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class="inline odd first last"><a href="/en">Home</a></span></div> </div> </div>  </div> </div>  </div>   <div id="page" class="clearfix"> <div class="container_12">   <div class="grid_12">  <div id="main" class="clearfix">  <div class="tabs"> </div>      <div class="region region-content"> <div id="block-system-main" class="block block-system"> <div class="content"> <div class="view view-legacyproblems view-id-legacyproblems view-display-id-page_1 view-dom-id-4e5e379b3b0cbf6f99e9440bd3d0aebc"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first views-row-last"> <div class="views-field views-field-FM-16"> <div class="views-label views-label-FM-16 dblabel">Problem</div> <h1 class="field-content">Human consumption of animals</h1> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-docid"> <span class="field-content"> <div id="d3vis" style="margin-right:3px !important;width:600px;"> <iframe src="/sites/en.uia.org/visuals/round.php?docid=11376440&vol=problems&dataset=narrow" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no" width="600" height="600" border="0" frameborder="0" style="border:1px solid #EEE;width:600px;height:600px;"></iframe> <br />Experimental visualization of narrower problems </div> </span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-FM-19"> <div class="views-label views-label-FM-19 field-label">Other Names: </div> <span class="field-content">Meat eating<br />Eating animal flesh<br />Human consumption of dairy products<br />Human consumption of animal products<br />Excessive consumption of meat<br />Flesh-eating<br />Eating dead animals</span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-FM-24"> <div class="views-label views-label-FM-24 field-label">Nature: </div> <span class="field-content"><p>The consumption of animal flesh (whether meat, fowl or fish) or the use of animal products (leather goods, products of bone-processing, eggs and cheese) is unethical, unaesthetic, uneconomic, and without nutritional justification. It may be considered unethical because human beings should not needlessly kill sentient animals. The consumption of animal flesh is not the most economic method of obtaining the highest yield of nutritional products from agricultural land. The economic and social costs of meat consumption include hugely inefficient use of freshwater and land, heavy pollution from livestock faeces, rising rates of heart disease and other degenerative illnesses and spreading destruction of forests.</p></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-FM-20"> <div class="views-label views-label-FM-20 field-label">Background: </div> <span class="field-content"><p>Since historic times, meat has been served at feasts and celebrations. It is not just a food, but a reward. Throughout the world, one of the first things people do as they climb out of poverty is to shift from their peasant diet of mainly grains and beans to one that is rich in pork or beef.</p></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-FM-25"> <div class="views-label views-label-FM-25 field-label">Incidence: </div> <span class="field-content"><p>Between 1950 and 2000, per capita consumption of meat around the globe more than doubled. A European study has shown that regular meat eaters are more likely to become fat. In China, a recent shift to meat-heavy diets has been linked to increases in obesity, cardiovascular disease, breast cancer and colorectal cancer. It is not fully understood what are the health implications for people who eat the flesh of animals that have been fed on genetically modified food, hormones and antibiotics.</p><p>In the USA, the number of animals slaughtered annually for food is estimated at between 4.5 and 6 billion. In 1989, the average person in the USA consumed just under 100 kg of meat annually. Calculated in whole lives, both human and animal, an average North American family consumes: 12 cattle, 1 calf, 2 lambs, 29 pigs, 984 chickens, and 37 turkeys. In the UK in 1987 the number included: 4 million cattle, 60,000 calves, 13.5 million sheep, and over 15 million pigs.</p><p>90% of land in Europe and America is used to raise fodder for animals; this area is 14 times more than that required to supply a vegetarian diet of the same protein and calorific value. At least eight vegetarians could be fed with the same quantity of grain as is required to produce stock feed for one average meat-eating person. Then there is the water consumption. To produce 1 kg of feedlot beef requires 7 kg of feed grain, which takes 7,000 kg of water to grow. In the USA, 70 percent of all the wheat, corn and other grain produced feeds livestock.</p><p>In recent years, livestock waste has been implicated in massive fish kills and outbreaks of such diseases as pfiesteria, which causes memory loss, confusion and acute skin burning in people exposed to contaminated water. In the USA, livestock now produce 130 times as much waste as people do. Just one pig farm in Utah, for example, produces more sewage that the city of Los Angeles.</p></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-FM-30"> <div class="views-label views-label-FM-30 field-label">Broader Problems: </div> <span class="field-content"><a href="/en/problem/136511" title="Cancer-causing foods">Cancer-causing foods</a></br><a href="/en/problem/136512" title="Unethical consumption practices">Unethical consumption practices</a></br><a href="/en/problem/136513" title="Excessive consumption of specific foodstuffs">Excessive consumption of specific foodstuffs</a></br><a href="/en/problem/136084" title="Excessive consumption of resources in industrialized countries">Excessive consumption of resources in industrialized countries</a></br></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-FM-31"> <div class="views-label views-label-FM-31 field-label">Narrower Problems: </div> <span class="field-content"><a href="/en/problem/136514" title="Killing of animals">Killing of animals</a></br><a href="/en/problem/135415" title="Hunting of animals">Hunting of animals</a></br><a href="/en/problem/136516" title="Human use of animal by-products">Human use of animal by-products</a></br><a href="/en/problem/136517" title="Consumption of unclean animal products">Consumption of unclean animal products</a></br><a href="/en/problem/136518" title="Environmental hazards from meat production">Environmental hazards from meat production</a></br><a href="/en/problem/136519" title="Increased demand for meat and egg products">Increased demand for meat and egg products</a></br><a href="/en/problem/136279" title="Unsustainable exploitation of fish resources">Unsustainable exploitation of fish resources</a></br><a href="/en/problem/133027" title="Health hazards from meat and meat preparations">Health hazards from meat and meat preparations</a></br><a href="/en/problem/132613" title="Insufficient consumption of vegetables and fruit">Insufficient consumption of vegetables and fruit</a></br><a href="/en/problem/136520" title="Denial to animals of the right to a natural death">Denial to animals of the right to a natural death</a></br><a href="/en/problem/136521" title="Misuse of agricultural resources for production of animal feed">Misuse of agricultural resources for production of animal feed</a></br><a href="/en/problem/133016" title="Excessive commercial exploitation of farm animals by industrial concerns">Excessive commercial exploitation of farm animals by industrial concerns</a></br></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-FM-33"> <div class="views-label views-label-FM-33 field-label">Aggravates: </div> <span class="field-content"><a href="/en/problem/133019" title="Obesity">Obesity</a></br><a href="/en/problem/132467" title="Diabetes">Diabetes</a></br><a href="/en/problem/136057" title="Urolithiasis">Urolithiasis</a></br><a href="/en/problem/136503" title="Hypertension">Hypertension</a></br><a href="/en/problem/136504" title="Food-borne diseases">Food-borne diseases</a></br><a href="/en/problem/134476" title="Malignant neoplasms">Malignant neoplasms</a></br><a href="/en/problem/132617" title="Inadequate dietary fibre">Inadequate dietary fibre</a></br><a href="/en/problem/136318" title="Conflicting uses of water resources">Conflicting uses of water resources</a></br><a href="/en/problem/136505" title="Inhumane food preparation">Inhumane food preparation</a></br><a href="/en/problem/133018" title="Excessive consumption of fats">Excessive consumption of fats</a></br><a href="/en/problem/136506" title="Effluents from animal husbandry">Effluents from animal husbandry</a></br><a href="/en/problem/136507" title="Excessive consumption of protein">Excessive consumption of protein</a></br><a href="/en/problem/136508" title="Cruelty to livestock during transportation">Cruelty to livestock during transportation</a></br><a href="/en/problem/136509" title="Inadequate disposal of slaughterhouse wastes">Inadequate disposal of slaughterhouse wastes</a></br><a href="/en/problem/136510" title="Denial to food animals of the right to freedom from suffering">Denial to food animals of the right to freedom from suffering</a></br><a href="/en/problem/147069" title="Scarcity of oil resources">Scarcity of oil resources</a></br></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-FM-35"> <div class="views-label views-label-FM-35 field-label">Reduces: </div> <span class="field-content"><a href="/en/problem/136522" title="Iron deficiency anaemias">Iron deficiency anaemias</a></br></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-FM-36"> <div class="views-label views-label-FM-36 field-label">Reduced By: </div> <span class="field-content"><a href="/en/problem/136515" title="Shortage of animal protein">Shortage of animal protein</a><br /></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-FM-37"> <div class="views-label views-label-FM-37 field-label">Strategies: </div> <span class="field-content"><a href="/en/strategy/198109" title="Reducing meat consumption to conserve grain">Reducing meat consumption to conserve grain</a></br><a href="/en/strategy/223598" title="Restoring consumer confidence">Restoring consumer confidence</a></br><a href="/en/strategy/200815" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></br><a href="/en/strategy/206407" title="Factory farming">Factory farming</a></br></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-FM-28"> <div class="views-label views-label-FM-28 field-label">Organizations: </div> <span class="field-content"><a href="http://www.uia.org/s/or/en/1100051001" title="Greenpeace International">Greenpeace International</a></br><a href="http://www.uia.org/s/or/en/1100035504" title="People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA)">People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA)</a></br><a href="http://www.uia.org/s/or/en/1100061663" title="Humane Society International (HSI)">Humane Society International (HSI)</a></br><a href="http://www.uia.org/s/or/en/1100042526" title="European Network for Responsible Consumption">European Network for Responsible Consumption</a></br><a href="http://www.uia.org/s/or/en/1122282412" title="Global Research Forum on Sustainable Production and Consumption (GRF)">Global Research Forum on Sustainable Production and Consumption (GRF)</a></br><a href="http://www.uia.org/s/or/en/1100055060" title="International Jewish Vegetarian and Ecological Society (IJVS)">International Jewish Vegetarian and Ecological Society (IJVS)</a></br><a href="http://www.uia.org/s/or/en/1100011024" title="European Vegetarian Union (EVU)">European Vegetarian Union (EVU)</a></br><a href="http://www.uia.org/s/or/en/1100034181" title="Asia Pacific Vegetarian Union (APVU)">Asia Pacific Vegetarian Union (APVU)</a></br><a href="http://www.uia.org/s/or/en/1100041607" title="World Esperantist Vegetarian Association">World Esperantist Vegetarian Association</a></br><a href="http://www.uia.org/s/or/en/1100044012" title="International Vegetarian Union (IVU)">International Vegetarian Union (IVU)</a></br><a href="http://www.uia.org/s/or/en/1100060114" title="Regional Activity Centre for Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP/RAC)">Regional Activity Centre for Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP/RAC)</a></br><a href="http://www.uia.org/s/or/en/1100051730" title="Bioversity International">Bioversity International</a></br><a href="http://www.uia.org/s/or/en/1100002026" title="EcoAgriculture Partners">EcoAgriculture Partners</a></br><a href="http://www.uia.org/s/or/en/1100048221" title="Institute for Food and Development Policy (Food First)">Institute for Food and Development Policy (Food First)</a></br><a href="http://www.uia.org/s/or/en/1100021066" title="United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)">United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)</a></br><a href="http://www.uia.org/s/or/en/1100031522" title="World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)">World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)</a></br><a href="http://www.uia.org/s/or/en/1100010206" title="Sierra Club International Program">Sierra Club International Program</a></br><a href="http://www.uia.org/s/or/en/1100055422" title="Earth Day Network (EDN)">Earth Day Network (EDN)</a></br></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-FM-27"> <div class="views-label views-label-FM-27 field-label">References: </div> <span class="field-content"><a href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=Delmont, J: Milk Intolerance and Rejection&qt=search_items&search=Search" title="Search World Cat for Delmont, J: Milk Intolerance and Rejection">Delmont, J: Milk Intolerance and Rejection</a></br><a href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=Golikere, R K: Vegetarian vs Non-Vegetarian&qt=search_items&search=Search" title="Search World Cat for Golikere, R K: Vegetarian vs Non-Vegetarian">Golikere, R K: Vegetarian vs Non-Vegetarian</a></br><a href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=Adam, Carol J: The Sexual Politics of Meat: a feminist-vegetarian critical theory&qt=search_items&search=Search" title="Search World Cat for Adam, Carol J: The Sexual Politics of Meat: a feminist-vegetarian critical theory">Adam, Carol J: The Sexual Politics of Meat: a feminist-vegetarian critical theory</a></br></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-FM-41"> <div class="views-label views-label-FM-41 field-label">Subject(s): </div> <span class="field-content">Amenities <span style="font-color:#999;">→</span> <a href="https://uia.org/s/sub/en/1600000289" target="_self">Consumption</a><br />Fundamental Sciences <span style="font-color:#999;">→</span> <a href="https://uia.org/s/sub/en/1600000024" target="_self">Material</a><br />Health Care <span style="font-color:#999;">→</span> <a href="https://uia.org/s/sub/en/1600000549" target="_self">Nutrition</a><br />Industry <span style="font-color:#999;">→</span> <a href="https://uia.org/s/sub/en/1600000422" target="_self">Animal products</a><br />Industry <span style="font-color:#999;">→</span> <a href="https://uia.org/s/sub/en/1600000423" target="_self">Dairy products</a><br />Industry <span style="font-color:#999;">→</span> <a href="https://uia.org/s/sub/en/1600000426" target="_self">Meat</a><br />Life <span style="font-color:#999;">→</span> <a href="https://uia.org/s/sub/en/1600000064" target="_self">Death</a><br />Mankind <span style="font-color:#999;">→</span> <a href="https://uia.org/s/sub/en/1600000133" target="_self">Human</a><br />Zoology <span style="font-color:#999;">→</span> <a href="https://uia.org/s/sub/en/1600000100" target="_self">Animals</a><br /></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-FM-42"> <div class="views-label views-label-FM-42 field-label">Related UN Sustainable Development Goals: </div> <span class="field-content"><a href="https://uia.org/s/sdg/en/UN01" ><img style="border:none;width:90px;height:90px;margin: 0 5px 5px 0;" src="https://uia.org/sites/uia.org/files/img/sdgs/E_SDG goals_icons-individual-rgb-01.png" class="sdgimg" alt="GOAL 1: No Poverty" /></a><a href="https://uia.org/s/sdg/en/UN03" ><img style="border:none;width:90px;height:90px;margin: 0 5px 5px 0;" src="https://uia.org/sites/uia.org/files/img/sdgs/E_SDG goals_icons-individual-rgb-03.png" class="sdgimg" alt="GOAL 3: Good Health and Well-being" /></a><a href="https://uia.org/s/sdg/en/UN12" ><img style="border:none;width:90px;height:90px;margin: 0 5px 5px 0;" src="https://uia.org/sites/uia.org/files/img/sdgs/E_SDG goals_icons-individual-rgb-12.png" class="sdgimg" alt="GOAL 12: Responsible Consumption and Production" /></a><a href="https://uia.org/s/sdg/en/UN15" ><img style="border:none;width:90px;height:90px;margin: 0 5px 5px 0;" src="https://uia.org/sites/uia.org/files/img/sdgs/E_SDG goals_icons-individual-rgb-15.png" class="sdgimg" alt="GOAL 15: Life on Land" /></a></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-FM-3"> <div class="views-label views-label-FM-3 field-label">Problem Type: </div> <span class="field-content">D: Detailed problems</span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-changed"> <div class="views-label views-label-changed field-label">Date of last update</div> <span class="field-content">07.02.2022 – 18:38 CET</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div>   </div> </div>   <div id="footer" class="clearfix"> <div class="container_12">  <div id="footer-inside" class="clearfix"> <div class="grid_8"> <div class="footer-area clearfix"> <div class="region region-footer-first"> <div id="block-block-7" class="block block-block"> <h2>About the Encyclopedia</h2> <div class="content"> <p><em>The Encyclopedia of World Problems and Human Potential</em> is a unique, experimental research work of the <a href="https://uia.org">Union of International Associations</a>. 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