suffered extreme high <a href="/wiki/Volatility_(finance)" title="Volatility (finance)">volatility</a> and intense pressure from debt collectors. Smith was held responsible for the failure, and there were widespread defections from the church, including many of Smith's closest advisers.<a href="#cite_note-95">[91]</a> The failure of the bank was one part of a series of internal disputes led to the demise of the Kirtland community.<a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a> Cowdery had accused Smith of engaging in a sexual relationship with a teenage servant in his home, <a href="/wiki/Fanny_Alger" title="Fanny Alger">Fanny Alger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a> Construction of the Kirtland Temple had only added to the church's debt, and Smith was hounded by creditors.<a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a> After a warrant was issued for Smith's arrest on a charge of <a href="/wiki/Banking_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking fraud">banking fraud</a>, he and Rigdon fled for Missouri in January 1838.<a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_in_Missouri_(1838–39)">Life in Missouri (1838–39)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Joseph_Smith_from_1838_to_1839" title="Life of Joseph Smith from 1838 to 1839">Life of Joseph Smith from 1838 to 1839</a></div> By 1838, Smith had abandoned plans to redeem Zion in Jackson County, and instead declared the town of <a href="/wiki/Far_West,_Missouri" title="Far West, Missouri">Far West, Missouri</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Caldwell_County,_Missouri" title="Caldwell County, Missouri">Caldwell County</a>, as the new "Zion".<a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a> In Missouri, the church also took the name "Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints", and construction began on a new temple.<a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a> In the weeks and months after Smith and Rigdon arrived at Far West, thousands of Latter Day Saints followed them from Kirtland.<a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a> Smith encouraged the settlement of land outside Caldwell County, instituting a settlement in <a href="/wiki/Adam-ondi-Ahman" title="Adam-ondi-Ahman">Adam-ondi-Ahman</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Daviess_County,_Missouri" title="Daviess County, Missouri">Daviess County</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a> Political and religious differences between old Missourians and newly arriving Latter Day Saint settlers provoked tensions between the two groups, much as they had in Jackson County. By this time, Smith's experiences with mob violence led him to believe that his faith's survival required greater militancy against <a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">anti-Mormons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a> Tensions between the Mormons and the native Missourians escalated quickly until, on August 6, 1838, non-Mormons in <a href="/wiki/Gallatin,_Missouri" title="Gallatin, Missouri">Gallatin, Missouri</a>, tried to prevent Mormons from voting, and a brawl ensued.<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a> The election day scuffles initiated the <a href="/wiki/1838_Mormon_War" title="1838 Mormon War">1838 Mormon War</a>. Non-Mormon <a href="/wiki/Vigilantism" title="Vigilantism">vigilantes</a> raided and burned Mormon farms, while <a href="/wiki/Danites" class="mw-redirect" title="Danites">Danites</a> and other Mormons pillaged non-Mormon towns.<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crooked_River" title="Battle of Crooked River">Battle of Crooked River</a>, a group of Mormons attacked the Missouri state militia, mistakenly believing them to be anti-Mormon vigilantes. Governor <a href="/wiki/Lilburn_Boggs" title="Lilburn Boggs">Lilburn Boggs</a> then <a href="/wiki/Mormon_Extermination_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon Extermination Order">ordered</a> that the Mormons be "exterminated or driven from the state".<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a> On October 30, a party of Missourians surprised and killed seventeen Mormons in the <a href="/wiki/Haun%27s_Mill_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Haun's Mill massacre">Haun's Mill massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liberty_Jail_by_C.C.A._Christensen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Men are shuffled into a small brick building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Liberty_Jail_by_C.C.A._Christensen.png/220px-Liberty_Jail_by_C.C.A._Christensen.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Liberty_Jail_by_C.C.A._Christensen.png/330px-Liberty_Jail_by_C.C.A._Christensen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Liberty_Jail_by_C.C.A._Christensen.png/440px-Liberty_Jail_by_C.C.A._Christensen.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption>Smith was held for four months in Liberty jail.</figcaption></figure> The following day, the Mormons surrendered to 2,500 state troops and agreed to forfeit their property and leave the state.<a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a> Smith was immediately <a href="/wiki/Court_martial" class="mw-redirect" title="Court martial">brought before a military court</a>, accused of <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>, and sentenced to be executed the next morning, but <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Doniphan" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Doniphan">Alexander Doniphan</a>, who was Smith's former attorney and a brigadier general in the Missouri militia, refused to carry out the order.<a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a> Smith was then sent to a state court for a <a href="/wiki/Preliminary_hearing" title="Preliminary hearing">preliminary hearing</a>, where several of his former allies testified against him.<a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a> Smith and five others, including Rigdon, were charged with treason, and transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Jail" title="Liberty Jail">jail</a> at <a href="/wiki/Liberty,_Missouri" title="Liberty, Missouri">Liberty, Missouri</a>, to await trial.<a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a> Smith bore his imprisonment stoically. Understanding that he was effectively on trial before his own people, many of whom considered him a fallen prophet, he wrote a personal defense and an apology for the activities of his followers. "The <a href="/wiki/Keys_of_the_kingdom" title="Keys of the kingdom">keys of the kingdom</a>", he wrote, "have not been taken away from us".<a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a> Though he directed his followers to collect and publish their stories of persecution, he also urged them to moderate their antagonism toward non-Mormons.<a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a> On April 6, 1839, after a <a href="/wiki/Grand_jury" title="Grand jury">grand jury</a> hearing in Daviess County, Smith and his companions escaped custody, almost certainly with the connivance of the sheriff and guards.<a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_in_Nauvoo,_Illinois_(1839–1844)">Life in Nauvoo, Illinois (1839–1844)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Joseph_Smith_from_1839_to_1844" title="Life of Joseph Smith from 1839 to 1844">Life of Joseph Smith from 1839 to 1844</a></div> Many American newspapers criticized Missouri for the Haun's Mill massacre and the state's expulsion of the Mormons.<a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a> Illinois then accepted Mormon refugees who gathered along the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>,<a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a> where Smith purchased high-priced, swampy woodland in the hamlet of <a href="/wiki/Commerce,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Commerce, Illinois">Commerce</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[114]</a> He attempted to portray the Mormons as an oppressed minority and unsuccessfully petitioned the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Government_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Government of the United States">federal government</a> for help in obtaining <a href="/wiki/Reparations_(transitional_justice)" title="Reparations (transitional justice)">reparations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a> During the summer of 1839, while Mormons in Illinois suffered from a <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> epidemic, Smith sent Young and other apostles to missions in Europe, where they made numerous converts, many of them poor factory workers.<a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NauvooLegion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="On horseback, Smith leads soldiers bearing flags" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/NauvooLegion.jpg/220px-NauvooLegion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/NauvooLegion.jpg/330px-NauvooLegion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/NauvooLegion.jpg/440px-NauvooLegion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of Smith at head of the <a href="/wiki/Nauvoo_Legion" title="Nauvoo Legion">Nauvoo Legion</a></figcaption></figure> Smith also attracted a few wealthy and influential converts, including <a href="/wiki/John_C._Bennett" title="John C. Bennett">John C. Bennett</a>, the Illinois <a href="/wiki/Quartermaster_general" title="Quartermaster general">quartermaster general</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a> Bennett used his connections in the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_state_legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois state legislature">Illinois state legislature</a> to obtain an unusually liberal charter for the new city, which Smith renamed "<a href="/wiki/Nauvoo,_Illinois" title="Nauvoo, Illinois">Nauvoo</a>".<a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a> The charter granted the city virtual autonomy, authorized a university, and granted Nauvoo <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a> power—which allowed Smith to fend off <a href="/wiki/Extradition" title="Extradition">extradition</a> to Missouri. Though Latter Day Saint authorities controlled Nauvoo's civil government, the city guaranteed <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">religious freedom</a> for its residents.<a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a> The charter also authorized the <a href="/wiki/Nauvoo_Legion" title="Nauvoo Legion">Nauvoo Legion</a>, a militia whose actions were limited only by state and federal constitutions. Smith and Bennett became its commanders, and were styled <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General">Lieutenant General</a> and <a href="/wiki/Major_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General">Major General</a> respectively. As such, they controlled by far the largest body of armed men in Illinois.<a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a> Smith appointed Bennett as Assistant President of the Church, and Bennett was elected Nauvoo's first mayor.<a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NauvooTemple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="People enter and leave the ornate Nauvoo Temple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/NauvooTemple.jpg/220px-NauvooTemple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/NauvooTemple.jpg/330px-NauvooTemple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/NauvooTemple.jpg/440px-NauvooTemple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption>Smith planned the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Nauvoo_Temple" title="Nauvoo Temple">Nauvoo Temple</a>, which was completed after his death.</figcaption></figure> The early Nauvoo years were a period of doctrinal innovation. Smith introduced <a href="/wiki/Baptism_for_the_dead" title="Baptism for the dead">baptism for the dead</a> in 1840, and in 1841 construction began on the <a href="/wiki/Nauvoo_Temple" title="Nauvoo Temple">Nauvoo Temple</a> as a place for recovering lost ancient knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a> An 1841 revelation promised the restoration of the "fullness of the priesthood"; and in May 1842, Smith inaugurated a revised endowment or "first anointing".<a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a> The endowment resembled the rites of <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a> that Smith had observed two months earlier when he had been initiated "<a href="/wiki/Mason_at_sight" title="Mason at sight">at sight</a>" into the Nauvoo Masonic lodge.<a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a> At first, the endowment was open only to men, who were initiated into a special group called the <a href="/wiki/Anointed_Quorum" title="Anointed Quorum">Anointed Quorum</a>. For women, Smith introduced the <a href="/wiki/Relief_Society" title="Relief Society">Relief Society</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Service_club" title="Service club">service club</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fraternity" title="Fraternity">sorority</a> within which Smith predicted women would receive "the keys of the kingdom".<a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a> Smith also elaborated on his plan for a Millennial kingdom; no longer envisioning the building of Zion in Nauvoo, he viewed Zion as encompassing all of North and South America, with Mormon settlements being "<a href="/wiki/Stake_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Stake (Latter Day Saints)">stakes</a>" of Zion's metaphorical tent.<a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a> Zion also became less a refuge from an impending <a href="/wiki/Tribulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribulation">tribulation</a> than a great building project.<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a> In the summer of 1842, Smith revealed a plan to establish the millennial Kingdom of God, which would eventually establish <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocratic</a> rule over the whole Earth.<a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a> It was around this time that Smith began secretly marrying additional wives, a practice called <a href="/wiki/Plural_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Plural marriage">plural marriage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a> He introduced the doctrine to a few of his closest associates, including Bennett, who used it as an excuse to seduce numerous women, wed and unwed.<a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a> When rumors of polygamy (called "spiritual wifery" by Bennett) got abroad, Smith forced Bennett's resignation as Nauvoo mayor. In retaliation, Bennett left Nauvoo and began publishing sensational accusations against Smith and his followers.<a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a> By mid-1842, popular opinion in Illinois had turned against the Mormons. After an unknown assailant shot and wounded Missouri governor Lilburn Boggs in May 1842, anti-Mormons circulated rumors that Smith's bodyguard, <a href="/wiki/Porter_Rockwell" title="Porter Rockwell">Porter Rockwell</a>, was the gunman.<a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a> Though the evidence was circumstantial, Boggs ordered Smith's extradition. Certain he would be killed if he ever returned to Missouri, Smith went into hiding twice during the next five months, until the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">U.S. Attorney</a> for Illinois argued that his extradition would be unconstitutional.<a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a> (Rockwell was later tried and acquitted.) In June 1843, enemies of Smith convinced a reluctant <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Illinois" title="Governor of Illinois">Illinois Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ford_(politician)" title="Thomas Ford (politician)">Thomas Ford</a> to extradite Smith to Missouri on an old charge of treason. Two law officers arrested Smith but were intercepted by a party of Mormons before they could reach Missouri. Smith was then released on a writ of habeas corpus from the Nauvoo municipal court.<a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a> While this ended the Missourians' attempts at extradition, it caused significant political fallout in Illinois.<a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a> In December 1843, Smith petitioned <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> to make Nauvoo an independent territory with the right to call out federal troops in its defense.<a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a> Smith then wrote to the leading presidential candidates, asking what they would do to protect the Mormons. After receiving noncommittal or negative responses, he announced <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_1844_presidential_campaign" title="Joseph Smith 1844 presidential campaign">his own independent candidacy</a> for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>, suspended regular proselytizing, and sent out the Quorum of the Twelve and hundreds of other political missionaries.<a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a> In March 1844 – following a dispute with a federal bureaucrat – he organized the secret <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Fifty" title="Council of Fifty">Council of Fifty</a>, which was given the authority to decide which national or state laws Mormons should obey, as well as establish its own government for Mormons.<a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a> Before his death the Council also voted unanimously to elect Smith "Prophet, Priest, and King".<a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a> The Council was likewise appointed to select a site for a large Mormon settlement in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon</a>, or <a href="/wiki/The_Californias#Department_of_Mexico" title="The Californias">California</a> (then controlled by <a href="/wiki/Centralist_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Centralist Republic of Mexico">Mexico</a>), where Mormons could live under theocratic law beyond the control of other governments.<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Joseph_Smith" title="Killing of Joseph Smith">Killing of Joseph Smith</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_of_Carthage_Jail_by_C.C.A._Christensen_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Interior_of_Carthage_Jail_by_C.C.A._Christensen_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Interior_of_Carthage_Jail_by_C.C.A._Christensen_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Interior_of_Carthage_Jail_by_C.C.A._Christensen_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Interior_of_Carthage_Jail_by_C.C.A._Christensen_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Interior_of_Carthage_Jail_by_C.C.A._Christensen_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Interior_of_Carthage_Jail_by_C.C.A._Christensen_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption>A 19th-century painting depicting the mob attack inside Carthage Jail</figcaption></figure> By early 1844, a rift developed between Smith and a half dozen of his closest associates.<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> Most notably, <a href="/wiki/William_Law_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="William Law (Latter Day Saints)">William Law</a>, his trusted counselor, and Robert Foster, a <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">general</a> of the Nauvoo Legion, disagreed with Smith about how to manage Nauvoo's economy.<a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a> Both also said that Smith had proposed marriage to their wives.<a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a> Believing these men were plotting against his life, Smith excommunicated them on April 18, 1844.<a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a> Law and Foster subsequently formed a <a href="/wiki/True_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter_Day_Saints" title="True Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints">competing "reform church"</a>, and in the following month, at the <a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">county seat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Carthage,_Illinois" title="Carthage, Illinois">Carthage</a>, they procured indictments against Smith for <a href="/wiki/Perjury" title="Perjury">perjury</a> (as Smith publicly denied having more than one wife) and polygamy.<a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a> On June 7, the dissidents published the first (and only) issue of the <a href="/wiki/Nauvoo_Expositor" title="Nauvoo Expositor">Nauvoo Expositor</a>, calling for reform within the church but also appealing politically to non-Mormons.<a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a> The paper alluded to Smith's theocratic aspirations, called for a repeal of the Nauvoo city charter, and decried his new "doctrines of many Gods". (Smith had recently given his <a href="/wiki/King_Follett_discourse" title="King Follett discourse">King Follett discourse</a>, in which he said that God was once a man, and that men and women could become gods.)<a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> It also attacked Smith's practice of polygamy, implying that he was using religion as a pretext to draw unassuming women to Nauvoo to seduce and marry them.<a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a> Fearing the Expositor would provoke a new round of violence against the Mormons, the Nauvoo City Council declared the newspaper a public nuisance, and Smith ordered the Nauvoo Legion to assist the police force in destroying its <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a> During the council debate, Smith vigorously urged the council to order the press destroyed,<a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a> not realizing that destroying a newspaper was more likely to incite an attack than any of the newspaper's accusations.<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assassination_of_Joseph_Smith.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Assassination_of_Joseph_Smith.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="184" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="184" data-file-height="184" /></a><figcaption>Smith was shot multiple times before and after falling from the window.<a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a></figcaption></figure> Destruction of the newspaper provoked a strident call to arms from <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Sharp" title="Thomas C. Sharp">Thomas C. Sharp</a>, editor of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Signal" title="Warsaw Signal">Warsaw Signal</a> and longtime critic of Smith.<a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a> Fearing mob violence, Smith mobilized the Nauvoo Legion on June 18 and declared <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a> Officials in Carthage responded by mobilizing a small detachment of the state militia, and Governor Ford intervened, threatening to raise a larger militia unless Smith and the Nauvoo City Council surrendered themselves.<a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a> Smith initially fled across the Mississippi River, but shortly returned and surrendered to Ford.<a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a> On June 25, Smith and his brother <a href="/wiki/Hyrum_Smith" title="Hyrum Smith">Hyrum</a> arrived in Carthage to stand trial for inciting a riot.<a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a> Once the Smiths were in custody, the charges were increased to treason, preventing them from posting <a href="/wiki/Bail" title="Bail">bail</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_(Mormon)" title="John Taylor (Mormon)">John Taylor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Willard_Richards" title="Willard Richards">Willard Richards</a> voluntarily accompanied the Smiths in <a href="/wiki/Carthage_Jail" title="Carthage Jail">Carthage Jail</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Death_masks_of_Joseph_and_Hyrum_Smith.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Death_masks_of_Joseph_and_Hyrum_Smith.png/220px-Death_masks_of_Joseph_and_Hyrum_Smith.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Death_masks_of_Joseph_and_Hyrum_Smith.png/330px-Death_masks_of_Joseph_and_Hyrum_Smith.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Death_masks_of_Joseph_and_Hyrum_Smith.png/440px-Death_masks_of_Joseph_and_Hyrum_Smith.png 2x" data-file-width="1355" data-file-height="914" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Death_mask" title="Death mask">death masks</a> of Joseph Smith (left) and <a href="/wiki/Hyrum_Smith" title="Hyrum Smith">Hyrum Smith</a> (right)</figcaption></figure> On June 27, 1844, an armed mob with blackened faces stormed <a href="/wiki/Carthage_Jail" title="Carthage Jail">Carthage Jail</a>, where Joseph and Hyrum were being detained. Hyrum, who was trying to secure the door, was killed instantly with a shot to the face. Smith fired three shots from a <a href="/wiki/Pepper-box" title="Pepper-box">pepper-box</a> pistol that his friend, <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_H._Wheelock" title="Cyrus H. Wheelock">Cyrus H. Wheelock</a>, had lent him, wounding three men,<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a> before he sprang for the window.<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a> (Smith and his companions were staying in the jailer's bedroom, which did not have bars on the windows.) He was shot multiple times before falling out of the window, crying, "Oh Lord my God!" He died shortly after hitting the ground, but was shot several more times by an improvised <a href="/wiki/Firing_squad" class="mw-redirect" title="Firing squad">firing squad</a> before the mob dispersed.<a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Joseph_Smith" title="Legacy of Joseph Smith">Legacy of Joseph Smith</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JosephSmithGrave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/JosephSmithGrave.jpg/220px-JosephSmithGrave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/JosephSmithGrave.jpg/330px-JosephSmithGrave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/JosephSmithGrave.jpg/440px-JosephSmithGrave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Gravesite of Joseph, Emma, and Hyrum Smith, in Nauvoo, Illinois</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immediate_aftermath">Immediate aftermath</h3></div> Following Smith's death, non-Mormon newspapers were nearly unanimous in portraying Smith as a religious fanatic.<a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a> Conversely, within the Latter Day Saint community, Smith was viewed as a prophet, <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_martyrs" title="Latter Day Saint martyrs">martyred</a> to seal the testimony of his faith.<a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a> After a public funeral and viewing of the deceased brothers, Smith's widow – who feared hostile non-Mormons might try to <a href="/wiki/Desecration" title="Desecration">desecrate</a> the bodies – had their remains buried at night in a secret location, with substitute coffins filled with <a href="/wiki/Sandbag" title="Sandbag">sandbags</a> interred in the publicly attested grave.<a href="#cite_note-:8-169">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a> The bodies were later moved and reburied under an outbuilding on the Smith property off the Mississippi River.<a href="#cite_note-:9-171">[167]</a> Members of the <a href="/wiki/Reorganized_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter_Day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints">Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints</a> (RLDS Church), under the direction of then-RLDS Church president <a href="/wiki/Frederick_M._Smith" title="Frederick M. Smith">Frederick M. Smith</a> (Smith's grandson) searched for, located, and disinterred the Smith brothers' remains in 1928 and reinterred them, along with Smith's wife, in Nauvoo at the <a href="/wiki/Smith_Family_Cemetery" title="Smith Family Cemetery">Smith Family Cemetery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:8-169">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-171">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_and_assessment">Impact and assessment</h3></div> Modern biographers and scholars – Mormon and non-Mormon alike – agree that Smith was one of the most influential, charismatic, and innovative figures in American religious history.<a href="#cite_note-innovative-172">[168]</a> In a 2015 compilation of the 100 Most Significant Americans of All Time, <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)" title="Smithsonian (magazine)">Smithsonian</a> ranked Smith first in the category of religious figures.<a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a> In popular opinion, non-Mormons in the U.S. generally consider Smith a "charlatan, scoundrel, and heretic", while outside the U.S. he is "obscure".<a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a> Within the Latter Day Saint movement, Smith's legacy varies between denominations:<a href="#cite_note-:5-175">[171]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church) and its members consider Smith the founding prophet of their church,<a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a> on par with <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[173]</a> Meanwhile, Smith's reputation is ambivalent in the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Christ" title="Community of Christ">Community of Christ</a>, which continues "honoring his role" in the church's founding history but deemphasizes his human leadership.<a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a> Conversely, Woolleyite <a href="/wiki/Mormon_fundamentalism" title="Mormon fundamentalism">Mormon fundamentalism</a> has deified Smith within a cosmology of many gods.<a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:317px;max-width:317px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center">Buildings named in honor of Smith</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:166px;max-width:166px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:JSMB_main.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/JSMB_main.jpg/164px-JSMB_main.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/JSMB_main.jpg/246px-JSMB_main.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/JSMB_main.jpg/328px-JSMB_main.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1286" data-file-height="854" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Memorial_Building" title="Joseph Smith Memorial Building">Joseph Smith Memorial Building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:BYU_JSB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/BYU_JSB.jpg/145px-BYU_JSB.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/BYU_JSB.jpg/218px-BYU_JSB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/BYU_JSB.jpg/290px-BYU_JSB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Building" title="Joseph Smith Building">Joseph Smith Building</a> on the campus of <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a></div></div></div></div></div> Memorials to Smith include the <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Memorial_Building" title="Joseph Smith Memorial Building">Joseph Smith Memorial Building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[176]</a> the former Joseph Smith Memorial building on the campus of <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Building" title="Joseph Smith Building">Joseph Smith Building</a> there,<a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Birthplace_Memorial" title="Joseph Smith Birthplace Memorial">granite obelisk</a> marking Smith's birthplace,<a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a> and a fifteen-foot-tall bronze statue of Smith in the World Peace Dome in <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a>, India.<a href="#cite_note-:6-183">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Successors_and_denominations">Successors and denominations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Succession_crisis_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)">Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_denominations_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="List of denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement">List of denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement</a></div> Smith's death resulted in a succession crisis within the Latter Day Saint movement.<a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a> He had proposed several ways to choose his successor, but never clarified his preference.<a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a> The two strongest succession candidates were Young, senior member and president of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, and Rigdon, the senior remaining member of the First Presidency. In a church-wide conference on August 8, most of the Latter Day Saints present elected Young. They eventually left Nauvoo and settled the <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_Valley" title="Salt Lake Valley">Salt Lake Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah Territory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[182]</a> Nominal membership in Young's denomination, which became the LDS Church, surpassed 17 million in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a> Smaller groups followed Rigdon and <a href="/wiki/James_J._Strang" class="mw-redirect" title="James J. Strang">James J. Strang</a>, who had based his claim on a <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_appointment_(Mormonism)" title="Letter of appointment (Mormonism)">letter of appointment</a> ostensibly written by Smith but which some scholars believe was <a href="/wiki/Forgery" title="Forgery">forged</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a> Some hundreds followed <a href="/wiki/Lyman_Wight" title="Lyman Wight">Lyman Wight</a> to establish a community in Texas.<a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a> Others followed <a href="/wiki/Alpheus_Cutler" title="Alpheus Cutler">Alpheus Cutler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[186]</a> Many members of these smaller groups, including most of Smith's family,<a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a> eventually coalesced in 1860<a href="#cite_note-192">[188]</a> under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_III" title="Joseph Smith III">Joseph Smith III</a> and formed the RLDS Church (Community of Christ), which has about 250,000 members.<a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_and_descendants">Family and descendants</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Joseph_Smith%27s_wives" title="List of Joseph Smith's wives">List of Joseph Smith's wives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Children_of_Joseph_Smith" title="Children of Joseph Smith">Children of Joseph Smith</a></div> The first of Smith's wives, Emma Hale, gave birth to nine children during their marriage, five of whom died before the age of two.<a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a> The eldest, Alvin (born in 1828), died within hours of birth, as did twins Thaddeus and Louisa (born in 1831).<a href="#cite_note-195">[191]</a> When the twins died, the Smiths adopted another set of twins, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Murdock_Smith" title="Julia Murdock Smith">Julia</a> and Joseph Murdock, whose mother had recently died in childbirth; the adopted Smith died of <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a> in 1832.<a href="#cite_note-196">[192]</a> In 1841, Don Carlos, who had been born a year earlier, died of malaria, and five months later, in 1842, Emma gave birth to a <a href="/wiki/Stillborn" class="mw-redirect" title="Stillborn">stillborn</a> son.<a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a> Joseph and Emma had five children who lived to maturity: adopted Julia Murdock, Joseph Smith III, David Hyrum Smith, Frederick Granger Williams Smith, and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hale_Smith" title="Alexander Hale Smith">Alexander Hale Smith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[194]</a> Some historians have speculated—based on journal entries and family stories—that Smith fathered children with his plural wives. However, in cases where DNA testing of potential Smith descendants from plural wives has been possible, results have been negative.<a href="#cite_note-199">[e]</a> After Smith's death, Emma was quickly alienated from Young and the LDS leadership.<a href="#cite_note-200">[195]</a> Emma feared and despised Young, who in turn was suspicious of Emma's desire to preserve the family's assets from inclusion with those of the church. He also disliked her open opposition to plural marriage. Young excluded Emma from ecclesiastical meetings and from social gatherings.<a href="#cite_note-201">[196]</a> When most Mormons moved west, Emma stayed in Nauvoo and married a non-Mormon, Major <a href="/wiki/Lewis_C._Bidamon" title="Lewis C. Bidamon">Lewis C. Bidamon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[197]</a> She withdrew from religion until 1860, when she affiliated with the RLDS Church headed by her son, Joseph III. Emma maintained her belief that Smith had been a prophet, and she never repudiated her belief in the authenticity of the Book of Mormon.<a href="#cite_note-203">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polygamy">Polygamy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_Latter_Day_Saint_polygamy" title="Origin of Latter Day Saint polygamy">Origin of Latter Day Saint polygamy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_polygamy" title="Mormonism and polygamy">Mormonism and polygamy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Joseph_Smith%27s_wives" title="List of Joseph Smith's wives">List of Joseph Smith's wives</a></div> By some accounts, Smith had been teaching a polygamy doctrine as early as 1831, and there is evidence that he may have been a polygamist by 1835.<a href="#cite_note-204">[199]</a> Although the church had publicly repudiated polygamy, in 1837 there was a rift between Smith and Cowdery over the issue.<a href="#cite_note-205">[200]</a> Cowdery suspected Smith had engaged in a relationship with Fanny Alger, who worked in the Smith household as a serving girl.<a href="#cite_note-206">[201]</a> Smith did not deny having a relationship, but he insisted that he had never admitted to <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-207">[202]</a> "Presumably," historian Bushman argues, "because he had married Alger" as a plural wife.<a href="#cite_note-208">[203]</a> In April 1841, Smith secretly wed Louisa Beaman,<a href="#cite_note-209">[204]</a> and during the next two-and-a-half years he secretly married or was sealed to <a href="/wiki/List_of_Joseph_Smith%27s_wives" title="List of Joseph Smith's wives">about thirty or forty additional women</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Polygamy-8">[c]</a> Ten of his plural wives were between the ages of fourteen and twenty; others were over fifty.<a href="#cite_note-210">[205]</a> Ten were already married to other men, though some of these polyandrous marriages were contracted with the consent of the first husbands.<a href="#cite_note-211">[206]</a> Evidence for whether or not and to what degree Smith's polygamous marriages involved sex is ambiguous and varies between marriages.<a href="#cite_note-212">[207]</a> Some polygamous marriages may have been considered solely religious marriages that would not take effect until after death.<a href="#cite_note-213">[208]</a> In any case, during Smith's lifetime, the practice of polygamy was kept secret from both non-Mormons and most members of the church.<a href="#cite_note-214">[209]</a> Polygamy caused a breach between Smith and his first wife, Emma;<a href="#cite_note-215">[210]</a> historian Laurel Thatcher Ulrich summarizes by stating that "Emma vacillated in her support for plural marriage, sometimes acquiescing to Joseph's <a href="/wiki/Sealing_(Latter_Day_Saints)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealing (Latter Day Saints)">sealings</a>, sometimes resisting."<a href="#cite_note-216">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revelations">Revelations</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_Plates_with_Urim_and_Thummim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Golden_Plates_with_Urim_and_Thummim.jpg/170px-Golden_Plates_with_Urim_and_Thummim.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Golden_Plates_with_Urim_and_Thummim.jpg/255px-Golden_Plates_with_Urim_and_Thummim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Golden_Plates_with_Urim_and_Thummim.jpg/340px-Golden_Plates_with_Urim_and_Thummim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="1114" /></a><figcaption>An artistic representation of the golden plates with the Urim and Thummim connected to a breastplate, based on descriptions by Smith and others</figcaption></figure> According to Bushman, the "signal feature" of Smith's life was "his sense of being guided by revelation". Instead of presenting his ideas with logical arguments, Smith dictated authoritative scripture-like "revelations" and let people decide whether to believe,<a href="#cite_note-Bushmanxxi-217">[212]</a> doing so with what Peter Coviello calls "beguiling offhandedness".<a href="#cite_note-218">[213]</a> Smith and his followers treated his revelations as being above teachings or opinions, and he acted as though he believed in his revelations as much as his followers.<a href="#cite_note-219">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[215]</a> The revelations were written as if God himself were speaking through Smith, often opening with words such as, "Hearken O ye people which profess my name, saith the Lord your God."<a href="#cite_note-221">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_of_Mormon">Book of Mormon</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a></div> The Book of Mormon has been called the longest and most complex of Smith's revelations.<a href="#cite_note-222">[217]</a> Its language resembles the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> of the Bible, as does its organization as a compilation of smaller books, each named after prominent figures in the narrative.<a href="#cite_note-:1-223">[218]</a> It tells the story of the rise and fall of a Judeo-Christian religious civilization in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Bushman86-224">[219]</a> beginning about 600 BC and ending in the fifth century.<a href="#cite_note-:1-223">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[220]</a> The book explains itself to be largely the work of <a href="/wiki/Mormon_(Book_of_Mormon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon (Book of Mormon)">Mormon</a>, a Nephite prophet and military figure. Christian themes permeate the work.<a href="#cite_note-226">[221]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: left; float:left;margin:0 1.5em 1.5em 0;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?173516-1/joseph-smith">Presentation by Remini on Joseph Smith, October 19, 2002</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Some scholars have considered the Book of Mormon a response to pressing cultural and environmental issues in Smith's day.<a href="#cite_note-227">[222]</a> Historian Dan Vogel regards the book as autobiographical in nature, reflecting Smith's life and perceptions.<a href="#cite_note-228">[223]</a> Biographer <a href="/wiki/Robert_V._Remini" title="Robert V. Remini">Robert V. Remini</a> calls the Book of Mormon "a typically American story" that "radiates the revivalist passion of the Second Great Awakening."<a href="#cite_note-229">[224]</a> Brodie suggested that Smith composed the Book of Mormon by drawing on sources of information available to him, such as the 1823 book <a href="/wiki/View_of_the_Hebrews" title="View of the Hebrews">View of the Hebrews</a>.<a href="#cite_note-230">[225]</a> Other scholars argue the Book of Mormon is more biblical in inspiration than American. Bushman writes that "the Book of Mormon is not a conventional American book" and that its structure better resembles the Bible.<a href="#cite_note-231">[226]</a> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Walker_Howe" title="Daniel Walker Howe">Daniel Walker Howe</a>, the book's "dominant themes are biblical, prophetic, and patriarchal, not democratic or optimistic" like the prevailing American culture.<a href="#cite_note-232">[227]</a> Shipps argues that the Book of Mormon's "complex set of religious claims" provided "the basis of a new mythos" or "story" which early converts accepted and lived in as their world, thus departing from "the early national period in America into a new dispensation of the fulness of times".<a href="#cite_note-233">[228]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JosephSmithTranslating.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Smith sitting on a wooden chair with his face in a hat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/JosephSmithTranslating.jpg/170px-JosephSmithTranslating.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/JosephSmithTranslating.jpg/255px-JosephSmithTranslating.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/JosephSmithTranslating.jpg 2x" data-file-width="308" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption>According to some accounts, Smith dictated most of the Book of Mormon by looking into a seer stone placed in a stovepipe hat.</figcaption></figure> Smith never fully described how he produced the Book of Mormon, saying only that he translated by the power of God and implying that he had read its words.<a href="#cite_note-234">[229]</a> The Book of Mormon itself states only that its text will "come forth by the gift and power of God unto the interpretation thereof".<a href="#cite_note-235">[230]</a> Accordingly, there is considerable disagreement about the actual method used. For at least some of the earliest dictation, Smith's compatriots said he used the "Urim and Thummim", a pair of seer stones he said were buried with the plates.<a href="#cite_note-236">[231]</a> However, people close to Smith said that later in the process of dictation, he used a chocolate-colored stone he had found in 1822 that he had used previously for treasure hunting.<a href="#cite_note-237">[f]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Knight_Sr." title="Joseph Knight Sr.">Joseph Knight</a> said that Smith saw the words of the translation while, after excluding all light, he gazed at the stone or stones in the bottom of his hat, a process similar to <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divining</a> the location of treasure.<a href="#cite_note-238">[232]</a> Sometimes, Smith concealed the process by raising a curtain or dictating from another room; at other times he dictated in full view of witnesses while the plates lay covered on the table or were hidden elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-239">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bible_revision">Bible revision</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Translation_of_the_Bible" title="Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible">Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Moses" title="Book of Moses">Book of Moses</a></div> In June 1830, Smith dictated a revelation in which Moses narrates a vision in which he sees "worlds without number" and speaks with God about the purpose of creation and the relation of humankind to deity.<a href="#cite_note-240">[234]</a> This revelation initiated a <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Translation_of_the_Bible" title="Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible">revision of the Bible</a> which Smith worked on sporadically until 1833 but which remained unpublished until after his death.<a href="#cite_note-Bushman142-241">[235]</a> He may have considered it complete, though according to Emma Smith, the biblical revision was still unfinished when Joseph died.<a href="#cite_note-242">[236]</a> In the course of producing the Book of Mormon, Smith declared that the Bible was missing "the most plain and precious parts of the gospel".<a href="#cite_note-243">[237]</a> He produced a "new translation" of the Bible, not by directly translating from manuscripts in another language, but by amending and appending to a <a href="/wiki/King_James_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="King James Bible">King James Bible</a> in a process which he and Latter Day Saints believed was guided by inspiration; Smith asserted his translation would correct lacunae and restore what the contemporary Bible was missing.<a href="#cite_note-244">[238]</a> While many changes involved straightening out seeming contradictions or making small clarifications, other changes added large interpolations to the text.<a href="#cite_note-245">[239]</a> For example, Smith's revision nearly tripled the length of the first five chapters of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> into a text called the Book of Moses.<a href="#cite_note-246">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_of_Abraham">Book of Abraham</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Abraham" title="Book of Abraham">Book of Abraham</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith%27s_views_on_Black_people" title="Joseph Smith's views on Black people">Joseph Smith's views on Black people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curses_of_Cain_and_Ham_and_the_LDS_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Curses of Cain and Ham and the LDS Church">Curses of Cain and Ham and the LDS Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mormon_teachings_on_skin_color" title="Mormon teachings on skin color">Mormon teachings on skin color</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_slavery" title="Mormonism and slavery">Mormonism and slavery</a></div> In 1835, Smith encouraged some Latter Day Saints in Kirtland to purchase <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Papyri" title="Joseph Smith Papyri">rolls of ancient Egyptian papyri</a> from a traveling exhibitor. He said they contained the writings of the ancient patriarchs Abraham and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joseph" title="Book of Joseph">Joseph</a>. Over the next several years, Smith dictated to scribes what he reported was a revelatory translation of one of these rolls, which was published in 1842 as the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Abraham" title="Book of Abraham">Book of Abraham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-247">[241]</a> The Book of Abraham speaks of the founding of the Abrahamic nation, astronomy, cosmology, lineage and priesthood, and gives another account of the creation story.<a href="#cite_note-248">[242]</a> The papyri associated with the Book of Abraham were thought to have been lost in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Chicago_Fire" title="Great Chicago Fire">Great Chicago Fire</a>, but several fragments were rediscovered in the 1960s. <a href="/wiki/Egyptology" title="Egyptology">Egyptologists</a> have subsequently determined them to be part of the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Breathing_Permit_of_H%C3%B4r" title="Breathing Permit of Hôr">Book of Breathing</a> with no connection to Abraham.<a href="#cite_note-249">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[244]</a> In his revisions of the Bible, and production of the Book of Abraham he taught that <a href="/wiki/Black_people_and_Mormonism" title="Black people and Mormonism">Black people</a> were cursed by God with the <a href="/wiki/Curses_of_Cain_and_Ham_and_the_LDS_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Curses of Cain and Ham and the LDS Church">curses placed on Cain and Ham</a>, and linked the two curses by positioning Ham's Canaanite posterity as matrilinear descendants of <a href="/wiki/Cain" title="Cain">Cain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marks-251">[245]</a>: 22, 29, 31, 54–57  In another book of the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_of_Great_Price_(Mormonism)" title="Pearl of Great Price (Mormonism)">Pearl of Great Price</a> the descendants of Cain are described as <a href="/wiki/Mormon_teachings_on_skin_color" title="Mormon teachings on skin color">dark-skinned</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harris2015-252">[246]</a>: 11–12, 128  He referred to the curses as a justification for <a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_slavery" title="Mormonism and slavery">slavery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reeve_2015-253">[247]</a>: 126 <a href="#cite_note-JSHamCurse-254">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marks-251">[245]</a>: 27  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_revelations">Other revelations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Commandments" title="Book of Commandments">Book of Commandments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_and_Covenants" title="Doctrine and Covenants">Doctrine and Covenants</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> [The Holy Spirit] may give you sudden strokes of ideas, so that by noticing it, you may find it fulfilled the same day or soon; those things that were presented unto your minds by the Spirit of God, will come to pass. </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">—Joseph Smith<a href="#cite_note-255">[249]</a></cite> </div> According to Pratt, Smith dictated his revelations, which were recorded by a scribe without revisions or corrections.<a href="#cite_note-Bushman130-256">[250]</a> Revelations were immediately copied and then circulated among church members. Smith's revelations often came in response to specific questions. He described the revelatory process as having "pure Intelligence" flowing into him. Smith, however, never viewed the wording to be infallible. The revelations were not God's words verbatim, but "couched in language suitable to Joseph's time".<a href="#cite_note-257">[251]</a> In 1833, Smith edited and expanded many of the previous revelations, publishing them as the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Commandments" title="Book of Commandments">Book of Commandments</a>, which later became part of the <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_and_Covenants" title="Doctrine and Covenants">Doctrine and Covenants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-258">[252]</a> Smith gave varying types of revelations. Some were temporal, while others were spiritual or doctrinal. Some were received for a specific individual, while others were directed at the whole church. An 1831 revelation called "The Law" contained directions for missionary work, rules for organizing society in Zion, a reiteration of the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a>, an injunction to "administer to the poor and needy" and an outline for the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_consecration" title="Law of consecration">law of consecration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-259">[253]</a> An 1832 revelation called "The Vision" added to the fundamentals of sin and atonement, and introduced doctrines of life after salvation, <a href="/wiki/Exaltation_(Mormonism)" title="Exaltation (Mormonism)">exaltation</a>, and a heaven with <a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_glory" title="Degrees of glory">degrees of glory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-260">[254]</a> Another 1832 revelation was the first to explain <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Priesthood (Latter Day Saints)">priesthood</a> doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-261">[255]</a> In 1833, at a time of <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance</a> agitation, Smith delivered a revelation called the "<a href="/wiki/Word_of_Wisdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Word of Wisdom">Word of Wisdom</a>", which counseled a diet of wholesome herbs, fruits, grains and a sparing use of meat. It also recommended that Latter Day Saints avoid "strong" alcoholic drinks, tobacco, and "hot drinks" (later interpreted to mean tea and coffee).<a href="#cite_note-262">[256]</a> The Word of Wisdom was originally framed as a recommendation rather than a commandment and was not strictly followed by Smith and other early Latter Day Saints,<a href="#cite_note-263">[257]</a> though it later became a requirement in the LDS Church. Before 1832, most of Smith's revelations concerned establishing the church, gathering followers, and building the city of Zion. Later revelations dealt primarily with the priesthood, endowment, and exaltation.<a href="#cite_note-264">[258]</a> The pace of formal revelations slowed during the autumn of 1833 and again after the dedication of the Kirtland Temple.<a href="#cite_note-265">[259]</a> Smith moved away from formal written revelations spoken in God's voice, and instead taught more in sermons, conversations, and letters.<a href="#cite_note-Bushman419-266">[260]</a> For instance, the doctrines of baptism for the dead and the nature of God were introduced in sermons, and one of Smith's most famed statements, about there being "no such thing as immaterial matter", was recorded from a casual conversation with a Methodist preacher.<a href="#cite_note-267">[261]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views_and_teachings">Views and teachings</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Teachings_of_Joseph_Smith" title="Teachings of Joseph Smith">Teachings of Joseph Smith</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Smith_first_vision_stained_glass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two heavenly beings stand in the air conversing with the young Smith" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Joseph_Smith_first_vision_stained_glass.jpg/170px-Joseph_Smith_first_vision_stained_glass.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Joseph_Smith_first_vision_stained_glass.jpg/255px-Joseph_Smith_first_vision_stained_glass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Joseph_Smith_first_vision_stained_glass.jpg/340px-Joseph_Smith_first_vision_stained_glass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="381" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Smith described Jesus and God the Father as two distinct physical beings.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cosmology_and_theology">Cosmology and theology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mormon_cosmology" title="Mormon cosmology">Mormon cosmology</a> and <a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">God in Mormonism</a></div> Smith taught that all existence was <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">material</a>, including a world of "spirit matter" so fine that it was invisible to all but the purest mortal eyes.<a href="#cite_note-268">[262]</a> Matter, in Smith's view, could be neither created nor destroyed; the <a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">creation</a> involved only the reorganization of existing matter. Like matter, Smith saw "intelligence" as co-eternal with God, and he taught that human spirits had been drawn from a <a href="/wiki/Premortal_life_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Premortal life (Latter Day Saints)">pre-existent</a> pool of eternal intelligences.<a href="#cite_note-269">[263]</a> Nevertheless, according to Smith, spirits could not experience a "fullness of joy" unless joined with corporeal bodies. Therefore, the work and glory of God was to create worlds across the cosmos where inferior intelligences could be embodied.<a href="#cite_note-270">[264]</a> Smith taught that God was an advanced and glorified man,<a href="#cite_note-271">[265]</a> embodied within time and space.<a href="#cite_note-272">[266]</a> He publicly taught that God the Father and Jesus were distinct beings with physical bodies.<a href="#cite_note-273">[267]</a> Nevertheless, he conceived of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> as a "personage of Spirit".<a href="#cite_note-274">[268]</a> Smith extended this materialist conception to all existence and taught that "all spirit is matter", meaning that a person's embodiment in flesh was not a sign of fallen carnality, but a divine quality that humans shared with deity. Humans are, therefore, not so much God's creations as they are God's "kin".<a href="#cite_note-275">[269]</a> There is also considerable evidence that Smith taught, at least to limited audiences, that God the Father was accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Mother_(Mormonism)" title="Heavenly Mother (Mormonism)">God the Mother</a>.<a href="#cite_note-276">[270]</a> In this conception, God fully understood is plural, embodied, gendered, and both male and female.<a href="#cite_note-277">[271]</a> Through the gradual acquisition of knowledge, according to Smith, those who received exaltation could eventually become like God.<a href="#cite_note-278">[272]</a> These teachings implied a vast hierarchy of gods, with God himself having a father.<a href="#cite_note-279">[273]</a> In Smith's cosmology, those who became gods would reign, unified in purpose and will, leading spirits of lesser capacity to share immortality and eternal life.<a href="#cite_note-280">[274]</a> In Smith's view, the opportunity to achieve godhood (also called exaltation) extended to all humanity. Those who died with no opportunity to accept <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_(Latter_Day_Saints)#Saving_ordinances" title="Ordinance (Latter Day Saints)">saving ordinances</a> could achieve exaltation by accepting them in the afterlife through proxy ordinances performed on their behalf.<a href="#cite_note-281">[275]</a> Smith said that children who died in their innocence would be guaranteed to rise at the resurrection and receive exaltation. Apart from those who committed the <a href="/wiki/Eternal_sin" title="Eternal sin">eternal sin</a>, Smith taught that even the wicked and disbelieving would achieve a degree of glory in the afterlife.<a href="#cite_note-282">[276]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_authority_and_ritual">Religious authority and ritual</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Priesthood (Latter Day Saints)">Priesthood (Latter Day Saints)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_Freemasonry" title="Mormonism and Freemasonry">Mormonism and Freemasonry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Endowment_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Endowment (Latter Day Saints)">Endowment (Latter Day Saints)</a></div> Smith's teachings were rooted in <a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">dispensational</a> <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">restorationism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-283">[277]</a> He taught that the Church of Christ restored through him was a <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">latter-day</a> restoration of the early Christian faith, which had been lost in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-284">[278]</a> At first, Smith's church had little sense of hierarchy, and his religious authority was derived from his visions and revelations.<a href="#cite_note-Quinn_1994_7-285">[279]</a> Though he did not claim exclusive prophethood, an early revelation designated him as the only prophet allowed to issue commandments "as Moses".<a href="#cite_note-286">[280]</a> This religious authority included economic and political, as well as spiritual, matters. For instance, in the early 1830s, Smith temporarily instituted a form of <a href="/wiki/Religious_communism" title="Religious communism">religious communism</a>, called the <a href="/wiki/United_Order" title="United Order">United Order</a>, that required Latter Day Saints to give all their property to the church, to be divided among the faithful.<a href="#cite_note-287">[281]</a> He also envisioned that the theocratic institutions he established would have a role in the worldwide political organization of the Millennium.<a href="#cite_note-288">[282]</a> By the mid-1830s, Smith began teaching a hierarchy of three priesthoods—the <a href="/wiki/Melchizedek_priesthood_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Melchizedek priesthood (Latter Day Saints)">Melchizedek</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aaronic_priesthood_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Aaronic priesthood (Latter Day Saints)">Aaronic</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_priesthood" title="Patriarchal priesthood">Patriarchal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-289">[283]</a> Each priesthood was a continuation of biblical priesthoods through lineal succession or through ordination by biblical figures appearing in visions.<a href="#cite_note-Quinn_1994_7-285">[279]</a> Upon introducing the Melchizedek or "High" Priesthood in 1831, Smith taught that its recipients would be "endowed with power from on high", fulfilling a desire for a greater holiness and an authority commensurate with the New Testament <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">apostles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-290">[284]</a> This doctrine of endowment evolved through the 1830s until, in 1842, the Nauvoo endowment included an elaborate ceremony containing elements similar to those of Freemasonry<a href="#cite_note-291">[285]</a> and the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-292">[286]</a> Although the endowment was extended to women in 1843, Smith never clarified whether women could be ordained to priesthood offices.<a href="#cite_note-293">[287]</a> Smith taught that the High Priesthood's endowment of heavenly power included the sealing powers of Elijah, allowing High Priests to perform ceremonies with effects that continued after death.<a href="#cite_note-294">[288]</a> For example, this power would enable proxy baptisms for the dead and marriages that would last into eternity.<a href="#cite_note-295">[289]</a> Elijah's sealing powers also enabled the <a href="/wiki/Second_anointing" title="Second anointing">second anointing</a>, or "fulness [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] of the priesthood", which, according to Smith, sealed married couples to their exaltation.<a href="#cite_note-296">[290]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theology_of_family">Theology of family</h3></div> During the early 1840s, Smith unfolded a theology of family relations, called the "New and Everlasting Covenant", that superseded all earthly bonds.<a href="#cite_note-297">[291]</a> He taught that outside the covenant, marriages were simply matters of contract, and that in the afterlife, individuals who were unmarried or who married outside the covenant would be limited in their progression towards Godhood.<a href="#cite_note-Foster_1981_145-298">[292]</a> To fully enter the covenant, a man and woman must participate in a "first anointing", a "sealing" ceremony, and a "second anointing" (also called "sealing by the Holy Spirit of Promise").<a href="#cite_note-299">[293]</a> When fully sealed into the covenant, Smith said that no sin nor blasphemy (other than murder and apostasy<a href="#cite_note-300">[294]</a>) could keep them from their exaltation in the afterlife.<a href="#cite_note-301">[295]</a> According to a revelation Smith dictated, God appointed only one person on Earth at a time—in this case, Smith—to possess this power of sealing.<a href="#cite_note-302">[296]</a> According to Smith, men and women needed to be sealed to each other in this new and everlasting covenant (also called "celestial marriage") in order to be exalted in heaven after death and that such celestial marriage, perpetuated across generations, could reunite extended families of ancestors and descendants in the afterlife.<a href="#cite_note-303">[297]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Smith,_Jr._profile_by_Bathsheba_Smith_circa_1843.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Joseph_Smith%2C_Jr._profile_by_Bathsheba_Smith_circa_1843.jpg/170px-Joseph_Smith%2C_Jr._profile_by_Bathsheba_Smith_circa_1843.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Joseph_Smith%2C_Jr._profile_by_Bathsheba_Smith_circa_1843.jpg/255px-Joseph_Smith%2C_Jr._profile_by_Bathsheba_Smith_circa_1843.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Joseph_Smith%2C_Jr._profile_by_Bathsheba_Smith_circa_1843.jpg/340px-Joseph_Smith%2C_Jr._profile_by_Bathsheba_Smith_circa_1843.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="884" /></a><figcaption>Profile portrait of Smith, by <a href="/wiki/Bathsheba_W._Smith" title="Bathsheba W. Smith">Bathsheba W. Smith</a>, created circa 1843</figcaption></figure> Plural marriage, or polygamy, was Smith's "most famous innovation", according to historian Matthew Bowman.<a href="#cite_note-:7-14">[11]</a> Once Smith introduced polygamy, it became part of his "Abrahamic project," in the phrasing of historian <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Park" title="Benjamin Park">Benjamin Park</a>, wherein the solution to humanity's chaos would be found through accepting the divine order of the cosmos, under God's authority, in a "fusion of ecclesiastical and civic authority".<a href="#cite_note-304">[298]</a> Smith also taught that the highest level of exaltation could be achieved through polygamy, the ultimate manifestation of the New and Everlasting Covenant.<a href="#cite_note-305">[299]</a> In Smith's theology, marrying in polygamy made it possible for practitioners to unlearn the Christian tradition which identified the physical body as carnal, and to instead recognize their embodied joy as sacred.<a href="#cite_note-306">[300]</a> Smith also taught that the practice allowed an individual to transcend the angelic state and become a god, accelerating the expansion of one's heavenly kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-307">[301]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">History of the Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">List of founders of religious traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Joseph_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Miracles of Joseph Smith">Miracles of Joseph Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_in_the_19th_century" title="Mormonism in the 19th century">Mormonism in the 19th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Joseph_Smith" title="Outline of Joseph Smith">Outline of Joseph Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_family_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Smith family (Latter Day Saints)">Smith family (Latter Day Saints)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Church of Christ was the official name on April 6, 1830.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> In 1834, the official name was changed to Church of the Latter Day Saints<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> and then in 1838 to Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. The spelling "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints" was adopted by the LDS Church in Utah in 1851, after Joseph Smith's death in 1844, and is today specified in <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_and_Covenants" title="Doctrine and Covenants">Doctrine and Covenants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Rigdon" title="Sidney Rigdon">Sidney Rigdon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_III" title="Joseph Smith III">Joseph Smith III</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_denominations_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="List of denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement">at least four others</a> each claimed succession. </li> <li id="cite_note-Polygamy-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Polygamy_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polygamy_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRemini2002">Remini (2002</a>, p. 153) notes the exact figure is debated. <a href="#CITEREFSmith1994">Smith (1994</a>, p. 14) counts 42 polygamous wives; <a href="#CITEREFQuinn1994">Quinn (1994</a>, pp. 587–88) counts 46; <a href="#CITEREFCompton1997">Compton (1997</a>, p. 11) counts at least 33 total; <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 437, 644) accepts Compton's count, excepting one, resulting in a total of 32; <a href="#CITEREFDavenport2022">Davenport (2022</a>, p. 139) counts 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> However, eventually a total of eleven others published statements affirming having been shown the plates. See <a href="/wiki/Three_Witnesses" title="Three Witnesses">Three Witnesses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eight_Witnesses" title="Eight Witnesses">Eight Witnesses</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPerego" class="citation book cs1">Perego, Ugo. "Joseph Smith, the Question of Polygamous Offspring, and DNA Analysis". Persistence of Polygamy, in <a href="#CITEREFBringhurstFoster2010">Bringhurst & Foster (2010</a>, pp. 233–256)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Joseph+Smith%2C+the+Question+of+Polygamous+Offspring%2C+and+DNA+Analysis&rft.btitle=Persistence+of+Polygamy&rft.aulast=Perego&rft.aufirst=Ugo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>) Perego's summary of alleged children of Smith by polygamous wives lists fourteen (236). His chapter discusses six cases of DNA analysis in detail. Successful analyses disconfirmed paternity for Smith. However, Perego notes that for other alleged cases, issues such as insufficient data and "genealogical noise" make confident conclusions impossible. For more on DNA research and Smith's alleged paternity of children of women other than Emma Smith, also see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060630162324/http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0%2C1249%2C600137517%2C00.html">"Research focuses on Smith family"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deseret_News" title="Deseret News">Deseret News</a>. May 28, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,600137517,00.html">the original</a> on June 30, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deseret+News&rft.atitle=Research+focuses+on+Smith+family&rft.date=2005-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeseretnews.com%2Fdn%2Fview%2F0%2C1249%2C600137517%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071113034023/http://deseretnews.com/article/1%2C5143%2C695226318%2C00.html">"DNA tests rule out 2 as Smith descendants: Scientific advances prove no genetic link"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deseret_News" title="Deseret News">Deseret News</a>. November 10, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,695226318,00.html">the original</a> on November 13, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deseret+News&rft.atitle=DNA+tests+rule+out+2+as+Smith+descendants%3A+Scientific+advances+prove+no+genetic+link&rft.date=2007-11-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeseretnews.com%2Farticle%2F1%2C5143%2C695226318%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeregoMyersWoodward2005" class="citation journal cs1">Perego, Ugo A.; Myers, Natalie M.; Woodward, Scott R. (Summer 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060725191602/http://mha.wservers.com/pubs/TOC/05_July_Journal_TOC.pdf">"Reconstructing the Y-Chromosome of Joseph Smith, Jr.: Genealogical Applications"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Mormon_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Mormon History">Journal of Mormon History</a>. 32 (2). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mha.wservers.com/pubs/TOC/05_July_Journal_TOC.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on July 25, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mormon+History&rft.atitle=Reconstructing+the+Y-Chromosome+of+Joseph+Smith%2C+Jr.%3A+Genealogical+Applications&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Perego&rft.aufirst=Ugo+A.&rft.au=Myers%2C+Natalie+M.&rft.au=Woodward%2C+Scott+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmha.wservers.com%2Fpubs%2FTOC%2F05_July_Journal_TOC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuinn1998">Quinn (1998</a>, pp. 171–73) writes that witnesses said that Smith shifted from the Urim and Thummim to the single brown seer stone after the loss of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Lost_116_pages" title="Lost 116 pages">116 manuscript pages</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 70, 578n46) notes that "Lucy Smith said that Joseph received the interpreters again on September 22, 1828" but that "Although the assertion clashes with other accounts, David Whitmer said Moroni did not return the Urim and Thummum... Instead Joseph used a seerstone for the remaining translation"; <a href="#CITEREFJortner2022">Jortner (2022</a>, p. 42) follows Lucy Smith's account and writes of "the removal and subsequent restoration of the Urim and Thummum by an angel". </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShields1990" class="citation book cs1">Shields, Steven (1990). Divergent Paths of the Restoration (fourth ed.). Independence, Missouri: Restoration Research. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-942284-00-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-942284-00-3"><bdi>0-942284-00-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divergent+Paths+of+the+Restoration&rft.place=Independence%2C+Missouri&rft.edition=fourth&rft.pub=Restoration+Research&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-942284-00-3&rft.aulast=Shields&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Smith" class="citation news cs1">Joseph Smith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centerplace.org/history/ems/v2n20.htm">"Minutes of a Conference"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Evening_and_Morning_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="Evening and Morning Star">Evening and Morning Star</a>. Vol. 2, no. 20. Kirtland, OH. p. 160. 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(Spring 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mormonhistoricsites.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/MHS3.1Spring2002Garr.pdf">"Joseph Smith: Mayor of Nauvoo"</a> (PDF). Mormon Historical Studies. 1 (1): 5–6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mormon+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=Joseph+Smith%3A+Mayor+of+Nauvoo&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-6&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Garr&rft.aufirst=Arnold+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmormonhistoricsites.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F05%2FMHS3.1Spring2002Garr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenson1888" class="citation book cs1">Jenson, Andrew, ed. (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vPw8AAAAIAAJ">The Historical Record: A Monthly Periodical</a>. Salt Lake City. p. 843. Retrieved July 23, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Record%3A+A+Monthly+Periodical&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City&rft.pages=843&rft.date=1888&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvPw8AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 9, 30); <a href="#CITEREFSmith1832">Smith (1832</a>, p. 1) </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 21) </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 27–32) </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ensignpeakfoundation.org/smith-family-log-home/">"Smith Family Log Home, Palmyra, New York"</a>. Ensign Peak Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221005104715/https://ensignpeakfoundation.org/smith-family-log-home/">Archived</a> from the original on October 5, 2022. Retrieved December 26, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ensign+Peak+Foundation&rft.atitle=Smith+Family+Log+Home%2C+Palmyra%2C+New+York&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fensignpeakfoundation.org%2Fsmith-family-log-home%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2005" class="citation book cs1">Martin, John H. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crookedlakereview.com/books/saints_sinners/martin1.html">"An Overview of the Burned-Over District"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crookedlakereview.com/articles/136_150/137fall2005/137martin.html">Saints, Sinners and Reformers: The Burned-Over District Re-Visited</a>,</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+Overview+of+the+Burned-Over+District&rft.btitle=Saints%2C+Sinners+and+Reformers%3A+The+Burned-Over+District+Re-Visited&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crookedlakereview.com%2Fbooks%2Fsaints_sinners%2Fmartin1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"> published in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crookedlakereview.com/articles/136_150/137fall2005/137toc.html">Crooked Lake Review. No. 137. Fall 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowman2016" class="citation web cs1">Bowman, Matthew (March 3, 2016). Butler, Jon (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/americanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.001.0001/acrefore-9780199329175-e-326">"Mormonism"</a>. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History. 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Michael Quinn (July 12, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927235221/http://www.dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/QuinnPaperless.pdf">"Joseph Smith's Experience of a Methodist 'Camp-Meeting' in 1820"</a> (PDF). Dialogue Paperless. p. 3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dialoguejournal.com/articles/joseph-smiths-experience-of-a-methodist-camp-meeting-in-1820/">the original</a> on September 27, 2011. 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Mormon Scripture Studies: An e-Journal of Critical Thought. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mormonscripturestudies.com/ch/dv/1826.asp">the original</a> on June 9, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mormon+Scripture+Studies%3A+An+e-Journal+of+Critical+Thought&rft.atitle=Rethinking+the+1826+Judicial+Decision&rft.aulast=Vogel&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmormonscripturestudies.com%2Fch%2Fdv%2F1826.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/introduction-to-state-of-new-york-v-js-a/1">"Introduction to State of New York v. JS–A"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Joseph_Smith_Papers" title="The Joseph Smith Papers">The Joseph Smith Papers</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221220004833/https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/introduction-to-state-of-new-york-v-js-a/1">Archived</a> from the original on December 20, 2022. Retrieved December 26, 2022,</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Joseph+Smith+Papers&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+State+of+New+York+v.+JS%E2%80%93A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.josephsmithpapers.org%2Fpaper-summary%2Fintroduction-to-state-of-new-york-v-js-a%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 53); <a href="#CITEREFVogel2004">Vogel (2004</a>, p. 89); <a href="#CITEREFQuinn1998">Quinn (1998</a>, p. 164) </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewellAvery1994">Newell & Avery (1994</a>, pp. 17–18) </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 53–54) </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShipps1985">Shipps (1985</a>, p. 12); <a href="#CITEREFQuinn1998">Quinn (1998</a>, pp. 163–64); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 54, 59); <a href="#CITEREFEaston-FlakeCope2020">Easton-Flake & Cope (2020</a>, p. 126) </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 59–60); <a href="#CITEREFShipps1985">Shipps (1985</a>, p. 153) </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShipps1985">Shipps (1985</a>, p. 9); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 54); <a href="#CITEREFHowe2007">Howe (2007</a>, pp. 313–314); <a href="#CITEREFJortner2022">Jortner (2022</a>, p. 41) </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2004">Bushman (2004</a>, pp. 238–242); <a href="#CITEREFHowe2007">Howe (2007</a>, p. 313) </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 61); <a href="#CITEREFHowe2007">Howe (2007</a>, p. 315); <a href="#CITEREFJortner2022">Jortner (2022</a>, pp. 36–38) </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShipps1985">Shipps (1985</a>, p. 12); <a href="#CITEREFRemini2002">Remini (2002</a>, p. 55); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 60–61) </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRemini2002">Remini (2002</a>, pp. 55–56); <a href="#CITEREFNewellAvery1994">Newell & Avery (1994</a>, p. 2); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 62–63) </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEaston-FlakeCope2020">Easton-Flake & Cope (2020</a>, p. 129) </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShipps1985">Shipps (1985</a>, pp. 15–16); <a href="#CITEREFEaston-FlakeCope2020">Easton-Flake & Cope (2020</a>, pp. 117–119); <a href="#CITEREFSmith1853">Smith (1853</a>, pp. 117–18) </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShipps1985">Shipps (1985</a>, p. 16);<a href="#CITEREFEaston-FlakeCope2020">Easton-Flake & Cope (2020</a>, pp. 117–118) </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 67–68) </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShipps1985">Shipps (1985</a>, p. 17) </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 68–70) </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShipps1985">Shipps (1985</a>, p. 18); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 70, 578n46); <a href="#CITEREFPhelps1833">Phelps (1833</a>, sec. 2:4–5); <a href="#CITEREFSmith1853">Smith (1853</a>, p. 126) </li> <li id="cite_note-Bushman_2005_70-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bushman_2005_70_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bushman_2005_70_55-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 70) </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 70–74) </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuinn1994">Quinn (1994</a>, pp. 5–6, 15–20); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 74–75) </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 78) </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRemini2002">Remini (2002</a>, p. 68) </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJortner2022">Jortner (2022</a>, p. 43) </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShipps1985">Shipps (1985</a>, p. 154) </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> For the April 6 establishment of a church organization, see <a href="#CITEREFShipps1985">Shipps (1985</a>, p. 154); for Fayette and Manchester (and some ambiguity over a Palmyra presence), see <a href="#CITEREFHill1989">Hill (1989</a>, pp. 27, 201n84); for the Colesville congregation, see <a href="#CITEREFJortner2022">Jortner (2022</a>, p. 57); </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 117); <a href="#CITEREFVogel2004">Vogel (2004</a>, pp. 484–486, 510–512) </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHill1989">Hill (1989</a>, p. 28); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 116–18) </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuinn1994">Quinn (1994</a>, pp. 24–26); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 118) </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHill1989">Hill (1989</a>, p. 27); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 120) </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHill1989">Hill (1989</a>, pp. 27–28); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 121); <a href="#CITEREFPhelps1833">Phelps (1833</a>, p. 67) </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHill1989">Hill (1989</a>, p. 28); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 112); <a href="#CITEREFJortner2022">Jortner (2022</a>, pp. 59–60, 93, 95) </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhelps1833">Phelps (1833</a>, p. 68); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 122) </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Parley Pratt said that the Mormon mission baptized 127 within two or three weeks "and this number soon increased to one thousand". See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKiernan1970" class="citation journal cs1">McKiernan, F. Mark (Summer 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F45224203">"The Conversion of Sidney Rigdon to Mormonism"</a>. Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 5 (2): 71–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F45224203">10.2307/45224203</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45224203">45224203</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254399092">254399092</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialogue%3A+A+Journal+of+Mormon+Thought&rft.atitle=The+Conversion+of+Sidney+Rigdon+to+Mormonism&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=71-78&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254399092%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45224203%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F45224203&rft.aulast=McKiernan&rft.aufirst=F.+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F45224203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988">; <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 124); <a href="#CITEREFJortner2022">Jortner (2022</a>, pp. 60–61) </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKiernan1970" class="citation journal cs1">McKiernan, F. Mark (Summer 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F45224203">"The Conversion of Sidney Rigdon to Mormonism"</a>. Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 5 (2): 71–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F45224203">10.2307/45224203</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45224203">45224203</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254399092">254399092</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialogue%3A+A+Journal+of+Mormon+Thought&rft.atitle=The+Conversion+of+Sidney+Rigdon+to+Mormonism&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=71-78&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254399092%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45224203%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F45224203&rft.aulast=McKiernan&rft.aufirst=F.+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F45224203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"> <dl><dt><a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 124)</dt></dl> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 124–25); <a href="#CITEREFHowe2007">Howe (2007</a>, p. 315) </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 150–52); <a href="#CITEREFRemini2002">Remini (2002</a>, p. 95) </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 154–55); <a href="#CITEREFHill1977">Hill (1977</a>, p. 131) </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuinn1994">Quinn (1994</a>, pp. 31–32); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 125, 156–60) </li> <li id="cite_note-Arrington_1979_21-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arrington_1979_21_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arrington_1979_21_76-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFArringtonBitton1979">Arrington & Bitton (1979</a>, p. 21) </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShipps1985">Shipps (1985</a>, p. 81) </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurner2012">Turner (2012</a>, p. 41) </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 161) </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 162–163); <a href="#CITEREFSmithCowderyRigdonWilliams1835">Smith et al. (1835</a>, p. 154) </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 180–182) </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRemini2002">Remini (2002</a>, pp. 109–10); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 178–80) </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> See <a href="#CITEREFRemini2002">Remini (2002</a>, pp. 113–15); <a href="#CITEREFArringtonBitton1979">Arrington & Bitton (1979</a>, p. 61)) </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 222) </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 181–83, 235); <a href="#CITEREFQuinn1994">Quinn (1994</a>, pp. 82–83) </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuinn1994">Quinn (1994</a>, pp. 83–84); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 222–27) </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 227–8); Bruce A. Van Orden, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsc.byu.edu/well-sing-well-shout/importuning-government">Importuning The Government</a>" in We'll Sing and We'll Shout: The Life and Times of W. W. Phelps (Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University; Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2018), 123–134. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRemini2002">Remini (2002</a>, p. 115) </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHill1989">Hill (1989</a>, pp. 44–46) (for Smith deescalating and disbanding the camp); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 235–46) (for the numerical limitations, social tension, and cholera outbreak in the camp). </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 246–247); <a href="#CITEREFQuinn1994">Quinn (1994</a>, p. 85) </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 247); see also <a href="#CITEREFRemini2002">Remini (2002</a>, pp. 100–104) for a timeline of Smith introducing the new organizational entities. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrodie1971">Brodie (1971</a>, pp. 156–57); <a href="#CITEREFSmithCowderyRigdonWilliams1835">Smith et al. (1835</a>, p. 233); <a href="#CITEREFPrince1995">Prince (1995</a>, p. 32 & n.104). </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 310–19) </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRemini2002">Remini (2002</a>, pp. 122–123); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 328–334) </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRemini2002">Remini (2002</a>, p. 124); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 331–32, 336–39) </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrooke1994">Brooke (1994</a>, p. 221) </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 322); <a href="#CITEREFCompton1997">Compton1997</a>, pp. 25–42) </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 217, 329) </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRemini2002">Remini (2002</a>, p. 125); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 339–40); <a href="#CITEREFHill1977">Hill (1977</a>, p. 216) </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHill1977">Hill (1977</a>, pp. 181–82); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 345, 384) </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrodie1971">Brodie (1971</a>, pp. 210, 222–23); <a href="#CITEREFQuinn1994">Quinn (1994</a>, p. 628); <a href="#CITEREFRemini2002">Remini (2002</a>, p. 131) </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRemini2002">Remini (2002</a>, p. 125); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 341–46) </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2008" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, Jeffrey N. (2008). "Mormon Land Rights in Caldwell and Daviess Counties and the Mormon Conflict of 1838: New Findings and New Understandings". BYU Studies. 47 (1): 4–55. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43044611">43044611</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BYU+Studies&rft.atitle=Mormon+Land+Rights+in+Caldwell+and+Daviess+Counties+and+the+Mormon+Conflict+of+1838%3A+New+Findings+and+New+Understandings&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4-55&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43044611%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeSueur2005" class="citation journal cs1">LeSueur, Stephen C. (Fall 2005). "Missouri's Failed Compromise: The Creation of Caldwell County for the Mormons". 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World Religions and Spirituality Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230110200318/https://wrldrels.org/2022/12/11/21325/">Archived</a> from the original on January 10, 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Religions+and+Spirituality+Project&rft.atitle=Community+of+Christ&rft.date=2022-12-11&rft.aulast=Howlett&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwrldrels.org%2F2022%2F12%2F11%2F21325%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Community-of-Christ">"Community of Christ"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. April 15, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230123023756/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Community-of-Christ">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Community+of+Christ&rft.date=2004-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FCommunity-of-Christ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> Posterity tree in <a href="#CITEREFNewellAvery1994">Newell & Avery (1994</a>, pp. 12–13) </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewellAvery1994">Newell & Avery (1994</a>, pp. 27, 39) </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewellAvery1994">Newell & Avery (1994</a>, pp. 39, 43); <a href="#CITEREFJortner2022">Jortner (2022</a>, p. 88); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/person/joseph-murdock-smith">"Smith, Joseph Murdock"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Joseph_Smith_Papers" title="The Joseph Smith Papers">The Joseph Smith Papers</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220518223510/https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/person/joseph-murdock-smith">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Joseph+Smith+Papers&rft.atitle=Smith%2C+Joseph+Murdock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.josephsmithpapers.org%2Fperson%2Fjoseph-murdock-smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewellAvery1994">Newell & Avery (1994</a>, pp. 102–103); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRappleye2021" class="citation web cs1">Rappleye, Christine (March 19, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/remembering-emma-hale-smith-the-first-president-of-the-relief-society">"Remembering Emma Hale Smith, the First President of the Relief Society"</a>. Church Newsroom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230105220132/https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/remembering-emma-hale-smith-the-first-president-of-the-relief-society">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Church+Newsroom&rft.atitle=Remembering+Emma+Hale+Smith%2C+the+First+President+of+the+Relief+Society&rft.date=2021-03-19&rft.aulast=Rappleye&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Farticle%2Fremembering-emma-hale-smith-the-first-president-of-the-relief-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 554) </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 554); <a href="#CITEREFAveryNewell1980">Avery & Newell (1980</a>, p. 82) </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 554) </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewell2011" class="citation journal cs1">Newell, Linda King (Fall–Winter 2011). "Emma's Legacy: Life After Joseph". 2010 Sterling M. McMurrin Lecture. John Whitmer Historical Association Journal. 31 (2): 1–22. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43200523">43200523</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=John+Whitmer+Historical+Association+Journal&rft.atitle=Emma%27s+Legacy%3A+Life+After+Joseph&rft.chron=fall%E2%80%93winter&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-22&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43200523%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Newell&rft.aufirst=Linda+King&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988">; <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 554–55) </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 555) </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHill1977">Hill (1977</a>, p. 340); <a href="#CITEREFCompton1997">Compton (1997</a>, p. 27); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 323, 326); <a href="#CITEREFUlrich2017">Ulrich (2017</a>, pp. 16, 404n48); <a href="#CITEREFDavenport2022">Davenport (2022</a>, p. 138) </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 323–25); <a href="#CITEREFHill1977">Hill (1977</a>, p. 188) </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUlrich2017">Ulrich (2017</a>, p. 404n48); <a href="#CITEREFCompton1997">Compton (1997</a>, p. 26); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 323–326); <a href="#CITEREFSmith2008">Smith (2008</a>, pp. 38–39 n.81) </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 325) </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 323–25). See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley" class="citation book cs1">Bradley, Don. "Mormon Polygamy Before Nauvoo? The Relationship of Joseph Smith and Fanny Alger". Persistence of Polygamy, in <a href="#CITEREFBringhurstFoster2010">Bringhurst & Foster (2010</a>, pp. 14–58)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mormon+Polygamy+Before+Nauvoo%3F+The+Relationship+of+Joseph+Smith+and+Fanny+Alger&rft.btitle=Persistence+of+Polygamy&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>) and <a href="#CITEREFPark2020">Park (2020</a>, pp. 62–63) for other perspectives on the Smith-Alger relationship. </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPark2020">Park (2020</a>, pp. 61–62) </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCompton1997">Compton (1997</a>, p. 11); <a href="#CITEREFRemini2002">Remini (2002</a>, p. 154); <a href="#CITEREFBrodie1971">Brodie (1971</a>, pp. 334–43); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 492–498) </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 439) </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Wagoner1992">Van Wagoner (1992</a>, p. 73n3); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 418–419); <a href="#CITEREFPark2020">Park (2020</a>, pp. 67, 104–105) </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoster1981">Foster (1981</a>, p. 159); <a href="#CITEREFCompton1997">Compton (1997</a>, pp. 171–179, 558); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHales" class="citation book cs1">Hales, Brian C. "Joseph Smith and the Puzzlement of 'Polyandry'". Persistence of Polygamy. pp. 129–130, in <a href="#CITEREFBringhurstFoster2010">Bringhurst & Foster (2010</a>, pp. 99–152)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Joseph+Smith+and+the+Puzzlement+of+%27Polyandry%27&rft.btitle=Persistence+of+Polygamy&rft.pages=129-130&rft.aulast=Hales&rft.aufirst=Brian+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>) as well as <a href="#CITEREFHales2013">Hales (2013</a>, pp. 1:418–425, 2:282); <a href="#CITEREFPark2020">Park (2020</a>, p. 67) </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 491); <a href="#CITEREFPark2020">Park (2020</a>, pp. 61, 67); <a href="#CITEREFDavenport2022">Davenport (2022</a>, pp. 131, 136–137) </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 494–495) </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUlrich2017">Ulrich (2017</a>, p. 89); see <a href="#CITEREFPark2020">Park (2020</a>, pp. 193–194) for a concurring assessment. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bushmanxxi-217"><a href="#cite_ref-Bushmanxxi_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. xxi) </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoviello2019">Coviello (2019</a>, p. 59) </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. xxi,173) </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVogel2004">Vogel (2004</a>, p. viii, xvii) </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. xx, 129) </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 105) </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-223">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_223-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_223-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaffly-Kipp2008" class="citation book cs1">Maffly-Kipp, Laurie (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookofmormon0000unse_a5g8/page/n7/">"Introduction"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookofmormon0000unse_a5g8/">The Book of Mormon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Classics" title="Penguin Classics">Penguin Classics</a>. New York: Penguin. pp. vi–xxxii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-310553-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-310553-4"><bdi>978-0-14-310553-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Mormon&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Penguin+Classics&rft.pages=vi-xxxii&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-14-310553-4&rft.aulast=Maffly-Kipp&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbookofmormon0000unse_a5g8%2Fpage%2Fn7%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bushman86-224"><a href="#cite_ref-Bushman86_224-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 85–87); <a href="#CITEREFJortner2022">Jortner (2022</a>, p. 48) </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 85) </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 108); <a href="#CITEREFVogel2004">Vogel (2004</a>, pp. 122–23, 161, 311, 700) </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2004">Bushman (2004</a>, p. 48)  </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVogel2004">Vogel (2004</a>, pp. xviii–xix) </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemini2005" class="citation journal cs1">Remini, Robert V. (2005). "Biographical Reflections on the American Joseph Smith". The Worlds of Joseph Smith: A Bicentennial Conference at the Library of Congress. Brigham Young University Studies. 44 (4): 21–30. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-0106">0007-0106</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43045047">43045047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brigham+Young+University+Studies&rft.atitle=Biographical+Reflections+on+the+American+Joseph+Smith&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=21-30&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43045047%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0007-0106&rft.aulast=Remini&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrodie1971">Brodie (1971</a>, pp. 46–48, 57–73). </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2004">Bushman (2004</a>, pp. 58–59) </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHowe2007">Howe (2007</a>, p. 314) </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShipps1985">Shipps (1985</a>, pp. 35–36) </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 72) </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> Book of Mormon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/bofm/bofm-title/1">title page</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRemini2002">Remini (2002</a>, p. 57); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 66); <a href="#CITEREFQuinn1998">Quinn (1998</a>, pp. 169–70) </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 71–72); <a href="#CITEREFMarquardtWalters1994">Marquardt & Walters (1994</a>, pp. 103–04); <a href="#CITEREFVan_WagonerWalker1982">Van Wagoner & Walker (1982</a>, pp. 52–53) </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRemini2002">Remini (2002</a>, p. 62); <a href="#CITEREFVan_WagonerWalker1982">Van Wagoner & Walker (1982</a>, p. 53); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 71–72); <a href="#CITEREFMarquardtWalters1994">Marquardt & Walters (1994</a>, pp. 103–04) </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGivensHauglid2019">Givens & Hauglid (2019</a>, p. 37), quoting <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Pearl_of_Great_Price_(1913)/Moses#1:3" class="extiw" title="s:The Pearl of Great Price (1913)/Moses">Moses 1:3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bushman142-241"><a href="#cite_ref-Bushman142_241-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 132, 142); <a href="#CITEREFGivensHauglid2019">Givens & Hauglid (2019</a>, p. 32) </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGivensHauglid2019">Givens & Hauglid (2019</a>, pp. 32–33) </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGivensHauglid2019">Givens & Hauglid (2019</a>, p. 31) </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 133); <a href="#CITEREFGivensHauglid2019">Givens & Hauglid (2019</a>, pp. 31–32) </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHill1977">Hill (1977</a>, p. 131); <a href="#CITEREFGivensHauglid2019">Givens & Hauglid (2019</a>, p. 32) </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 138) </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrodie1971">Brodie (1971</a>, pp. 170–75); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 286, 289–290) </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 157, 288–290) </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1968" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, John A. (Summer 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F45227259">"A Summary Report"</a>. The Joseph Smith Egyptian Papyri: Translations and Interpretations. Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 3 (2): 67–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F45227259">10.2307/45227259</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45227259">45227259</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254343491">254343491</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialogue%3A+A+Journal+of+Mormon+Thought&rft.atitle=A+Summary+Report&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=67-88&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254343491%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45227259%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F45227259&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F45227259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitner" class="citation web cs1">Ritner, Robert K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/Research_Archives/Translation%20and%20Historicity%20of%20the%20Book%20of%20Abraham%20final-2.pdf">"Translation and Historicity of the Book of Abraham: A Response"</a> (PDF). University of Chicago. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221105012913/https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/Research_Archives/Translation%20and%20Historicity%20of%20the%20Book%20of%20Abraham%20final-2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on November 5, 2022. Retrieved January 25, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Chicago&rft.atitle=Translation+and+Historicity+of+the+Book+of+Abraham%3A+A+Response&rft.aulast=Ritner&rft.aufirst=Robert+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foi.uchicago.edu%2Fsites%2Foi.uchicago.edu%2Ffiles%2Fuploads%2Fshared%2Fdocs%2FResearch_Archives%2FTranslation%2520and%2520Historicity%2520of%2520the%2520Book%2520of%2520Abraham%2520final-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marks-251">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marks_251-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marks_251-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart_Bingham2015" class="citation journal cs1">Stuart Bingham, Ryan (July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jmormhist.41.3.22">"Curses and Marks: Racial Dispensations and Dispensations of Race in Joseph Smith's Bible Revision and the Book of Abraham"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Mormon_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Mormon History">Journal of Mormon History</a>. 41 (3): 22–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5406%2Fjmormhist.41.3.22">10.5406/jmormhist.41.3.22</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jmormhist.41.3.22">10.5406/jmormhist.41.3.22</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mormon+History&rft.atitle=Curses+and+Marks%3A+Racial+Dispensations+and+Dispensations+of+Race+in+Joseph+Smith%27s+Bible+Revision+and+the+Book+of+Abraham&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=22-57&rft.date=2015-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5406%2Fjmormhist.41.3.22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5406%2Fjmormhist.41.3.22%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stuart+Bingham&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5406%2Fjmormhist.41.3.22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris2015-252"><a href="#cite_ref-Harris2015_252-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisBringhurst2015" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Matthew L.; Bringhurst, Newell G. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pn20CgAAQBAJ">The Mormon Church and Blacks: A Documentary History</a>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-08121-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-08121-7"><bdi>978-0-252-08121-7</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mormon+Church+and+Blacks%3A+A+Documentary+History&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-252-08121-7&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Matthew+L.&rft.au=Bringhurst%2C+Newell+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPn20CgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reeve_2015-253"><a href="#cite_ref-Reeve_2015_253-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReeve2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._Paul_Reeve" title="W. Paul Reeve">Reeve, W. Paul</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=95j4BQAAQBAJ">Religion of a Different Color: Race and the Mormon Struggle for Whiteness</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975407-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975407-6"><bdi>978-0-19-975407-6</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+of+a+Different+Color%3A+Race+and+the+Mormon+Struggle+for+Whiteness&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-975407-6&rft.aulast=Reeve&rft.aufirst=W.+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D95j4BQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JSHamCurse-254"><a href="#cite_ref-JSHamCurse_254-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1836" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Joseph (April 1836). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/letter-to-oliver-cowdery-circa-9-april-1836/2">"For the Messenger and Advocate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Messenger_and_Advocate" title="Messenger and Advocate">The Latter Day Saints' Messenger and Advocate</a>. 2 (7): 290 – via <a href="/wiki/The_Joseph_Smith_Papers" title="The Joseph Smith Papers">The Joseph Smith Papers</a>. <q>[I]t remains as a lasting monument of the decree of Jehovah, to the shame and confusion of all who have cried out against the South, in consequence of their holding the sons of Ham in servitude. 'And he said, Cursed be Canaan; a servant of servants shall he be unto his brethren.' ... (Gen. 9:25-26). Trace the history of the world from this notable event down to this day, and you will find the fulfillment of this singular prophecy. [T]he curse is not yet taken off from the sons of Canaan, neither will be until it is affected by as great a power as caused it to come; and the people who interfere the least with the purposes of God in this matter, will come under the least condemnation before Him ....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Latter+Day+Saints%27+Messenger+and+Advocate&rft.atitle=For+the+Messenger+and+Advocate&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=290&rft.date=1836-04&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.josephsmithpapers.org%2Fpaper-summary%2Fletter-to-oliver-cowdery-circa-9-april-1836%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 388) </li> <li id="cite_note-Bushman130-256"><a href="#cite_ref-Bushman130_256-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 130) </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 174) </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuinn1994">Quinn (1994</a>, pp. 5–6, 9, 15–17, 26, 30, 33, 35, 38–42, 49, 70–71, 88, 198); <a href="#CITEREFBrodie1971">Brodie (1971</a>, p. 141) </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrodie1971">Brodie (1971</a>, pp. 106–7); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/42?lang=eng">"D&C 42"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=D%26C+42&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fscriptures%2Fdc-testament%2Fdc%2F42%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrodie1971">Brodie (1971</a>, pp. 117–18); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/76?lang=eng">"D&C 76"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=D%26C+76&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fscriptures%2Fdc-testament%2Fdc%2F76%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 202–205); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/84?lang=eng">"D&C 84"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=D%26C+84&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fscriptures%2Fdc-testament%2Fdc%2F84%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrodie1971">Brodie (1971</a>, p. 166); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 212–213); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/89?lang=eng">"D&C 89"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=D%26C+89&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fscriptures%2Fdc-testament%2Fdc%2F89%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrodie1971">Brodie (1971</a>, p. 289); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 213); <a href="#CITEREFOstlingOstling1999">Ostling & Ostling (1999</a>, pp. 177–78) </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 193–195) </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrodie1971">Brodie (1971</a>, pp. 159–60); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 229, 310–322) </li> <li id="cite_note-Bushman419-266"><a href="#cite_ref-Bushman419_266-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 419) </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 419, 421–3) </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 419–20); <a href="#CITEREFBrooke1994">Brooke (1994</a>, pp. 3–5) </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWidmer2000">Widmer (2000</a>, p. 119) </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 420–21); <a href="#CITEREFBloom1992">Bloom (1992</a>, p. 101) </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWidmer2000">Widmer (2000</a>, p. 119); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander1989" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, Thomas (1989). 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Line Upon Line. p. 59, in <a href="#CITEREFBergera1989">Bergera (1989</a>, pp. 53–66)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Reconstruction+of+Mormon+Doctrine%3A+From+Joseph+Smith+to+Progressive+Theology&rft.btitle=Line+Upon+Line&rft.pages=59&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>); <a href="#CITEREFBloom1992">Bloom (1992</a>, p. 101) </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 421); <a href="#CITEREFBloom1992">Bloom (1992</a>, p. 101) </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRemini2002">Remini (2002</a>, p. 106); <a href="#CITEREFGivens2014">Givens (2014</a>, p. 95); <a href="#CITEREFCoviello2019">Coviello (2019</a>, p. 59) </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartholomew2013" class="citation journal cs1">Bartholomew, Ronald E. (2013). "The Textual Development of D&C 130:22 and the Embodiment of the Holy Ghost". BYU Studies Quarterly. 52 (3): 4–24. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43039922">43039922</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BYU+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Textual+Development+of+D%26C+130%3A22+and+the+Embodiment+of+the+Holy+Ghost&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=4-24&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43039922%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bartholomew&rft.aufirst=Ronald+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988">; <a href="#CITEREFGivens2014">Givens (2014</a>, p. 96) </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoviello2019">Coviello (2019</a>, pp. 65–68) </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulsenPulido2011" class="citation journal cs1">Paulsen, David L.; Pulido, Martin (2011). "'A Mother There': A Survey of Historical Teachings about Mother in Heaven". Brigham Young University Studies. 50 (1): 70–97. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-0106">0007-0106</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43044842">43044842</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brigham+Young+University+Studies&rft.atitle=%27A+Mother+There%27%3A+A+Survey+of+Historical+Teachings+about+Mother+in+Heaven&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=70-97&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43044842%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0007-0106&rft.aulast=Paulsen&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft.au=Pulido%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstler2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ostler, Blair (Winter 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarlypublishingcollective.org/uip/dial/article/51/4/171/252471/Heavenly-Mother-The-Mother-of-All-Women">"Heavenly Mother: The Mother of All Women"</a>. Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 51 (4): 171–182. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5406%2Fdialjmormthou.51.4.0171">10.5406/dialjmormthou.51.4.0171</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214816567">214816567</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialogue%3A+A+Journal+of+Mormon+Thought&rft.atitle=Heavenly+Mother%3A+The+Mother+of+All+Women&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=171-182&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5406%2Fdialjmormthou.51.4.0171&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214816567%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ostler&rft.aufirst=Blair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarlypublishingcollective.org%2Fuip%2Fdial%2Farticle%2F51%2F4%2F171%2F252471%2FHeavenly-Mother-The-Mother-of-All-Women&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToscano2022" class="citation journal cs1">Toscano, Margaret (Spring 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarlypublishingcollective.org/uip/dial/article/55/1/37/297588/In-Defense-of-Heavenly-Mother-Her-Critical">"In Defense of Heavenly Mother: Her Critical Importance for Mormon Culture and Theology"</a>. Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 55 (1): 37–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5406%2F15549399.55.1.02">10.5406/15549399.55.1.02</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247971894">247971894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialogue%3A+A+Journal+of+Mormon+Thought&rft.atitle=In+Defense+of+Heavenly+Mother%3A+Her+Critical+Importance+for+Mormon+Culture+and+Theology&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37-68&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5406%2F15549399.55.1.02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247971894%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Toscano&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarlypublishingcollective.org%2Fuip%2Fdial%2Farticle%2F55%2F1%2F37%2F297588%2FIn-Defense-of-Heavenly-Mother-Her-Critical&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLarson1978">Larson (1978</a>, pp. 201, 205); <a href="#CITEREFWidmer2000">Widmer (2000</a>, p. 119) </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWidmer2000">Widmer (2000</a>, p. 119); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 535, 544) </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 455–56, 535–37) </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 422) </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 199) </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrooke1994">Brooke (1994</a>, p. 33) </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRemini2002">Remini (2002</a>, p. 84) </li> <li id="cite_note-Quinn_1994_7-285">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quinn_1994_7_285-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quinn_1994_7_285-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuinn1994">Quinn (1994</a>, p. 7) </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuinn1994">Quinn (1994</a>, pp. 7–8); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 121, 175); <a href="#CITEREFPhelps1833">Phelps (1833</a>, p. 67) </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrodie1971">Brodie (1971</a>, pp. 106, 112, 121–22) </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuinn1994">Quinn (1994</a>, pp. 111–12, 115) </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuinn1994">Quinn (1994</a>, pp. 27–34); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 264–65) </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrodie1971">Brodie (1971</a>, p. 111); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 156–60); <a href="#CITEREFQuinn1994">Quinn (1994</a>, pp. 31–32); <a href="#CITEREFPrince1995">Prince (1995</a>, pp. 19, 115–116, 119) </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOstlingOstling1999">Ostling & Ostling (1999</a>, pp. 194–95); <a href="#CITEREFPrince1995">Prince (1995</a>, pp. 31–32, 121–31, 146) </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 451) </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrince1995">Prince (1995</a>, pp. 140, 201) </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrooke1994">Brooke (1994</a>, pp. 30, 194–95, 203, 208) </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrooke1994">Brooke (1994</a>, pp. 221, 242–43); 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Persistence of Polygamy, in <a href="#CITEREFBringhurstFoster2010">Bringhurst & Foster (2010</a>, pp. 87–98)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Doctrine+and+Covenants+Section+132+and+Joseph+Smith%27s+Expanding+Concept+of+Family&rft.btitle=Persistence+of+Polygamy&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Craig+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPark2020">Park (2020</a>, pp. 91–92, 105, 153) </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoster1981">Foster (1981</a>, pp. 206–11); <a href="#CITEREFCompton1997">Compton (1997</a>, pp. 11, 22–23); <a href="#CITEREFSmith2008">Smith (2008</a>, pp. 356); <a href="#CITEREFBrooke1994">Brooke (1994</a>, p. 255); <a href="#CITEREFBrodie1971">Brodie (1971</a>, p. 300) </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoviello2019">Coviello (2019</a>, pp. 56–57, 68–69, 82–88) </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBloom1992">Bloom (1992</a>, p. 105); <a href="#CITEREFFoster1981">Foster (1981</a>, p. 145); <a href="#CITEREFBrodie1971">Brodie (1971</a>, p. 300); <a href="#CITEREFCoviello2019">Coviello (2019</a>, pp. 56–57) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArringtonBitton1979" class="citation book cs1">Arrington, Leonard; Bitton, Davis (1979). 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(1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121231133939/http://utahhistory.sdlhost.com/#item/000000031000669/view">"The Lion and the Lady: Brigham Young and Emma Smith"</a>. Utah Historical Quarterly. 48 (1): 81–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F45060927">10.2307/45060927</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45060927">45060927</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254428549">254428549</a>. 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(1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lineuponlineessa0000unse">Line Upon Line: Essays on Mormon Doctrine</a>. Salt Lake City: Signature Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-941214-69-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-941214-69-9"><bdi>0-941214-69-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Line+Upon+Line%3A+Essays+on+Mormon+Doctrine&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City&rft.pub=Signature+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-941214-69-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flineuponlineessa0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Bloom, Harold</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanreligio000bloo">The American Religion: The Emergence of the Post-Christian Nation</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-67997-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-67997-2"><bdi>978-0-671-67997-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Religion%3A+The+Emergence+of+the+Post-Christian+Nation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-671-67997-2&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanreligio000bloo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBringhurstFoster2010" class="citation book cs1">Bringhurst, Newell G.; Foster, Craig L., eds. (2010). The Persistence of Polygamy: Joseph Smith and the Origins of Mormon Polygamy. Independence, MO: John Whitmer Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934901-13-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-934901-13-7"><bdi>978-1-934901-13-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persistence+of+Polygamy%3A+Joseph+Smith+and+the+Origins+of+Mormon+Polygamy&rft.place=Independence%2C+MO&rft.pub=John+Whitmer+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-934901-13-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrodie1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fawn_M._Brodie" title="Fawn M. Brodie">Brodie, Fawn M.</a> (1971). <a href="/wiki/No_Man_Knows_My_History:_The_Life_of_Joseph_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="No Man Knows My History: The Life of Joseph Smith">No Man Knows My History: The Life of Joseph Smith</a> (2nd ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-46967-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-46967-4"><bdi>0-394-46967-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Man+Knows+My+History%3A+The+Life+of+Joseph+Smith&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-394-46967-4&rft.aulast=Brodie&rft.aufirst=Fawn+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooke1994" class="citation book cs1">Brooke, John L. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eyvftt-1F_kC">The Refiner's Fire: The Making of Mormon Cosmology, 1644–1844</a>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-34545-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-34545-6"><bdi>0-521-34545-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Refiner%27s+Fire%3A+The+Making+of+Mormon+Cosmology%2C+1644%E2%80%931844&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-521-34545-6&rft.aulast=Brooke&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Deyvftt-1F_kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBushman2004" class="citation book cs1">Bushman, Richard Lyman (2004). Neilson, Reid L.; Woodworth, Jed (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/believinghistory0000bush">Believing History: Latter-day Saint Essays</a>. 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New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531030-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531030-6"><bdi>978-0-19-531030-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mormonism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Very+Short+Introductions&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-531030-6&rft.aulast=Bushman&rft.aufirst=Richard+Lyman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCompton1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Todd_Compton" title="Todd Compton">Compton, Todd</a> (1997). In Sacred Loneliness: The Plural Wives of Joseph Smith. 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University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-47433-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-47433-5"><bdi>978-0-226-47433-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Make+Yourselves+Gods%3A+Mormons+and+the+Unfinished+Business+of+American+Secularism&rft.series=Class+200&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-226-47433-5&rft.aulast=Coviello&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavenport2022" class="citation book cs1">Davenport, Stewart (2022). Sex and Sects: The Story of Mormon Polygamy, Shaker Celibacy, and Oneida Complex Marriage. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-4705-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-4705-1"><bdi>978-0-8139-4705-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+and+Sects%3A+The+Story+of+Mormon+Polygamy%2C+Shaker+Celibacy%2C+and+Oneida+Complex+Marriage&rft.place=Charlottesville%2C+VA&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-8139-4705-1&rft.aulast=Davenport&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaston-FlakeCope2020" class="citation book cs1">Easton-Flake, Amy; Cope, Rachel (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/282/edited_volume/chapter/2684163">"Reconfiguring the Archive: Women and the Social Production of the Book of Mormon"</a>. In MacKay, Michael Hubbard; Ashurst-McGee, Mark; Hauglid, Brian M. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/book/77401">Producing Ancient Scripture: Joseph Smith's Translation Projects in the Development of Mormon Christianity</a>. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. pp. 105–134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60781-743-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60781-743-7"><bdi>978-1-60781-743-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reconfiguring+the+Archive%3A+Women+and+the+Social+Production+of+the+Book+of+Mormon&rft.btitle=Producing+Ancient+Scripture%3A+Joseph+Smith%27s+Translation+Projects+in+the+Development+of+Mormon+Christianity&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City&rft.pages=105-134&rft.pub=University+of+Utah+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-60781-743-7&rft.aulast=Easton-Flake&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft.au=Cope%2C+Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fpub%2F282%2Fedited_volume%2Fchapter%2F2684163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster1981" class="citation book cs1">Foster, Lawrence (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religionsexualit0000fost">Religion and Sexuality: The Shakers, the Mormons, and the Oneida Community</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-01119-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-01119-1"><bdi>978-0-252-01119-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Sexuality%3A+The+Shakers%2C+the+Mormons%2C+and+the+Oneida+Community&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-252-01119-1&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freligionsexualit0000fost&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGivens2014" class="citation book cs1">Givens, Terryl L. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/8939">Wrestling the Angel: The Foundations of Mormon Thought: Cosmos, God, Humanity</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199794928.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794928.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979492-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979492-8"><bdi>978-0-19-979492-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wrestling+the+Angel%3A+The+Foundations+of+Mormon+Thought%3A+Cosmos%2C+God%2C+Humanity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199794928.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-979492-8&rft.aulast=Givens&rft.aufirst=Terryl+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F8939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGivensHauglid2019" class="citation book cs1">Givens, Terryl; Hauglid, Brian M. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/34928">The Pearl of Greatest Price: Mormonism's Most Controversial Scripture</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780190603861.001.0001">10.1093/oso/9780190603861.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-060386-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-060386-1"><bdi>978-0-19-060386-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL28940280M">28940280M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pearl+of+Greatest+Price%3A+Mormonism%27s+Most+Controversial+Scripture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL28940280M%23id-name%3DOL&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780190603861.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-060386-1&rft.aulast=Givens&rft.aufirst=Terryl&rft.au=Hauglid%2C+Brian+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F34928&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHales2013" class="citation book cs1">Hales, Brian C. (2013). Joseph Smith's Polygamy. Vol. 1–3. With the assistance of Don Bradley. Salt Lake City: Greg Kofford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joseph+Smith%27s+Polygamy&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City&rft.pub=Greg+Kofford&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Hales&rft.aufirst=Brian+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper2019" class="citation book cs1">Harper, Steven C. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/35084">First Vision: Memory and Mormon Origins</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780199329472.001.0001">10.1093/oso/9780199329472.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-932947-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-932947-2"><bdi>978-0-19-932947-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Vision%3A+Memory+and+Mormon+Origins&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780199329472.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-932947-2&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Steven+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F35084&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill1977" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Donna (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/josephsmithfirst00hill">Joseph Smith: The First Mormon</a>. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-00804-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-00804-X"><bdi>0-385-00804-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joseph+Smith%3A+The+First+Mormon&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+NY&rft.pub=Doubleday+%26+Co.&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-385-00804-X&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Donna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjosephsmithfirst00hill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marvin_S._Hill" title="Marvin S. Hill">Hill, Marvin S.</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/questforrefugemo00hill">Quest for Refuge: The Mormon Flight from American Pluralism</a>. Salt Lake City: Signature Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941214-70-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-941214-70-4"><bdi>978-0-941214-70-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quest+for+Refuge%3A+The+Mormon+Flight+from+American+Pluralism&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City&rft.pub=Signature+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-941214-70-4&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Marvin+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquestforrefugemo00hill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Walker_Howe" title="Daniel Walker Howe">Howe, Daniel Walker</a> (2007). <a href="/wiki/What_Hath_God_Wrought:_The_Transformation_of_America,_1815%E2%80%931848" title="What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848">What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_History_of_the_United_States" title="Oxford History of the United States">Oxford History of the United States</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507894-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507894-7"><bdi>978-0-19-507894-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Hath+God+Wrought%3A+The+Transformation+of+America%2C+1815%E2%80%931848&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Oxford+History+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507894-7&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Walker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJortner2022" class="citation book cs1">Jortner, Adam (2022). No Place for Saints: Mobs and Mormons in Jacksonian America. Witness to History. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-4176-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-4176-4"><bdi>978-1-4214-4176-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Place+for+Saints%3A+Mobs+and+Mormons+in+Jacksonian+America&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+MD&rft.series=Witness+to+History&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-4176-4&rft.aulast=Jortner&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarson1978" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stan_Larson" title="Stan Larson">Larson, Stan</a> (1978). "The King Follett Discourse: A Newly Amalgamated Text". Brigham Young University Studies. 18 (2): 193–208. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43040756">43040756</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brigham+Young+University+Studies&rft.atitle=The+King+Follett+Discourse%3A+A+Newly+Amalgamated+Text&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=193-208&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43040756%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=Stan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMack1811" class="citation book cs1">Mack, Solomon (1811). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Narrative_of_the_Life_of_Solomon_Mack">A Narraitve [sic] of the Life of Solomon Mack</a>. Windsor, VT: Solomon Mack. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15568282">15568282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Narraitve%26%2332%3B%26%2391%3Bsic%26%2393%3B+of+the+Life+of+Solomon+Mack&rft.place=Windsor%2C+VT&rft.pub=Solomon+Mack&rft.date=1811&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15568282&rft.aulast=Mack&rft.aufirst=Solomon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FNarrative_of_the_Life_of_Solomon_Mack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarquardtWalters1994" class="citation book cs1">Marquardt, H. Michael; <a href="/wiki/Wesley_P._Walters" title="Wesley P. Walters">Walters, Wesley P</a> (1994). Inventing Mormonism. San Francisco, CA: Smith Research Associates. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56085-108-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-56085-108-2"><bdi>1-56085-108-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+Mormonism&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+CA&rft.pub=Smith+Research+Associates&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-56085-108-2&rft.aulast=Marquardt&rft.aufirst=H.+Michael&rft.au=Walters%2C+Wesley+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarquardt1999" class="citation book cs1">Marquardt, H. Michael (1999). The Joseph Smith Revelations: Text and Commentary. Salt Lake City: Signature Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56085-126-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56085-126-4"><bdi>978-1-56085-126-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Joseph+Smith+Revelations%3A+Text+and+Commentary&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City&rft.pub=Signature+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-56085-126-4&rft.aulast=Marquardt&rft.aufirst=H.+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcBride2021" class="citation book cs1">McBride, Spencer W. (2021). Joseph Smith for President: The Prophet, the Assassins, and the Fight for American Religious Freedom. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780190909413.001.0001">10.1093/oso/9780190909413.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-090941-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-090941-3"><bdi>978-0-19-090941-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joseph+Smith+for+President%3A+The+Prophet%2C+the+Assassins%2C+and+the+Fight+for+American+Religious+Freedom&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780190909413.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-090941-3&rft.aulast=McBride&rft.aufirst=Spencer+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewellAvery1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Linda_King_Newell" title="Linda King Newell">Newell, Linda King</a>; <a href="/wiki/Valeen_Tippetts_Avery" title="Valeen Tippetts Avery">Avery, Valeen Tippetts</a> (1994). <a href="/wiki/Mormon_Enigma:_Emma_Hale_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon Enigma: Emma Hale Smith">Mormon Enigma: Emma Hale Smith</a> (2nd ed.). Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-06291-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-06291-4"><bdi>0-252-06291-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mormon+Enigma%3A+Emma+Hale+Smith&rft.place=Urbana%2C+IL&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-252-06291-4&rft.aulast=Newell&rft.aufirst=Linda+King&rft.au=Avery%2C+Valeen+Tippetts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOaksHill1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dallin_H._Oaks" title="Dallin H. Oaks">Oaks, Dallin H.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Marvin_S._Hill" title="Marvin S. Hill">Hill, Marvin S.</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/carthageconspira00oaks">Carthage Conspiracy: The Trial of the Accused Assassins of Joseph Smith</a>. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-00554-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-00554-6"><bdi>0-252-00554-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carthage+Conspiracy%3A+The+Trial+of+the+Accused+Assassins+of+Joseph+Smith&rft.place=Urbana%2C+IL&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-252-00554-6&rft.aulast=Oaks&rft.aufirst=Dallin+H.&rft.au=Hill%2C+Marvin+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcarthageconspira00oaks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstlingOstling1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_and_Joan_Ostling" title="Richard and Joan Ostling">Ostling, Richard</a>; <a href="/wiki/Richard_and_Joan_Ostling" title="Richard and Joan Ostling">Ostling, Joan K.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mormonamericapow00ostl">Mormon America: The Power and the Promise</a>. San Francisco, CA: HarperSanFrancisco. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-066371-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-066371-5"><bdi>0-06-066371-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mormon+America%3A+The+Power+and+the+Promise&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+CA&rft.pub=HarperSanFrancisco&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-06-066371-5&rft.aulast=Ostling&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Ostling%2C+Joan+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmormonamericapow00ostl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPark2020" class="citation book cs1">Park, Benjamin E. (2020). Kingdom of Nauvoo: The Rise and Fall of a Religious Empire on the American Frontier. New York: Liveright. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-324-09110-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-324-09110-3"><bdi>978-1-324-09110-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kingdom+of+Nauvoo%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+a+Religious+Empire+on+the+American+Frontier&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Liveright&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-324-09110-3&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPersuitte2000" class="citation book cs1">Persuitte, David (2000). Joseph Smith and the Origins of the Book of Mormon. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-0826-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-0826-X"><bdi>0-7864-0826-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joseph+Smith+and+the+Origins+of+the+Book+of+Mormon&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7864-0826-X&rft.aulast=Persuitte&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhelps1833" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._W._Phelps_(Mormon)" title="W. W. Phelps (Mormon)">Phelps, W.W.</a>, ed. (1833). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120520135750/http://irr.org/mit/boc/default.html">A Book of Commandments, for the Government of the Church of Christ</a>. <a href="/wiki/Independence,_Missouri" title="Independence, Missouri">Zion</a>: William Wines Phelps & Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/77918630">77918630</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irr.org/mit/BOC/default.html">the original</a> on May 20, 2012. Retrieved October 11, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Book+of+Commandments%2C+for+the+Government+of+the+Church+of+Christ&rft.place=Zion&rft.pub=William+Wines+Phelps+%26+Co.&rft.date=1833&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F77918630&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irr.org%2Fmit%2FBOC%2Fdefault.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrince1995" class="citation book cs1">Prince, Gregory A (1995). Power From On High: The Development of Mormon Priesthood. Salt Lake City: Signature Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56085-071-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-56085-071-X"><bdi>1-56085-071-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+From+On+High%3A+The+Development+of+Mormon+Priesthood&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City&rft.pub=Signature+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-56085-071-X&rft.aulast=Prince&rft.aufirst=Gregory+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/D._Michael_Quinn" title="D. Michael Quinn">Quinn, D. Michael</a> (1994). The Mormon Hierarchy: Origins of Power. Salt Lake City: Signature Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56085-056-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-56085-056-6"><bdi>1-56085-056-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mormon+Hierarchy%3A+Origins+of+Power&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City&rft.pub=Signature+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-56085-056-6&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=D.+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/D._Michael_Quinn" title="D. Michael Quinn">Quinn, D. Michael</a> (1998). Early Mormonism and the Magic World View (2nd ed.). Salt Lake City: Signature Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56085-089-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-56085-089-2"><bdi>1-56085-089-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Mormonism+and+the+Magic+World+View&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Signature+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-56085-089-2&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=D.+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemini2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_V._Remini" title="Robert V. Remini">Remini, Robert V.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/josephsmith00remi">Joseph Smith</a>. Penguin Lives. New York: Penguin Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-03083-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-03083-X"><bdi>0-670-03083-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joseph+Smith&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Penguin+Lives&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-670-03083-X&rft.aulast=Remini&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjosephsmith00remi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShipps1985" class="citation book cs1">Shipps, Jan (1985). Mormonism: The Story of a New Religious Tradition. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-01417-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-01417-0"><bdi>0-252-01417-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mormonism%3A+The+Story+of+a+New+Religious+Tradition&rft.place=Urbana%2C+IL&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-252-01417-0&rft.aulast=Shipps&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1994" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, George D. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/Dialogue_V27N01_13.pdf">"Nauvoo Roots of Mormon Polygamy, 1841–46: A Preliminary Demographic Report"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Dialogue:_A_Journal_of_Mormon_Thought" title="Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought">Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought</a>. 27 (1): 1–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F45228320">10.2307/45228320</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45228320">45228320</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254329894">254329894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialogue%3A+A+Journal+of+Mormon+Thought&rft.atitle=Nauvoo+Roots+of+Mormon+Polygamy%2C+1841%E2%80%9346%3A+A+Preliminary+Demographic+Report&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-72&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254329894%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45228320%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F45228320&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=George+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdialoguejournal.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsbi%2Farticles%2FDialogue_V27N01_13.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2008" class="citation book cs1">Smith, George D (2008). Nauvoo Polygamy: "... But We Called It Celestial Marriage". Salt Lake City: Signature Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56085-201-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56085-201-8"><bdi>978-1-56085-201-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nauvoo+Polygamy%3A+%22...+But+We+Called+It+Celestial+Marriage%22&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City&rft.pub=Signature+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-56085-201-8&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=George+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1832" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Joseph Jr. (1832). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Life_of_Joseph_Smith&oldid=314384">"History of the Life of Joseph Smith"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Dean_C._Jessee" title="Dean C. Jessee">Jessee, Dean C</a> (ed.). Personal Writings of Joseph Smith. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book (published 2002). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57345-787-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-57345-787-6"><bdi>1-57345-787-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Life+of+Joseph+Smith&rft.btitle=Personal+Writings+of+Joseph+Smith&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City&rft.pub=Deseret+Book&rft.date=1832&rft.isbn=1-57345-787-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DHistory_of_the_Life_of_Joseph_Smith%26oldid%3D314384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithCowderyRigdonWilliams1835" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Joseph Jr.; <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cowdery" title="Oliver Cowdery">Cowdery, Oliver</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Rigdon" title="Sidney Rigdon">Rigdon, Sidney</a>; Williams, Frederick G., eds. (1835). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://josephsmithpapers.org/paperSummary/doctrine-and-covenants-1835?dm=image-and-text&zm=zoom-inner&tm=expanded&p=9&s=undefined&sm=none">Doctrine and Covenants of the Church of the Latter Day Saints: Carefully Selected from the Revelations of God</a>. Kirtland, Ohio: F. G. Williams & Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/18137804">18137804</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doctrine+and+Covenants+of+the+Church+of+the+Latter+Day+Saints%3A+Carefully+Selected+from+the+Revelations+of+God&rft.place=Kirtland%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=F.+G.+Williams+%26+Co&rft.date=1835&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F18137804&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjosephsmithpapers.org%2FpaperSummary%2Fdoctrine-and-covenants-1835%3Fdm%3Dimage-and-text%26zm%3Dzoom-inner%26tm%3Dexpanded%26p%3D9%26s%3Dundefined%26sm%3Dnone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"> See <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_and_Covenants" title="Doctrine and Covenants">Doctrine and Covenants</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1853" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Mack_Smith" title="Lucy Mack Smith">Smith, Lucy Mack</a> (1853). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/u?/NCMP1820-1846,17387">Biographical Sketches of Joseph Smith the Prophet, and His Progenitors for Many Generations</a>. Liverpool: S.W. Richards. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4922747">4922747</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Sketches+of+Joseph+Smith+the+Prophet%2C+and+His+Progenitors+for+Many+Generations&rft.place=Liverpool&rft.pub=S.W.+Richards&rft.date=1853&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4922747&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Lucy+Mack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontentdm.lib.byu.edu%2Fu%3F%2FNCMP1820-1846%2C17387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"> See <a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Joseph_Smith_by_His_Mother" class="mw-redirect" title="The History of Joseph Smith by His Mother">The History of Joseph Smith by His Mother</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2012" class="citation book cs1">Turner, John G. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brighamyoungpion0000turn">Brigham Young: Pioneer Prophet</a>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04967-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04967-3"><bdi>978-0-674-04967-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/894538617">894538617</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brigham+Young%3A+Pioneer+Prophet&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F894538617&rft.isbn=978-0-674-04967-3&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrighamyoungpion0000turn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlrich2017" class="citation book cs1">Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher (2017). A House Full of Females: Plural Marriage and Women's Rights in Early Mormonism, 1835–1870. New York: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-74212-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-74212-4"><bdi>978-0-307-74212-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+House+Full+of+Females%3A+Plural+Marriage+and+Women%27s+Rights+in+Early+Mormonism%2C+1835%E2%80%931870&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-307-74212-4&rft.aulast=Ulrich&rft.aufirst=Laurel+Thatcher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_WagonerWalker1982" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Van_Wagoner" title="Richard S. Van Wagoner">Van Wagoner, Richard S.</a>; Walker, Steven C. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/Dialogue_V15N02_50.pdf">"Joseph Smith: The Gift of Seeing"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Dialogue:_A_Journal_of_Mormon_Thought" title="Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought">Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought</a>. 15 (2): 48–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F45225078">10.2307/45225078</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45225078">45225078</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254395171">254395171</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialogue%3A+A+Journal+of+Mormon+Thought&rft.atitle=Joseph+Smith%3A+The+Gift+of+Seeing&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=48-68&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254395171%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45225078%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F45225078&rft.aulast=Van+Wagoner&rft.aufirst=Richard+S.&rft.au=Walker%2C+Steven+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdialoguejournal.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsbi%2Farticles%2FDialogue_V15N02_50.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Wagoner1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Van_Wagoner" title="Richard S. Van Wagoner">Van Wagoner, Richard S.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mormonpolygamyhi0000vanw">Mormon Polygamy: A History</a> (2nd ed.). Salt Lake City: Signature Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941214-79-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-941214-79-7"><bdi>978-0-941214-79-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mormon+Polygamy%3A+A+History&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Signature+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-941214-79-7&rft.aulast=Van+Wagoner&rft.aufirst=Richard+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmormonpolygamyhi0000vanw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogel2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Vogel" title="Dan Vogel">Vogel, Dan</a> (2004). Joseph Smith: The Making of a Prophet. Salt Lake City: Signature Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56085-179-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-56085-179-1"><bdi>1-56085-179-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joseph+Smith%3A+The+Making+of+a+Prophet&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City&rft.pub=Signature+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-56085-179-1&rft.aulast=Vogel&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWidmer2000" class="citation book cs1">Widmer, Kurt (2000). Mormonism and the Nature of God: A Theological Evolution, 1830–1915. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0776-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0776-7"><bdi>978-0-7864-0776-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mormonism+and+the+Nature+of+God%3A+A+Theological+Evolution%2C+1830%E2%80%931915&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-0776-7&rft.aulast=Widmer&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoseph+Smith" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Joseph Smith <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Joseph+Smith&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Joseph+Smith">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Joseph+Smith&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">By Joseph Smith <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Joseph+Smith&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Joseph+Smith">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Joseph+Smith&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/12">Works by Joseph Smith, Jr.</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28+%28%22Joseph+Smith%22+OR+%22Smith%2C+Joseph%22%29+AND+%281805%E21844%29%29">Works by or about Joseph Smith</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/1474">Works by Joseph Smith</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.churchofjesuschrist.org/landing/joseph-smith-prophet-of-god">Official LDS Church site about Joseph Smith</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.josephsmithpapers.org/">JosephSmithPapers.org</a>—An LDS Church project compiling <a href="/wiki/Primary_source" title="Primary source">primary</a> documents relating to Joseph Smith</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/mormon-founder-joseph-smith-s-photo-discovered-by-descendant-after-nearly-180-years/ar-AAZPBaj?ocid=msedgntp&cvid=203fef5f65494075ae52e42fa4f913a8">Recently-discovered photo of Smith</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Latter_Day_Saint_movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Template:Latter Day Saint movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Template talk:Latter Day Saint movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latter Day Saint movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Latter_Day_Saint_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamental ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_Nicene_Christianity" title="Mormonism and Nicene Christianity">Mormonism and Nicene Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_fundamentalism" title="Mormon fundamentalism">Mormon fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teachings_of_Joseph_Smith" title="Teachings of Joseph Smith">Teachings of Joseph Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)">Church of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_Extermination_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon Extermination Order">Extermination Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_crisis_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)">Succession crisis</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">History of the LDS Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_handcart_pioneers" title="Mormon handcart pioneers">Mormon handcart pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_Battalion" title="Mormon Battalion">Mormon Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_Reformation" title="Mormon Reformation">Mormon Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Community_of_Christ" title="History of the Community of Christ">Community of Christ history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amboy_Conference" title="Amboy Conference">Amboy Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_branches" title="Restoration branches">Restoration branches</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_(Bickertonite)" title="History of the Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)">Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite) history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigdonite" title="Rigdonite">Rigdonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bickerton" title="William Bickerton">William Bickerton</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sacred texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Abraham" title="Book of Abraham">Book of Abraham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Book_of_Abraham" title="Criticism of the Book of Abraham">Criticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Outline of the Book of Mormon">outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Criticism of the Book of Mormon">Criticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Moses" title="Book of Moses">Book of Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Mormon_sacred_texts" title="Criticism of Mormon sacred texts">Criticism of Mormon sacred texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_and_Covenants" title="Doctrine and Covenants">Doctrine and Covenants (Book of Commandments)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Translation_of_the_Bible" title="Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible">Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_of_Great_Price_(Mormonism)" title="Pearl of Great Price (Mormonism)">Pearl of Great Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lectures_on_Faith" title="Lectures on Faith">Lectures on Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Law_of_the_Lord" title="Book of the Law of the Lord">Book of the Law of the Lord</a> (<a href="/wiki/Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter_Day_Saints_(Strangite)" title="Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite)">Strangites only</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Word_of_the_Lord" title="The Word of the Lord">The Word of the Lord</a> (<a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Fettingite)" title="Church of Christ (Fettingite)">Fettingites and offshoots</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founders and leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Joseph Smith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Joseph_Smith" title="Outline of Joseph Smith">outline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cowdery" title="Oliver Cowdery">Oliver Cowdery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Rigdon" title="Sidney Rigdon">Sidney Rigdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilford_Woodruff" title="Wilford Woodruff">Wilford Woodruff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_III" title="Joseph Smith III">Joseph Smith III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Strang" title="James Strang">James Strang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bickerton" title="William Bickerton">William Bickerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Hedrick" title="Granville Hedrick">Granville Hedrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpheus_Cutler" title="Alpheus Cutler">Alpheus Cutler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_denominations_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="List of denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement">LDS denominations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Outline of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">outline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Christ" title="Community of Christ">Community of Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_branches" title="Restoration branches">Restoration branches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_(Bickertonite)" title="The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)">Bickertonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter_Day_Saints_(Strangite)" title="Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite)">Strangite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Temple_Lot)" title="Church of Christ (Temple Lot)">Hedrickite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fellowships_of_%22the_Remnants%22_movement" title="Christian fellowships of "the Remnants" movement">Christian fellowships of "the Remnants" movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_fundamentalism" title="Mormon fundamentalism">Mormon fundamentalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-Day_Saints" title="Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints">FLDS Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_United_Brethren" title="Apostolic United Brethren">Apostolic United Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Church_of_Christ" title="Latter Day Church of Christ">Latter Day Church of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Park_group" title="Centennial Park group">Centennial Park group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_Reorganization_movement" title="List of churches in the Latter Day Saint Reorganization movement">List of Reorganized Restorationist churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Doctrines and practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam%E2%80%93God_doctrine" title="Adam–God doctrine">Adam–God doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agency_in_Mormonism" title="Agency in Mormonism">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Faith_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Articles of Faith (Latter Day Saints)">Articles of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Confirmation (Latter Day Saints)">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_cosmology" title="Mormon cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_glory" title="Degrees of glory">Degrees of glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_19th-century_Mormonism" title="Death in 19th-century Mormonism">Early views on death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaltation_(Mormonism)" title="Exaltation (Mormonism)">Exaltation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gifts_of_the_Spirit_in_Mormonism" title="Gifts of the Spirit in Mormonism">Gifts of the Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Views on God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Parents" title="Heavenly Parents">Heavenly Parents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Mother_(Mormonism)" title="Heavenly Mother (Mormonism)">Heavenly Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Mormonism" title="Islam and Mormonism">Islam and Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Judaism and Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_consecration" title="Law of consecration">Law of consecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchizedek_priesthood_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Melchizedek priesthood (Latter Day Saints)">Melchizedek priesthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_blessing" title="Patriarchal blessing">Patriarchal blessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_of_salvation_in_Mormonism" title="Plan of salvation in Mormonism">Plan of salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premortal_life_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Premortal life (Latter Day Saints)">Premortal life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Priesthood (Latter Day Saints)">Priesthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Mormonism)" title="Restoration (Mormonism)">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_in_Mormonism" title="Revelation in Mormonism">Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_anointing" title="Second anointing">Second anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_world_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Spirit world (Latter Day Saints)">Spirit world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_spectrums_of_orthodoxy_and_practice" title="Mormon spectrums of orthodoxy and practice">Spectrums of orthodoxy and practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_perdition_(Mormonism)" title="Son of perdition (Mormonism)">Son of perdition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Temple (Latter Day Saints)">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithing_in_Mormonism" title="Tithing in Mormonism">Tithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_women" title="Mormonism and women">Women and Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_of_Wisdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Word of Wisdom">Word of Wisdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_polygamy" title="Mormonism and polygamy">Polygamy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Current_state_of_polygamy_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Current state of polygamy in the Latter Day Saint movement">current state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_Latter_Day_Saint_polygamy" title="Origin of Latter Day Saint polygamy">origin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_teachings_on_skin_color" title="Mormon teachings on skin color">Race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_and_Mormonism" title="Black people and Mormonism">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_and_early_Mormonism" title="Black people and early Mormonism">Black people and early Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_and_Mormonism" title="Civil rights and Mormonism">Civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith%27s_views_on_Black_people" title="Joseph Smith's views on Black people">Joseph Smith's views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_people_and_Mormonism" title="Native American people and Mormonism">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_Pacific_Islanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormonism and Pacific Islanders">Pacific Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrenology_and_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Phrenology and the Latter Day Saint movement">Phrenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_slavery" title="Mormonism and slavery">Slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_Mormon_history" title="Timeline of LGBT Mormon history">LGBT people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_violence" title="Mormonism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Historicity of the Book of Mormon">Historicity of the Book of Mormon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_and_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Archaeology and the Book of Mormon">archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Origin of the Book of Mormon">origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_Book_of_Mormon_geographical_setting" title="Proposed Book of Mormon geographical setting">Geographical setting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prophecies_of_Joseph_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="List of prophecies of Joseph Smith">List of prophecies of Joseph Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism_and_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Universalism and the Latter Day Saint movement">Universalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ex-Mormon" title="Ex-Mormon">Ex-Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Mormon" title="Jack Mormon">Jack Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_boys_(Mormon_fundamentalism)" title="Lost boys (Mormon fundamentalism)">Lost boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_art" title="Mormon art">Mormon art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_blogosphere" title="Mormon blogosphere">Mormon blogosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_cinema" title="Mormon cinema">Mormon cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_folklore" title="Mormon folklore">Mormon folklore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cunning_folk_traditions_and_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Cunning folk traditions and the Latter Day Saint movement">Cunning folk traditions and the Latter Day Saint movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_foodways" title="Mormon foodways">Mormon foodways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_literature" title="Mormon literature">Mormon literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_poetry" title="Mormon poetry">Mormon poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_fiction" title="Mormon fiction">Mormon fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Mormon_Letters" title="Association for Mormon Letters">Association for Mormon Letters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_music" title="Mormon music">Mormon music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_folk_music" title="Mormon folk music">Mormon folk music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placement_marriage" title="Placement marriage">Placement marriage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The Mormon Image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_studies" title="Mormon studies">Mormon studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saints_in_popular_culture" title="Latter Day Saints in popular culture">Latter Day Saints in popular culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portrayal_of_Mormons_in_comics" title="Portrayal of Mormons in comics">Portrayal of Mormons in comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_pornography" title="Mormon pornography">Mormon pornography</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumorah" title="Cumorah">Cumorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtland,_Ohio" title="Kirtland, Ohio">Kirtland, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_corridor" title="Mormon corridor">Mormon corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauvoo,_Illinois" title="Nauvoo, Illinois">Nauvoo, Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Grove_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Sacred Grove (Latter Day Saints)">Sacred Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Family_Farm" title="Smith Family Farm">Smith Family Farm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">Anti-Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Moroni" title="Angel Moroni">Angel Moroni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Bibliography of the Latter Day Saint movement">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Mormonism" title="Bibliography of books critical of Mormonism">Bibliography of books critical of Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Criticism of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Criticism of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vision" title="First Vision">First Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_plates" title="Golden plates">Golden plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Papyri" title="Joseph Smith Papyri">Joseph Smith Papyri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eyewitness_accounts_associated_with_the_Joseph_Smith_Papyri" title="Eyewitness accounts associated with the Joseph Smith Papyri">Eyewitness accounts associated with the Joseph Smith Papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtland_Egyptian_papers" title="Kirtland Egyptian papers">Kirtland Egyptian papers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolob" title="Kolob">Kolob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_history" title="Mormonism and history">Mormonism and history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Egyptian" title="Reformed Egyptian">Reformed Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_architecture_(LDS_Church)" title="Temple architecture (LDS Church)">Temple architecture (LDS Church)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voree_plates" title="Voree plates">Voree plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Portal:Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Apostles_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LDSApostles" title="Template:LDSApostles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LDSApostles" title="Template talk:LDSApostles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LDSApostles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LDSApostles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Apostles_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Apostle_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Apostle (Latter Day Saints)">Apostles</a> of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. Smith</a> (1829–44)<a href="#cite_note-not12-308">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cowdery" title="Oliver Cowdery">Cowdery</a> (1829–38)<a href="#cite_note-not12-308">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-excommunication-309">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Whitmer" title="David Whitmer">Whitmer</a> (1829–38)<a href="#cite_note-not12-308">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-excommunication-309">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Harris_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Martin Harris (Latter Day Saints)">Harris</a> (unknown–1837)<a href="#cite_note-not12-308">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-excommunication-309">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_B._Marsh" title="Thomas B. Marsh">Marsh</a> (1835–39)<a href="#cite_note-excommunication-309">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_W._Patten" title="David W. Patten">Patten</a> (1835–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">B. Young Sr.</a> (1835–77)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heber_C._Kimball" title="Heber C. Kimball">H. C. Kimball</a> (1835–68)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orson_Hyde" title="Orson Hyde">Hyde</a> (1835–78)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._McLellin" title="William E. McLellin">McLellin</a> (1835–38)<a href="#cite_note-excommunication-309">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parley_P._Pratt" title="Parley P. Pratt">P. P. Pratt</a> (1835–57)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_Johnson_(Mormon)" title="Luke Johnson (Mormon)">Luke Johnson</a> (1835–37)<a href="#cite_note-310">[3]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="William Smith (Latter Day Saints)">Wm. Smith</a> (1835–45)<a href="#cite_note-excommunication-309">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orson_Pratt" title="Orson Pratt">O. Pratt</a> (1835–81)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Boynton" title="John F. Boynton">Boynton</a> (1835–37)<a href="#cite_note-excommunication-309">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_E._Johnson" title="Lyman E. Johnson">L. E. Johnson</a> (1835–38)<a href="#cite_note-excommunication-309">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Page" title="John E. Page">Page</a> (1838–46)<a href="#cite_note-excommunication-309">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_(Mormon)" title="John Taylor (Mormon)">J. Taylor</a> (1838–87)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilford_Woodruff" title="Wilford Woodruff">W. Woodruff</a> (1839–98)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Smith" title="George A. Smith">G. A. Smith</a> (1839–75)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Richards" title="Willard Richards">W. Richards</a> (1840–54)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Wight" title="Lyman Wight">Wight</a> (1841–48)<a href="#cite_note-excommunication-309">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrum_Smith" title="Hyrum Smith">H. Smith</a> (1841–44)<a href="#cite_note-not12-308">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasa_Lyman" title="Amasa Lyman">A. M. Lyman</a> (1842–67)<a href="#cite_note-311">[4]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_T._Benson" title="Ezra T. Benson">Benson</a> (1846–69)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Rich" title="Charles C. Rich">Rich</a> (1849–83)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Snow" title="Lorenzo Snow">L. Snow</a> (1849–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erastus_Snow" title="Erastus Snow">E. Snow</a> (1849–88)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Richards_(Mormon_apostle)" title="Franklin D. Richards (Mormon apostle)">F. D. Richards</a> (1849–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedediah_M._Grant" title="Jedediah M. Grant">J. M. Grant</a> (1854–56)<a href="#cite_note-not12-308">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_H._Wells" title="Daniel H. Wells">Wells</a> (1857–91)<a href="#cite_note-not12-308">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Willard_Young" title="John Willard Young">J. W. Young</a> (1855–1924)<a href="#cite_note-not12-308">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Q._Cannon" title="George Q. Cannon">G. Q. Cannon</a> (1860–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Angell_Young" title="Joseph Angell Young">J. A. Young</a> (1864–75)<a href="#cite_note-not12-308">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_Jr." title="Brigham Young Jr.">B. Young Jr.</a> (1864–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_F._Smith" title="Joseph F. Smith">J. F. Smith Sr.</a> (1866–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Carrington" title="Albert Carrington">Carrington</a> (1870–85)<a href="#cite_note-excommunication-309">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Thatcher" title="Moses Thatcher">Thatcher</a> (1879–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_M._Lyman" title="Francis M. Lyman">F. M. Lyman</a> (1880–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Smith" title="John Henry Smith">J. H. Smith</a> (1880–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Teasdale" title="George Teasdale">Teasdale</a> (1882–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heber_J._Grant" title="Heber J. Grant">H. J. Grant</a> (1882–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Taylor_(Mormon)" title="John W. Taylor (Mormon)">J. W. Taylor</a> (1884–1911)<a href="#cite_note-excommunication-309">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriner_W._Merrill" title="Marriner W. Merrill">M. W. Merrill</a> (1889–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthon_H._Lund" title="Anthon H. Lund">Lund</a> (1889–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_H._Cannon" title="Abraham H. Cannon">A. H. Cannon</a> (1889–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_F._Cowley" title="Matthias F. Cowley">M. F. Cowley</a> (1897–1911)<a href="#cite_note-312">[5]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_O._Woodruff" title="Abraham O. Woodruff">A. O. Woodruff</a> (1897–1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudger_Clawson" title="Rudger Clawson">Clawson</a> (1898–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_Smoot" title="Reed Smoot">Smoot</a> (1900–41)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrum_M._Smith" title="Hyrum M. Smith">H. M. Smith</a> (1901–18)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Albert_Smith" title="George Albert Smith">G. A. Smith</a> (1903–51)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Penrose" title="Charles W. Penrose">Penrose</a> (1904–25)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Richards" title="George F. Richards">G. F. Richards</a> (1906–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orson_F._Whitney" title="Orson F. Whitney">Whitney</a> (1906–31)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_O._McKay" title="David O. McKay">McKay</a> (1906–70)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_W._Ivins" title="Anthony W. Ivins">Ivins</a> (1907–34)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fielding_Smith" title="Joseph Fielding Smith">J. F. Smith Jr.</a> (1910–72)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Talmage" title="James E. Talmage">Talmage</a> (1911–33)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_L_Richards" title="Stephen L Richards">S. L. Richards</a> (1917–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Lyman" title="Richard R. Lyman">R. R. Lyman</a> (1918–43)<a href="#cite_note-excommunication-309">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvin_J._Ballard" title="Melvin J. Ballard">M. J. Ballard</a> (1919–39)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Widtsoe" title="John A. Widtsoe">Widtsoe</a> (1921–52)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_F._Merrill" title="Joseph F. Merrill">J. F. Merrill</a> (1931–52)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Callis" title="Charles A. Callis">Callis</a> (1933–47)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Reuben_Clark" title="J. Reuben Clark">Clark</a> (1934–61)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonzo_A._Hinckley" title="Alonzo A. Hinckley">A. A. Hinckley</a> (1934–36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_E._Bowen" title="Albert E. Bowen">Bowen</a> (1937–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Q._Cannon" title="Sylvester Q. Cannon">S. Q. Cannon</a> (1938–43)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_B._Lee" title="Harold B. Lee">Lee</a> (1941–73)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_W._Kimball" title="Spencer W. Kimball">S. W. Kimball</a> (1943–85)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Taft_Benson" title="Ezra Taft Benson">Benson</a> (1943–94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_E._Petersen" title="Mark E. Petersen">Petersen</a> (1944–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Cowley" title="Matthew Cowley">M. Cowley</a> (1945–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_D._Moyle" title="Henry D. Moyle">Moyle</a> (1947–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delbert_L._Stapley" title="Delbert L. Stapley">Stapley</a> (1950–78)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_G._Romney" title="Marion G. Romney">Romney</a> (1951–88)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeGrand_Richards" title="LeGrand Richards">L. Richards</a> (1952–83)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_S._Bennion" title="Adam S. Bennion">Bennion</a> (1953–58)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_L._Evans" title="Richard L. Evans">Evans</a> (1953–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Q._Morris" title="George Q. Morris">Morris</a> (1954–62)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_B._Brown" title="Hugh B. Brown">Brown</a> (1958–75)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_W._Hunter" title="Howard W. Hunter">Hunter</a> (1959–95)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_B._Hinckley" title="Gordon B. Hinckley">G. B. Hinckley</a> (1961–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Eldon_Tanner" title="Nathan Eldon Tanner">Tanner</a> (1962–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Monson" title="Thomas S. Monson">Monson</a> (1963–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_R._Dyer" title="Alvin R. Dyer">Dyer</a> (1967–77)<a href="#cite_note-not12-308">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd_K._Packer" title="Boyd K. Packer">Packer</a> (1970–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_J._Ashton" title="Marvin J. Ashton">Ashton</a> (1971–94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_R._McConkie" title="Bruce R. McConkie">McConkie</a> (1972–85)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Tom_Perry" title="L. Tom Perry">Perry</a> (1974–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Haight" title="David B. Haight">Haight</a> (1976–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Faust" title="James E. Faust">Faust</a> (1978–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_A._Maxwell" title="Neal A. Maxwell">Maxwell</a> (1981–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_M._Nelson" title="Russell M. Nelson">Nelson</a> (1984–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallin_H._Oaks" title="Dallin H. Oaks">Oaks</a> (1984–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Russell_Ballard" title="M. Russell Ballard">M. R. Ballard</a> (1985–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Wirthlin" title="Joseph B. Wirthlin">Wirthlin</a> (1986–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Scott" title="Richard G. Scott">Scott</a> (1988–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._Hales" title="Robert D. Hales">Hales</a> (1994–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_R._Holland" title="Jeffrey R. Holland">Holland</a> (1994–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Eyring" title="Henry B. Eyring">Eyring</a> (1995–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_F._Uchtdorf" title="Dieter F. Uchtdorf">Uchtdorf</a> (2004–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_A._Bednar" title="David A. Bednar">Bednar</a> (2004–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quentin_L._Cook" title="Quentin L. Cook">Cook</a> (2007–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Todd_Christofferson" title="D. Todd Christofferson">Christofferson</a> (2008–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_L._Andersen" title="Neil L. Andersen">Andersen</a> (2009–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_A._Rasband" title="Ronald A. Rasband">Rasband</a> (2015–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_E._Stevenson" title="Gary E. Stevenson">Stevenson</a> (2015–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_G._Renlund" title="Dale G. Renlund">Renlund</a> (2015–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_W._Gong" title="Gerrit W. Gong">Gong</a> (2018–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulisses_Soares" title="Ulisses Soares">Soares</a> (2018–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Kearon" title="Patrick Kearon">Kearon</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Notes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Notes</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><div><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-not12-308">^ <a href="#cite_ref-not12_308-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-not12_308-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-not12_308-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-not12_308-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-not12_308-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-not12_308-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-not12_308-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-not12_308-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-not12_308-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-not12_308-9">j</a> Never a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. </li> <li id="cite_note-excommunication-309">^ <a href="#cite_ref-excommunication_309-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-excommunication_309-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-excommunication_309-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-excommunication_309-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-excommunication_309-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-excommunication_309-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-excommunication_309-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-excommunication_309-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-excommunication_309-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-excommunication_309-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-excommunication_309-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-excommunication_309-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-excommunication_309-12">m</a> Term ended by excommunication. </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> Term ended by resignation. </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> Term ended by removal of apostleship; was later excommunicated. </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> Term ended by suspension of priesthood. </li> </ol></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Council_of_Fifty_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LDScouncil50" title="Template:LDScouncil50"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LDScouncil50" title="Template talk:LDScouncil50"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LDScouncil50" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LDScouncil50"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Council_of_Fifty_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Council_of_Fifty_(LDS_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the Council of Fifty (LDS Church)">Members</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Fifty" title="Council of Fifty">Council of Fifty</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Adams" title="George J. Adams">Adams</a> (1844–45)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_W._Babbitt" title="Almon W. Babbitt">Babbitt</a> (1844–56)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Badlam" title="Alexander Badlam">Badlam</a> (1844–45, 1851–68)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_T._Benson" title="Ezra T. Benson">Benson</a> (1846–69)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bent" title="Samuel Bent">Bent</a> (1844–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton_Bernhisel" title="John Milton Bernhisel">Bernhisel</a> (1844–81)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bonney" title="Edward Bonney">Bonney</a> (1844–45)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uriah_Brown_(inventor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uriah Brown (inventor) (page does not exist)">Brown</a> (1844–45)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Budge" title="William Budge">Budge</a> (1882–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bullock_(Mormon)" title="Thomas Bullock (Mormon)">Bullock</a> (1846–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Burton" title="Robert T. Burton">Burton</a> (1867–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reynolds_Cahoon" title="Reynolds Cahoon">Cahoon</a> (1844–61)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Caine" title="John T. Caine">Caine</a> (1881–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_H._Cannon" title="Abraham H. Cannon">A. H. Cannon</a> (1884–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angus_M._Cannon" title="Angus M. Cannon">A. M. Cannon</a> (1880–1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Q._Cannon" title="George Q. Cannon">G. Q. Cannon</a> (1867–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Q._Cannon" title="John Q. Cannon">J. Q. Cannon</a> (1884–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Carrington" title="Albert Carrington">Carrington</a> (1845–89)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_B._Clawson" title="Hiram B. Clawson">Clawson</a> (1882–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Clayton_(Mormon)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Clayton (Mormon)">Clayton</a> (1844–79)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeter_Clinton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeter Clinton (page does not exist)">Clinton</a> (1867–92)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Cluff" title="William W. Cluff">Cluff</a> (1880–1915)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_W._Coolidge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph W. Coolidge (page does not exist)">Coolidge</a> (1844–48)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Van_Cott" title="John Van Cott">Cott</a> (1880–83)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpheus_Cutler" title="Alpheus Cutler">Cutler</a> (1844–49)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Dana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lewis Dana (page does not exist)">Dana</a> (1845–48)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Daniels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyrus Daniels (page does not exist)">Daniels</a> (1845–46)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Dunham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jonathan Dunham (page does not exist)">Dunham</a> (1845)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marenus_G._Eaton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marenus G. Eaton (page does not exist)">Eaton</a> (1844–45)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_S._Eldredge" title="Horace S. Eldredge">Eldredge</a> (1848–88)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Emmett" title="James Emmett">Emmett</a> (1844–45)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_W._Farnham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John W. Farnham (page does not exist)">Farnham</a> (1845–?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorin_Farr" title="Lorin Farr">Farr</a> (1880–1909)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amos_Fielding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amos Fielding (page does not exist)">A. Fielding</a> (1844–75)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fielding" title="Joseph Fielding">J. Fielding</a> (1844–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_R._Foster" title="Lucian R. Foster">Foster</a> (1845–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Fullmer" title="David Fullmer">D. Fullmer</a> (1845–79)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Fullmer" title="John S. Fullmer">J. S. Fullmer</a> (1845–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Gibbs" title="George F. Gibbs">Gibbs</a> (1882–1924)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_D._Grant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George D. Grant (page does not exist)">G. D. Grant</a> (1845–76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heber_J._Grant" title="Heber J. Grant">H. J. Grant</a> (1882–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedediah_M._Grant" title="Jedediah M. Grant">J. M. Grant</a> (1844–56)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Greene" title="John P. Greene">Greene</a> (1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_W._Hardy" title="Leonard W. Hardy">Hardy</a> (1882–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abram_Hatch" title="Abram Hatch">Hatch</a> (1883–1911)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Haws&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Haws (page does not exist)">Haws</a> (1844–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Heywood" title="Joseph L. Heywood">Heywood</a> (1848–82)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Davis_S._Hollister&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Davis S. Hollister (page does not exist)">Hollister</a> (1844–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Hooper" title="William Henry Hooper">Hooper</a> (1867–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hunter_(Mormon)" title="Edward Hunter (Mormon)">Hunter</a> (1867–83)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orson_Hyde" title="Orson Hyde">Hyde</a> (1844–78)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_James_(Latter_Day_Saints)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel James (Latter Day Saints) (page does not exist)">James</a> (1844–45)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_(mayor)" title="William Jennings (mayor)">Jennings</a> (1880–86)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Johnson" title="Benjamin F. Johnson">Johnson</a> (1844–1905)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_S._Kimball&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles S. Kimball (page does not exist)">C. S. Kimball</a> (1867–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Patten_Kimball" title="David Patten Kimball">D. P. Kimball</a> (1867–83)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heber_C._Kimball" title="Heber C. Kimball">H. C. Kimball</a> (1844–68)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heber_P._Kimball&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heber P. Kimball (page does not exist)">H. P. Kimball</a> (1867–85)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Layton" title="Christopher Layton">Layton</a> (1883–98)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Lee" title="John D. Lee">Lee</a> (1844–77)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feramorz_Little" title="Feramorz Little">Little</a> (1880–87)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_P._Lott" title="Cornelius P. Lott">Lott</a> (1844–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasa_Lyman" title="Amasa Lyman">A. M. Lyman</a> (1844–67)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_M._Lyman" title="Francis M. Lyman">F. M. Lyman</a> (1880–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Marks_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="William Marks (Latter Day Saints)">Marks</a> (1844–45)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Miller_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="George Miller (Latter Day Saints)">Miller</a> (1844–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Morley" title="Isaac Morley">Morley</a> (1845–65)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Murdock_(Mormon)" title="John R. Murdock (Mormon)">Murdock</a> (1880–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._John_Nuttall" title="L. John Nuttall">Nuttall</a> (1880–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pack" title="John Pack">Pack</a> (1845–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Page" title="John E. Page">Page</a> (1845–46)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_D._Parker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John D. Parker (page does not exist)">Parker</a> (1844–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Penrose" title="Charles W. Penrose">Penrose</a> (1882–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canute_Peterson" title="Canute Peterson">Peterson</a> (1882–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._W._Phelps_(Mormon)" title="W. W. Phelps (Mormon)">Phelps</a> (1844–72)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orson_Pratt" title="Orson Pratt">O. Pratt</a> (1844–81)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parley_P._Pratt" title="Parley P. Pratt">P. P. Pratt Sr.</a> (1844–57)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parley_P._Pratt_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parley P. Pratt Jr. (page does not exist)">P. P. Pratt Jr.</a> (1867–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Preston_(Mormon)" title="William B. Preston (Mormon)">Preston</a> (1880–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Reynolds_(Mormon)" title="George Reynolds (Mormon)">Reynolds</a> (1881–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Rich" title="Charles C. Rich">C. C. Rich</a> (1844–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_C._Rich" title="Joseph C. Rich">J. C. Rich</a> (1867–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Richards_(Mormon_apostle)" title="Franklin D. Richards (Mormon apostle)">F.D. Richards</a> (1849–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_S._Richards" title="Franklin S. Richards">F. S. Richards</a> (1880–1934)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heber_J._Richards&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heber J. Richards (page does not exist)">H. J. Richards</a> (1867–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Richards" title="Levi Richards">L. Richards</a> (1844–76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phinehas_Richards" title="Phinehas Richards">P. Richards</a> (1848–74)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Richards" title="Willard Richards">W. Richards</a> (1844–54)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Rigdon" title="Sidney Rigdon">Rigdon</a> (1844–45)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter_Rockwell" title="Porter Rockwell">Rockwell</a> (1844–78)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_P._Rockwood" title="Albert P. Rockwood">Rockwood</a> (1845–79)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadrach_Roundy" title="Shadrach Roundy">Roundy</a> (1845–72)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sharp_(Mormon)" title="John Sharp (Mormon)">Sharp</a> (1867–91)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Shumway" title="Charles Shumway">Shumway</a> (1845–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_W._Shurtliff" title="Lewis W. Shurtliff">Shurtliff</a> (1883–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Smith_(Mormon)" title="Elias Smith (Mormon)">E. Smith</a> (1844–88)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Smith" title="George A. Smith">G.A. Smith</a> (1844–75)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrum_Smith" title="Hyrum Smith">H. Smith</a> (1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(nephew_of_Joseph_Smith)" title="John Smith (nephew of Joseph Smith)">John Smith</a> (1880–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Smith" title="John Henry Smith">J. H. Smith</a> (1844–1911)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jos. Smith</a> (1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_F._Smith" title="Joseph F. Smith">J. F. Smith</a> (1867–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas_S._Smith" title="Silas S. Smith">S. S. Smith</a> (1880–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="William Smith (Latter Day Saints)">W. Smith</a> (1844–45)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Smith_(Utah_politician)" title="William R. Smith (Utah politician)">W. R. Smith</a> (1880–94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_O._Smoot" title="Abraham O. Smoot">Smoot</a> (1867–95)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erastus_Snow" title="Erastus Snow">E. Snow</a> (1844–88)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Snow" title="Lorenzo Snow">L. Snow</a> (1849–1901)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willard_Snow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willard Snow (page does not exist)">W. Snow</a> (1848–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Spencer_(Mormon)" title="Daniel Spencer (Mormon)">D. Spencer</a> (1845–68)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orson_Spencer" title="Orson Spencer">O. Spencer</a> (1844–55)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea_Stout" title="Hosea Stout">Stout</a> (1867–89)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_J._Taylor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George J. Taylor (page does not exist)">G. J. Taylor</a> (1867–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_(Mormon)" title="John Taylor (Mormon)">J. Taylor</a> (1844–87)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Taylor_(Mormon)" title="John W. Taylor (Mormon)">J. W. Taylor</a> (1884–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Taylor" title="William W. Taylor">W. W. Taylor</a> (1880–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Teasdale" title="George Teasdale">Teasdale</a> (1882–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Thatcher" title="Moses Thatcher">Thatcher</a> (1880–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Thayre" title="Ezra Thayre">Thayre</a> (1844–45)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Turley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodore Turley (page does not exist)">Turley</a> (1845–71)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorenzo_D._Wasson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lorenzo D. Wasson (page does not exist)">Wasson</a> (1844–45)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_H._Wells" title="Daniel H. Wells">D. H. Wells</a> (1848–91)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junius_F._Wells" title="Junius F. Wells">J. F. Wells</a> (1880–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newel_K._Whitney" title="Newel K. Whitney">Whitney</a> (1844–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Wight" title="Lyman Wight">Wight</a> (1844–45)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Winder" title="John R. Winder">Winder</a> (1881–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilford_Woodruff" title="Wilford Woodruff">Woodruff</a> (1844–98)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucien_Woodworth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucien Woodworth (page does not exist)">Woodworth</a> (1844–48)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_D._Yearsley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David D. Yearsley (page does not exist)">Yearsley</a> (1844–49)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">B. Young Sr.</a> (1844–77)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_Jr." title="Brigham Young Jr.">B. Young Jr.</a> (1867–1903)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_M._Young_(Mormon)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John M. Young (Mormon) (page does not exist)">John Young</a> (1849–70)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Willard_Young" title="John Willard Young">J. W. Young</a> (1867–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Young" title="Joseph Young">Jos. Young</a> (1845–81)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Angell_Young" title="Joseph Angell Young">J. A. Young</a> (1867–75)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phineas_Young" title="Phineas Young">P. Young</a> (1845–79)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_B._Young" title="Seymour B. Young">S. B. Young</a> (1884–1924)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LDSfirstpresidency" title="Template:LDSfirstpresidency"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LDSfirstpresidency" title="Template talk:LDSfirstpresidency"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LDSfirstpresidency" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LDSfirstpresidency"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="List of presidents of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Presidents</a> of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="List of presidents of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Presidents of the Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. Smith Jr.</a> (1830–44)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">B. Young Sr.</a> (1847–77)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_(Mormon)" title="John Taylor (Mormon)">Taylor</a> (1880–87)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilford_Woodruff" title="Wilford Woodruff">Woodruff</a> (1889–98)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Snow" title="Lorenzo Snow">Snow</a> (1898–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_F._Smith" title="Joseph F. Smith">J.F. Smith Sr.</a> (1901–18)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heber_J._Grant" title="Heber J. Grant">Grant</a> (1918–45)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Albert_Smith" title="George Albert Smith">G.A. Smith</a> (1945–51)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_O._McKay" title="David O. McKay">McKay</a> (1951–70)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fielding_Smith" title="Joseph Fielding Smith">J.F. Smith Jr.</a> (1970–72)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_B._Lee" title="Harold B. Lee">Lee</a> (1972–73)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_W._Kimball" title="Spencer W. Kimball">Kimball</a> (1973–85)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Taft_Benson" title="Ezra Taft Benson">Benson</a> (1985–94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_W._Hunter" title="Howard W. Hunter">Hunter</a> (1994–95)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_B._Hinckley" title="Gordon B. Hinckley">Hinckley</a> (1995–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Monson" title="Thomas S. Monson">Monson</a> (2008–18)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_M._Nelson" title="Russell M. Nelson">Nelson</a> (2018–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prophet-Presidents_of_the_Reorganized_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter_Day_Saints_(Community_of_Christ)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CoCfirstpresidency" title="Template:CoCfirstpresidency"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CoCfirstpresidency" title="Template talk:CoCfirstpresidency"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CoCfirstpresidency" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CoCfirstpresidency"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prophet-Presidents_of_the_Reorganized_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter_Day_Saints_(Community_of_Christ)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prophet-Presidents_of_the_Community_of_Christ" title="List of Prophet-Presidents of the Community of Christ">Prophet-Presidents</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Reorganized_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter_Day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints">Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints</a> (Community of Christ)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Succession_crisis_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)">Pre-succession crisis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="President" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Church#President" title="President of the Church">President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. Smith Jr.</a> (1830–44)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Community_of_Christ" title="History of the Community of Christ">Post reorganization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Prophet-Presidents" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Presidency_(Community_of_Christ)" title="First Presidency (Community of Christ)">Prophet-Presidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_III" title="Joseph Smith III">J. Smith III</a> (1860–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_M._Smith" title="Frederick M. Smith">F.M. Smith</a> (1915–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_A._Smith" title="Israel A. Smith">I.A. Smith</a> (1946–58)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Wallace_Smith" title="W. Wallace Smith">W.W. Smith</a> (1958–78)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_B._Smith" title="Wallace B. Smith">W.B. Smith</a> (1978–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Grant_McMurray" title="W. Grant McMurray">McMurray</a> (1996–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_M._Veazey" title="Stephen M. Veazey">Veazey</a> (2005–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latter-day_Saints" title="Template:Latter-day Saints"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latter-day_Saints" title="Template talk:Latter-day Saints"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latter-day_Saints" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latter-day Saints"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1838_Mormon_War" title="1838 Mormon War">1838 Mormon War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1890_Manifesto" title="1890 Manifesto">1890 Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthon_Transcript" title="Anthon Transcript">Anthon Transcript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)">Church of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vision" title="First Vision">First Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Neighbor_policy_(LDS_Church)" title="Good Neighbor policy (LDS Church)">Good Neighbor policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_sites_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="List of historic sites of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Historic sites</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Joseph Smith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Joseph_Smith" title="Killing of Joseph Smith">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_crisis_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)">Succession crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_Mormon_history" title="Timeline of LGBT Mormon history">LGBT Mormon timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_handcart_pioneers" title="Mormon handcart pioneers">Handcart companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_Battalion" title="Mormon Battalion">Mormon Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Name of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Name of the church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_pioneers" title="Mormon pioneers">Pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_violence" title="Mormonism and violence">Mormonism and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Securities_and_Exchange_Commission_charges_against_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_Ensign_Peak_Advisors" title="2023 Securities and Exchange Commission charges against the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and Ensign Peak Advisors">2023 SEC case</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_works" title="Standard works">Sacred texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LDS_edition_of_the_Bible" title="LDS edition of the Bible">Holy Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_and_Covenants" title="Doctrine and Covenants">Doctrine and Covenants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_of_Great_Price_(Mormonism)" title="Pearl of Great Price (Mormonism)">Pearl of Great Price</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Moses" title="Book of Moses">Book of Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Abraham" title="Book of Abraham">Book of Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith%E2%80%93Matthew" title="Joseph Smith–Matthew">Joseph Smith–Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith%E2%80%93History" title="Joseph Smith–History">Joseph Smith–History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Faith_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Articles of Faith (Latter Day Saints)">Articles of Faith</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beliefs_and_practices_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Beliefs and practices of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Beliefs and practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession_(LDS_Church)" title="Apostolic succession (LDS Church)">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Mormonism)" title="Restoration (Mormonism)">Apostasy and restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_calling#Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious calling">Calling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_cosmology" title="Mormon cosmology">Cosmology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve_in_Mormonism" title="Adam and Eve in Mormonism">Adam and Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_views_on_evolution" title="Mormon views on evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_of_salvation_in_Mormonism" title="Plan of salvation in Mormonism">Plan of salvation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_glory" title="Degrees of glory">Degrees of glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaltation_(Mormonism)" title="Exaltation (Mormonism)">Exaltation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premortal_life_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Premortal life (Latter Day Saints)">Premortal life</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Home_Evening" title="Family Home Evening">Family Home Evening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Sunday" title="Fast Sunday">Fast Sunday</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/For_the_Strength_of_Youth_(pamphlet)" title="For the Strength of Youth (pamphlet)">For the Strength of Youth</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_women" title="Mormonism and women">Gender</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Family:_A_Proclamation_to_the_World" title="The Family: A Proclamation to the World">Family Proclamation</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_minorities_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Gender minorities and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">God in Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Mother_(Mormonism)" title="Heavenly Mother (Mormonism)">Heavenly Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministering" title="Ministering">Ministering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Marriage in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_marriage" title="Celestial marriage">Celestial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Interracial marriage and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Interracial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_polygamy" title="Mormonism and polygamy">Polygamy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinance_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Ordinance (Latter Day Saints)">Ordinances</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_for_the_dead" title="Baptism for the dead">Baptism for the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealing_(Mormonism)" title="Sealing (Mormonism)">Marriage sealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_anointing" title="Second anointing">Second anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endowment_(Mormonism)" title="Endowment (Mormonism)">Temple endowment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_garment" title="Temple garment">Temple garment</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(LDS_Church)" title="Priesthood (LDS Church)">Priesthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_teachings_on_skin_color" title="Mormon teachings on skin color">Race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_and_Mormonism" title="Black people and Mormonism">Black people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mormons" title="Black Mormons">Black Mormons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_and_temple_and_priesthood_policies_in_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Black people and temple and priesthood policies in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Black temple and priesthood restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curses_of_Cain_and_Ham_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Curses of Cain and Ham and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Curses of Cain and Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_people_and_Mormonism" title="Native American people and Mormonism">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_Pacific_Islanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormonism and Pacific Islanders">Pacific Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_slavery" title="Mormonism and slavery">Slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_in_Mormonism" title="Revelation in Mormonism">Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Egyptian" title="Reformed Egyptian">Reformed Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Sexuality and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Views_on_birth_control_in_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Views on birth control in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_chastity" title="Law of chastity">Law of chastity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Homosexuality and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_change_efforts_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Sexual orientation change efforts and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Sexual orientation change efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_on_masturbation_in_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Views on masturbation in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Masturbation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soaking_(sexual_practice)" title="Soaking (sexual practice)">Soaking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_spectrums_of_orthodoxy_and_practice" title="Mormon spectrums of orthodoxy and practice">Spectrums of orthodoxy and practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_on_suicide_in_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Views on suicide in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithing_in_Mormonism" title="Tithing in Mormonism">Tithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_of_Wisdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Word of Wisdom">Word of Wisdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Culture of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Culture and worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saints_in_popular_culture" title="Latter Day Saints in popular culture">Cultural depictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Especially_for_Youth" title="Especially for Youth">Especially for Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LDS_Family_Services" title="LDS Family Services">Family Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_cinema" title="Mormon cinema">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="List of films of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_foodways" title="Mormon foodways">Foodways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Conference_(LDS_Church)" title="General Conference (LDS Church)">General Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_Helping_Hands" title="Mormon Helping Hands">Helping Hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LDS_Humanitarian_Services" title="LDS Humanitarian Services">Humanitarian services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymns_in_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Hymns in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Hymns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hymns_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_(1985_book)" title="Hymns of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (1985 book)">Book</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter-day_Saints_Channel" title="Latter-day Saints Channel">Latter-day Saints Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liahona_(magazine)" title="Liahona (magazine)">Liahona magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_missionary" title="Mormon missionary">Missionary service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_music" title="Mormon music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pageants_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="List of pageants of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Pageants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Day" title="Pioneer Day">Pioneer Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle_(LDS_Church)" title="Tabernacle (LDS Church)">Tabernacles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle_Choir" title="Tabernacle Choir">Tabernacle Choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_(LDS_Church)" title="Temple (LDS Church)">Temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_temples_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="List of temples of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship_services_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Worship services of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Worship services</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_(LDS_Church)" title="Sacrament (LDS Church)">Sacrament</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/General_authority" title="General authority">Leadership</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Church_(LDS_Church)" title="President of the Church (LDS Church)">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russell_M._Nelson" title="Russell M. Nelson">Russell M. Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="List of presidents of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Presidency_(LDS_Church)" title="First Presidency (LDS Church)">First Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quorum_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_(LDS_Church)" title="Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)">Quorum of the Twelve Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_(LDS_Church)" title="Seventy (LDS Church)">Quorums of the Seventy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presiding_Bishop_(LDS_Church)" title="Presiding Bishop (LDS Church)">Presiding Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_Society" title="Relief Society">Relief Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunday_School_(LDS_Church)" title="Sunday School (LDS Church)">Sunday School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Women_(organization)" title="Young Women (organization)">Young Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Men_(organization)" title="Young Men (organization)">Young Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_(LDS_Church)" title="Primary (LDS Church)">Primary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Demographics of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Membership_history_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Membership history of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Membership history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membership_statistics_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Membership statistics of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Statistics by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_corridor" title="Mormon corridor">Mormon corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Less-active_Mormon" title="Less-active Mormon">Less-active Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-Mormon" title="Ex-Mormon">Ex-Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_Mormon_people_and_organizations" title="LGBT Mormon people and organizations">LGBT Mormons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Congregational <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_(LDS_Church)" title="Area (LDS Church)">Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_(LDS_Church)" title="District (LDS Church)">District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stake_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Stake (Latter Day Saints)">Stake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_(LDS_Church)" title="Ward (LDS Church)">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membership_statistics_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints#Congregations" title="Membership statistics of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Statistics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Educational_System" title="Church Educational System">Church Educational System</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">BYU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University%E2%80%93Idaho" title="Brigham Young University–Idaho">BYU-Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University%E2%80%93Hawaii" title="Brigham Young University–Hawaii">BYU-Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BYU%E2%80%93Pathway_Worldwide" title="BYU–Pathway Worldwide">BYU–Pathway Worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensign_College" title="Ensign College">Ensign College</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_Management_Corporation" title="Deseret Management Corporation">Deseret Management Corporation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_Book_Company" title="Deseret Book Company">Deseret Book Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_Industries" title="Deseret Industries">Deseret Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_Digital_Media" title="Deseret Digital Media">Deseret Digital Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Square_Hospitality" title="Temple Square Hospitality">Temple Square Hospitality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_News_Publishing_Company" title="Deseret News Publishing Company">Deseret News Publishing Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonneville_International" title="Bonneville International">Bonneville International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beneficial_Financial_Group" title="Beneficial Financial Group">Beneficial Financial Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FamilySearch" title="FamilySearch">FamilySearch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RootsTech" title="RootsTech">RootsTech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philanthropies" title="Philanthropies">Philanthropies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finances_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Finances of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Finances</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ensign_Peak_Advisors" title="Ensign Peak Advisors">Ensign Peak Advisors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Emigration_Fund" title="Perpetual Emigration Fund">Perpetual Emigration Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Education_Fund" title="Perpetual Education Fund">Perpetual Education Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Property_Management_Associates" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah Property Management Associates">Utah Property Management Associates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AgReserves" title="AgReserves">AgReserves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_Ranches" title="Deseret Ranches">Deseret Ranches</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Criticism of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Criticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">Anti-Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Book_of_Abraham" title="Criticism of the Book of Abraham">Book of Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Criticism of the Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_and_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Archaeology and the Book of Mormon">Archeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics_and_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Genetics and the Book of Mormon">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_Book_of_Mormon_geographical_setting" title="Proposed Book of Mormon geographical setting">Geographical setting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Historicity of the Book of Mormon">Historical authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics_and_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Linguistics and the Book of Mormon">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Origin of the Book of Mormon">Origin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fawn_M._Brodie" title="Fawn M. Brodie">Fawn M. Brodie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/No_Man_Knows_My_History" title="No Man Knows My History">No Man Knows My History: The Life of Joseph Smith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Research_Institute" title="Christian Research Institute">Christian Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Decker" title="Ed Decker">Ed Decker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_God_Makers" title="The God Makers">The God Makers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dehlin" title="John Dehlin">John Dehlin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_Stories_Podcast" title="Mormon Stories Podcast">Mormon Stories Podcast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Runnells" title="Jeremy Runnells">Jeremy Runnells</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CES_Letter" title="CES Letter">CES Letter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinderhook_plates" title="Kinderhook plates">Kinderhook plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamander_letter" title="Salamander letter">Salamander letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_Six" title="September Six">September Six</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerald_and_Sandra_Tanner" title="Jerald and Sandra Tanner">Jerald and Sandra Tanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_%26_Transparency_Foundation" title="Truth & Transparency Foundation">Truth & Transparency Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Category:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_blogosphere" title="Mormon blogosphere">Bloggernacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ComeUntoChrist.org" title="ComeUntoChrist.org">ComeUntoChrist.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Book_of_Mormon_translations" title="List of Book of Mormon translations">List of Book of Mormon translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Translation_of_the_Bible" title="Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible">Joseph Smith Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Joseph_Smith_Papers" title="The Joseph Smith Papers">The Joseph Smith Papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue:_A_Journal_of_Mormon_Thought" title="Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought">Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAIR_(Mormon_apologetics_organization)" title="FAIR (Mormon apologetics organization)">FAIR organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Ancient_Research_and_Mormon_Studies" title="Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies">FARMS organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%27m_a_Mormon" title="I'm a Mormon">I'm a Mormon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_Mormon_suicides" title="LGBT Mormon suicides">LGBT Mormon suicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_fundamentalism" title="Mormon fundamentalism">Mormon fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_History_Association" title="Mormon History Association">Mormon History Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_studies" title="Mormon studies">Mormon studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_Nicene_Christianity" title="Mormonism and Nicene Christianity">Mormonism and Nicene Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States">Relationship to U.S. politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="LGBT rights and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senkyoshigo" title="Senkyoshigo">Senkyoshigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunstone_(magazine)" title="Sunstone (magazine)">Sunstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Papyri" title="Joseph Smith Papyri">Joseph Smith Papyri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eyewitness_accounts_associated_with_the_Joseph_Smith_Papyri" title="Eyewitness accounts associated with the Joseph Smith Papyri">Eyewitnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtland_Egyptian_papers" title="Kirtland Egyptian papers">Kirtland Egyptian papers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /><a href="/wiki/Category:The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Category:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Portal:Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint Movement</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Outline of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/21233590">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1801593/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwhvhQH7QQXcTWMQrjt8C">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118927132">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79006976">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11984773m">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11984773m">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00526290">Japan</a></li><li>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/BCTV016807">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35506960">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20010525382&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1252174">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/106128">Portugal</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1293561">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068654405">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90728582">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000249550&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000185892&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000038712">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC202247633">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/xv8cgk9g15z35vw">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810673886105606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/102067">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007590438205171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058614501906706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14247359">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05125273?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500288303">ULAN</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/978125">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118927132.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118927132">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027906523">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w61c1xz1">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg/21px-Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg/32px-Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg/42px-Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Portal:Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Joseph Smith at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith,_Jr." class="extiw" title="c:Joseph Smith, Jr.">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith,_Jr." class="extiw" title="q:Joseph Smith, Jr.">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Joseph_Smith_(1805-1844)" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Joseph Smith (1805-1844)">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47102" class="extiw" title="d:Q47102">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Smith&oldid=1258721062">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Smith&oldid=1258721062</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Joseph_Smith" title="Category:Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religious_leaders_from_Illinois" title="Category:Religious leaders from Illinois">Religious leaders from Illinois</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1805_births" title="Category:1805 births">1805 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1844_deaths" title="Category:1844 deaths">1844 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_American_male_writers" title="Category:19th-century American male writers">19th-century American male writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_American_non-fiction_writers" title="Category:19th-century American non-fiction writers">19th-century American non-fiction writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_apocalypticists" title="Category:19th-century apocalypticists">19th-century apocalypticists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_Christian_mystics" title="Category:19th-century Christian mystics">19th-century Christian mystics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politicians_assassinated_in_the_1840s" title="Category:Politicians assassinated in the 1840s">Politicians assassinated in the 1840s</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abolitionists_from_Illinois" title="Category:Abolitionists from Illinois">Abolitionists from Illinois</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_city_founders" title="Category:American city founders">American city founders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_faith_healers" title="Category:American faith healers">American faith healers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_founders" title="Category:American founders">American founders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_Freemasons" title="Category:American Freemasons">American Freemasons</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_Latter_Day_Saint_leaders" title="Category:American Latter Day Saint leaders">American Latter Day Saint leaders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_Latter_Day_Saint_missionaries" title="Category:American Latter Day Saint missionaries">American Latter Day Saint missionaries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_male_non-fiction_writers" title="Category:American male non-fiction writers">American male non-fiction writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_militia_generals" title="Category:American militia generals">American militia generals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_murder_victims" title="Category:American murder victims">American murder victims</a></li><li><a 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