JAMA Surgery Statistics and Methods | JAMA Surgery

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{font-size:40px;} .jn-statistics-and-methods .intro-and-quick-links + p {font-size:20px;} .jn-statistics-and-methods .modular-cards.padded {margin-bottom:3em;} .jn-statistics-and-methods .modular-cards.padded li {justify-content:space-between;width:32%;} .jn-statistics-and-methods .card-content {flex-direction: column;margin-bottom:0;} .jn-statistics-and-methods .modular-cards.padded .card-body {margin:0 0 26px 0;} .jn-statistics-and-methods .modular-cards.padded .card-body a {margin-bottom:24px;} .jn-statistics-and-methods .modular-cards.padded .cta {text-align: center;} } @media only screen and (min-width: 1440px) { .quick-links {padding:0;} .jn-statistics-and-methods .jumbotron {padding:60px 0 75px;} .jn-statistics-and-methods .jumbo-text h1 {font-size:44px;} .jn-statistics-and-methods .intro-and-quick-links + p {font-size:26px;margin-bottom:2em;} .jn-statistics-and-methods .see-all {font-size:20px;} } </style>  <div class="journal-name-container jn-statistics-and-methods">  <div class="jumbotron" id="top"> <div class="modular-content"> <div class="jumbo-text"> <h1><span>JAMA Surgery</span>Guide to Statistics and Methods</h1> </div> </div> </div>   <div> <div class="modular-content"> <div class="intro-and-quick-links"> <div class="intro"> <p> Read this ongoing series from <em>JAMA Surgery</em> for practical guidance on statistics and research methods. </p> </div> <div class="quick-links"> <ul> <li> <span>Quick Links</span> </li> <li> <a href="#practical-guide-to-surgical-education">Practical Guide to Surgical Education Research (2024)</a> </li> <li> <a href="#randomized-clinical-trials-in-surgery">Randomized Clinical Trials in Surgery (2022)</a> </li> <li> <a href="#reporting-guidelines">REPORTING GUIDELINES (2021)</a> </li> <li> <a href="#health-services-research-methodologies">HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES (2020)</a> </li> <li> <a href="#practical-guide-to-surgical-data-sets">PRACTICAL GUIDE TO SURGICAL DATA SETS (2018) </a> </li>  </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div>   <div> <div class="modular-content"> <div class="modular-section"> <div class="id-offset" id="practical-guide-to-surgical-education"> <h2>Practical Guide to Surgical Education Research</h2> <ul class="modular-cards padded"> <li> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2813499" target="_blank">Improving the Integrity of Surgical Education Scholarship</a> <p>Cochran A, Stefanidis D, Kibbe MR</p> </div> </div> <div class="cta"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2813499" target="_blank">Go To Article</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2813498" target="_blank">Practical Guide to Common Flaws With Surgical Education Research</a> <p>Stefanidis D, Torbeck L, Kaji AH</p> </div> </div> <div class="cta"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2813498" target="_blank">Go To Article</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2813497" target="_blank">Practical Guide to Survey Research in Surgical Education</a> <p>Alseidi AA, Haukoos JS, de Virgilio C</p> </div> </div> <div class="cta"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2813497" target="_blank">Go To Article</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2813496" target="_blank">Practical Guide to Qualitative Research in Surgical Education</a> <p>Sandhu G, Kaji AH, Cochran A</p> </div> </div> <div class="cta"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2813496" target="_blank">Go To Article</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2813495" target="_blank">Practical Guide to Surgical Simulation Research</a> <p>Gardner AK, Kaji AH, Boermeester M</p> </div> </div> <div class="cta"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2813495" target="_blank">Go To Article</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2813494" target="_blank">Practical Guide to Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence in Surgical Education Research</a> <p>Hashimoto DA, Varas J, Schwartz TA</p> </div> </div> <div class="cta"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2813494" target="_blank">Go To Article</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2813493" target="_blank">Practical Guide to Pragmatic Clinical Trials in Surgical Education Research</a> <p>Bilimoria KY, Haukoos JS, Doherty GM</p> </div> </div> <div class="cta"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2813493" target="_blank">Go To Article</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2813492" target="_blank">Practical Guide to Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Research in Surgical Education</a> <p>Phitayakorn R, Schwartz TA, Doherty GM</p> </div> </div> <div class="cta"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2813492" target="_blank">Go To Article</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2813491" target="_blank">Practical Guide to Assessment Tool Development for Surgical Education Research</a> <p>Shabahang MM, Schwartz TA, Feldman LS</p> </div> </div> <div class="cta"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2813491" target="_blank">Go To Article</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2813490" target="_blank">Practical Guide to Curricular Development Research</a> <p>Pei KY, Schwartz TA, Boermeester MA</p> </div> </div> <div class="cta"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2813490" target="_blank">Go To Article</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2813489" target="_blank">Practical Guide to Education Program Evaluation Research</a> <p>de Moya M, Haukoos JS, Itani KMF</p> </div> </div> <div class="cta"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2813489" target="_blank">Go To Article</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2813488" target="_blank">Practical Guide to Ethics in Surgical Education Research</a> <p>Awad MM, Kaji AH, Pawlik TM</p> </div> </div> <div class="cta"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2813488" target="_blank">Go To Article</a> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="back-to-top"> <a href="#top">Back to top</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div> <div class="modular-content"> <div class="modular-section"> <div class="id-offset" id="randomized-clinical-trials-in-surgery"> <h2>Randomized Clinical Trials in Surgery</h2> <ul class="modular-cards padded"> <li> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2797688" target="_blank">Practical Guide to Designing a Clinical Trial in Surgery</a> <p>Kougias P, Kaji AH, Boermeester M</p> </div> </div> <div class="cta"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2797688" target="_blank">Go To Article</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2797686" target="_blank">Practical Guide to Design Choice of Randomized Clinical Trials in Surgery</a> <p>Dijkgraaf MGW, Haukoos J, Itani KMF</p> </div> </div> <div class="cta"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2797686" target="_blank">Go To Article</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2797687" target="_blank">Practical Guide to Recruitment of Participants for Surgical Clinical Trials</a> <p>Newman LA, Schwartz TA, Boermeester M</p> </div> </div> <div class="cta"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2797687" target="_blank">Go To Article</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2797685" target="_blank">Practical Guide to Statistical Considerations in Clinical Trials in Surgery</a> <p>de Jonge SW, Kaji AH, Itani KMF</p> </div> </div> <div class="cta"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2797685" target="_blank">Go To Article</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2797683" target="_blank">Practical Guide to Quality Control in Surgical Trials</a> <p>Kim LT, Kaji AH, Salminen P</p> </div> </div> <div class="cta"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2797683" target="_blank">Go To Article</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2797682" target="_blank">Practical Guide to Surgical Clinical Trial Implementation, Oversight, and Regulatory Aspects</a> <p>Fleshman J, Haukoos J, Salminen P</p> </div> </div> <div class="cta"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2797682" target="_blank">Go To Article</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2797681" target="_blank">Practical Guide to Adjuncts to Clinical Trials in Surgery</a> <p>Fong Y, Haukoos J, Zuckerbraun BS</p> </div> </div> <div class="cta"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2797681" target="_blank">Go To Article</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2797684" target="_blank">Practical Guide to Ethical Considerations in Clinical Trials in Surgery</a> <p>Pawlik TM, Schwartz TA, Itani KMF</p> </div> </div> <div class="cta"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2797684" target="_blank">Go To Article</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2797680" target="_blank">Practical Guide to Budgeting and Funding a Clinical Trial in Surgery</a> <p>Lazar EL, Schwartz TA, Zuckerbraun BS</p> </div> </div> <div class="cta"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2797680" target="_blank">Go To Article</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2797679" target="_blank">Practical Guide to Clinical Trial Publication</a> <p>Winter DC, Haukoos J, Salminen P</p> </div> </div> <div class="cta"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2797679" target="_blank">Go To Article</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2797689" target="_blank">Clinical Trials Design, Scientific Rigor, and Higher-Level Evidence in Surgery</a> <p>Itani KMF, Kibbe MR</p> </div> </div> <div class="cta"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2797689" target="_blank">Go To Editorial</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="https://edhub.ama-assn.org/jn-learning/audio-player/18732903" target="_blank">Author Interview: Clinical Trials Design, Scientific Rigor, and Higher-Level Evidence in Surgery</a> <p>Itani KMF, Cochran A</p> </div> </div> <div class="cta"> <a href="https://edhub.ama-assn.org/jn-learning/audio-player/18732903" target="_blank">Go To Audio</a> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="back-to-top"> <a href="#top">Back to top</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div> <div class="modular-content"> <div class="modular-section"> <div class="id-offset" id="reporting-guidelines"> <h2>Reporting Guidelines</h2> <ul class="modular-cards padded"> <li> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/10.1001/jamasurg.2021.0522" target="_blank">MOOSE Reporting Guidelines for Meta-analyses of Observational Studies</a> <p>Brooke BS, Schwartz TA, Pawlik TM</p> </div> </div> <div class="cta"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/10.1001/jamasurg.2021.0522" target="_blank">Go To Article</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/10.1001/jamasurg.2021.0525" target="_blank">SRQR and COREQ Reporting Guidelines for Qualitative Studies</a> <p>Dossett LA, Kaji AH, Cochran A</p> </div> </div> <div class="cta"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/10.1001/jamasurg.2021.0525" target="_blank">Go To Article</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/10.1001/jamasurg.2021.0528" target="_blank">STROBE Reporting Guidelines for Observational Studies</a> <p>Ghaferi AA, Schwartz TA, Pawlik TM</p> </div> </div> <div class="cta"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/10.1001/jamasurg.2021.0528" target="_blank">Go To Article</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/10.1001/jamasurg.2021.0531" target="_blank">SQUIRE Reporting Guidelines for Quality Improvement Studies</a> <p>Kelz RR, Schwartz TA, Haut ER</p> </div> </div> <div class="cta"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/10.1001/jamasurg.2021.0531" target="_blank">Go To Article</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/10.1001/jamasurg.2021.0534" target="_blank">ISPOR Reporting Guidelines for Comparative Effectiveness Research</a> <p>Massarweh NN, Haukoos JS, Ghaferi AA</p> </div> </div> <div class="cta"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/10.1001/jamasurg.2021.0534" target="_blank">Go To Article</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/10.1001/jamasurg.2021.0537" target="_blank">TRIPOD Reporting Guidelines for Diagnostic and Prognostic Studies</a> <p>Patzer RE, Kaji AH, Fong Y</p> </div> </div> <div class="cta"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/10.1001/jamasurg.2021.0537" target="_blank">Go To Article</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/10.1001/jamasurg.2021.0540" target="_blank">CHEERS Reporting Guidelines for Economic Evaluations</a> <p>Fayanju OM, Haukoos JS, Tseng JF</p> </div> </div> <div class="cta"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/10.1001/jamasurg.2021.0540" target="_blank">Go To Article</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/10.1001/jamasurg.2021.0543" target="_blank">AAPOR Reporting Guidelines for Survey Studies</a> <p>Pitt SC, Schwartz TA, Chu D</p> </div> </div> <div class="cta"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/10.1001/jamasurg.2021.0543" target="_blank">Go To Article</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/10.1001/jamasurg.2021.0546" target="_blank">PRISMA Reporting Guidelines for Meta-analyses and Systematic Reviews</a> <p>Arya S, Kaji AH, Boermeester MA</p> </div> </div> <div class="cta"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/10.1001/jamasurg.2021.0546" target="_blank">Go To Article</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/10.1001/jamasurg.2021.0549" target="_blank">The CONSORT Framework</a> <p>Merkow RP, Kaji AH, Itani KMF</p> </div> </div> <div class="cta"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/10.1001/jamasurg.2021.0549" target="_blank">Go To Article</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/10.1001/jamasurg.2021.0552" target="_blank">TREND Reporting Guidelines for Nonrandomized/Quasi-Experimental Study Designs</a> <p>Haynes AB, Haukoos JS, Dimick JB</p> </div> </div> <div class="cta"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/10.1001/jamasurg.2021.0552" target="_blank">Go To Article</a> </div> </li> <li class="filler"> <br> </li> </ul> <div class="back-to-top"> <a href="#top">Back to top</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div> <div class="modular-content"> <div class="modular-section"> <div class="id-offset" id="health-services-research-methodologies"> <h2>Health Services Research Methodologies</h2> <ul class="modular-cards padded"> <li> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/10.1001/jamasurg.2019.4385" target="_blank">Practical Guide to Qualitative Analysis</a> <p>Schwarze ML, Kaji AH, Ghaferi AA</p> </div> </div> <div class="cta"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/10.1001/jamasurg.2019.4385" target="_blank">Go To Article</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/10.1001/jamasurg.2019.4388" target="_blank">Practical Guide to Mixed Methods</a> <p>Dossett LA, Kaji AH, Dimick JB</p> </div> </div> <div class="cta"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/10.1001/jamasurg.2019.4388" target="_blank">Go To Article</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/10.1001/jamasurg.2019.4392" target="_blank">Practical Guide to Cost-effectiveness Analysis</a> <p>Brooke BS, Kaji AH, Itani KMF</p> </div> </div> <div class="cta"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/10.1001/jamasurg.2019.4392" target="_blank">Go To Article</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/10.1001/jamasurg.2019.4395" target="_blank">Practical Guide to Comparative Effectiveness Research Using Observational Data</a> <p>Merkow RP, Schwartz TA, Nathens AB</p> </div> </div> <div class="cta"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/10.1001/jamasurg.2019.4395" target="_blank">Go To Article</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/10.1001/jamasurg.2019.4398" target="_blank">Practical Guide to Health Policy Evaluation Using Observational Data</a> <p>Scott JW, Schwartz TA, Dimick JB</p> </div> </div> <div class="cta"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/10.1001/jamasurg.2019.4398" target="_blank">Go To Article</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/10.1001/jamasurg.2019.4401" target="_blank">Practical Guide to Survey Research</a> <p>Brasel K, Haider A, Haukoos J</p> </div> </div> <div class="cta"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/10.1001/jamasurg.2019.4401" target="_blank">Go To Article</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/10.1001/jamasurg.2019.4523" target="_blank">Practical Guide to Meta-analysis</a> <p>Arya S, Schwartz TA, Ghaferi AA</p> </div> </div> <div class="cta"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/10.1001/jamasurg.2019.4523" target="_blank">Go To Article</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/10.1001/jamasurg.2019.4526" target="_blank">Practical Guide to Assessment of Patient-Reported Outcomes</a> <p>Davidson GH, Haukoos JS, Feldman LS</p> </div> </div> <div class="cta"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/10.1001/jamasurg.2019.4526" target="_blank">Go To Article</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/10.1001/jamasurg.2019.5149" target="_blank">Practical Guide to Implementation Science</a> <p>Neuman HB, Kaji AH, Haut ER</p> </div> </div> <div class="cta"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/10.1001/jamasurg.2019.5149" target="_blank">Go To Article</a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/10.1001/jamasurg.2019.5377" target="_blank">Practical Guide to Decision Analysis</a> <p>Segev DL, Haukoos JS, Pawlik TM</p> </div> </div> <div class="cta"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/10.1001/jamasurg.2019.5377" target="_blank">Go To Article</a> </div> </li> <li class="filler"> <br> </li> </ul> <div class="back-to-top"> <a href="#top">Back to top</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div> <div class="modular-content"> <div class="modular-section"> <div class="id-offset" id="practical-guide-to-surgical-data-sets"> <h2>Practical Guide to Surgical Data Sets </h2> <ul class="modular-cards padded"> <li> <div class="card-content"> <div class="card-body"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2677717" target="_blank">Practical Guide to Surgical Data Sets: Military Health System Tricare Encounter Data</a> <p>Schoenfeld AJ, Kaji AH, Haider AH</p> </div> </div> <div class="cta"> <a href="/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2677717" 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