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class="vector-toc-link" href="#În_creștinism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>În creștinism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-În_creștinism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monahismul_în_Biserica_Ortodoxă" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monahismul_în_Biserica_Ortodoxă"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Monahismul în Biserica Ortodoxă</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monahismul_în_Biserica_Ortodoxă-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vezi_și" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vezi_și"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Vezi și</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vezi_și-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lectură_suplimentară" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lectură_suplimentară"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Lectură suplimentară</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lectură_suplimentară-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legături_externe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legături_externe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legături externe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legături_externe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Călugăr</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 86 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">86 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monnik" title="Monnik – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Monnik" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6nch" title="Mönch – germană (Elveția)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mönch" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="germană (Elveția)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monche" title="Monche – aragoneză" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Monche" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A8" title="راهب – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="راهب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A8" title="راهب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="راهب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monxu" title="Monxu – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Monxu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahib" title="Rahib – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rahib" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Манах – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Манах" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Манах – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Манах" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Монах – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Монах" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%81" title="ভিক্ষু – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভিক্ষু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%99%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="བཙུན་པ། – tibetană" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བཙུན་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manac%27h" title="Manac'h – bretonă" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Manac'h" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monjo" title="Monjo – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Monjo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnich" title="Mnich – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mnich" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mynach" title="Mynach – galeză" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mynach" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munk" title="Munk – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Munk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6nch" title="Mönch – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mönch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C5%9Fi%C5%9F" title="Keşiş – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Keşiş" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%87%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Μοναχός – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μοναχός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monk" title="Monk – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Monk" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona%C4%A5o" title="Monaĥo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Monaĥo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monje" title="Monje – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Monje" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munk" title="Munk – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Munk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monje" title="Monje – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Monje" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A8" title="راهب – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راهب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munkki" title="Munkki – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Munkki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muuk" title="Muuk – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Muuk" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moine" title="Moine – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Moine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muonts" title="Muonts – frizonă occidentală" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Muonts" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frizonă occidentală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manach" title="Manach – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Manach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manach" title="Manach – gaelică scoțiană" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Manach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelică scoțiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monxe,_monxa" title="Monxe, monxa – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Monxe, monxa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redovnik" title="Redovnik – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Redovnik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szerzetes" title="Szerzetes – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szerzetes" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%83%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Ճգնավոր – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ճգնավոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monacho" title="Monacho – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Monacho" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biarawan" title="Biarawan – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Biarawan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monako" title="Monako – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Monako" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munkur" title="Munkur – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Munkur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E9%81%93%E5%A3%AB" title="修道士 – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="修道士" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ბერმონაზვნობა – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბერმონაზვნობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Монах – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Монах" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%83" title="ព្រះសង្ឃ – khmeră" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ព្រះសង្ឃ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B6%9C%EA%B0%80%EC%9E%90" title="출가자 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="출가자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monak" title="Monak – kurdă" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Monak" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Кечилдик – kârgâză" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кечилдик" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kârgâză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monachus" title="Monachus – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Monachus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munnik" title="Munnik – limburgheză" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Munnik" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monegh" title="Monegh – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Monegh" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienuolis" title="Vienuolis – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vienuolis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%ABks" title="Mūks – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mūks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monka" title="Monka – malgașă" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Monka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Монах – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Монах" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Тойн – mongolă" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тойн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%B3" title="ခမဳ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ခမဳ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahib" title="Rahib – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rahib" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monnik" title="Monnik – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Monnik" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munk" title="Munk – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Munk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munk" title="Munk – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Munk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mou%C3%A8ne" title="Mouène – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Mouène" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monghi" title="Monghi – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Monghi" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakon_mniszy" title="Zakon mniszy – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zakon mniszy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%A8" title="راہب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="راہب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monge" title="Monge – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Monge" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Монах – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Монах" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Монах – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Монах" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redovnik" title="Redovnik – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Redovnik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monk" title="Monk – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Monk" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mn%C3%ADch" title="Mních – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mních" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menih" title="Menih – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Menih" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Монах – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Монах" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munk" title="Munk – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Munk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mmonaki" title="Mmonaki – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mmonaki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF" title="துறவி – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="துறவி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95" title="นักพรต – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นักพรต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C5%9Fi%C5%9F" title="Keşiş – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Keşiş" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Чернець – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чернець" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%A8" title="راہب – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="راہب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaxlar" title="Monaxlar – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Monaxlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu_s%C4%A9" title="Tu sĩ – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tu sĩ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moenne" title="Moenne – valonă" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Moenne" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E5%AE%B6%E4%BA%BA" title="出家人 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="出家人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E5%AE%B6%E4%BA%BA" title="出家人 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="出家人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheng-l%C5%AB" title="Cheng-lū – chineză min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Cheng-lū" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="chineză min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%83%A7%E4%BA%BA" title="僧人 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="僧人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><div role="note" class="dezambiguizare">Pentru alte sensuri, vedeți <a href="/wiki/C%C4%83lug%C4%83r_(dezambiguizare)" class="mw-disambig" title="Călugăr (dezambiguizare)">Călugăr (dezambiguizare)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:%E5%BF%83%E5%9F%B9%E5%92%8C%E5%B0%9A.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/%E5%BF%83%E5%9F%B9%E5%92%8C%E5%B0%9A.JPG/220px-%E5%BF%83%E5%9F%B9%E5%92%8C%E5%B0%9A.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/%E5%BF%83%E5%9F%B9%E5%92%8C%E5%B0%9A.JPG/330px-%E5%BF%83%E5%9F%B9%E5%92%8C%E5%B0%9A.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/%E5%BF%83%E5%9F%B9%E5%92%8C%E5%B0%9A.JPG/440px-%E5%BF%83%E5%9F%B9%E5%92%8C%E5%B0%9A.JPG 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>Călugăr budist</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Kumbh018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kumbh018.jpg/220px-Kumbh018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kumbh018.jpg/330px-Kumbh018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kumbh018.jpg/440px-Kumbh018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="485" /></a><figcaption>Călugări hinduși</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Monnik_in_Panagidia_Galaktotrofousa_klooster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Monnik_in_Panagidia_Galaktotrofousa_klooster.jpg/220px-Monnik_in_Panagidia_Galaktotrofousa_klooster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Monnik_in_Panagidia_Galaktotrofousa_klooster.jpg/330px-Monnik_in_Panagidia_Galaktotrofousa_klooster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Monnik_in_Panagidia_Galaktotrofousa_klooster.jpg/440px-Monnik_in_Panagidia_Galaktotrofousa_klooster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3312" data-file-height="4416" /></a><figcaption>Călugăr creștin ortodox</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Călugărul</b> (din <a href="/wiki/Limba_greac%C4%83" title="Limba greacă">greacă</a> <span lang="grk" style="font-style:italic">καλλόγερον</span>, transliterat: <span lang="grk-Latn" style="font-style:italic">kallogeron</span>, „bătrân frumos”) este persoana care se dedică în mod special spiritualității unei anumite religii. Există călugări budiști, creștini, hinduși etc. </p><p>Călugării care trăiesc singuri se numesc monahi (din gr μόνος, "singur"), iar cei care trăiesc în comun cu alți călugări se numesc <a href="/wiki/Cenobit" title="Cenobit">cenobiți</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monah" class="mw-redirect" title="Monah">monahii</a>; - Monah (greacă <i>monos</i> = <i>singur</i>) "pustnic", "singuratic" un membru al unei religii, sau ordin religios care slujește o viață întreagă credința lui (vezi <a href="/wiki/Categorie:Religie" title="Categorie:Religie">Categorie:Religie</a>) ca de exemplu în <a href="/wiki/Budism" title="Budism">budism</a> din anul 500 <a href="/wiki/%C3%8E.e.n." class="mw-redirect" title="Î.e.n.">î.e.n.</a> este denumit Bhikkhu, în <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">jainism</a>, Digambara, în <a href="/wiki/Cre%C8%99tinism" title="Creștinism">creștinismul</a> timpuriu în <a href="/wiki/Secolul_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Secolul IV">secolul IV</a> un întemeietor al Ordinului <i>Anahoreților</i> <a href="/wiki/Antonius_cel_Mare" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonius cel Mare">Antonius cel Mare</a>.</li> <li>altfel de călugări (<a href="/wiki/Celibat" title="Celibat">celibatari</a>) sunt cei ce aparțin diferitelor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordin_religios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ordin religios — pagină inexistentă">Ordine</a> din <a href="/wiki/Biserica_Catolic%C4%83" title="Biserica Catolică">Biserica Catolică</a> ca de exemplu călugării <a href="/wiki/Ordinul_Benedictin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinul Benedictin">benedictini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ordinul_Iezuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinul Iezuit">iezuiți</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ordinul_Dominican" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinul Dominican">dominicani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ordinul_Franciscan" title="Ordinul Franciscan">franciscani</a> etc.</li> <li>femeile care au jurat să slujească credința lor o viață întreagă și să rămână necăsătorite (celibatare) sunt numite <a href="/wiki/Maic%C4%83" title="Maică">maici</a> sau monahii.</li> <li>alte forme și ordine nemonastice:</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="În_creștinism"><span id=".C3.8En_cre.C8.99tinism"></span>În creștinism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C4%83lug%C4%83r&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: În creștinism" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C4%83lug%C4%83r&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: În creștinism"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Monahismul poate fi de mai multe feluri: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cenobit" title="Cenobit">cenobitic</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pustnic" title="Pustnic">pustnicesc</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schimnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Schimnic">schimnic</a>, etc.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monahismul_în_Biserica_Ortodoxă"><span id="Monahismul_.C3.AEn_Biserica_Ortodox.C4.83"></span>Monahismul în Biserica Ortodoxă</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C4%83lug%C4%83r&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Monahismul în Biserica Ortodoxă" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C4%83lug%C4%83r&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Monahismul în Biserica Ortodoxă"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În <a href="/wiki/Biserica_Ortodox%C4%83" title="Biserica Ortodoxă">Biserica Ortodoxă</a> monahismul are mai multe trepte: frate începător, rasofor<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, monah și schimonah (schivnic)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-cp2013-07-08_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp2013-07-08-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cât timp este necesar să viețuiască și să se nevoiască un ostenitor într-o treaptă monahală se analizează de către conducerea mănăstirii, printr-o evaluare duhovnicească, de la caz la caz.<sup id="cite_ref-cp2013-07-08_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp2013-07-08-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În <a href="/wiki/Biserica_Ortodox%C4%83_Rom%C3%A2n%C4%83" title="Biserica Ortodoxă Română">Biserica Ortodoxă Română</a>, de cele mai multe ori treapta rasoforiei nu este luată în seamă, iar schivnicia nu o doresc toți monahii, ci doar foarte puțini.<sup id="cite_ref-cp2013-07-08_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp2013-07-08-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De asemenea, novicele în mănăstire nu are nici o vestimentație specifică spre a-l deosebi de credincioșii mireni.<sup id="cite_ref-cp2013-07-08_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp2013-07-08-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vezi_și"><span id="Vezi_.C8.99i"></span>Vezi și</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C4%83lug%C4%83r&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Vezi și" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C4%83lug%C4%83r&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Vezi și"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Ordine_religioase" title="Categorie:Ordine religioase">Ordine religioase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%83n%C4%83stire" title="Mănăstire">Mănăstire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostol" title="Apostol">Apostol</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C4%83lug%C4%83r&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C4%83lug%C4%83r&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><b>rasofór</b>, <i>rasofori</i> s. m. Călugăr novice care, cu binecuvântarea arhiereului și după ce a trecut noviciatul, este îmbrăcat în rasă, aceasta însemnând abnegație, lepădarea de lume și sărăcie de bunăvoie. – Din gr. <i>rasophoros</i> (în Ion M. Stoian, <i>Dicționar religios</i>, Editura Garamond, 1994, citat de <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dexonline.ro/definitie/rasofor">DEX online</a>.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><b>schimonáh</b>, <i>schimonahi</i> s. m. Călugăr care a primit schima mare și trăiește o viață de schimnic. – Din gr. <i>shimonahos</i> (în Ion M. Stoian, <i>Dicționar religios</i>, Editura Garamond, 1994, citat de <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dexonline.ro/definitie/schimonah">DEX online</a>.)<br /><i>Schimă mare</i> = slujbă bisericească prin care un monah, pregătit pentru „chipul îngeresc”, devine schimonah și primește hainele: dulama, schima (cuculionul), analabul, brâul, rasa, mantia, potcapul, camilafca, metaniile și crucea (în Ion M. Stoian, <i>Dicționar religios</i>, Editura Garamond, 1994, citat de <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dexonline.ro/definitie/schim%C4%83">DEX online</a>.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cp2013-07-08-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cp2013-07-08_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cp2013-07-08_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cp2013-07-08_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cp2013-07-08_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ziarullumina.ro/viata-monahala/treptele-incepatoare-monahism">Treptele începătoare în monahism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927060215/http://ziarullumina.ro/viata-monahala/treptele-incepatoare-monahism">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2013-09-27">27 septembrie 2013</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., 18 noiembrie 2012, Arhim. Clement Haralam, <i>Ziarul Lumina</i>, accesat la 8 iulie 2013</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lectură_suplimentară"><span id="Lectur.C4.83_suplimentar.C4.83"></span>Lectură suplimentară</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C4%83lug%C4%83r&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Lectură suplimentară" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C4%83lug%C4%83r&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Lectură suplimentară"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=gmQZAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Izvoare privitoare la istoria monahismului românesc</i>, Daniel Danielescu, Emilian Roman, Editura MintRight Inc, 2013</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe"><span id="Leg.C4.83turi_externe"></span>Legături externe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C4%83lug%C4%83r&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C4%83lug%C4%83r&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Legături externe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba germană">de</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.univie.ac.at/rel_jap/tempel/soryo.htm">Das japanische Mönchtum in Bildern</a></li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sriramakrishna.org">Ramakrishna Orden Mönchsorden im Hinduismus</a></li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swaminarayan.org">Swaminarayan Orden Mönchsorden im Hinduismus</a></li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba germană">de</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timediver.de/Athos_Aghion_Oros.html">Die Mönchsrepublik Athos</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ro.orthodoxwiki.org/Călugăr">Despre Călugăr</a> la enciclopedia <i>OrthodoxWiki</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ro.orthodoxwiki.org/Monahism">Despre Monahism</a> la enciclopedia <i>OrthodoxWiki</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crestinortodox.ro/istoria-bisericii/monahismul-70565.html">Monahismul</a>, 6 iulie 2012, <i>CrestinOrtodox.ro</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ziarullumina.ro/actualitate-religioasa/documentar/monahismul-si-preotia-in-viata-bisericii-27237.html">Monahismul și preoția în viața Bisericii</a>, 20 iunie 2010, Ierom. Veniamin Goreanu, <i>Ziarul Lumina</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ziarullumina.ro/actualitate-religioasa/documentar/treptele-monahismului-70752.html">Treptele monahismului</a>, 2 aprilie 2012, Diac. George Aniculoaie, <i>Ziarul Lumina</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crestinortodox.ro/religie/acte-simboluri-slujba-tunderii-69720.html">Acte si simboluri in slujba tunderii</a>, 31 octombrie 2008, G.C., <i>CrestinOrtodox.ro</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ziarullumina.ro/societate/reportaj/nevointa-si-biruinta-in-monahism-69934.html">Nevoință și biruință în monahism</a>, 29 aprilie 2012, Arhim. Clement Haralam, <i>Ziarul Lumina</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ziarullumina.ro/societate/reportaj/pe-drumul-insotirii-cu-hristos-69381.html">Pe drumul însoțirii cu Hristos</a>, 20 mai 2012, Arhim. Clement Haralam, <i>Ziarul Lumina</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ziarullumina.ro/teologie-si-spiritualitate/evanghelia-zilei/raspunsuri-duhovnicesti-monahismul-urban-31896.html">Monahismul urban</a>, 23 martie 2010, Arhim. Paisie Teodorescu, <i>Ziarul Lumina</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ziarullumina.ro/actualitate-religioasa/documentar/intrarea-calugaritelor-in-altar-nu-este-un-drept-ci-un-pogoramant-44384.html">„Intrarea călugărițelor în altar nu este un drept, ci un pogorământ“</a>, 21 mai 2009, Diac. George Aniculoaie, <i>Ziarul Lumina</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crestinortodox.ro/biserica-ortodoxa/organizare-b-o-r/staretul-71003.html">Staretul</a>, 18 iulie 2012, <i>CrestinOrtodox.ro</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crestinortodox.ro/religie/monahismul-protestant-121652.html">Monahismul protestant</a>, 3 august 2012, <i>CrestinOrtodox.ro</i></li></ul> <p><i><b>Monahismul în România</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crestinortodox.ro/religie/monahismul-romanesc-135885.html">Monahismul romanesc</a>, 14 mai 2012, Dumitru Manolache, <i>CrestinOrtodox.ro</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crestinortodox.ro/religie/monahismul-romanesc-120838.html">Monahismul românesc</a>, 17 august 2010, Arhimandrit Dr. Vartolomeu Androni, Staretul Manastirii Cozia, <i>CrestinOrtodox.ro</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crestinortodox.ro/biserica-ortodoxa/organizare-b-o-r/primirea-viata-monahala-71001.html">Primirea in viata monahala</a>, 18 iulie 2012, <i>CrestinOrtodox.ro</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crestinortodox.ro/biserica-ortodoxa/organizare-b-o-r/tunderea-monahism-71002.html">Tunderea in monahism</a>, 18 iulie 2012, <i>CrestinOrtodox.ro</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crestinortodox.ro/biserica-ortodoxa/organizare-b-o-r/instantele-judecatoresti-pentru-monahi-70999.html">Instantele judecatoresti pentru monahi</a>, 18 iulie 2012, <i>CrestinOrtodox.ro</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ziarullumina.ro/actualitate-religioasa/documentar/monahismul-banatean-45773.html">Monahismul bănățean</a>, 12 aprilie 2009, Pr. Prof. Dr. Vasile Muntean, <i>Ziarul Lumina</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ziarullumina.ro/societate/historica/monahul-ortodox-roman-la-1900-25574.html">Monahul ortodox român la 1900</a>, 21 iulie 2010, Adrian Nicolae Petcu, <i>Ziarul Lumina</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ziarullumina.ro/actualitate-religioasa/documentar/decretul-nr-410-1959-o-perspectiva-juridica-37044.html">Decretul nr. 410/1959. O perspectivă juridică</a>, 19 noiembrie 2009, Pr. Ionuț-Gabriel Corduneanu, <i>Ziarul Lumina</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ziarullumina.ro/societate/historica/atitudinea-patriarhului-justinian-fata-de-aplicarea-decretului-410-37043.html">Atitudinea patriarhului Justinian față de aplicarea Decretului 410</a>, 19 noiembrie 2009, Adrian Nicolae Petcu, <i>Ziarul Lumina</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ziarullumina.ro/societate/reportaj/incercarea-410-pentru-monahismul-romanesc-36212.html">Încercarea 410 pentru monahismul românesc</a>, 11 decembrie 2009, Diac. 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