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} pianoUpdateSalutation(config, data, salutationField, forceReload); }, formName: 'salutation_form' }); }]); window.tp.push(['addHandler', 'checkoutCustomEvent', event => { if (window.nzzDebugPiano) { console.log('##piano## onCheckoutExternalEvent'); } const params = JSON.parse(event.params.params); if (event.eventName === 'purchaseCustom' && params.pmId == 'inbas') { if (window.nzzDebugPiano) { console.log('##piano## onCheckoutExternalEvent: Invoice payments'); } fetch(config.handlerUrl + new URLSearchParams({ aid: window.tp.aid, uid: window.tp.pianoId.getUser().uid, form_id: config.CEEvent.formName, custom_fields: JSON.stringify(config.CEEvent.params) }), { method: 'POST', headers: { 'Authorization': window.tp.pianoId.getToken(), 'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=UTF-8' } }); } else if (event.eventName == 'purchaseCustom' && params.pmId == 'inbaf') { if (window.nzzDebugPiano) { console.log('##piano## onCheckoutExternalEvent: inbaf'); } fetch(config.handlerUrl + new 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class="icon--pro-nzz nzz-icons--icon"><path pid="0" d="M0 8a8 8 0 018-8h12.93a8 8 0 110 16H8a8 8 0 01-8-8z" fill="#121212"/><path pid="1" d="M20.81 11.8c-1.845 0-3.124-1.048-3.124-2.778s1.28-2.778 3.124-2.778c1.856 0 3.124 1.048 3.124 2.778S22.666 11.8 20.81 11.8zm-1.74-2.778c0 1.153.67 1.793 1.74 1.793 1.08 0 1.75-.64 1.75-1.793 0-1.164-.67-1.793-1.75-1.793-1.07 0-1.74.63-1.74 1.793zm-4.188-1.237c.272-.912.975-1.52 1.95-1.52.157 0 .262 0 .377.021v1.248a2.623 2.623 0 00-.42-.032c-.607 0-1.006.168-1.289.45-.409.41-.514 1.007-.514 1.636v2.055h-1.33V6.4h1.226v1.384zm-7.446 3.858H6V4.2h3.774c1.667 0 2.725.902 2.725 2.317 0 1.457-1.09 2.38-2.799 2.38H7.436v2.746zm0-3.816H9.48c.944 0 1.52-.482 1.52-1.279 0-.797-.566-1.268-1.51-1.268H7.437v2.547z" fill="#fff"/></svg></div></div> <h1 class="headline__title"> <span>Russlands Trunksucht: Wodka hält die Wirtschaft am Laufen – und macht die Wirklichkeit erträglicher</span></h1></div></div> <div class="headline__inner"><p class="headline__lead">Wodka hält neben den Rohstoffen Erdöl und Erdgas die russische Matrix zusammen. Was vor 500 Jahren unter den Zaren begann und mit Gorbatschow eine kurze Unterbrechung erfuhr, hat bis heute nicht aufgehört.</p> <div class="progressbar__wrapper"><div class="progressbar"><div class="progressbar__line"><div class="progressbar__line--fill" style="transform:translateX(-100%);"></div></div></div></div> <div class="headline__meta"> <div class="metainfo metainfo--content"><span class="metainfo__item metainfo__item--author">Sonja Margolina</span>    <span class="metainfo__item metainfo__item--date"><time datetime="2024-11-27T04:30:00.000Z"> 27.11.2024, 05.30 Uhr </time> <span data-tooltip="Lesezeit 7 min" class="metainfo__item--reading-time"><svg version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="reading-time__icon nzz-icons--small nzz-icons--icon nzz-icons--fill"><path stroke="currentColor" fill="none" pid="0" fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-linecap="round" _stroke-linejoin="round" d="M11.77 7.39v5.62l3.8 1.32"/><circle stroke="currentColor" fill="none" pid="1" cx="12" cy="12" r="8.5" fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-linecap="round" _stroke-linejoin="round"/></svg> <span>7 min</span></span></span></div> <div class="headline__meta-extra"><div class="actionbar actionbar--header"> <div class="actionbar__item"><button class="actionbar__button button actionbar__button--header"><svg version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="nzz-icons--icon nzz-icons--fill"><path pid="0" d="M20.5 14.13h-2.84c-.55 0-1 .45-1 1v4.38c0 .55.45 1 1 1h1.84c.55 0 1-.45 1-1V12c0-4.69-3.81-8.5-8.5-8.5h0c-4.69 0-8.5 3.81-8.5 8.5v7.5c0 .55.45 1 1 1h1.84c.55 0 1-.45 1-1v-4.38c0-.55-.45-1-1-1H3.5" fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/><path pid="1" d="M13.86 17.54c.18-.11.18-.3 0-.42l-3.53-2.24c-.18-.11-.33-.02-.33.2v4.5c0 .22.15.32.33.2l3.53-2.24z" fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/></svg> <span class="actionbar__label">Hören</span></button></div>  <div class="actionbar__item actionbar__item--print"><div class="actionbar__button actionbar__button--header"><svg version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="nzz-icons--icon nzz-icons--fill"><path pid="0" d="M7 16.81H4.5c-.55 0-1-.45-1-1v-7c0-.55.45-1 1-1h15c.55 0 1 .45 1 1v7c0 .55-.45 1-1 1H17" fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-linejoin="round"/><path pid="1" d="M7 7.81V3.5c0-.55.45-1 1-1h8c.55 0 1 .45 1 1v4.31" fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-linejoin="round"/><path pid="2" d="M17 14v6.5c0 .55-.45 1-1 1H8c-.55 0-1-.45-1-1V14h10z" fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/><path pid="3" fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M14.34 18.95l-1.15.69-1.18-.7-1.18.7-1.17-.7m4.68-2.47l-1.15.69-1.18-.7-1.18.7-1.17-.7M5.3 9.5h1"/></svg> <span class="actionbar__label">Drucken</span></div></div> <div class="actionbar__item share" style="position:relative;"><div class="contextmenu-closed"><div class="actionbar__button actionbar__button--header"><svg version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="nzz-icons--icon nzz-icons--fill"><path pid="0" d="M13.73 17.7c0 .58.34.73.75.34l6.71-6.44c.41-.4.41-1.04 0-1.44l-6.71-6.44c-.41-.4-.75-.24-.75.34v3.25c-6.2 0-11.23 3.59-11.23 9.98 0 1.12.15 2.19.44 3.22 1.35-4.83 5.67-6.04 10.8-6.04v3.24z" fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/></svg> <span class="actionbar__label">Teilen</span></div></div>  <div data-nzz-tid="contextmenu-overlay" class="overlay--container"> </div></div> </div></div></div></div></div><figure id="id-doc-1idjtvcr91" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="image" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent image image--containerwidth" style="position:relative;"><div data-nzz-tid="image-placeholder" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="https://img.nzz.ch/2024/11/26/8eff63e0-04a7-40ef-8f27-49ebc09362ad.jpeg?width=1200&height=800&fit=crop&quality=75&auto=webp" class="image-placeholder image__placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.67%;"><img alt="Wodka gegen die Kälte: Waldarbeiter fahren im Oblast Swerdlowsk im Ural mit einer Draisine nach Hause. Die Aufnahme entstand 2015." data-nzz-tid="article-image" width="5184" height="3456" src="https://img.nzz.ch/2024/11/26/8eff63e0-04a7-40ef-8f27-49ebc09362ad.jpeg?width=750&height=500&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=5184,3456,x0,y0" loading="eager" srcset="https://img.nzz.ch/2024/11/26/8eff63e0-04a7-40ef-8f27-49ebc09362ad.jpeg?width=1120&height=747&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=5184,3456,x0,y0 1120w, https://img.nzz.ch/2024/11/26/8eff63e0-04a7-40ef-8f27-49ebc09362ad.jpeg?width=2240&height=1493&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=5184,3456,x0,y0 2240w, https://img.nzz.ch/2024/11/26/8eff63e0-04a7-40ef-8f27-49ebc09362ad.jpeg?width=976&height=651&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=5184,3456,x0,y0 976w, https://img.nzz.ch/2024/11/26/8eff63e0-04a7-40ef-8f27-49ebc09362ad.jpeg?width=1952&height=1301&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=5184,3456,x0,y0 1952w, https://img.nzz.ch/2024/11/26/8eff63e0-04a7-40ef-8f27-49ebc09362ad.jpeg?width=736&height=491&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=5184,3456,x0,y0 736w, https://img.nzz.ch/2024/11/26/8eff63e0-04a7-40ef-8f27-49ebc09362ad.jpeg?width=1472&height=981&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=5184,3456,x0,y0 1472w, https://img.nzz.ch/2024/11/26/8eff63e0-04a7-40ef-8f27-49ebc09362ad.jpeg?width=375&height=250&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=5184,3456,x0,y0 375w, https://img.nzz.ch/2024/11/26/8eff63e0-04a7-40ef-8f27-49ebc09362ad.jpeg?width=750&height=500&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=5184,3456,x0,y0 750w" sizes="(min-width: 1200px) 1120px, (min-width: 1024px) 976px, (min-width: 768px) 736px" class="image-placeholder__image" style="cursor:pointer;transform:scale(1);">  </div> <figcaption class="articlecomponent__description"> <div class="image-description image-description--containerwidth"><h2 data-nzz-tid="image-description-caption" data-team-image-caption="true" class="image-description__caption image-description__caption--large">Wodka gegen die Kälte: Waldarbeiter fahren im Oblast Swerdlowsk im Ural mit einer Draisine nach Hause. Die Aufnahme entstand 2015.</h2> <div class="image-description__author"><span data-nzz-tid="image-description-author" class="image-description__author-single">Maxim Zmeyev / Reuters</span></div></div></figcaption> </figure><p data-team-paragraph="" id="id-doc-1id9imo3g0" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="p" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent text">Grundsätzlich haben Spirituosen als Genussmittel und Droge nichts mit Erdöl zu tun. Es sei denn, Alkohol könnte als subventionierter Biosprit Benzin ersetzen und das Autofahren klimafreundlicher machen. Doch in Russland als Rohstoffstaat hatte Wodka stets viel mehr mit Erdöl gemeinsam, als man denken könnte. Denn ebendieser Wodka, also der verdünnte Alkohol, wurde bereits vor fast 500 Jahren der erste und unersetzliche «Rohstoff», der den staatlichen Fiskus mit üppigen Einnahmen füllte und die Autokratie mit ihrem Unterdrückungsapparat und ihren militärischen Unternehmungen am Laufen hielt.</p><div id="id-doc-1f2c0e40" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="barrier" is-new-line-child="true"><div id="paywall_container"></div> <div class="disabled-overlay"><div class="disabled-overlay--show--text"><h3>Optimieren Sie Ihre Browsereinstellungen</h3> <p> NZZ.ch benötigt JavaScript für wichtige Funktionen. Ihr Browser oder Adblocker verhindert dies momentan. </p> <p>Bitte passen Sie die Einstellungen an.</p></div></div></div><p data-team-paragraph="" id="id-doc-1id9imo3l0" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="p" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent text nzzinteraction">Seit Einführung staatlicher Schenken (Kabaken) in der zweiten Hälfte des 16. Jahrhunderts, wo man lediglich trinken konnte, nicht aber essen durfte, förderte die Krone die Alkoholabhängigkeit ihrer Untertanen, die als Geldpumpe funktionieren sollte. Nicht allein der Fiskus profitierte davon. Die Zarin Katharina die Grosse, in deren Regierungszeit der Wodka-Handel fast die Hälfte der Staatseinnahmen ausmachte, war sich auch der politischen Vorzüge der Trunksucht bewusst. «Ein betrunkenes Volk ist einfacher zu regieren», frohlockte die Anhängerin französischer Aufklärer. Nicht zuletzt mit enormen Wodka-Einnahmen gelang es dem aufstrebenden Imperium, das Osmanische Reich zu besiegen, Kolonien am Schwarzen und am Asowschen Meer zu gründen und dort verschiedene Ethnien anzusiedeln: Deutsche, Griechen, Juden.</p><h2 data-team-subtitle="" id="id-doc-1id9imo3j0" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="subtitle" is-new-line-child="true" class="subtitle articlecomponent nzzinteraction"><span>Staatlicher Trinkzwang</span></h2><p data-team-paragraph="" id="id-doc-1id9imo3m0" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="p" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent text nzzinteraction">Bereits nach der Begründung der Romanow-Dynastie Anfang des 17. Jahrhunderts war eine Art Planwirtschaft eingeführt worden, die stets wachsende Vorgaben für die Wodka-Einnahmen machte und diese mit Korruption der Beamten und Gewalt an Konsumenten verknüpfte. «Alle Opfer des Trinkgeschäfts wurden zum ‹prawesch› – der Prügelstrafe – zusammengetrieben», schrieb der erste Historiker der Trunksucht, der Volkskundler Iwan Pryschow, in seiner «Geschichte der Kabaken im Zusammenhang mit der Geschichte des russischen Volkes» (1868). «Am Prügelplatz standen Kabakenvorsteher (. . .) und jene von ihnen Ausgewählten, aus denen dann die Gewinnausfälle herausgeprügelt wurden. Auch die Kabaken-Opfer waren da, die Trunkenbolde. (. . .) Zum ‹prawesch› wurden alle, sowohl Weltliche als auch Geistliche, getrieben, ganze Dörfer, von denen man gnadenlos Geld einstrich.»</p><p data-team-paragraph="" id="id-doc-1id9imo3o0" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="p" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent text nzzinteraction">Die infolge des staatlichen Trinkzwangs entstandene Massentrunksucht förderte Gewalt, Willkür und Armut. Damit prägte sie auch Mentalität und Alltagskultur der Bevölkerung. Der Wodka habe den Menschen zum «Vieh und Tier» gemacht, notierte Dostojewski in seinem Tagebuch von 1873.</p><p data-team-paragraph="" id="id-doc-1id9imo3q0" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="p" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent text nzzinteraction">Selbst wenn man «Zeit kaufen» und ein «selbständiges Volksleben im Schnellzugtempo herstellen» könnte, blieb für Dostojewski die Frage, woher die Mittel dafür kommen sollten. Denn «fast die Hälfte unseres jetzigen Budgets bezahlen wir mit der Schnapssteuer, sprich mit der Versoffenheit und der Verderbtheit des Volkes, also mit der ganzen Zukunft des Volkes».</p><figure id="id-doc-1idjth0ti1" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="image" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent image image--containerwidth nzzinteraction" style="position:relative;"><div data-nzz-tid="image-placeholder" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="https://img.nzz.ch/2024/11/26/2c8c161b-ef1c-4bb1-ab83-e746b2553dd2.jpeg?width=1200&height=807&fit=crop&quality=75&auto=webp" class="image-placeholder image__placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.96%;"><img alt="Treibstoff Alkohol: Der russische Schriftsteller Alexander Kuprin (stehend, 4. v. links) mit seiner Frau (auf dem Fass sitzend) in Jalta auf der Krim, Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts." data-nzz-tid="article-image" width="5058" height="3387" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" loading="lazy" srcset="https://img.nzz.ch/2024/11/26/2c8c161b-ef1c-4bb1-ab83-e746b2553dd2.jpeg?width=1120&height=752&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=5047,3387,x43,y17 1120w, https://img.nzz.ch/2024/11/26/2c8c161b-ef1c-4bb1-ab83-e746b2553dd2.jpeg?width=2240&height=1503&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=5047,3387,x43,y17 2240w, https://img.nzz.ch/2024/11/26/2c8c161b-ef1c-4bb1-ab83-e746b2553dd2.jpeg?width=976&height=655&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=5047,3387,x43,y17 976w, https://img.nzz.ch/2024/11/26/2c8c161b-ef1c-4bb1-ab83-e746b2553dd2.jpeg?width=1952&height=1310&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=5047,3387,x43,y17 1952w, https://img.nzz.ch/2024/11/26/2c8c161b-ef1c-4bb1-ab83-e746b2553dd2.jpeg?width=736&height=494&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=5047,3387,x43,y17 736w, https://img.nzz.ch/2024/11/26/2c8c161b-ef1c-4bb1-ab83-e746b2553dd2.jpeg?width=1472&height=988&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=5047,3387,x43,y17 1472w, https://img.nzz.ch/2024/11/26/2c8c161b-ef1c-4bb1-ab83-e746b2553dd2.jpeg?width=375&height=252&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=5047,3387,x43,y17 375w, https://img.nzz.ch/2024/11/26/2c8c161b-ef1c-4bb1-ab83-e746b2553dd2.jpeg?width=750&height=503&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=5047,3387,x43,y17 750w" sizes="(min-width: 1200px) 1120px, (min-width: 1024px) 976px, (min-width: 768px) 736px" class="image-placeholder__image" style="cursor:pointer;transform:scale(1);">  </div> <figcaption class="articlecomponent__description"> <div class="image-description image-description--containerwidth"><h2 data-nzz-tid="image-description-caption" data-team-image-caption="true" class="image-description__caption image-description__caption--large">Treibstoff Alkohol: Der russische Schriftsteller Alexander Kuprin (stehend, 4. v. links) mit seiner Frau (auf dem Fass sitzend) in Jalta auf der Krim, Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts.</h2> <div class="image-description__author"><span data-nzz-tid="image-description-author" class="image-description__author-single">Heritage Images / Hulton Archive / Getty</span></div></div></figcaption> </figure><p data-team-paragraph="" id="id-doc-1id9l49hc1" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="p" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent text nzzinteraction">Da die Trunksucht das menschliche Potenzial untergrabe, könne sie dem Grossmachtanspruch des Zarenreichs und dessen nachholender Modernisierung zum Verhängnis werden. In einigen Jahrzehnten, prophezeite der Schriftsteller, werde es nur noch «solidarische Bettler geben, die sich in ganzen Gemeinden in die Knechtschaft verkaufen». Indes hinderte die Verzweiflung an dem «der Finsternis und der Unzucht ergebenen [russischen] Barbaren» Dostojewski nicht, diesen zum Erlöser der Welt zu verklären.</p><h2 data-team-subtitle="" id="id-doc-1id9imo3r0" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="subtitle" is-new-line-child="true" class="subtitle articlecomponent nzzinteraction"><span>Sozialismus ohne Wodka</span></h2><p data-team-paragraph="" id="id-doc-1id9imo3r1" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="p" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent text nzzinteraction">Der Wodka als «Naturressource» und unentbehrliche Einnahmequelle hat alle Regimewechsel überdauert. Selbst im späten Sozialismus, als die Exporte fossiler Rohstoffe einen immer grösseren Anteil zum Staatsetat beitrugen, machten Wodka und Likörweine an die dreissig Prozent der Steuereinnahmen aus. Derweil wurde die Krise des Sozialismus durch die Trunksucht der Werktätigen massgeblich verschärft. 1982 ergaben Kontrollen in Moskauer Betrieben, dass sich nur ein Bruchteil der Beschäftigten bis zum gesetzlichen Ende des Werktages am Arbeitsplatz aufhielt. Ein Drittel war krankgeschrieben. Schwänzen hatte eine Senkung der Arbeitsproduktivität zur Folge. Wirtschaftsexperten haben berechnet, dass die Verluste infolge Trunksucht um das Vierfache dessen betrugen, was die Schnapssteuer hergab.</p><p data-team-paragraph="" id="id-doc-1id9imo3s0" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="p" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent text nzzinteraction">Diese destruktiven Prozesse liessen sich nur aufhalten, glaubte der 1985 zum Generalsekretär des Zentralkomitees der KPdSU gewählte Michail Gorbatschow, wenn der Alkohol aus dem Alltag der Bevölkerung verbannt werden würde. Sein erster Erlass nach der Machtübernahme lautete folglich «Massnahmen zur Überwindung von Trunksucht und Alkoholismus». Er sah eine drastische Reduzierung der Wodka- und Weinproduktion und die Umstellung der Spirituosenbetriebe auf die Herstellung von Säften und Mineralwasser vor.</p><p data-team-paragraph="" id="id-doc-1id9imo3t0" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="p" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent text nzzinteraction">Die Umsetzung dieser Verordnung führte zur Verringerung des Jahresverbrauchs an reinem Alkohol von 8,4 auf 3,7 Liter pro Kopf. Die Anzahl der Verkehrs- und Arbeitsunfälle sank um ein Drittel, und die Werktätigen erschienen öfter am Arbeitsplatz.</p><figure id="id-doc-1idjth0u80" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="image" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent image nzzinteraction" style="position:relative;"><div data-nzz-tid="image-placeholder" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="https://img.nzz.ch/2024/11/26/4d9613bb-6b39-4af5-ab74-79bc4183acfc.jpeg?width=1200&height=1675&fit=crop&quality=75&auto=webp" class="image-placeholder image__placeholder" style="padding-bottom:139.6%;"><img alt="Sowjetrussisches Propagandaplakat gegen die Gefahren des Alkohols von 1929: «Ein Fluss beginnt mit einem kleinen Bächlein!»" data-nzz-tid="article-image" width="3876" height="5411" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" loading="lazy" srcset="https://img.nzz.ch/2024/11/26/4d9613bb-6b39-4af5-ab74-79bc4183acfc.jpeg?width=680&height=944&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=3876,5384,x0,y0 680w, https://img.nzz.ch/2024/11/26/4d9613bb-6b39-4af5-ab74-79bc4183acfc.jpeg?width=1360&height=1889&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=3876,5384,x0,y0 1360w, https://img.nzz.ch/2024/11/26/4d9613bb-6b39-4af5-ab74-79bc4183acfc.jpeg?width=327&height=454&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=3876,5384,x0,y0 327w, https://img.nzz.ch/2024/11/26/4d9613bb-6b39-4af5-ab74-79bc4183acfc.jpeg?width=654&height=908&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=3876,5384,x0,y0 654w" class="image-placeholder__image" style="cursor:pointer;transform:scale(1);">  </div> <figcaption class="articlecomponent__description"> <div class="image-description"><h2 data-nzz-tid="image-description-caption" data-team-image-caption="true" class="image-description__caption image-description__caption--large">Sowjetrussisches Propagandaplakat gegen die Gefahren des Alkohols von 1929: «Ein Fluss beginnt mit einem kleinen Bächlein!»</h2> <div class="image-description__author"><span data-nzz-tid="image-description-author" class="image-description__author-single">Universal History Archive / Getty</span></div></div></figcaption> </figure><p data-team-paragraph="" id="id-doc-1id9imo3t1" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="p" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent text nzzinteraction">Es dauerte nicht lange, bis die Versorgungslücken durch Schwarzgebranntes, Fusel und Surrogate geschlossen waren. 1987 soll die Bevölkerung eine Milliarde Flakons alkoholhaltiger Parfümerie-Artikel und fast eine Million Liter Glasreinigungsmittel ausgetrunken haben. Im Volk wurde Gorbatschow wegen seines «trockenen Gesetzes» gehasst wie kein anderer Staatsführer vor ihm.</p><p data-team-paragraph="" id="id-doc-1id9imo3u0" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="p" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent text nzzinteraction">Ausgerechnet während der akuten Wirtschaftskrise, als die Ölpreise Anfang der achtziger Jahre in den Keller rutschten, fehlte dem Fiskus fast ein Drittel seiner bisherigen Einnahmen. Die Sowjetunion konnte ihre Auslandsschulden kaum noch bedienen, und es mangelte an Devisen, um Getreide und Lebensmittel importieren zu können. Zwei Jahre nach der Einführung des «trockenen Gesetzes» beendete Gorbatschow sein «edelmütiges Experiment». Die in Ermangelung von Spirituosen und Gebrauchswaren auf den Sparkonten der Bürger angehäuften 37 Milliarden Rubel wurden nach der Preisfreigabe 1992 durch Inflation vernichtet.</p><h2 data-team-subtitle="" id="id-doc-1id9imo3v0" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="subtitle" is-new-line-child="true" class="subtitle articlecomponent nzzinteraction"><span>Wodka ohne Sozialismus</span></h2><p data-team-paragraph="" id="id-doc-1id9imo3v1" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="p" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent text nzzinteraction">Nach dem Übergang zur Marktwirtschaft verzichtete die russische Regierung auf das Staatsmonopol für die Herstellung alkoholischer Getränke. Doch erst ab Ende der neunziger Jahre, als die Ölpreise in die Höhe schnellten und sich ein Mittelstand herauszubilden begann, zeichnete sich eine relative Mässigung, eine «Europäisierung» der Trinkgewohnheiten ab: mehr Bier und Wein, weniger Hochprozentiges. Von 18 Litern reinem Alkohol pro Kopf mitten in der Krise der neunziger Jahre sank dessen Verbrauch Anfang der zehner Jahre beinahe um die Hälfte. Gleichzeitig stieg die Anzahl der Nichttrinker auf 40 Prozent. Laut Meinungsumfragen galt Trunksucht nun nicht mehr als «nationale Tradition». Als Hauptgrund für das exzessive Trinken wurde am häufigsten das Bedürfnis, «Stress und Anspannung abzubauen», genannt.</p><p data-team-paragraph="" id="id-doc-1id9imo400" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="p" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent text nzzinteraction">Am wenigsten änderte sich jedoch die «episodische schwere Trunksucht», woran in Russland im Unterschied zu anderen Staaten wie den USA oder Schweden beim gleichen Pro-Kopf-Alkoholkonsum doppelt so viele Trinker leiden. Der unabhängige Demograf Alexei Rakscha hält es für möglich, dass auf direkte Folgen schwerer Trunksucht an die 140 000 Todesfälle zurückzuführen wären. In der offiziellen Statistik wird nur ein Drittel davon berücksichtigt.</p><p data-team-paragraph="" id="id-doc-1id9imo411" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="p" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent text nzzinteraction">Inzwischen hat der verbrecherische russische Krieg gegen die Ukraine der sich abzeichnenden Mässigung und Zivilisierung russischer Trinkkultur, die die Humanisierung der Gesellschaft hätte vorantreiben sollen, den Garaus gemacht. Hier zeigte sich wie im Brennglas, dass die Wechselwirkung von Willkür, Gewalt und Trunksucht alle Reformansätze überstanden zu haben scheint. Denn diese Dreieinigkeit reproduziert sich weiter in der Familie in Form von häuslicher Gewalt, beim Dienst in der Armee, bei der Polizei und in den Justizanstalten.</p><p data-team-paragraph="" id="id-doc-1id9imo420" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="p" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent text nzzinteraction">Bei Abertausenden von Männern gehört die systematische Gewalt zur alltäglichen Erfahrung. Das zeigt sich besonders im Strafvollzug. Man muss sich nur vorzustellen versuchen, wie viele Mitarbeiter mehrerer Straflager wohl an der täglichen Folter von Alexei Nawalny in den vier Jahren seiner Haft teilgenommen haben. Was anderes hätten sie abends zum Stressabbau tun sollen, als Wodka zu trinken?</p><p data-team-paragraph="" id="id-doc-1id9imo430" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="p" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent text nzzinteraction">Beim Wehrdienst erleben die Einberufenen Körperstrafen und gar Folter seitens der «Altdienenden», die ihrerseits nach der Einberufung menschenverachtende Initiationsrituale über sich hatten ergehen lassen müssen. Das Ritual heisst Rekrutenschinderei – «dedowschtschina», die Macht der Grossväter. In den Strafkolonien wiederum herrscht brutalste Gefangenenhierarchie. Früher oder später werden die in den Gewaltinstitutionen erfahrenen Verhaltensmuster in die Gesellschaft hineingetragen.</p><h2 data-team-subtitle="" id="id-doc-1id9n0v510" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="subtitle" is-new-line-child="true" class="subtitle articlecomponent nzzinteraction"><span>Todgeweihte Männer</span></h2><p data-team-paragraph="" id="id-doc-1id9imo440" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="p" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent text nzzinteraction">Tatsächlich hat die Invasion der Ukraine die Gewaltsozialisation als Matrix der russischen Gesellschaft offengelegt. Sie zeigt sich nicht nur im nackten Terror gegen die ukrainische Zivilbevölkerung wie in Butscha oder in der Erschiessung von unzähligen Kriegsgefangenen, die durch die Genfer Konvention geschützt wären. Es fehlt nicht an Zeugnissen für den menschenverachtenden, ja barbarischen Umgang der Offiziere mit ihren Untergebenen, aber auch der Soldaten untereinander. Hinzu kommen die sogenannten «Fleisch-Stürme», wenn die Soldaten über die Minenfelder oder direkt ins Feuer des Gegners getrieben werden. Befehlsverweigerern und Deserteuren droht die Foltergrube.</p><p data-team-paragraph="" id="id-doc-1id9imo460" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="p" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent text nzzinteraction">Natürlich sind todgeweihte Männer für Drogen und Alkohol besonders empfänglich. Der Krieg hat die traditionelle Funktion von Schnaps als einem Heilmittel gegen Stress, Angst und Leid gestärkt. Die «der Finsternis und der Unzucht ergebenen Barbaren» feiern mit Alkohol ihr Comingout als richtige Männer – in der Duma wie in den Foltergruben der besetzten ukrainischen Ruinenstädte.</p><p data-team-paragraph="" id="id-doc-1id9mr0tu1" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="p" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent text nzzinteraction">Während der Alkoholverbrauch wieder ansteigt, sinken in Russland die Einnahmen aus dem Ölhandel, mit denen der Krieg finanziert wird. Die Ursachen sind weniger die halbherzigen Sanktionen des Westens als die Erschöpfung der alten Ölreserven in Sibirien. Vor diesem Hintergrund wäre eine Wiederverstaatlichung der Alkoholproduktion nicht unzweckmässig. Und es wäre heute auch gar nicht mehr nötig, die Säufer mit Prügeln in die Schenken zu treiben. Sie finden schon selber den Weg.</p><figure id="id-doc-1idk86v3e0" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="image" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent image image--containerwidth nzzinteraction" style="position:relative;"><div data-nzz-tid="image-placeholder" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="https://img.nzz.ch/2024/11/26/1067f500-8154-45a5-8bae-ba0cb60709aa.jpeg?width=1200&height=800&fit=crop&quality=75&auto=webp" class="image-placeholder image__placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.67%;"><img alt="Kunden in einem Spirituosengeschäft in Moskau, die sich auf den Rausch freuen. November 1991." data-nzz-tid="article-image" width="3072" height="2048" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" loading="lazy" srcset="https://img.nzz.ch/2024/11/26/1067f500-8154-45a5-8bae-ba0cb60709aa.jpeg?width=1120&height=747&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=3072,2048,x0,y0 1120w, https://img.nzz.ch/2024/11/26/1067f500-8154-45a5-8bae-ba0cb60709aa.jpeg?width=2240&height=1493&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=3072,2048,x0,y0 2240w, https://img.nzz.ch/2024/11/26/1067f500-8154-45a5-8bae-ba0cb60709aa.jpeg?width=976&height=651&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=3072,2048,x0,y0 976w, https://img.nzz.ch/2024/11/26/1067f500-8154-45a5-8bae-ba0cb60709aa.jpeg?width=1952&height=1301&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=3072,2048,x0,y0 1952w, https://img.nzz.ch/2024/11/26/1067f500-8154-45a5-8bae-ba0cb60709aa.jpeg?width=736&height=491&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=3072,2048,x0,y0 736w, https://img.nzz.ch/2024/11/26/1067f500-8154-45a5-8bae-ba0cb60709aa.jpeg?width=1472&height=981&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=3072,2048,x0,y0 1472w, https://img.nzz.ch/2024/11/26/1067f500-8154-45a5-8bae-ba0cb60709aa.jpeg?width=375&height=250&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=3072,2048,x0,y0 375w, https://img.nzz.ch/2024/11/26/1067f500-8154-45a5-8bae-ba0cb60709aa.jpeg?width=750&height=500&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=3072,2048,x0,y0 750w" sizes="(min-width: 1200px) 1120px, (min-width: 1024px) 976px, (min-width: 768px) 736px" class="image-placeholder__image" style="cursor:pointer;transform:scale(1);">  </div> <figcaption class="articlecomponent__description"> <div class="image-description image-description--containerwidth"><h2 data-nzz-tid="image-description-caption" data-team-image-caption="true" class="image-description__caption image-description__caption--large">Kunden in einem Spirituosengeschäft in Moskau, die sich auf den Rausch freuen. November 1991.</h2> <div class="image-description__author"><span data-nzz-tid="image-description-author" class="image-description__author-single">Sergei Guneyev / The Chronicle Collection / Getty</span></div></div></figcaption> </figure><p data-team-footnote="" id="id-doc-1id9mmj1d0" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="footnote" data-vars-danzz-last-article-element="true" is-new-line-child="true" class="articlecomponent footnote nzzinteraction"><strong>Sonja Margolina</strong><strong>,</strong> 1951 in Moskau geboren, lebt als Publizistin und Buchautorin in Berlin. 2004 erschien der Band «Wodka: Trinken und Macht in Russland».</p><div id="id-doc-1id9iml0i1" content="" pagetype="Article" componenttype="sharebox" is-new-line-child="true" class="nzzinteraction"><div class="sharebox"><div class="sharebox__line"></div> <ul class="sharebox__content"><li class="sharebox__item sharebox__item--bookmark"></li> <li class="sharebox__item sharebox__item--print"><a href="" 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container--moretosubject"><div class="container__header-title container__header-title--moretosubject"><span class="container__header-text container__header-text--moretosubject">Passend zum Artikel</span></div></div> <div class="widget__row widget__row--noBorder"><div data-team-more-to-subject class="widget--articlelist-a"><article data-source-element-widget="" class="teaser--article teaser--articlelist-a "><div id="id-ld_1852177" data-nzz-tid="teaser" data-nzz-ct="" class="teaser teaser__layout--longformstandard teaser--size-articlelist-a">    <div flag-item="[object Object]" flag-size="articlelist-a" class="poster poster--articlelist-a poster--articlelist-a-longformstandard"><figure class="poster__figure poster__figure--image"><a href="/feuilleton/der-russische-staat-muss-mittlerweile-immer-hoehere-entschaedigungen-zahlen-um-freiwillige-fuer-den-einsatz-in-der-ukraine-zu-mobilisieren-ld.1852177" data-nzz-referrer="articleTeaser" class="teaser__link teaser__link--poster 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Die russische Schriftstellerin Sonja Margolina schreibt über die Anreize, die eine solche Rekrutierung schafft.</div> </div>  </a> <div bookmark-type="article" bookmark-sub-type="teaser" class="metainfo metainfo--articlelist-a metainfo--longformstandard"><div class="metainfo__main metainfo__main--longformstandard"> <div class="metainfo__wrapper"> <span class="metainfo__item metainfo__item--author">Sonja Margolina</span> <time class="metainfo__item metainfo__item--date">11.10.2024</time>  <span data-tooltip="Lesezeit 6 min" class="metainfo__item metainfo__item--reading-time"><svg version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="reading-time__icon nzz-icons--small nzz-icons--icon nzz-icons--fill"><path stroke="currentColor" fill="none" pid="0" fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-linecap="round" _stroke-linejoin="round" d="M11.77 7.39v5.62l3.8 1.32"/><circle stroke="currentColor" fill="none" pid="1" cx="12" cy="12" r="8.5" fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-linecap="round" _stroke-linejoin="round"/></svg> <span>6 min</span></span> </div> </div> <div class="metainfo__actions metainfo__actions--longformstandard ">  </div></div> </div></div> </article><article data-source-element-widget="" class="teaser--article teaser--articlelist-a "><div id="id-ld_1844419" data-nzz-tid="teaser" data-nzz-ct="" class="teaser teaser__layout--longformstandard teaser--size-articlelist-a">    <div flag-item="[object Object]" flag-size="articlelist-a" class="poster poster--articlelist-a poster--articlelist-a-longformstandard"><figure class="poster__figure poster__figure--image"><a href="/feuilleton/russisches-roulette-fuer-putin-ist-das-leben-eines-soldaten-nichts-wert-ld.1844419" data-nzz-referrer="articleTeaser" class="teaser__link teaser__link--poster teaser__link--poster-articlelist-a"><div class="image-placeholder poster__placeholder" style="padding-bottom:100%;"><img alt="Dem Buchstaben nach verpflichtet sich der russische Bürger freiwillig für den Militärdienst. Soldaten während dem Nationalflaggentag, Moskau 2024. (Yuri Kochetkov / EPA)" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" loading="lazy" srcset="https://img.nzz.ch/2024/08/28/4dad196e-a2a8-4b7e-b174-43e194fc31be.jpeg?width=72&height=72&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=1225,1225,x1928,y600 72w, https://img.nzz.ch/2024/08/28/4dad196e-a2a8-4b7e-b174-43e194fc31be.jpeg?width=144&height=144&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=1225,1225,x1928,y600 144w" width="1225" height="1225" class="image-placeholder__image poster__image">    </div></a></figure></div>  <div class="teaser__content teaser__content--articlelist-a"><a href="/feuilleton/russisches-roulette-fuer-putin-ist-das-leben-eines-soldaten-nichts-wert-ld.1844419" data-nzz-referrer="articleTeaser" ordinal-number="2" class="teaser__link"><div class="teaser__wrapper">   <h2 class="teaser__title teaser__title--articlelist-a teaser__title--longformstandard teaser__title--1">  <span class="teaser__title-name">«Soldaten nicht schonen. Weiber werden neue gebären», sagte der Generalstabschef der Roten Armee. Die Geringschätzung des Lebens setzt sich im Krieg gegen die Ukraine fort</span></h2>  <div class="teaser__lead teaser__lead--articlelist-a teaser__lead--longformstandard">Auf dem Papier scheint es so lukrativ wie noch nie, im Dienst der russischen Armee zu stehen, schreibt die Autorin Sonja Margolina. Trotz hohen Prämien aber gehen Putin die Truppen aus, die in der Ukraine kämpfen sollen.</div> </div>  </a> <div bookmark-type="article" bookmark-sub-type="teaser" class="metainfo metainfo--articlelist-a metainfo--longformstandard"><div class="metainfo__main metainfo__main--longformstandard"> <div class="metainfo__wrapper"> <span class="metainfo__item metainfo__item--author">Sonja Margolina</span> <time class="metainfo__item metainfo__item--date">29.08.2024</time>  <span data-tooltip="Lesezeit 7 min" class="metainfo__item metainfo__item--reading-time"><svg version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="reading-time__icon nzz-icons--small nzz-icons--icon nzz-icons--fill"><path stroke="currentColor" fill="none" pid="0" fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-linecap="round" _stroke-linejoin="round" d="M11.77 7.39v5.62l3.8 1.32"/><circle stroke="currentColor" fill="none" pid="1" cx="12" cy="12" r="8.5" fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-linecap="round" _stroke-linejoin="round"/></svg> <span>7 min</span></span> </div> </div> <div class="metainfo__actions metainfo__actions--longformstandard ">  </div></div> </div></div> </article><article data-source-element-widget="" class="teaser--article teaser--articlelist-a "><div id="id-ld_1821818" data-nzz-tid="teaser" data-nzz-ct="" class="teaser teaser__layout--longformstandard teaser--size-articlelist-a">    <div flag-item="[object Object]" flag-size="articlelist-a" class="poster poster--articlelist-a poster--articlelist-a-longformstandard"><figure class="poster__figure poster__figure--image"><a href="/feuilleton/russlands-appetit-auf-die-ukrainischen-rohstoffe-fuer-die-e-zukunft-ld.1821818" data-nzz-referrer="articleTeaser" class="teaser__link teaser__link--poster teaser__link--poster-articlelist-a"><div class="image-placeholder poster__placeholder" style="padding-bottom:100%;"><img alt="Im Gebiet Donezk wird bereits im grossen Stil Bergbau betrieben. Hier gibt es auch riesige Lagerstätten von Lithium. Darauf könnten es die Russen abgesehen haben. (Pierre Crom / Getty)" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" loading="lazy" srcset="https://img.nzz.ch/2024/03/20/a67c0863-fb6f-4ac0-b0aa-660417062232.jpeg?width=72&height=72&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=3088,3088,x1109,y0 72w, https://img.nzz.ch/2024/03/20/a67c0863-fb6f-4ac0-b0aa-660417062232.jpeg?width=144&height=144&fit=bounds&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=3088,3088,x1109,y0 144w" width="3088" height="3088" class="image-placeholder__image poster__image">    </div></a></figure></div>  <div class="teaser__content teaser__content--articlelist-a"><a href="/feuilleton/russlands-appetit-auf-die-ukrainischen-rohstoffe-fuer-die-e-zukunft-ld.1821818" data-nzz-referrer="articleTeaser" ordinal-number="3" class="teaser__link"><div class="teaser__wrapper">  <div class="teaser__flag teaser__flag--colored teaser__flag--articlelist-a teaser__flag--articlelist-a-longformstandard">   <svg version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 29 16" class="icon--pro-nzz nzz-icons--icon"><path pid="0" d="M0 8a8 8 0 018-8h12.93a8 8 0 110 16H8a8 8 0 01-8-8z" fill="#121212"/><path pid="1" d="M20.81 11.8c-1.845 0-3.124-1.048-3.124-2.778s1.28-2.778 3.124-2.778c1.856 0 3.124 1.048 3.124 2.778S22.666 11.8 20.81 11.8zm-1.74-2.778c0 1.153.67 1.793 1.74 1.793 1.08 0 1.75-.64 1.75-1.793 0-1.164-.67-1.793-1.75-1.793-1.07 0-1.74.63-1.74 1.793zm-4.188-1.237c.272-.912.975-1.52 1.95-1.52.157 0 .262 0 .377.021v1.248a2.623 2.623 0 00-.42-.032c-.607 0-1.006.168-1.289.45-.409.41-.514 1.007-.514 1.636v2.055h-1.33V6.4h1.226v1.384zm-7.446 3.858H6V4.2h3.774c1.667 0 2.725.902 2.725 2.317 0 1.457-1.09 2.38-2.799 2.38H7.436v2.746zm0-3.816H9.48c.944 0 1.52-.482 1.52-1.279 0-.797-.566-1.268-1.51-1.268H7.437v2.547z" fill="#fff"/></svg></div> <h2 class="teaser__title teaser__title--articlelist-a teaser__title--longformstandard teaser__title--2">  <span class="teaser__title-name">Die Ukraine sitzt auf einem enormen Schatz an Rohstoffen für die E-Zukunft – auch dies ist ein Motiv für Putins Eroberungsfeldzug</span></h2>  <div class="teaser__lead teaser__lead--articlelist-a teaser__lead--longformstandard">Es stehen viele Gründe im Raum, warum Russland die Ukraine überfallen hat. Zu ihnen zählt die Tatsache, dass die Energiewende den russischen Ölstaat zu einem Verlierer machen würde. Abhilfe bieten die ukrainischen Rohstoffe.</div> </div>  </a> <div bookmark-type="article" bookmark-sub-type="teaser" class="metainfo metainfo--articlelist-a metainfo--longformstandard"><div class="metainfo__main metainfo__main--longformstandard"> <div class="metainfo__wrapper"> <span class="metainfo__item metainfo__item--author">Sonja Margolina</span> <time class="metainfo__item metainfo__item--date">23.03.2024</time>  <span data-tooltip="Lesezeit 6 min" class="metainfo__item metainfo__item--reading-time"><svg version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="reading-time__icon nzz-icons--small nzz-icons--icon nzz-icons--fill"><path stroke="currentColor" fill="none" pid="0" fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-linecap="round" _stroke-linejoin="round" d="M11.77 7.39v5.62l3.8 1.32"/><circle stroke="currentColor" fill="none" pid="1" cx="12" cy="12" r="8.5" fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-linecap="round" _stroke-linejoin="round"/></svg> <span>6 min</span></span> </div> </div> <div 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https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nzz.ch\u002Fsuche";eI.href="\u002Fsuche";eM.standard={Tags:[ab,"classification=premium","relevance=germany","layout=longformstandard","audiotts=true","owner=nzz","product=nzz","doctype=article","pagetype=article","ldid=ld.1858831","channel=Feuilleton"],ContentCreated:cK,ContentAuthor:x,ContentSection:g,ContentIsNative:c};eM.custom={product:A,docType:w,pageType:w,layout:q,ldId:al,channel:g,heading:ah,language:z};return {layout:"default",data:[{data:{content:[{component:"header",identifier:dw,id:"doc-1id9iml0e0",content:{title:ah,lead:ch,author:x},prevElement:a,nextElement:o,firstContentElement:c},{component:aV,identifier:o,id:"doc-1idjtvcr91",content:{image:{originalUrl:dx,url:ci,mediaId:dy,key:dz,width:cj,height:ai,mimeType:y,altText:"(L-R) A man nicknamed \"Barcelona\", Alexey Bolotov and Alexey Jakushin drink vodka as they travel by a pioneer motorised railcar on their way to Kalach, Sverdlovsk region, Russia October 18, 2015. The \"pioneer,\" a light auxiliary rail vehicle, is a popular form of transport among people who live along the Alapayevsk railway. In a remote corner of the Urals region at the end of a narrow-gauge railway is Kalach, population about a dozen. Three decades ago 600 people called the village home, but the local forestry industry suffered as the former Soviet Union imploded and people moved away in search of work. In Kalach today there are no telephones, no mobile reception and only a few hours of electricity a day. REUTERS\u002FMaxim Zmeyev TPX IMAGES OF THE DAY PICTURE 31 OF 39 FOR WIDER IMAGE STORY \"RUSSIA'S RAILWAYS: LIFE AT THE END OF THE TRACKS\" SEARCH \"KALACH\" FOR ALL IMAGES",origins:[{name:v,identifier:dA}],imageService:C},caption:dB,author:ck},styles:{position:cl},prevElement:dw,nextElement:d},{component:i,identifier:d,id:"doc-1id9imo3g0",content:{text:"Grundsätzlich haben Spirituosen als Genussmittel und Droge nichts mit Erdöl zu tun. Es sei denn, Alkohol könnte als subventionierter Biosprit Benzin ersetzen und das Autofahren klimafreundlicher machen. Doch in Russland als Rohstoffstaat hatte Wodka stets viel mehr mit Erdöl gemeinsam, als man denken könnte. Denn ebendieser Wodka, also der verdünnte Alkohol, wurde bereits vor fast 500 Jahren der erste und unersetzliche «Rohstoff», der den staatlichen Fiskus mit üppigen Einnahmen füllte und die Autokratie mit ihrem Unterdrückungsapparat und ihren militärischen Unternehmungen am Laufen hielt."},prevElement:o,nextElement:cm},{id:"doc-1f2c0e40",identifier:cm,prevElement:d,nextElement:d},{component:i,identifier:d,id:"doc-1id9imo3l0",content:{text:"Seit Einführung staatlicher Schenken (Kabaken) in der zweiten Hälfte des 16. Jahrhunderts, wo man lediglich trinken konnte, nicht aber essen durfte, förderte die Krone die Alkoholabhängigkeit ihrer Untertanen, die als Geldpumpe funktionieren sollte. Nicht allein der Fiskus profitierte davon. Die Zarin Katharina die Grosse, in deren Regierungszeit der Wodka-Handel fast die Hälfte der Staatseinnahmen ausmachte, war sich auch der politischen Vorzüge der Trunksucht bewusst. «Ein betrunkenes Volk ist einfacher zu regieren», frohlockte die Anhängerin französischer Aufklärer. Nicht zuletzt mit enormen Wodka-Einnahmen gelang es dem aufstrebenden Imperium, das Osmanische Reich zu besiegen, Kolonien am Schwarzen und am Asowschen Meer zu gründen und dort verschiedene Ethnien anzusiedeln: Deutsche, Griechen, Juden."},paidContent:c,prevElement:cm,nextElement:p},{component:aW,identifier:p,id:"doc-1id9imo3j0",content:{title:"Staatlicher Trinkzwang",id:"subtitle-staatlicher-trinkzwang"},contentTable:b,paidContent:c,prevElement:d,nextElement:d},{component:i,identifier:d,id:"doc-1id9imo3m0",content:{text:"Bereits nach der Begründung der Romanow-Dynastie Anfang des 17. Jahrhunderts war eine Art Planwirtschaft eingeführt worden, die stets wachsende Vorgaben für die Wodka-Einnahmen machte und diese mit Korruption der Beamten und Gewalt an Konsumenten verknüpfte. «Alle Opfer des Trinkgeschäfts wurden zum ‹prawesch› – der Prügelstrafe – zusammengetrieben», schrieb der erste Historiker der Trunksucht, der Volkskundler Iwan Pryschow, in seiner «Geschichte der Kabaken im Zusammenhang mit der Geschichte des russischen Volkes» (1868). «Am Prügelplatz standen Kabakenvorsteher (. . .) und jene von ihnen Ausgewählten, aus denen dann die Gewinnausfälle herausgeprügelt wurden. Auch die Kabaken-Opfer waren da, die Trunkenbolde. (. . .) Zum ‹prawesch› wurden alle, sowohl Weltliche als auch Geistliche, getrieben, ganze Dörfer, von denen man gnadenlos Geld einstrich.»"},data:{},paidContent:c,prevElement:p,nextElement:d},{component:i,identifier:d,id:"doc-1id9imo3o0",content:{text:"Die infolge des staatlichen Trinkzwangs entstandene Massentrunksucht förderte Gewalt, Willkür und Armut. Damit prägte sie auch Mentalität und Alltagskultur der Bevölkerung. Der Wodka habe den Menschen zum «Vieh und Tier» gemacht, notierte Dostojewski in seinem Tagebuch von 1873."},paidContent:c,prevElement:d,nextElement:d},{component:i,identifier:d,id:"doc-1id9imo3q0",content:{text:"Selbst wenn man «Zeit kaufen» und ein «selbständiges Volksleben im Schnellzugtempo herstellen» könnte, blieb für Dostojewski die Frage, woher die Mittel dafür kommen sollten. Denn «fast die Hälfte unseres jetzigen Budgets bezahlen wir mit der Schnapssteuer, sprich mit der Versoffenheit und der Verderbtheit des Volkes, also mit der ganzen Zukunft des Volkes»."},paidContent:c,prevElement:d,nextElement:o},{component:aV,identifier:o,id:"doc-1idjth0ti1",content:{image:{originalUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.nzz.ch\u002F2024\u002F11\u002F26\u002F2c8c161b-ef1c-4bb1-ab83-e746b2553dd2.jpeg",url:dC,mediaId:"jwxLnyqxX8ZY",key:"2024\u002F11\u002F26\u002F2c8c161b-ef1c-4bb1-ab83-e746b2553dd2.jpeg",width:5101,height:3430,mimeType:y,altText:"Russian author Alexander Kuprin with his wife in Yalta, Crimea, early 20th century. Kuprin (1870-1938) was a short story writer described by Vladimir Nabokov as the Russian Kipling. He is probably best remembered for The Duel (1905). He married Maria Karl (Photo by Fine Art Images\u002FHeritage Images\u002FGetty Images)",origins:[{name:v,identifier:dD}],crop:{x:43,y:17,width:5058,height:3387},imageService:C},caption:"Treibstoff Alkohol: Der russische Schriftsteller Alexander Kuprin (stehend, 4. v. links) mit seiner Frau (auf dem Fass sitzend) in Jalta auf der Krim, Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts.",author:dE},styles:{position:cl},paidContent:c,prevElement:d,nextElement:d},{component:i,identifier:d,id:"doc-1id9l49hc1",content:{text:"Da die Trunksucht das menschliche Potenzial untergrabe, könne sie dem Grossmachtanspruch des Zarenreichs und dessen nachholender Modernisierung zum Verhängnis werden. In einigen Jahrzehnten, prophezeite der Schriftsteller, werde es nur noch «solidarische Bettler geben, die sich in ganzen Gemeinden in die Knechtschaft verkaufen». Indes hinderte die Verzweiflung an dem «der Finsternis und der Unzucht ergebenen [russischen] Barbaren» Dostojewski nicht, diesen zum Erlöser der Welt zu verklären."},data:{},paidContent:c,prevElement:o,nextElement:p},{component:aW,identifier:p,id:"doc-1id9imo3r0",content:{title:"Sozialismus ohne Wodka",id:"subtitle-sozialismus-ohne-wodka"},contentTable:b,paidContent:c,prevElement:d,nextElement:d},{component:i,identifier:d,id:"doc-1id9imo3r1",content:{text:"Der Wodka als «Naturressource» und unentbehrliche Einnahmequelle hat alle Regimewechsel überdauert. Selbst im späten Sozialismus, als die Exporte fossiler Rohstoffe einen immer grösseren Anteil zum Staatsetat beitrugen, machten Wodka und Likörweine an die dreissig Prozent der Steuereinnahmen aus. Derweil wurde die Krise des Sozialismus durch die Trunksucht der Werktätigen massgeblich verschärft. 1982 ergaben Kontrollen in Moskauer Betrieben, dass sich nur ein Bruchteil der Beschäftigten bis zum gesetzlichen Ende des Werktages am Arbeitsplatz aufhielt. Ein Drittel war krankgeschrieben. Schwänzen hatte eine Senkung der Arbeitsproduktivität zur Folge. Wirtschaftsexperten haben berechnet, dass die Verluste infolge Trunksucht um das Vierfache dessen betrugen, was die Schnapssteuer hergab."},data:{},paidContent:c,prevElement:p,nextElement:d},{component:i,identifier:d,id:"doc-1id9imo3s0",content:{text:"Diese destruktiven Prozesse liessen sich nur aufhalten, glaubte der 1985 zum Generalsekretär des Zentralkomitees der KPdSU gewählte Michail Gorbatschow, wenn der Alkohol aus dem Alltag der Bevölkerung verbannt werden würde. Sein erster Erlass nach der Machtübernahme lautete folglich «Massnahmen zur Überwindung von Trunksucht und Alkoholismus». Er sah eine drastische Reduzierung der Wodka- und Weinproduktion und die Umstellung der Spirituosenbetriebe auf die Herstellung von Säften und Mineralwasser vor."},paidContent:c,prevElement:d,nextElement:d},{component:i,identifier:d,id:"doc-1id9imo3t0",content:{text:"Die Umsetzung dieser Verordnung führte zur Verringerung des Jahresverbrauchs an reinem Alkohol von 8,4 auf 3,7 Liter pro Kopf. Die Anzahl der Verkehrs- und Arbeitsunfälle sank um ein Drittel, und die Werktätigen erschienen öfter am Arbeitsplatz."},paidContent:c,prevElement:d,nextElement:o},{component:aV,identifier:o,id:"doc-1idjth0u80",content:{image:{originalUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.nzz.ch\u002F2024\u002F11\u002F26\u002F4d9613bb-6b39-4af5-ab74-79bc4183acfc.jpeg",url:dF,mediaId:"z6gfIwQipaFR",key:"2024\u002F11\u002F26\u002F4d9613bb-6b39-4af5-ab74-79bc4183acfc.jpeg",width:3876,height:5411,mimeType:y,altText:"Soviet Russian propaganda poster against the risks of alcohol. A river begins with a small stream! 1929. (Photo by: Universal History Archive\u002F Universal Images Group via Getty Images)",origins:[{name:v,identifier:dG}],imageService:C},caption:dH,author:dI},paidContent:c,prevElement:d,nextElement:d},{component:i,identifier:d,id:"doc-1id9imo3t1",content:{text:"Es dauerte nicht lange, bis die Versorgungslücken durch Schwarzgebranntes, Fusel und Surrogate geschlossen waren. 1987 soll die Bevölkerung eine Milliarde Flakons alkoholhaltiger Parfümerie-Artikel und fast eine Million Liter Glasreinigungsmittel ausgetrunken haben. Im Volk wurde Gorbatschow wegen seines «trockenen Gesetzes» gehasst wie kein anderer Staatsführer vor ihm."},data:{},paidContent:c,prevElement:o,nextElement:d},{component:i,identifier:d,id:"doc-1id9imo3u0",content:{text:"Ausgerechnet während der akuten Wirtschaftskrise, als die Ölpreise Anfang der achtziger Jahre in den Keller rutschten, fehlte dem Fiskus fast ein Drittel seiner bisherigen Einnahmen. Die Sowjetunion konnte ihre Auslandsschulden kaum noch bedienen, und es mangelte an Devisen, um Getreide und Lebensmittel importieren zu können. Zwei Jahre nach der Einführung des «trockenen Gesetzes» beendete Gorbatschow sein «edelmütiges Experiment». Die in Ermangelung von Spirituosen und Gebrauchswaren auf den Sparkonten der Bürger angehäuften 37 Milliarden Rubel wurden nach der Preisfreigabe 1992 durch Inflation vernichtet."},paidContent:c,prevElement:d,nextElement:p},{component:aW,identifier:p,id:"doc-1id9imo3v0",content:{title:"Wodka ohne Sozialismus",id:"subtitle-wodka-ohne-sozialismus"},contentTable:b,paidContent:c,prevElement:d,nextElement:d},{component:i,identifier:d,id:"doc-1id9imo3v1",content:{text:"Nach dem Übergang zur Marktwirtschaft verzichtete die russische Regierung auf das Staatsmonopol für die Herstellung alkoholischer Getränke. Doch erst ab Ende der neunziger Jahre, als die Ölpreise in die Höhe schnellten und sich ein Mittelstand herauszubilden begann, zeichnete sich eine relative Mässigung, eine «Europäisierung» der Trinkgewohnheiten ab: mehr Bier und Wein, weniger Hochprozentiges. Von 18 Litern reinem Alkohol pro Kopf mitten in der Krise der neunziger Jahre sank dessen Verbrauch Anfang der zehner Jahre beinahe um die Hälfte. Gleichzeitig stieg die Anzahl der Nichttrinker auf 40 Prozent. Laut Meinungsumfragen galt Trunksucht nun nicht mehr als «nationale Tradition». Als Hauptgrund für das exzessive Trinken wurde am häufigsten das Bedürfnis, «Stress und Anspannung abzubauen», genannt."},paidContent:c,prevElement:p,nextElement:d},{component:i,identifier:d,id:"doc-1id9imo400",content:{text:"Am wenigsten änderte sich jedoch die «episodische schwere Trunksucht», woran in Russland im Unterschied zu anderen Staaten wie den USA oder Schweden beim gleichen Pro-Kopf-Alkoholkonsum doppelt so viele Trinker leiden. Der unabhängige Demograf Alexei Rakscha hält es für möglich, dass auf direkte Folgen schwerer Trunksucht an die 140 000 Todesfälle zurückzuführen wären. In der offiziellen Statistik wird nur ein Drittel davon berücksichtigt."},paidContent:c,prevElement:d,nextElement:d},{component:i,identifier:d,id:"doc-1id9imo411",content:{text:"Inzwischen hat der verbrecherische russische Krieg gegen die Ukraine der sich abzeichnenden Mässigung und Zivilisierung russischer Trinkkultur, die die Humanisierung der Gesellschaft hätte vorantreiben sollen, den Garaus gemacht. Hier zeigte sich wie im Brennglas, dass die Wechselwirkung von Willkür, Gewalt und Trunksucht alle Reformansätze überstanden zu haben scheint. Denn diese Dreieinigkeit reproduziert sich weiter in der Familie in Form von häuslicher Gewalt, beim Dienst in der Armee, bei der Polizei und in den Justizanstalten."},paidContent:c,prevElement:d,nextElement:d},{component:i,identifier:d,id:"doc-1id9imo420",content:{text:"Bei Abertausenden von Männern gehört die systematische Gewalt zur alltäglichen Erfahrung. Das zeigt sich besonders im Strafvollzug. Man muss sich nur vorzustellen versuchen, wie viele Mitarbeiter mehrerer Straflager wohl an der täglichen Folter von Alexei Nawalny in den vier Jahren seiner Haft teilgenommen haben. Was anderes hätten sie abends zum Stressabbau tun sollen, als Wodka zu trinken?"},paidContent:c,prevElement:d,nextElement:d},{component:i,identifier:d,id:"doc-1id9imo430",content:{text:"Beim Wehrdienst erleben die Einberufenen Körperstrafen und gar Folter seitens der «Altdienenden», die ihrerseits nach der Einberufung menschenverachtende Initiationsrituale über sich hatten ergehen lassen müssen. Das Ritual heisst Rekrutenschinderei – «dedowschtschina», die Macht der Grossväter. In den Strafkolonien wiederum herrscht brutalste Gefangenenhierarchie. Früher oder später werden die in den Gewaltinstitutionen erfahrenen Verhaltensmuster in die Gesellschaft hineingetragen."},paidContent:c,prevElement:d,nextElement:p},{component:aW,identifier:p,id:"doc-1id9n0v510",content:{title:"Todgeweihte Männer",id:"subtitle-todgeweihte-m-nner"},contentTable:b,paidContent:c,prevElement:d,nextElement:d},{component:i,identifier:d,id:"doc-1id9imo440",content:{text:"Tatsächlich hat die Invasion der Ukraine die Gewaltsozialisation als Matrix der russischen Gesellschaft offengelegt. Sie zeigt sich nicht nur im nackten Terror gegen die ukrainische Zivilbevölkerung wie in Butscha oder in der Erschiessung von unzähligen Kriegsgefangenen, die durch die Genfer Konvention geschützt wären. Es fehlt nicht an Zeugnissen für den menschenverachtenden, ja barbarischen Umgang der Offiziere mit ihren Untergebenen, aber auch der Soldaten untereinander. Hinzu kommen die sogenannten «Fleisch-Stürme», wenn die Soldaten über die Minenfelder oder direkt ins Feuer des Gegners getrieben werden. Befehlsverweigerern und Deserteuren droht die Foltergrube."},paidContent:c,prevElement:p,nextElement:d},{component:i,identifier:d,id:"doc-1id9imo460",content:{text:"Natürlich sind todgeweihte Männer für Drogen und Alkohol besonders empfänglich. Der Krieg hat die traditionelle Funktion von Schnaps als einem Heilmittel gegen Stress, Angst und Leid gestärkt. Die «der Finsternis und der Unzucht ergebenen Barbaren» feiern mit Alkohol ihr Comingout als richtige Männer – in der Duma wie in den Foltergruben der besetzten ukrainischen Ruinenstädte."},paidContent:c,prevElement:d,nextElement:d},{component:i,identifier:d,id:"doc-1id9mr0tu1",content:{text:"Während der Alkoholverbrauch wieder ansteigt, sinken in Russland die Einnahmen aus dem Ölhandel, mit denen der Krieg finanziert wird. Die Ursachen sind weniger die halbherzigen Sanktionen des Westens als die Erschöpfung der alten Ölreserven in Sibirien. Vor diesem Hintergrund wäre eine Wiederverstaatlichung der Alkoholproduktion nicht unzweckmässig. Und es wäre heute auch gar nicht mehr nötig, die Säufer mit Prügeln in die Schenken zu treiben. Sie finden schon selber den Weg."},paidContent:c,prevElement:d,nextElement:o},{component:aV,identifier:o,id:"doc-1idk86v3e0",content:{image:{originalUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.nzz.ch\u002F2024\u002F11\u002F26\u002F1067f500-8154-45a5-8bae-ba0cb60709aa.jpeg",url:dJ,mediaId:"bDheFYJISFxf",key:"2024\u002F11\u002F26\u002F1067f500-8154-45a5-8bae-ba0cb60709aa.jpeg",width:3072,height:m,mimeType:y,altText:"Smolensky Street shoppers waiting to buy vodka at liquor shop (incl. soldier), behind 2 happy men, 1 stuffing bottles into his bag, other displaying his, trophy-style, in economic reform price hikes-anxious, consumer-unfriendly, shortages & pol. turm.oil-beset union (Photo by Sergei Guneyev\u002FGetty Images)",origins:[{name:v,identifier:dK}],imageService:C},caption:"Kunden in einem Spirituosengeschäft in Moskau, die sich auf den Rausch freuen. November 1991.",author:dL},styles:{position:cl},paidContent:c,prevElement:d,nextElement:cn},{component:"footnote",identifier:cn,id:"doc-1id9mmj1d0",content:{text:"\u003Cstrong\u003ESonja Margolina\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E,\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E 1951 in Moskau geboren, lebt als Publizistin und Buchautorin in Berlin. 2004 erschien der Band «Wodka: Trinken und Macht in Russland»."},paidContent:c,prevElement:o,nextElement:co,lastContentElement:c},{component:"sharebox",identifier:co,id:"doc-1id9iml0i1",paidContent:c,prevElement:cn,nextElement:dM},{component:"moreToSubject",identifier:dM,id:"doc-1id9iml0i2",content:{title:"Passend zum Artikel",hasArticleTags:c,relevantTopic:dN},containers:{"moreToSubject-area":[{component:cp,identifier:cq,id:"doc-1id9iml0i3",content:{"link-box-embed":{service:cr,params:{type:cs,layout:[aX,ct,cu,cv,cw,cx,aY,cy,cz,q,aZ,a_,cA,a$,ba,bb,bc,bd],mediaId:1852177}},article:{metadata:{contentTypeGroup:aj,teaserAuthor:dO,firstTitle:"«Guten Morgen. Ich möchte meinen Lebensgefährten zur SVO schicken, weil er keine Trennung will» – hinter dem Eintritt in die russische Armee verbergen sich oft tragische Schicksale",significantUpdate:b,teaserGallery:{images:[],style:a},language:{groupId:"lN3aqdHpq1Yr",locale:z},title:"Eine günstige Gelegenheit, den lästig gewordenen Ehemann loszuwerden – hinter dem Eintritt in die russische Armee verbergen sich tragische Schicksale",seoTitle:"Russische Armee Rekrutierung: Tragische Schicksale hinter freiwilligem Einsatz",nzzAuthors:[{external:c,name:be,id:bf,shortName:bg}],nzzPrintTitle:"Russische Ehefrauen denunzieren die Taugenichtse",designName:bh,teaserCarouselStyle:a,significantUpdateTill:"2024-10-11T15:30:00.000Z",nzzEditor:[{external:b,name:cB,id:cC,shortName:cD,proLitterisId:cE}],department:{path:l,premium:b,level:D,name:g},publicationDate:dP,slug:"der-russische-staat-muss-mittlerweile-immer-hoehere-entschaedigungen-zahlen-um-freiwillige-fuer-den-einsatz-in-der-ukraine-zu-mobilisieren",firstPublicationDate:dP,owner:E,nzzCharacterCount:9624,authorLine:x,lastProofreadRevision:62167440,numberOfContentComponents:28,leadText:dQ,publicationLastUpdated:"2024-10-11T10:58:10.302Z",copySourceId:1850425,nzzArticleSnippet:dQ,urlPath:"\u002Ffeuilleton\u002Fder-russische-staat-muss-mittlerweile-immer-hoehere-entschaedigungen-zahlen-um-freiwillige-fuer-den-einsatz-in-der-ukraine-zu-mobilisieren-ld.1852177",teaserImage:{imageService:C,width:dR,originalUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.nzz.ch\u002F2024\u002F10\u002F09\u002F622ca357-cd0a-4601-9306-c0ceae8bc8d5.jpeg",mimeType:y,crops:[{x:j,width:dR,name:bi,y:j,srcSet:[{width:m,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.nzz.ch\u002F2024\u002F10\u002F09\u002F622ca357-cd0a-4601-9306-c0ceae8bc8d5.jpeg?crop=3846,2163,x0,y0&width=2048&quality=75&auto=webp"},{width:r,url:dS},{width:s,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.nzz.ch\u002F2024\u002F10\u002F09\u002F622ca357-cd0a-4601-9306-c0ceae8bc8d5.jpeg?crop=3846,2163,x0,y0&width=620&quality=75&auto=webp"},{width:t,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.nzz.ch\u002F2024\u002F10\u002F09\u002F622ca357-cd0a-4601-9306-c0ceae8bc8d5.jpeg?crop=3846,2163,x0,y0&width=320&quality=75&auto=webp"}],isAutomatic:b,url:dS,height:2163,ratio:bj},{x:502,width:dT,name:bk,y:23,srcSet:[{width:m,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.nzz.ch\u002F2024\u002F10\u002F09\u002F622ca357-cd0a-4601-9306-c0ceae8bc8d5.jpeg?crop=2107,2107,x502,y23&width=2048&quality=75&auto=webp"},{width:r,url:dU},{width:s,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.nzz.ch\u002F2024\u002F10\u002F09\u002F622ca357-cd0a-4601-9306-c0ceae8bc8d5.jpeg?crop=2107,2107,x502,y23&width=620&quality=75&auto=webp"},{width:t,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.nzz.ch\u002F2024\u002F10\u002F09\u002F622ca357-cd0a-4601-9306-c0ceae8bc8d5.jpeg?crop=2107,2107,x502,y23&width=320&quality=75&auto=webp"}],isAutomatic:b,url:dU,height:dT,ratio:D},{x:j,width:3160,name:bl,y:j,srcSet:[{width:m,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.nzz.ch\u002F2024\u002F10\u002F09\u002F622ca357-cd0a-4601-9306-c0ceae8bc8d5.jpeg?crop=3160,2370,x0,y0&width=2048&quality=75&auto=webp"},{width:r,url:dV},{width:s,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.nzz.ch\u002F2024\u002F10\u002F09\u002F622ca357-cd0a-4601-9306-c0ceae8bc8d5.jpeg?crop=3160,2370,x0,y0&width=620&quality=75&auto=webp"},{width:t,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.nzz.ch\u002F2024\u002F10\u002F09\u002F622ca357-cd0a-4601-9306-c0ceae8bc8d5.jpeg?crop=3160,2370,x0,y0&width=320&quality=75&auto=webp"}],isAutomatic:b,url:dV,height:cF,ratio:bm},{x:746,width:1778,name:bn,y:j,srcSet:[{width:m,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.nzz.ch\u002F2024\u002F10\u002F09\u002F622ca357-cd0a-4601-9306-c0ceae8bc8d5.jpeg?crop=1778,2370,x746,y0&width=2048&quality=75&auto=webp"},{width:r,url:dW},{width:s,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.nzz.ch\u002F2024\u002F10\u002F09\u002F622ca357-cd0a-4601-9306-c0ceae8bc8d5.jpeg?crop=1778,2370,x746,y0&width=620&quality=75&auto=webp"},{width:t,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.nzz.ch\u002F2024\u002F10\u002F09\u002F622ca357-cd0a-4601-9306-c0ceae8bc8d5.jpeg?crop=1778,2370,x746,y0&width=320&quality=75&auto=webp"}],isAutomatic:b,url:dW,height:cF,ratio:bo}],mediaId:"3wmXV57p-lEV",key:"2024\u002F10\u002F09\u002F622ca357-cd0a-4601-9306-c0ceae8bc8d5.jpeg",url:dX,height:cF},nzzId:cG,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nzz.ch\u002Ffeuilleton\u002Fder-russische-staat-muss-mittlerweile-immer-hoehere-entschaedigungen-zahlen-um-freiwillige-fuer-den-einsatz-in-der-ukraine-zu-mobilisieren-ld.1852177",dependencies:{},layout:q,estimationWordCount:1493,nzzPrintSubtitle:"Hinter dem Eintritt in die Armee verbergen sich oft tragische Schicksale. 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Bitte prüfen Sie Ihre Internetverbindung oder versuchen Sie es später erneut.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","bellevue","morpheus.header","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.nzz.ch\u002F2024\u002F11\u002F26\u002F8eff63e0-04a7-40ef-8f27-49ebc09362ad.jpeg","nf1QZxEF0Y3B","2024\u002F11\u002F26\u002F8eff63e0-04a7-40ef-8f27-49ebc09362ad.jpeg","2163298970","Wodka gegen die Kälte: Waldarbeiter fahren im Oblast Swerdlowsk im Ural mit einer Draisine nach Hause. Die Aufnahme entstand 2015.","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.nzz.ch\u002F2024\u002F11\u002F26\u002F2c8c161b-ef1c-4bb1-ab83-e746b2553dd2.jpeg?crop=5058,3387,x43,y17&width=1024&quality=75&auto=webp","2163298315","Heritage Images \u002F Hulton Archive \u002F Getty","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.nzz.ch\u002F2024\u002F11\u002F26\u002F4d9613bb-6b39-4af5-ab74-79bc4183acfc.jpeg?width=1024&quality=75&auto=webp","2163298309","Sowjetrussisches Propagandaplakat gegen die Gefahren des Alkohols von 1929: «Ein Fluss beginnt mit einem kleinen Bächlein!»","Universal History Archive \u002F Getty","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.nzz.ch\u002F2024\u002F11\u002F26\u002F1067f500-8154-45a5-8bae-ba0cb60709aa.jpeg?width=1024&quality=75&auto=webp","2163298313","Sergei Guneyev \u002F The Chronicle Collection \u002F Getty","morpheus.moreToSubject","Russland","Konstantin Mihalchevskiy \u002F Imago","2024-10-11T03:30:00.000Z","Der russische Staat muss mittlerweile immer höhere Entschädigungen zahlen, um Freiwillige für den Einsatz in der Ukraine zu mobilisieren. Die russische Schriftstellerin Sonja Margolina schreibt über die Anreize, die eine solche Rekrutierung schafft.",3846,"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.nzz.ch\u002F2024\u002F10\u002F09\u002F622ca357-cd0a-4601-9306-c0ceae8bc8d5.jpeg?crop=3846,2163,x0,y0&width=1024&quality=75&auto=webp",2107,"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.nzz.ch\u002F2024\u002F10\u002F09\u002F622ca357-cd0a-4601-9306-c0ceae8bc8d5.jpeg?crop=2107,2107,x502,y23&width=1024&quality=75&auto=webp","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.nzz.ch\u002F2024\u002F10\u002F09\u002F622ca357-cd0a-4601-9306-c0ceae8bc8d5.jpeg?crop=3160,2370,x0,y0&width=1024&quality=75&auto=webp","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.nzz.ch\u002F2024\u002F10\u002F09\u002F622ca357-cd0a-4601-9306-c0ceae8bc8d5.jpeg?crop=1778,2370,x746,y0&width=1024&quality=75&auto=webp","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.nzz.ch\u002F2024\u002F10\u002F09\u002F622ca357-cd0a-4601-9306-c0ceae8bc8d5.jpeg?width=1024&quality=75&auto=webp","Yuri Kochetkov \u002F EPA","2024-08-29T03:30:00.000Z","Auf dem Papier scheint es so lukrativ wie noch nie, im Dienst der russischen Armee zu stehen, schreibt die Autorin Sonja Margolina. Trotz hohen Prämien aber gehen Putin die Truppen aus, die in der Ukraine kämpfen sollen.",5000,"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.nzz.ch\u002F2024\u002F08\u002F28\u002F4dad196e-a2a8-4b7e-b174-43e194fc31be.jpeg?crop=5000,2812,x0,y331&width=1024&quality=75&auto=webp",1225,"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.nzz.ch\u002F2024\u002F08\u002F28\u002F4dad196e-a2a8-4b7e-b174-43e194fc31be.jpeg?crop=1225,1225,x1928,y600&width=1024&quality=75&auto=webp","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.nzz.ch\u002F2024\u002F08\u002F28\u002F4dad196e-a2a8-4b7e-b174-43e194fc31be.jpeg?crop=4191,3143,x809,y0&width=1024&quality=75&auto=webp","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.nzz.ch\u002F2024\u002F08\u002F28\u002F4dad196e-a2a8-4b7e-b174-43e194fc31be.jpeg?crop=2357,3143,x1346,y0&width=1024&quality=75&auto=webp","ld.1844419","Pierre Crom \u002F Getty","Die Ukraine sitzt auf einem enormen Schatz an Rohstoffen für die E-Zukunft – auch dies ist ein Motiv für Putins Eroberungsfeldzug","Es stehen viele Gründe im Raum, warum Russland die Ukraine überfallen hat. Zu ihnen zählt die Tatsache, dass die Energiewende den russischen Ölstaat zu einem Verlierer machen würde. Abhilfe bieten die ukrainischen Rohstoffe.",4632,2316,"ld.1821818",{},{},"Willkür, Gewalt und Trunksucht – am Ende ist es der Wodka, der die russische Matrix zusammenhält","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.nzz.ch\u002F2024\u002F11\u002F26\u002F8eff63e0-04a7-40ef-8f27-49ebc09362ad.jpeg?crop=5184,2916,x0,y270&width=1024&quality=75&auto=webp","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.nzz.ch\u002F2024\u002F11\u002F26\u002F8eff63e0-04a7-40ef-8f27-49ebc09362ad.jpeg?crop=3456,3456,x864,y0&width=1024&quality=75&auto=webp","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.nzz.ch\u002F2024\u002F11\u002F26\u002F8eff63e0-04a7-40ef-8f27-49ebc09362ad.jpeg?crop=4608,3456,x288,y0&width=1024&quality=75&auto=webp","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.nzz.ch\u002F2024\u002F11\u002F26\u002F8eff63e0-04a7-40ef-8f27-49ebc09362ad.jpeg?crop=2592,3456,x1296,y0&width=1024&quality=75&auto=webp",3,100,{},"Russlands Trunksucht: Wodka hält die Wirtschaft am Laufen – und macht die Wirklichkeit erträglicher,Feuilleton, Nachrichten, 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