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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#License"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>License</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-License-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Release_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Release_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Release history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Release_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Release history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Release_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Darwin_0–8_and_corresponding_Mac_OS_X_releases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Darwin_0–8_and_corresponding_Mac_OS_X_releases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Darwin 0–8 and corresponding Mac OS X releases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Darwin_0–8_and_corresponding_Mac_OS_X_releases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Darwin_9;_iPhone_OS_introduced" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Darwin_9;_iPhone_OS_introduced"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Darwin 9; iPhone OS introduced</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Darwin_9;_iPhone_OS_introduced-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Darwin_10-11;_iPhone_OS_rebranded_to_iOS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Darwin_10-11;_iPhone_OS_rebranded_to_iOS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Darwin 10-11; iPhone OS rebranded to iOS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Darwin_10-11;_iPhone_OS_rebranded_to_iOS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Darwin_12–15;_Mac_OS_X_rebranded_into_OS_X" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Darwin_12–15;_Mac_OS_X_rebranded_into_OS_X"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Darwin 12–15; Mac OS X rebranded into OS X</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Darwin_12–15;_Mac_OS_X_rebranded_into_OS_X-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Darwin_16–19;_OS_X_rebranded_into_macOS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Darwin_16–19;_OS_X_rebranded_into_macOS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Darwin 16–19; OS X rebranded into macOS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Darwin_16–19;_OS_X_rebranded_into_macOS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Darwin_20_onwards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Darwin_20_onwards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Darwin 20 onwards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Darwin_20_onwards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derived_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Derived projects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Derived_projects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Derived projects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Derived_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-OpenDarwin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OpenDarwin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>OpenDarwin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OpenDarwin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PureDarwin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PureDarwin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>PureDarwin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PureDarwin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_derived_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_derived_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Other derived projects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_derived_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Darwin (operating system)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_(%C3%A6htendebyrd)" title="Darwin (æhtendebyrd) – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Darwin (æhtendebyrd)" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86_(%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%84)" title="داروين (نظام تشغيل) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="داروين (نظام تشغيل)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_(operativni_sistem)" title="Darwin (operativni sistem) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Darwin (operativni sistem)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_(sistema_operatiu)" title="Darwin (sistema operatiu) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Darwin (sistema operatiu)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_(opera%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_syst%C3%A9m)" title="Darwin (operační systém) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Darwin (operační systém)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin-kernen" title="Darwin-kernen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Darwin-kernen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_(Betriebssystem)" title="Darwin (Betriebssystem) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Darwin (Betriebssystem)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_(sistema_operativo)" title="Darwin (sistema operativo) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Darwin (sistema operativo)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_(operaciumo)" title="Darwin (operaciumo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Darwin (operaciumo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_(sistema_eragilea)" title="Darwin (sistema eragilea) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Darwin (sistema eragilea)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86_(%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84)" title="داروین (سیستم‌عامل) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="داروین (سیستم‌عامل)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_(informatique)" title="Darwin (informatique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Darwin (informatique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EC%9C%88_(%EC%9A%B4%EC%98%81_%EC%B2%B4%EC%A0%9C)" title="다윈 (운영 체제) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="다윈 (운영 체제)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_(sistema_operativo)" title="Darwin (sistema operativo) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Darwin (sistema operativo)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_(systema_internum)" title="Darwin (systema internum) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Darwin (systema internum)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_(Betribssystem)" title="Darwin (Betribssystem) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Darwin (Betribssystem)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_OS" title="Darwin OS – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Darwin OS" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_(%E3%82%AA%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%A0)" title="Darwin (オペレーティングシステム) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Darwin (オペレーティングシステム)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_(operativsystem)" title="Darwin (operativsystem) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Darwin (operativsystem)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_(system_operacyjny)" title="Darwin (system operacyjny) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Darwin (system operacyjny)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_(sistema_operacional)" title="Darwin (sistema operacional) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Darwin (sistema operacional)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_(sistem_de_operare)" title="Darwin (sistem de operare) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Darwin (sistem de operare)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin" title="Darwin – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Darwin" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Darwin (operating system)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_(k%C3%A4ytt%C3%B6j%C3%A4rjestelm%C3%A4)" title="Darwin (käyttöjärjestelmä) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Darwin (käyttöjärjestelmä)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_(operativsystem)" title="Darwin (operativsystem) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Darwin (operativsystem)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_(i%C5%9Fletim_sistemi)" title="Darwin (işletim sistemi) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Darwin (işletim sistemi)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Darwin (операційна система) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Darwin (операційна система)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_(%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F)" title="Darwin (操作系统) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Darwin (操作系统)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q14581#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Computer operating system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Darwin (kernel)" redirects here. For the article about the kernel, see <a href="/wiki/XNU" title="XNU">XNU</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Operating system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Darwin</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Written in</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">OS family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-apple_bsd_overview_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apple_bsd_overview-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/BSD" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD">BSD</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Working state</th><td class="infobox-data">Current</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Source model</th><td class="infobox-data">currently <a href="/wiki/Open_source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source software">open source</a> with <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary</a> components,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> previously <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open source</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">November 15, 2000<span class="noprint">; 24 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2000-11-15</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Latest release</a></th><td class="infobox-data">24.0.0 / September 16, 2024<span class="noprint">; 6 months ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2024-09-16</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/apple-oss-distributions/distribution-macOS">github<wbr />.com<wbr />/apple-oss-distributions<wbr />/distribution-macOS</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Platforms</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>Current: <a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a>, <a href="/wiki/AArch64" title="AArch64">64-bit ARM</a>, <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture#32-bit_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">32-bit ARM</a> (32-bit ARM support is closed-source)</li><li>Historical: <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a> (32-bit and 64-bit), <a href="/wiki/IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a> type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_kernel" title="Hybrid kernel">Hybrid</a> (<a href="/wiki/XNU" title="XNU">XNU</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Influenced by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a>, <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/BSD" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD">BSD</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">Default<br />user interface</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">Command-line interface</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unix_shell" title="Unix shell">Unix shell</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Mostly <a href="/wiki/Apple_Public_Source_License" title="Apple Public Source License">Apple Public Source License</a> (APSL), with closed-source drivers<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opensource.apple.com/">opensource<wbr />.apple<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #e4e4f0; padding: 0 3px; margin-top: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Features</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_version_history" title="MacOS version history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_transition_to_Intel_processors" title="Mac transition to Intel processors">Transition to Intel processors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_transition_to_Apple_silicon" title="Mac transition to Apple silicon">Transition to Apple silicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_macOS" title="Architecture of macOS">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_built-in_macOS_apps" title="List of built-in macOS apps">Built-in apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mac_software" title="List of Mac software">List of applications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mac_games" title="List of Mac games">List of games</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #e4e4f0; padding: 0 3px; margin-top: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Versions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_(operating_system)" title="Rhapsody (operating system)">Rhapsody (Developer Release)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_1.0" title="Mac OS X Server 1.0">Hera (Server 1.0)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta" title="Mac OS X Public Beta">Kodiak (Public Beta)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.0" title="Mac OS X 10.0">Cheetah (10.0)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.1" title="Mac OS X 10.1">Puma (10.1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Jaguar" title="Mac OS X Jaguar">Jaguar (10.2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Panther" title="Mac OS X Panther">Panther (10.3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Tiger" title="Mac OS X Tiger">Tiger (10.4)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Leopard">Leopard (10.5)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Snow Leopard">Snow Leopard (10.6)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Lion" title="OS X Lion">Lion (10.7)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mountain_Lion" title="OS X Mountain Lion">Mountain Lion (10.8)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mavericks" title="OS X Mavericks">Mavericks (10.9)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Yosemite" title="OS X Yosemite">Yosemite (10.10)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_El_Capitan" title="OS X El Capitan">El Capitan (10.11)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sierra" title="MacOS Sierra">Sierra (10.12)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_High_Sierra" title="MacOS High Sierra">High Sierra (10.13)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Mojave" title="MacOS Mojave">Mojave (10.14)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Catalina" title="MacOS Catalina">Catalina (10.15)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Big_Sur" title="MacOS Big Sur">Big Sur (11)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Monterey" title="MacOS Monterey">Monterey (12)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Ventura" title="MacOS Ventura">Ventura (13)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sonoma" title="MacOS Sonoma">Sonoma (14)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sequoia" title="MacOS Sequoia">Sequoia (15)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #e4e4f0; padding: 0 3px; margin-top: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Applications</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_App_Store" title="Mac App Store">App Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_built-in_macOS_apps#Automator" title="List of built-in macOS apps">Automator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Books" title="Apple Books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calculator_(Apple)" title="Calculator (Apple)">Calculator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_(Apple)" title="Calendar (Apple)">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_built-in_macOS_apps#Chess" title="List of built-in macOS apps">Chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contacts_(Apple)" title="Contacts (Apple)">Contacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashboard_(macOS)" title="Dashboard (macOS)">Dashboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_(software)" title="Dictionary (software)">Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD_Player_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD Player (macOS)">DVD Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FaceTime" title="FaceTime">FaceTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finder_(software)" title="Finder (software)">Finder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Center" title="Game Center">Game Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapher" title="Grapher">Grapher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a><small> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_iTunes" title="History of iTunes">history</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launchpad_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Launchpad (macOS)">Launchpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Mail" title="Apple Mail">Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messages_(Apple)" title="Messages (Apple)">Messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Music (software)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_(Apple)" title="Notes (Apple)">Notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notification_Center" title="Notification Center">Notification Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photo_Booth" title="Photo Booth">Photo Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Podcasts" title="Apple Podcasts">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photos_(Apple)" title="Photos (Apple)">Photos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preview_(macOS)" title="Preview (macOS)">Preview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime" title="QuickTime">QuickTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reminders_(Apple)" title="Reminders (Apple)">Reminders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a><small> (<a href="/wiki/Safari_version_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Safari version history">version history</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherlock_(software)" title="Sherlock (software)">Sherlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickies_(Apple)" title="Stickies (Apple)">Stickies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TextEdit" title="TextEdit">TextEdit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_Machine_(macOS)" title="Time Machine (macOS)">Time Machine</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #e4e4f0; padding: 0 3px; margin-top: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Utilities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activity_Monitor_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Activity Monitor (macOS)">Activity Monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AirPort_Utility" class="mw-redirect" title="AirPort Utility">AirPort Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archive_Utility" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive Utility">Archive Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_MIDI_Setup" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio MIDI Setup">Audio MIDI Setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_File_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluetooth File Exchange">Bluetooth File Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ColorSync" title="ColorSync">ColorSync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Console_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Console (macOS)">Console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crash_Reporter_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crash Reporter (macOS)">Crash Reporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DigitalColor_Meter" class="mw-redirect" title="DigitalColor Meter">DigitalColor Meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directory_Utility" class="mw-redirect" title="Directory Utility">Directory Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DiskImageMounter" class="mw-redirect" title="DiskImageMounter">DiskImageMounter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_Utility" title="Disk Utility">Disk Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font_Book" title="Font Book">Font Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grab_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grab (macOS)">Grab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Help_Viewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Help Viewer">Help Viewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_Capture" class="mw-redirect" title="Image Capture">Image Capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installer_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Installer (macOS)">Installer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keychain_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="Keychain Access">Keychain Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Assistant_(Apple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration Assistant (Apple)">Migration Assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Utility" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Utility">Network Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODBC_Administrator" class="mw-redirect" title="ODBC Administrator">ODBC Administrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote Install Mac OS X">Remote Install Mac OS X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Preferences" class="mw-redirect" title="System Preferences">System Preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Information_(Mac_OS)" class="mw-redirect" title="System Information (Mac OS)">System Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(macOS)" title="Terminal (macOS)">Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Access">Universal Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VoiceOver" title="VoiceOver">VoiceOver</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #e4e4f0; padding: 0 3px; margin-top: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Related operating systems</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copland_(operating_system)" title="Copland (operating system)">Copland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_(operating_system)" title="Rhapsody (operating system)">Rhapsody</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Darwin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:MacOS_sidebar" title="Template:MacOS sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:MacOS_sidebar" title="Template talk:MacOS sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:MacOS_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:MacOS sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Darwin</b> is the core <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> of <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/AudioOS" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS">audioOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/VisionOS" title="VisionOS">visionOS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/BridgeOS" title="BridgeOS">bridgeOS</a>. It previously existed as an independent <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source</a> operating system, first released by <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> in 2000. It is composed of code derived from <a href="/wiki/NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a>, <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-apple_bsd_overview_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apple_bsd_overview-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> other <a href="/wiki/BSD" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD">BSD</a> operating systems,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mach_(kernel)" title="Mach (kernel)">Mach</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> projects' code, as well as code developed by Apple. Darwin's unofficial mascot is Hexley the Platypus.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Darwin is mostly <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a>-compatible, but has never, by itself, been certified as compatible with any version of POSIX. Starting with <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Leopard">Leopard</a>, macOS has been certified as compatible with the <a href="/wiki/Single_UNIX_Specification" title="Single UNIX Specification">Single UNIX Specification</a> version 3 (SUSv3).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darwin_(operating_system)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unix_timeline.en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Unix_timeline.en.svg/220px-Unix_timeline.en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Unix_timeline.en.svg/330px-Unix_timeline.en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Unix_timeline.en.svg/440px-Unix_timeline.en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="665" /></a><figcaption>Simplified history of <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> operating systems</figcaption></figure> <p>The heritage of Darwin began with Unix derivatives supplemented by aspects of <a href="/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT">NeXT</a>'s <a href="/wiki/NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a> operating system (later, since version 4.0, known as OPENSTEP), first released in 1989. After Apple bought NeXT in 1996, it announced it would base its next operating system on OPENSTEP. This was developed into <a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_(operating_system)" title="Rhapsody (operating system)">Rhapsody</a> in 1997, <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_1.0" title="Mac OS X Server 1.0">Mac OS X Server 1.0</a> in 1999, <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta" title="Mac OS X Public Beta">Mac OS X Public Beta</a> in 2000, and <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_v10.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X v10.0">Mac OS X 10.0</a> in 2001. </p><p>In 1999, Apple announced it would release the source code for the Mach 2.5 microkernel, <a href="/wiki/4.4BSD" class="mw-redirect" title="4.4BSD">BSD Unix 4.4 OS</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Apache_Web_server" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache Web server">Apache Web server</a> components of Mac OS X Server.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, interim <a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Executive Officer">CEO</a> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> alluded to <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Naturalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalist">naturalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> by announcing "because it's about evolution".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000, the core operating system components of Mac OS X were released as <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source software</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Apple_Public_Source_License" title="Apple Public Source License">Apple Public Source License</a> (APSL) as Darwin; the higher-level components, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_(API)" title="Cocoa (API)">Cocoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_(API)" title="Carbon (API)">Carbon</a> frameworks, remained <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">closed-source</a>. </p><p>Up to Darwin 8.0.1, released in April 2005, Apple released a binary installer (as an <a href="/wiki/ISO_image" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO image">ISO image</a>) after each major Mac OS X release that allowed one to install Darwin on <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a> and <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">Intel x86</a> systems as a standalone operating system.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minor updates were released as packages that were installed separately. Darwin is now only available as source code. As of January 2023, Apple no longer mentions Darwin by name on its <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opensource.apple.com">Open Source website</a> and only publishes <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opensource.apple.com/releases/">an incomplete collection of open-source projects relating to macOS and iOS</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darwin_(operating_system)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_of_Mac_OS_X_architecture.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Diagram_of_Mac_OS_X_architecture.svg/250px-Diagram_of_Mac_OS_X_architecture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Diagram_of_Mac_OS_X_architecture.svg/330px-Diagram_of_Mac_OS_X_architecture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Diagram_of_Mac_OS_X_architecture.svg/500px-Diagram_of_Mac_OS_X_architecture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of macOS architecture</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kernel">Kernel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darwin_(operating_system)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Kernel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/XNU" title="XNU">XNU</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mach_(kernel)" title="Mach (kernel)">Mach (kernel)</a></div> <p>The kernel of Darwin is <a href="/wiki/XNU" title="XNU">XNU</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_kernel" title="Hybrid kernel">hybrid kernel</a> which uses OSFMK 7.3<sup id="cite_ref-wwdc-2000-session-106_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwdc-2000-session-106-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Open Software Foundation <a href="/wiki/Mach_(kernel)" title="Mach (kernel)">Mach Kernel</a>) from the <a href="/wiki/Open_Software_Foundation" title="Open Software Foundation">OSF</a>, various elements of <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> (including the process model, <a href="/wiki/Protocol_stack" title="Protocol stack">network stack</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Virtual_file_system" title="Virtual file system">virtual file system</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an object-oriented <a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">device driver</a> <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">API</a> called <a href="/wiki/XNU#I/O_Kit" title="XNU">I/O Kit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hybrid kernel design provides the flexibility of a <a href="/wiki/Microkernel" title="Microkernel">microkernel</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="It supports "microkernels are flexible" but not "hybrid kernels are as flexible as microkernels". (October 2018)">failed verification</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Darwin_(operating_system)#"flexibility_of_a_microkernel"" title="Talk:Darwin (operating system)">see discussion</a></i>]</sup> and the performance of a <a href="/wiki/Monolithic_kernel" title="Monolithic kernel">monolithic kernel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hardware_and_software_support">Hardware and software support</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darwin_(operating_system)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hardware and software support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The last bootable full release of Darwin supported 32-bit and 64-bit Apple PowerPC systems and 32-bit Intel PCs.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Darwin currently includes support for the <a href="/wiki/64-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="64-bit">64-bit</a> <a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a> variant of the <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">Intel x86</a> <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">processors</a> used in Intel-based <a href="/wiki/Mac_(computer)" title="Mac (computer)">Macs</a> and the 64-bit <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARM</a> processors used in the <a href="/wiki/IPhone_5S" class="mw-redirect" title="IPhone 5S">iPhone 5S</a> and later, the <a href="/wiki/IPod_Touch_(6th_generation)" title="IPod Touch (6th generation)">6th generation iPod Touch</a>, the <a href="/wiki/IPad_(2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="IPad (2017)">5th generation iPad</a> and later, the <a href="/wiki/IPad_Air" class="mw-redirect" title="IPad Air">iPad Air</a> family, the <a href="/wiki/IPad_Mini_2" title="IPad Mini 2">iPad Mini 2</a> and later, the <a href="/wiki/IPad_Pro" title="IPad Pro">iPad Pro</a> family, the fourth generation and later <a href="/wiki/Apple_TV" title="Apple TV">Apple TVs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/HomePod" title="HomePod">HomePod</a> family, and <a href="/wiki/Mac_(computer)" title="Mac (computer)">Macs</a> with <a href="/wiki/Apple_silicon" title="Apple silicon">Apple silicon</a> such as the 2020 <a href="/wiki/Apple_M1" title="Apple M1">Apple M1</a> Macs, as well as the Raspberry Pi 3B.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An open-source port of the <a href="/wiki/XNU" title="XNU">XNU</a> kernel exists that supports Darwin on Intel and <a href="/wiki/AMD" title="AMD">AMD</a> x86 platforms not officially supported by Apple, though it does not appear to have been updated since 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An open-source port of the <a href="/wiki/XNU" title="XNU">XNU</a> kernel also exists for ARM platforms, though it has not been updated since 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Older versions supported some or all of 32-bit <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a>, 64-bit PowerPC, 32-bit x86, and 32-bit ARM. </p><p>It supports the <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> API by way of its <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</a> lineage (largely <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> <a href="/wiki/User_space" class="mw-redirect" title="User space">userland</a>), so a large number of programs written for various other <a href="/wiki/UNIX-like" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIX-like">UNIX-like</a> systems can be <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiled</a> on Darwin with no changes to the <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a>. </p><p>Darwin does not include many of the defining elements of macOS, such as the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_(API)" title="Carbon (API)">Carbon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_(API)" title="Cocoa (API)">Cocoa</a> APIs or the <a href="/wiki/Quartz_Compositor" title="Quartz Compositor">Quartz Compositor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aqua_(user_interface)" title="Aqua (user interface)">Aqua user interface</a>, and thus cannot run Mac applications. It does, however, support a number of lesser-known features of macOS, such as mDNSResponder, which is the <a href="/wiki/Multicast" title="Multicast">multicast</a> <a href="/wiki/Domain_name_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain name system">DNS</a> responder and a core component of the <a href="/wiki/Bonjour_(software)" title="Bonjour (software)">Bonjour</a> networking technology, and <a href="/wiki/Launchd" title="Launchd">launchd</a>, an advanced <a href="/wiki/Operating_system_service_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating system service management">service management</a> <a href="/wiki/Software_framework" title="Software framework">framework</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="License">License</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darwin_(operating_system)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: License"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 2003, Apple released Darwin under version 2.0 of the <a href="/wiki/Apple_Public_Source_License" title="Apple Public Source License">Apple Public Source License</a> (APSL), which the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> (FSF) classifies as a <a href="/wiki/Free_software_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Free software license">free software license</a> incompatible with the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previous versions were released under an earlier version of the APSL license, which did not meet the FSF definition of free software, although it did meet the requirements of the <a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Definition" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Source Definition">Open Source Definition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Release_history">Release history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darwin_(operating_system)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Release history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following is a table of major Darwin releases with their dates of release and their derivative operating system releases.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Note that the corresponding releases may have been released on a different date. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Darwin_0–8_and_corresponding_Mac_OS_X_releases"><span id="Darwin_0.E2.80.938_and_corresponding_Mac_OS_X_releases"></span>Darwin 0–8 and corresponding Mac OS X releases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darwin_(operating_system)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Darwin 0–8 and corresponding Mac OS X releases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th>Version </th> <th style="width: 128px;">Date </th> <th style="width: 159px;">Corresponding releases </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th>0.1 </th> <td>March 16, 1999 </td> <td rowspan="3">Mac OS X Server 1.0 releases </td> <td> <ul><li>Initial release</li> <li>0.1 is contrived (for sorting and identification) as this identified itself simply as Rhapsody 5.3</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>0.2 </th> <td>April 14, 1999 </td> <td>Mac OS X Server 1.0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>0.3 </th> <td>August 5, 1999 </td> <td>Based on Rhapsody 5.5 <ul><li>ISO image is available on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Darwin0.3CDCaseFront">archive.org</a></li> <li>After this point the kernel changed from the NeXTSTEP/OPENSTEP/Rhapsody to the newer XNU for Mac OS X</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1.0 </th> <td>April 12, 2000 </td> <td> </td> <td>Developer preview 3 <ul><li>ISO image is available on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Darwin1.0">archive.org</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1.1 </th> <td>April 5, 2000 </td> <td> </td> <td>Developer preview 4 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1.2.1 </th> <td>November 15, 2000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta" title="Mac OS X Public Beta">Mac OS X Public Beta</a> (code-named "Kodiak") </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1.3.1 </th> <td>April 13, 2001 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_v10.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X v10.0">Mac OS X v10.0</a> (code-named "Cheetah") </td> <td> <ul><li>First commercial release of Darwin</li> <li>All releases of Cheetah (v10.0.0–4) had the same version of Darwin.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1.4.1 </th> <td>October 2, 2001 </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_v10.1" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X v10.1">Mac OS X v10.1</a> (code-named "Puma") </td> <td> <ul><li>Performance improvements to "boot time, real-time threads, thread management, cache flushing, and preemption handling"</li> <li>Support for <a href="/wiki/Server_Message_Block" title="Server Message Block">SMB</a> network file system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wget" title="Wget">Wget</a> replaced with <a href="/wiki/CURL" title="CURL">cURL</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>5.1 </th> <td>November 12, 2001 </td> <td>Mac OS X v10.1.1 <ul><li>Change in numbering scheme to match the <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">Mac OS X</a> build numbering scheme</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>5.5 </th> <td>June 5, 2002 </td> <td>Mac OS X v10.1.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th>6.0.1 </th> <td>September 23, 2002 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_v10.2" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X v10.2">Mac OS X v10.2</a> (code-named "Jaguar") </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GCC</a> upgraded from 2 to 3.1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPSec" class="mw-redirect" title="IPSec">IPSec</a> support</li> <li>mDNSResponder <a href="/wiki/Service_discovery" title="Service discovery">service discovery</a> <a href="/wiki/Daemon_(computer_software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daemon (computer software)">daemon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bonjour_(software)" title="Bonjour (software)">Rendezvous</a>)</li> <li>Addition of <a href="/wiki/CUPS" title="CUPS">CUPS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journaling_file_system" title="Journaling file system">Journaling</a> support in <a href="/wiki/HFS%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="HFS+">HFS+</a> (Darwin 6.2)</li> <li>Application profiles ("pre-heat files") for faster program launching.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>6.8 </th> <td>October 3, 2003 </td> <td>Mac OS X v10.2.8 </td></tr> <tr> <th>7.0 </th> <td>October 24, 2003 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Panther" title="Mac OS X Panther">Mac OS X Panther</a> </td> <td>Mac OS X v10.3.0 <ul><li>BSD layer synchronized with <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> 5</li> <li>Automatic file <a href="/wiki/Defragmentation" title="Defragmentation">defragmentation</a>, hot-file clustering and optional <a href="/wiki/Case_sensitivity" title="Case sensitivity">case sensitivity</a> in HFS+</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)" title="Bash (Unix shell)">Bash</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Tcsh" title="Tcsh">tcsh</a> as default <a href="/wiki/Unix_shell" title="Unix shell">shell</a></li> <li>Read-only <a href="/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS">NTFS</a> support (Darwin 7.9)<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>7.9 </th> <td>April 15, 2005 </td> <td>Mac OS X v10.3.9 </td></tr> <tr> <th>8.0 </th> <td>April 29, 2005 </td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Tiger" title="Mac OS X Tiger">Mac OS X Tiger</a></li><li>Mac OS X for <a href="/wiki/Apple_TV" title="Apple TV">Apple TV</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td>Mac OS X v10.4.0 <ul><li>Download for Darwin 8.0.1 can be found <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/darwinsource/files/Darwin/8.0.1/">here</a></li> <li>Mac OS X for Apple TV in Darwin 8.8.2</li> <li>Stable kernel <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">programming interface</a>, finer-grained kernel <a href="/wiki/Lock_(computer_science)" title="Lock (computer science)">locking</a>, 64-bit BSD layer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launchd" title="Launchd">launchd</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system_service_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating system service management">service management</a> framework</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_file_attributes" title="Extended file attributes">Extended file attributes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Access_control_lists" class="mw-redirect" title="Access control lists">access control lists</a></li> <li>Commands such as <a href="/wiki/Cp_(Unix)" title="Cp (Unix)">cp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mv_(Unix)" title="Mv (Unix)">mv</a> updated to preserve extended attributes and <a href="/wiki/Resource_fork" title="Resource fork">resource forks</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>8.11 </th> <td>November 14, 2007 </td> <td>Mac OS X v10.4.11 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The jump in version numbers from Darwin 1.4.1 to 5.1 with the release of Mac OS X v10.1.1 was designed to tie Darwin to the Mac OS X version and build numbering system, which in turn is inherited from NeXTSTEP. In the build numbering system of macOS, every version has a unique beginning build number, which identifies what whole version of macOS it is part of. Mac OS X v10.0 had build numbers starting with 4, 10.1 had build numbers starting with 5, and so forth (earlier build numbers represented developer releases).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Darwin_9;_iPhone_OS_introduced"><span id="Darwin_9.3B_iPhone_OS_introduced"></span>Darwin 9; iPhone OS introduced</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darwin_(operating_system)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Darwin 9; iPhone OS introduced"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th>Version </th> <th style="width: 128px;">Date </th> <th style="width: 159px;">Corresponding releases </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th>9.0 </th> <td>October 26, 2007 </td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Leopard">Mac OS X Leopard</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/IOS_version_history#iPhone_OS_1" title="IOS version history">iPhone OS 1</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td>Mac OS X v10.5.0 <ul><li>iPhone OS 1 support in Darwin 9.0.0d1</li> <li>Full POSIX compliance, improved hierarchical <a href="/wiki/Process_scheduling" class="mw-redirect" title="Process scheduling">process scheduling</a> model, <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_memory_allocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic memory allocation">dynamically allocated</a> <a href="/wiki/Paging" class="mw-redirect" title="Paging">swap files</a>, dynamic resource limits (for <a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">files</a> and <a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">processes</a>), process <a href="/wiki/Sandbox_(computer_security)" title="Sandbox (computer security)">sandboxing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Address_space_layout_randomization" title="Address space layout randomization">address space layout randomization</a>, <a href="/wiki/DTrace" title="DTrace">DTrace</a> <a href="/wiki/Tracing_(software)" title="Tracing (software)">tracing</a> framework, <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a> events daemon, <a href="/wiki/Directory_(file_systems)" class="mw-redirect" title="Directory (file systems)">directory</a> <a href="/wiki/Hard_links" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard links">hard links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Server" title="Apache HTTP Server">Apache</a> 1.3 and <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a> 4 updated to Apache 2.2 and PHP 5, read-only <a href="/wiki/ZFS" title="ZFS">ZFS</a> support.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First Darwin core used for iPhone devices.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>9.8 </th> <td>August 5, 2009 </td> <td>Mac OS X v.10.5.8 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Darwin_10-11;_iPhone_OS_rebranded_to_iOS"><span id="Darwin_10-11.3B_iPhone_OS_rebranded_to_iOS"></span>Darwin 10-11; iPhone OS rebranded to iOS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darwin_(operating_system)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Darwin 10-11; iPhone OS rebranded to iOS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th>Version </th> <th style="width: 128px;">Date </th> <th style="width: 159px;">Corresponding releases </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th>10.0 </th> <td>August 28, 2009 </td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Snow Leopard">Mac OS X Snow Leopard</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_OS_3" title="IPhone OS 3">iPhone OS 3</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td>Mac OS X v10.6.0 <ul><li>End of official support for PPC architecture (although several fat binaries, such as Kernel, still contain PPC images)</li> <li>64-bit kernel and drivers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libdispatch" class="mw-redirect" title="Libdispatch">libdispatch</a> <a href="/wiki/Task_parallelism" title="Task parallelism">task parallelization</a> framework</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenCL" title="OpenCL">OpenCL</a> <a href="/wiki/Heterogeneous_computing" title="Heterogeneous computing">heterogeneous computing</a> framework</li> <li>Initial support for <a href="/wiki/Automatic_Reference_Counting" title="Automatic Reference Counting">Automatic Reference Counting</a></li> <li>Support for <a href="/wiki/Blocks_(C_language_extension)" title="Blocks (C language extension)">blocks</a> in <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></li> <li>Transparent <a href="/wiki/File_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="File compression">file compression</a> in HFS+.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>10.8 </th> <td>June 23, 2011 </td> <td>Mac OS X v10.6.8 </td></tr> <tr> <th>11.0.0 </th> <td>July 20, 2011 </td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Lion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Lion">Mac OS X Lion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/IOS_4" title="IOS 4">iOS 4.3</a><sup id="cite_ref-darwin-11-found-on-a-jailbroken-iphone-4s_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-darwin-11-found-on-a-jailbroken-iphone-4s-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> </td> <td>Mac OS X v10.7.0 <ul><li>XNU no longer supports PPC binaries (fat binary only for i386, x86_64).</li> <li>XNU requires an x86_64 processor, except for iOS which is ARM based.</li> <li>Improved sandboxing of applications</li> <li>Complete support for <a href="/wiki/Automatic_Reference_Counting" title="Automatic Reference Counting">Automatic Reference Counting</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>11.4.2 </th> <td>October 4, 2012 </td> <td>Mac OS X v10.7.5 (supplemental) </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Darwin_12–15;_Mac_OS_X_rebranded_into_OS_X"><span id="Darwin_12.E2.80.9315.3B_Mac_OS_X_rebranded_into_OS_X"></span>Darwin 12–15; Mac OS X rebranded into OS X</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darwin_(operating_system)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Darwin 12–15; Mac OS X rebranded into OS X"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th>Version </th> <th style="width: 128px;">Date </th> <th style="width: 159px;">Corresponding releases </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th>12.0.0 </th> <td>February 16, 2012 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mountain_Lion" title="OS X Mountain Lion">OS X Mountain Lion</a> </td> <td>OS X v10.8.0 <ul><li>Mac OS X was rebranded into OS X.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a> garbage collection was deprecated in favor of <a href="/wiki/Automatic_Reference_Counting" title="Automatic Reference Counting">Automatic Reference Counting</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>12.6.0 </th> <td>January 27, 2015 </td> <td>OS X v10.8.5 (with Security Update 2015-001) </td></tr> <tr> <th>13.0.0 </th> <td>June 11, 2013 </td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mavericks" title="OS X Mavericks">OS X Mavericks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/IOS_6" title="IOS 6">iOS 6</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td>OS X v10.9.0 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory_compression" title="Virtual memory compression">Virtual memory compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timer_coalescing" title="Timer coalescing">Timer coalescing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenGL" title="OpenGL">OpenGL</a> 4.1 and <a href="/wiki/OpenCL_1.2" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenCL 1.2">OpenCL 1.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Server_Message_Block" title="Server Message Block">Server Message Block</a> version 2 (SMB2) is now the default protocol for sharing files instead of <a href="/wiki/Apple_Filing_Protocol" title="Apple Filing Protocol">AFP</a>. This is to increase performance and cross-platform compatibility.</li> <li>IPoTB (Internet Protocol over <a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface)" title="Thunderbolt (interface)">Thunderbolt</a> Bridge).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Open_Transport" title="Open Transport">Open Transport</a> API has been removed</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>13.4.0 </th> <td>September 17, 2014 </td> <td>OS X v10.9.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th>14.0.0 </th> <td>September 18, 2014 </td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Yosemite" title="OS X Yosemite">OS X Yosemite</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/IOS_7" title="IOS 7">iOS 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/IOS_8" title="IOS 8">iOS 8</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a> 1</li></ul></div> </td> <td>OS X v10.10.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>14.5.0 </th> <td>August 13, 2015 </td> <td>OS X v10.10.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th>15.0.0 </th> <td>September 16, 2015 </td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_El_Capitan" title="OS X El Capitan">OS X El Capitan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/IOS_9" title="IOS 9">iOS 9</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a> 2</li><li><a href="/wiki/TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a> 9</li></ul></div> </td> <td>OS X v10.11.0 and iOS 9.0 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/System_Integrity_Protection" title="System Integrity Protection">System Integrity Protection</a>. Protects certain system parts from being modified or tampered with by a process even if run by root or by a user with root privileges.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudo" title="Sudo">sudo</a> is configured with the "tty_tickets" flag by default, restricting the session timeout to the terminal session (such as a window or tab) in which the user authenticated the program.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LibreSSL" title="LibreSSL">LibreSSL</a> replaces <a href="/wiki/OpenSSL" title="OpenSSL">OpenSSL</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>15.6.0 </th> <td>July 18, 2016 </td> <td>OS X v10.11.6 and iOS 9.3.3 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Darwin_16–19;_OS_X_rebranded_into_macOS"><span id="Darwin_16.E2.80.9319.3B_OS_X_rebranded_into_macOS"></span>Darwin 16–19; OS X rebranded into macOS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darwin_(operating_system)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Darwin 16–19; OS X rebranded into macOS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th>Version </th> <th style="width: 128px;">Date </th> <th style="width: 159px;">Corresponding releases </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th>16.0.0 </th> <td>September 13, 2016 </td> <td rowspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sierra" title="MacOS Sierra">macOS Sierra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/IOS_10" title="IOS 10">iOS 10</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a> 3</li><li><a href="/wiki/TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a> 10</li><li><a href="/wiki/BridgeOS" title="BridgeOS">bridgeOS</a> 1</li></ul></div> </td> <td>macOS v10.12.0 and iOS 10.0.1 <small>(initial release version)</small> <ul><li>OS X was rebranded into macOS.</li> <li>Writing to <code>/Volumes</code> directory is now restricted to root user or any user with root privileges</li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Integrity_Protection" title="System Integrity Protection">System Integrity Protection</a> now covers <code>/Library/Application Support/com.apple.TCC</code> directory that contains a list of applications that are allowed to "control the computer"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a> <a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">garbage collector</a> removed and replaced by <a href="/wiki/Automatic_Reference_Counting" title="Automatic Reference Counting">Automatic Reference Counting</a> that was introduced with Darwin v12.0 (OS X v10.8). Objective-C applications that use garbage collection will no longer work.</li> <li>Native support for <a href="/wiki/PPTP" class="mw-redirect" title="PPTP">PPTP</a> was removed.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>16.5.0 </th> <td>March 27, 2017 </td> <td>macOS v10.12.4 and iOS 10.3 <ul><li>Changed filesystem from <a href="/wiki/HFS%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="HFS+">HFS+</a> to <a href="/wiki/APFS" class="mw-redirect" title="APFS">APFS</a> on iOS devices. APFS is already available on macOS since 10.12.0 but can't be used on boot partition.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>16.6.0 </th> <td>July 19, 2017 </td> <td>macOS v10.12.6 and iOS 10.3.3 </td></tr> <tr> <th>17.0.0 </th> <td>September 19, 2017 </td> <td rowspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_High_Sierra" title="MacOS High Sierra">macOS High Sierra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/IOS_11" title="IOS 11">iOS 11</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a> 4</li><li><a href="/wiki/TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a> 11</li><li><a href="/wiki/BridgeOS" title="BridgeOS">bridgeOS</a> 2</li></ul></div> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/APFS" class="mw-redirect" title="APFS">APFS</a> replaces <a href="/wiki/HFS%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="HFS+">HFS+</a> as the default filesystem for boot partition in macOS on Macs with <a href="/wiki/Flash_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash storage">flash storage</a>. On Macs with <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">HDDs</a>, the boot partition must be reformatted to use APFS.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ntpd" title="Ntpd">ntpd</a> replaced by <a href="/wiki/Timed" title="Timed">timed</a> as a time synchronization service</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTP" class="mw-redirect" title="FTP">FTP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telnet" title="Telnet">telnet</a> commands are removed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loadable_kernel_module" title="Loadable kernel module">Kernel extensions</a> ("kexts") will require explicit approval by the user before being able to run.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>17.5.0 </th> <td>March 29, 2018 </td> <td>macOS 10.13.4 <ul><li>Support for external graphics processors using <a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface)#Thunderbolt_3" title="Thunderbolt (interface)">Thunderbolt 3</a>, and removes support for external graphics processors using Thunderbolt 1 and 2.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>17.6.0 </th> <td>June 1, 2018 </td> <td>macOS v10.13.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th>17.7.0 </th> <td>July 9, 2018 </td> <td>macOS v10.13.6 and iOS 11.4.1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>18.0.0 </th> <td>September 24, 2018 </td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Mojave" title="MacOS Mojave">macOS Mojave</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/IOS_12" title="IOS 12">iOS 12</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a> 5</li><li><a href="/wiki/TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a> 12</li><li><a href="/wiki/BridgeOS" title="BridgeOS">bridgeOS</a> 3</li></ul></div> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>18.2.0 </th> <td>October 30, 2018 </td> <td>macOS v10.14.1 and iOS 12.1 <ul><li>Added support for the new Radeon Vega 20 GPUs in the new MacBooks</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>19.0.0 </th> <td>September 19, 2019 </td> <td rowspan="6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Catalina" title="MacOS Catalina">macOS Catalina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/IOS_13" title="IOS 13">iOS 13</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a> 6</li><li><a href="/wiki/TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a> 13</li><li><a href="/wiki/BridgeOS" title="BridgeOS">bridgeOS</a> 4</li></ul></div> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>19.2.0 </th> <td>December 10, 2019 </td> <td>macOS 10.15.2 and iOS 13.3 </td></tr> <tr> <th>19.3.0 </th> <td>January 28, 2020 </td> <td>macOS 10.15.3 and iOS 13.3.1 <ul><li>System Extensions replace Kexts and runs in userspace, outside of the kernel.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DriverKit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DriverKit (page does not exist)">DriverKit</a> replaces <a href="/wiki/I/O_Kit" class="mw-redirect" title="I/O Kit">I/O Kit</a>. It Introduces "Dexts" (Driver Extensions) which are built using DriverKit. Driverkit is a new SDK with all new frameworks based on IOKit, but is updated and modernized. Device Drivers run in userspace, outside of the kernel.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>19.4.0 </th> <td>March 24, 2020 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>19.5.0 </th> <td>April 30, 2020 </td> <td>macOS 10.15.5 and iOS 13.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th>19.6.0 </th> <td>June 1, 2020 </td> <td>macOS 10.15.6 beta 2 and iOS 13.6.0 beta 2 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Darwin_20_onwards">Darwin 20 onwards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darwin_(operating_system)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Darwin 20 onwards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th>Version </th> <th style="width: 128px;">Date </th> <th style="width: 159px;">Corresponding releases </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th>20.0.0 </th> <td>June 22, 2020 </td> <td rowspan="7"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Big_Sur" title="MacOS Big Sur">macOS Big Sur</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/IOS_14" title="IOS 14">iOS 14</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a> 7</li><li><a href="/wiki/TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a> 14</li><li><a href="/wiki/BridgeOS" title="BridgeOS">bridgeOS</a> 5</li></ul></div> </td> <td>macOS 11.0 beta 1 and iOS 14.0 beta 1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>20.1.0 </th> <td>September 3, 2020 </td> <td>macOS 11.0 and iOS 14.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>20.2.0 </th> <td>November 12, 2020 </td> <td>macOS 11.1 and iOS 14.3 </td></tr> <tr> <th>20.3.0 </th> <td>February 1, 2021 </td> <td>macOS 11.2, iOS 14.4, iPadOS 14.4, watchOS 7.3 and tvOS 14.4. </td></tr> <tr> <th>20.4.0 </th> <td>April 20, 2021 </td> <td>macOS 11.3, iOS 14.5, iPadOS 14.5, watchOS 7.4 and tvOS 14.5. </td></tr> <tr> <th>20.5.0 </th> <td>May 24, 2021 </td> <td>macOS 11.4 and iOS 14.6 </td></tr> <tr> <th>20.6.0 </th> <td>June 2, 2021 </td> <td>macOS 11.5 beta 2 and iOS 14.7 beta 2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>21.0.0 </th> <td>June 7, 2021 </td> <td rowspan="8"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Monterey" title="MacOS Monterey">macOS Monterey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/IOS_15" title="IOS 15">iOS 15</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a> 8</li><li><a href="/wiki/TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a> 15</li><li><a href="/wiki/BridgeOS" title="BridgeOS">bridgeOS</a> 6</li></ul></div> </td> <td>macOS 12.0 beta 1 and iOS 15.0 beta 1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>21.0.1 </th> <td>October 25, 2021 </td> <td>macOS 12.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>21.1.0 </th> <td>October 25, 2021 </td> <td>macOS 12.0.1 and iOS 15.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>21.2.0 </th> <td>December 7, 2021 </td> <td>macOS 12.1 and iOS 15.2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>21.3.0 </th> <td>January 26, 2022 </td> <td>macOS 12.2 and iOS 15.3 </td></tr> <tr> <th>21.4.0 </th> <td>March 14, 2022 </td> <td>macOS 12.3 and iOS 15.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th>21.5.0 </th> <td>June 24, 2022 </td> <td>macOS 12.4 and iOS 15.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th>21.6.0 </th> <td>July 20, 2022 </td> <td>macOS 12.5 and iOS 15.6 </td></tr> <tr> <th>22.0 </th> <td>June 6, 2022 </td> <td rowspan="7"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Ventura" title="MacOS Ventura">macOS Ventura</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/IOS_16" title="IOS 16">iOS 16</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_16" title="IPadOS 16">iPadOS 16</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS#watchOS_9" title="WatchOS">watchOS 9</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/TvOS#tvOS_16" title="TvOS">tvOS 16</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/BridgeOS" title="BridgeOS">bridgeOS 7</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td>macOS 13.0 beta 1, iOS 16.0, watchOS 9.0 and tvOS 16.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>22.1.0 </th> <td>October 24, 2022 </td> <td>macOS 13.0, iOS 16.1, iPadOS 16.1, watchOS 9.1 and tvOS 16.1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>22.2.0 </th> <td>December 13, 2022 </td> <td>macOS 13.1, iOS 16.2, iPadOS 16.2, watchOS 9.2 and tvOS 16.2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>22.3.0 </th> <td>January 23, 2023 </td> <td>macOS 13.2, iOS 16.3, iPadOS 16.3, watchOS 9.3 and tvOS 16.3 </td></tr> <tr> <th>22.4.0 </th> <td>March 27, 2023 </td> <td>macOS 13.3, iOS 16.4, iPadOS 16.4, watchOS 9.4 and tvOS 16.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th>22.5.0 </th> <td>May 18, 2023 </td> <td>macOS 13.4, iOS 16.5, iPadOS 16.5, watchOS 9.5 and tvOS 16.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th>22.6.0 </th> <td>July 24, 2023 </td> <td>macOS 13.5, iOS 16.6, iPadOS 16.6, watchOS 9.6 and tvOS 16.6 </td></tr> <tr> <th>23.0.0 </th> <td>September 18, 2023 </td> <td rowspan="6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sonoma" title="MacOS Sonoma">macOS Sonoma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/IOS_17" title="IOS 17">iOS 17</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_17" title="IPadOS 17">iPadOS 17</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS#watchOS_10" title="WatchOS">watchOS 10</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/TvOS#tvOS_17" title="TvOS">tvOS 17</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/BridgeOS" title="BridgeOS">bridgeOS 8</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td>macOS 14.0, iOS 17.0, iPadOS 17.0, watchOS 10.0 and tvOS 17.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>23.1.0 </th> <td>October 25, 2023 </td> <td>macOS 14.1, iOS 17.1, iPadOS 17.1, watchOS 10.1 and tvOS 17.1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>23.2.0 </th> <td>November 15, 2023 </td> <td>macOS 14.2, iOS 17.2, iPadOS 17.2, watchOS 10.2 and tvOS 17.2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>23.3.0 </th> <td>January 22, 2024 </td> <td>macOS 14.3, iOS 17.3, iPadOS 17.3, watchOS 10.3 and tvOS 17.3 </td></tr> <tr> <th>23.4.0 </th> <td>March 5, 2024 </td> <td>macOS 14.4, iOS 17.4, iPadOS 17.4, watchOS 10.4 and tvOS 17.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th>23.5.0 </th> <td>May 13, 2024 </td> <td>macOS 14.5, iOS 17.5, iPadOS 17.5, watchOS 10.5 and tvOS 17.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th>24.0.0 </th> <td>September 16, 2024 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sequoia" title="MacOS Sequoia">macOS Sequoia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/IOS_18" title="IOS 18">iOS 18</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_18" title="IPadOS 18">iPadOS 18</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS#watchOS_10" title="WatchOS">watchOS 11</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/TvOS#tvOS_17" title="TvOS">tvOS 18</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/BridgeOS" title="BridgeOS">bridgeOS 9</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td>macOS 15.0, iOS 18.0, iPadOS 18.0, watchOS 11.0, and tvOS 18.0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Note: the tables above contain the release dates of the corresponding OS releases. Build dates for Darwin versions are not publicly available; the commands below only give the build date for the XNU kernel.</i> </p><p>The command <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced"><a href="/wiki/Uname" title="Uname">uname</a> -r</span> in <a href="/wiki/Terminal_(macOS)" title="Terminal (macOS)">Terminal</a> will show the Darwin version number ("20.3.0"), and the command <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">uname -v</span> will show the <a href="/wiki/XNU" title="XNU">XNU</a> build version string, which includes the Darwin version number. The command <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">sw_vers</span> will show the corresponding ProductName ("macOS"), the ProductVersion number ("11.2.3") and the BuildVersion string ("20D91"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Derived_projects">Derived projects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darwin_(operating_system)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Derived projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the free software nature of Darwin, there have been projects that aim to modify or enhance the operating system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="OpenDarwin">OpenDarwin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darwin_(operating_system)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: OpenDarwin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GNOME_2_running_on_openDarwin_(2004).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/GNOME_2_running_on_openDarwin_%282004%29.png/220px-GNOME_2_running_on_openDarwin_%282004%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/GNOME_2_running_on_openDarwin_%282004%29.png/330px-GNOME_2_running_on_openDarwin_%282004%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/GNOME_2_running_on_openDarwin_%282004%29.png/440px-GNOME_2_running_on_openDarwin_%282004%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/GNOME" title="GNOME">GNOME</a> running on GNU-Darwin</figcaption></figure> <p>OpenDarwin was a community-led operating system based on the Darwin system. It was founded in April 2002 by <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_Systems_Consortium" title="Internet Systems Consortium">Internet Systems Consortium</a>. Its goal was to increase collaboration between Apple developers and the <a href="/wiki/Free_software_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Free software community">free software community</a>. Apple benefited from the project because improvements to OpenDarwin would be incorporated into Darwin releases; and the free/open-source community benefited from being given complete control over its own operating system, which could then be used in free software distributions such as GNU-Darwin.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 25, 2006, the OpenDarwin team announced that the project was shutting down, as they felt OpenDarwin had "become a mere hosting facility for Mac OS X related projects", and that the efforts to create a standalone Darwin operating system had failed.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also state: "Availability of sources, interaction with Apple representatives, difficulty building and tracking sources, and a lack of interest from the community have all contributed to this."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last stable release was version 7.2.1, released on July 16, 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PureDarwin">PureDarwin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darwin_(operating_system)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: PureDarwin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PureDarwin is a project to create a bootable operating system image from Apple's released source code for Darwin.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the halt of OpenDarwin and the release of bootable images since Darwin 8.x, it has been increasingly difficult to create a full operating system as many components became closed source. In 2015 the project created a preview release based on Darwin 9 with an X11 GUI,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by a command-line only 17.4 Beta based on Darwin 17.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_derived_projects">Other derived projects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darwin_(operating_system)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other derived projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WindowmakerFS_Xdarwin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/WindowmakerFS_Xdarwin.jpg/120px-WindowmakerFS_Xdarwin.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/WindowmakerFS_Xdarwin.jpg/250px-WindowmakerFS_Xdarwin.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption>Window Maker in <a href="/wiki/XDarwin" title="XDarwin">XDarwin</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XQuartz" title="XQuartz">XQuartz</a> is a component of the <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a> that runs on <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> (Darwin). <a href="/wiki/XDarwin" title="XDarwin">XDarwin</a>, before the introduction of Apple's X11.app.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNUstep" title="GNUstep">GNUstep</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_(API)" title="Cocoa (API)">Cocoa</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/OpenStep" title="OpenStep">OpenStep</a>) <a href="/wiki/Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a> <a href="/wiki/Software_framework" title="Software framework">frameworks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Widget_toolkit" title="Widget toolkit">widget toolkit</a>, and application development tools for <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Window_Maker" class="mw-redirect" title="Window Maker">Window Maker</a>, a window manager designed to emulate the <a href="/wiki/NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXT</a> GUI as part of the wider GNUstep project.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebKit" title="WebKit">WebKit</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Browser_engine" title="Browser engine">browser engine</a> primarily used in <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple's</a> <a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a> web browser, as well as all web browsers on <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacPorts" title="MacPorts">MacPorts</a> (formerly DarwinPorts), <a href="/wiki/Fink_(software)" title="Fink (software)">Fink</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Homebrew_(package_management_software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Homebrew (package management software)">Homebrew</a> are projects to port UNIX programs to the Darwin operating system and provide <a href="/wiki/Package_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Package management">package management</a>. In addition, several standard UNIX package managers—such as <a href="/wiki/RPM_Package_Manager" title="RPM Package Manager">RPM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pkgsrc" title="Pkgsrc">pkgsrc</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Portage_(software)" title="Portage (software)">Portage</a>—have Darwin ports. Some of these operate in their own namespace so as not to interfere with the base system.</li> <li>GNU-Darwin was a project that ports packages of free software to Darwin. They package OS images in a way similar to a <a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distribution</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Darwine" class="mw-redirect" title="Darwine">Darwine</a> project was a <a href="/wiki/Porting" title="Porting">port</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wine_(software)" title="Wine (software)">Wine</a> that allows one to run <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> software on Darwin.</li> <li>SEDarwin was a port of <a href="/wiki/TrustedBSD" class="mw-redirect" title="TrustedBSD">TrustedBSD</a> <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_access_control" title="Mandatory access control">mandatory access control</a> framework and portions of the <a href="/wiki/SELinux" class="mw-redirect" title="SELinux">SELinux</a> framework to Darwin.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was incorporated into Mac OS X 10.5.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Darbat project was an experimental port of Darwin to the <a href="/wiki/L4_microkernel_family" title="L4 microkernel family">L4 microkernel family</a>. It aims to be <a href="/wiki/Binary_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary compatible">binary compatible</a> with existing Darwin binaries.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Darling_(software)" title="Darling (software)">Darling</a> project is a compatibility layer for running macOS binaries on Linux systems. It uses some Darwin source code.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>There are various projects that focus on driver support: e.g., wireless drivers,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wired <a href="/wiki/Network_interface_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Network interface card">NIC</a> drivers<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> modem drivers,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> card readers,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Ext2" title="Ext2">ext2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ext3" title="Ext3">ext3</a> file systems.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>DarwinBSD Project is a Darwin project using pkgsrc for packages. It is an open source project.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darwin_(operating_system)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://osxbook.com/book/bonus/ancient/whatismacosx/arch_xnu.html">the original</a> on June 2, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=XNU%3A+The+Kernel&rft.date=2004-01-07&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Amit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fosxbook.com%2Fbook%2Fbonus%2Fancient%2Fwhatismacosx%2Farch_xnu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarwin+%28operating+system%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoch" class="citation citeseerx cs1">Roch, Benjamin. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 13,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Porting+UNIX%2FLinux+Applications+to+OS+X&rft.atitle=Additional+Features&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.apple.com%2Flibrary%2Fcontent%2Fdocumentation%2FPorting%2FConceptual%2FPortingUnix%2Fadditionalfeatures%2Fadditionalfeatures.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarwin+%28operating+system%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opensource.apple.com/static/iso/release-notes-8.0.1.txt">"Darwin 8.0.1 Release Notes"</a>. April 29, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231028121525/https://opensource.apple.com/static/iso/release-notes-8.0.1.txt">Archived</a> from the original on October 28, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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December 16, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211205110901/https://github.com/apple/darwin-xnu/blob/2ff845c2e033bd0ff64b5b6aa6063a1f8f65aa32/pexpert/pexpert/arm64/board_config.h#L223">Archived</a> from the original on December 5, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=XNU+board+config+for+BCM2837&rft.date=2021-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fapple%2Fdarwin-xnu%2Fblob%2F2ff845c2e033bd0ff64b5b6aa6063a1f8f65aa32%2Fpexpert%2Fpexpert%2Farm64%2Fboard_config.h%23L223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarwin+%28operating+system%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.raspberrypi.com/products/raspberry-pi-3-model-b">"Raspberry Pi 3 Model B"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211205212422/https://www.raspberrypi.com/products/raspberry-pi-3-model-b/">Archived</a> from the original on December 5, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2021</span>. <q>Quad Core 1.2GHz Broadcom BCM2837</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Raspberry+Pi+3+Model+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.raspberrypi.com%2Fproducts%2Fraspberry-pi-3-model-b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarwin+%28operating+system%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://code.google.com/p/voodoo-kernel/source/checkout">"Voodoo XNU Kernel Source"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150930225819/https://code.google.com/p/voodoo-kernel/source/checkout">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Voodoo+XNU+Kernel+Source&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcode.google.com%2Fp%2Fvoodoo-kernel%2Fsource%2Fcheckout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarwin+%28operating+system%29" class="Z3988"></span> Requires an Apache SVN client.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/winocm/xnu">"XNU on ARMv7"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></i>. January 25, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=XNU+on+ARMv7&rft.date=2022-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fwinocm%2Fxnu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarwin+%28operating+system%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/apsl.html">"FSF's Opinion of the Apple Public Source License (APSL) 2.0"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200504151500/http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/apsl.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 4, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FSF%27s+Opinion+of+the+Apple+Public+Source+License+%28APSL%29+2.0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fphilosophy%2Fapsl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarwin+%28operating+system%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/historical-apsl.html">"The Problems with older versions of the Apple Public Source License (APSL)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200419054305/http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/historical-apsl.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 19, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Problems+with+older+versions+of+the+Apple+Public+Source+License+%28APSL%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fphilosophy%2Fhistorical-apsl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarwin+%28operating+system%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opensource.apple.com">"Open Source Releases"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Apple_Developer" title="Apple Developer">Apple Developer Connection</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Open+Source+Releases&rft.pub=Apple+Developer+Connection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopensource.apple.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarwin+%28operating+system%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011114205940/http://developer.apple.com/technotes/tn/tn2029.html">"Technical Note TN2029: Mac OS X v10.1"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Apple_Developer" title="Apple Developer">Apple Developer Connection</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Mac+OS+X+10.6+Snow+Leopard%3A+the+Ars+Technica+review&rft.date=2009-08-31&rft.aulast=Siracusa&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fapple%2Freviews%2F2009%2F08%2Fmac-os-x-10-6.ars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarwin+%28operating+system%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-darwin-11-found-on-a-jailbroken-iphone-4s-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-darwin-11-found-on-a-jailbroken-iphone-4s_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As found on a <a href="/wiki/IOS_jailbreaking" title="IOS jailbreaking">jailbroken</a> <a href="/wiki/IPhone_4S" class="mw-redirect" title="IPhone 4S">iPhone 4S</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.apple.com/videos/play/wwdc2019/702/">"System Extensions and DriverKit - WWDC19 - Videos"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=System+Extensions+and+DriverKit+-+WWDC19+-+Videos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.apple.com%2Fvideos%2Fplay%2Fwwdc2019%2F702%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarwin+%28operating+system%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.apple.com/documentation/systemextensions">"SystemExtensions"</a>. <i>Apple Developer Documentation</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Apple+Developer+Documentation&rft.atitle=SystemExtensions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.apple.com%2Fdocumentation%2Fsystemextensions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarwin+%28operating+system%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.apple.com/documentation/driverkit">"DriverKit"</a>. <i>Apple Developer Documentation</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Apple+Developer+Documentation&rft.atitle=DriverKit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.apple.com%2Fdocumentation%2Fdriverkit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarwin+%28operating+system%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.apple.com/videos/play/wwdc2019/702/"><i>System Extensions and DriverKit</i></a>. <i>Apple Developer Documentation</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=System+Extensions+and+DriverKit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.apple.com%2Fvideos%2Fplay%2Fwwdc2019%2F702%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarwin+%28operating+system%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060106092328/http://www.opendarwin.org/">"OpenDarwin"</a>. 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SourceForge.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100716175829/http://sourceforge.net/projects/darwin-tulip/">Archived</a> from the original on July 16, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Port+BSD+tulip+driver%28s%29+to+Darwin+OS+%26%23124%3B+Download+Port+BSD+tulip+driver%28s%29+to+Darwin+OS+software+for+free+at&rft.pub=SourceForge.net&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsourceforge.net%2Fprojects%2Fdarwin-tulip%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarwin+%28operating+system%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/darwin-rtl8139">"RealTek network driver for Mac OS X/Darwin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SourceForge" title="SourceForge">SourceForge</a>. March 15, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100724204411/http://sourceforge.net/projects/darwin-rtl8139/">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 3,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RealTek+network+driver+for+Mac+OS+X%2FDarwin&rft.pub=SourceForge&rft.date=2006-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsourceforge.net%2Fprojects%2Fdarwin-rtl8139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarwin+%28operating+system%29" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Project inactive since March 15, 2006.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFfansui2007" class="citation web cs1">fansui; et al. (August 1, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/rtl8150lm">"RTL8150LMEthernet"</a>. SourceForge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080907032303/http://sourceforge.net/projects/rtl8150lm">Archived</a> from the original on September 7, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 13,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RTL8150LMEthernet&rft.pub=SourceForge&rft.date=2007-08-01&rft.au=fansui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsourceforge.net%2Fprojects%2Frtl8150lm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarwin+%28operating+system%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/darwinmodems">"ZyXEL Modem Drivers for OS X/Darwin | Download ZyXEL Modem Drivers for OS X/Darwin software for free at"</a>. SourceForge.net. May 14, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090107024501/http://sourceforge.net/projects/darwinmodems/">Archived</a> from the original on January 7, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ZyXEL+Modem+Drivers+for+OS+X%2FDarwin+%26%23124%3B+Download+ZyXEL+Modem+Drivers+for+OS+X%2FDarwin+software+for+free+at&rft.pub=SourceForge.net&rft.date=2002-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsourceforge.net%2Fprojects%2Fdarwinmodems&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarwin+%28operating+system%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pccardata.sourceforge.net/">"Mac OS X PC Card ATA Driver"</a>. Pccardata.sourceforge.net. December 20, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805235201/http://pccardata.sourceforge.net/">Archived</a> from the original on August 5, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mac+OS+X+PC+Card+ATA+Driver&rft.pub=Pccardata.sourceforge.net&rft.date=2001-12-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpccardata.sourceforge.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarwin+%28operating+system%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/ext2fsx/">"Mac OS X Ext2 Filesystem | Download Mac OS X Ext2 Filesystem software for free at"</a>. SourceForge.net. October 14, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100722030450/http://sourceforge.net/projects/ext2fsx/">Archived</a> from the original on July 22, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mac+OS+X+Ext2+Filesystem+%26%23124%3B+Download+Mac+OS+X+Ext2+Filesystem+software+for+free+at&rft.pub=SourceForge.net&rft.date=2002-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsourceforge.net%2Fprojects%2Fext2fsx%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarwin+%28operating+system%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/ext2fuse">"ext2 filesystem in user space"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SourceForge" title="SourceForge">SourceForge</a>. July 14, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100726001114/http://sourceforge.net/projects/ext2fuse/">Archived</a> from the original on July 26, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 13,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ext2+filesystem+in+user+space&rft.pub=SourceForge&rft.date=2008-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsourceforge.net%2Fprojects%2Fext2fuse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarwin+%28operating+system%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwinbsd.tk/">"DarwinBSD"</a>. <i>darwinbsd.tk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230323004704/http://darwinbsd.tk/">Archived</a> from the original on March 23, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=darwinbsd.tk&rft.atitle=DarwinBSD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwinbsd.tk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADarwin+%28operating+system%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darwin_(operating_system)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opensource.apple.com/releases/">Darwin Releases</a> at <a href="/wiki/Apple_Developer" title="Apple Developer">Apple Developer Connection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opensource.apple.com/tarballs/">source code of individual packages</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hexley.com/">Hexley, the Darwin mascot</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.puredarwin.org">PureDarwin.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111225233653/http://www.theapplemuseum.com:80/index.php?id=33"><i>The Apple Museum</i> "MacOS X Build Numbers"</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived December 25, 2011)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Darwin_derivations" title="Template:Darwin derivations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Darwin_derivations" title="Template talk:Darwin derivations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Darwin_derivations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Darwin derivations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Darwin-derived_operating_systems463" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Darwin</a>-<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Derived_projects">derived</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Apple_operating_systems" title="List of Apple operating systems">operating systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mac_operating_systems" title="Mac operating systems">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mach_(kernel)" title="Mach (kernel)">Mach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenStep" title="OpenStep">OpenStep</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNUstep" title="GNUstep">GNUstep</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_(operating_system)" title="Rhapsody (operating system)">Rhapsody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mac OS X <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta" title="Mac OS X Public Beta">Public Beta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.0" title="Mac OS X 10.0">10.0 (Cheetah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.1" title="Mac OS X 10.1">10.1 (Puma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Jaguar" title="Mac OS X Jaguar">10.2 Jaguar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Panther" title="Mac OS X Panther">10.3 Panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Tiger" title="Mac OS X Tiger">10.4 Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Leopard">10.5 Leopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Snow Leopard">10.6 Snow Leopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Lion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Lion">10.7 Lion</a></li></ul></li> <li>OS X <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mountain_Lion" title="OS X Mountain Lion">OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mavericks" title="OS X Mavericks">10.9 Mavericks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Yosemite" title="OS X Yosemite">10.10 Yosemite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_El_Capitan" title="OS X El Capitan">10.11 El Capitan</a></li></ul></li> <li>macOS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sierra" title="MacOS Sierra">macOS 10.12 Sierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_High_Sierra" title="MacOS High Sierra">10.13 High Sierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Mojave" title="MacOS Mojave">10.14 Mojave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Catalina" title="MacOS Catalina">10.15 Catalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Big_Sur" title="MacOS Big Sur">11 Big Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Monterey" title="MacOS Monterey">12 Monterey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Ventura" title="MacOS Ventura">13 Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sonoma" title="MacOS Sonoma">14 Sonoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sequoia" title="MacOS Sequoia">15 Sequoia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server" title="Mac OS X Server">Mac OS X<br />Server</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_1.0" title="Mac OS X Server 1.0">1.0 (Hera)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_(operating_system)" title="Rhapsody (operating system)">Rhapsody</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_10.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Server 10.0">10.0 (Cheetah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_10.1" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Server 10.1">10.1 (Puma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_10.2" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Server 10.2">10.2 (Jaguar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_10.3" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Server 10.3">10.3 (Panther)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_10.4" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Server 10.4">10.4 (Tiger)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_10.5" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Server 10.5">10.5 Leopard Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_10.6" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Server 10.6">10.6 Snow Leopard Server</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple TV Software">TV Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV_Software_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple TV Software 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV_Software_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple TV Software 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV_Software_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple TV Software 3">3</a></li> <li>Forks from iOS with 4</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>iPhone OS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_OS_1" title="IPhone OS 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_OS_2" title="IPhone OS 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_OS_3" title="IPhone OS 3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li>iOS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IOS_4" title="IOS 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_5" title="IOS 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_6" title="IOS 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_7" title="IOS 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_8" title="IOS 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_9" title="IOS 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_10" title="IOS 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_11" title="IOS 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_12" title="IOS 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_13" title="IOS 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_14" title="IOS 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_15" title="IOS 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_16" title="IOS 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_17" title="IOS 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_18" title="IOS 18">18</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>TV Software <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV_Software_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple TV Software 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV_Software_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple TV Software 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV_Software_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple TV Software 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV_Software_7" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple TV Software 7">7</a></li></ul></li> <li>tvOS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TvOS_9" class="mw-redirect" title="TvOS 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS_10" class="mw-redirect" title="TvOS 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS_11" class="mw-redirect" title="TvOS 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS_12" class="mw-redirect" title="TvOS 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS_13" class="mw-redirect" title="TvOS 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS_14" class="mw-redirect" title="TvOS 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS_15" class="mw-redirect" title="TvOS 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS_16" class="mw-redirect" title="TvOS 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS_17" class="mw-redirect" title="TvOS 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS_18" class="mw-redirect" title="TvOS 18">18</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="audioOS11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/AudioOS" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS">audioOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AudioOS_13" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS 13">13.4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AudioOS_14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AudioOS 14 (page does not exist)">14</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AudioOS_15&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AudioOS 15 (page does not exist)">15</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AudioOS_16&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AudioOS 16 (page does not exist)">16</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AudioOS_17&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AudioOS 17 (page does not exist)">17</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AudioOS_18&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AudioOS 18 (page does not exist)">18</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS_1" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS_2" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS_3" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS_4" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS_5" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS_6" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS_7" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS_8" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS_9" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS_10" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS_11" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS 11">11</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="bridgeOS12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/BridgeOS" title="BridgeOS">bridgeOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BridgeOS_1" class="mw-redirect" title="BridgeOS 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BridgeOS_2" class="mw-redirect" title="BridgeOS 2">2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/AudioOS" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS">audioOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AudioOS_11" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AudioOS_12" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AudioOS_13" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS 13">13</a></li> <li>Forks from tvOS with 13.4</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_13" title="IPadOS 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_14" title="IPadOS 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_15" title="IPadOS 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_16" title="IPadOS 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_17" title="IPadOS 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_18" title="IPadOS 18">18</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="visionOS12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/VisionOS" title="VisionOS">visionOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VisionOS_1" class="mw-redirect" title="VisionOS 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisionOS_2" class="mw-redirect" title="VisionOS 2">2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Apple<br />distributions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OpenDarwin" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenDarwin">OpenDarwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PureDarwin" class="mw-redirect" title="PureDarwin">PureDarwin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_version_history" title="MacOS version history">macOS version history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_version_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Server version history">Mac OS X Server version history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS_version_history" class="mw-redirect" title="TvOS version history">tvOS version history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_version_history" title="IOS version history">iOS version history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_version_history" title="IPadOS version history">iPadOS version history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS_version_history" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS version history">watchOS version history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AudioOS_version_history" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS version history">audioOS version history</a><br /><i>Italics</i> denote upcoming products</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="macOS408" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:MacOS" title="Template:MacOS"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:MacOS" title="Template talk:MacOS"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:MacOS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:MacOS"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="macOS408" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_version_history" title="MacOS version history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_macOS" title="Architecture of macOS">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_built-in_macOS_apps" title="List of built-in macOS apps">Built-in apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="MacOS Server">Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mac_software" title="List of Mac software">Software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Versions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_1.0" title="Mac OS X Server 1.0">Server 1.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta" title="Mac OS X Public Beta">Public Beta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.0" title="Mac OS X 10.0">10.0 Cheetah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.1" title="Mac OS X 10.1">10.1 Puma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Jaguar" title="Mac OS X Jaguar">10.2 Jaguar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Panther" title="Mac OS X Panther">10.3 Panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Tiger" title="Mac OS X Tiger">10.4 Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Leopard">10.5 Leopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Snow Leopard">10.6 Snow Leopard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">OS X</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Lion" title="OS X Lion">10.7 Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mountain_Lion" title="OS X Mountain Lion">10.8 Mountain Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mavericks" title="OS X Mavericks">10.9 Mavericks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Yosemite" title="OS X Yosemite">10.10 Yosemite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_El_Capitan" title="OS X El Capitan">10.11 El Capitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">macOS</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sierra" title="MacOS Sierra">10.12 Sierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_High_Sierra" title="MacOS High Sierra">10.13 High Sierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Mojave" title="MacOS Mojave">10.14 Mojave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Catalina" title="MacOS Catalina">10.15 Catalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Big_Sur" title="MacOS Big Sur">11 Big Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Monterey" title="MacOS Monterey">12 Monterey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Ventura" title="MacOS Ventura">13 Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sonoma" title="MacOS Sonoma">14 Sonoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sequoia" title="MacOS Sequoia">15 Sequoia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_App_Store" title="Mac App Store">App Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automator_(macOS)" title="Automator (macOS)">Automator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calculator_(Apple)" title="Calculator (Apple)">Calculator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_(Apple)" title="Calendar (Apple)">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_built-in_macOS_apps#Chess" title="List of built-in macOS apps">Chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contacts_(Apple)" title="Contacts (Apple)">Contacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_Center_(Apple)" title="Control Center (Apple)">Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_(software)" title="Dictionary (software)">Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD_Player_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD Player (macOS)">DVD Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FaceTime" title="FaceTime">FaceTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finder_(software)" title="Finder (software)">Finder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Center" title="Game Center">Game Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapher" title="Grapher">Grapher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HomeKit" class="mw-redirect" title="HomeKit">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launchpad_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Launchpad (macOS)">Launchpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Mail" title="Apple Mail">Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messages_(Apple)" title="Messages (Apple)">Messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_News" title="Apple News">News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Music (software)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_(Apple)" title="Notes (Apple)">Notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notification_Center" title="Notification Center">Notification Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Podcasts" title="Apple Podcasts">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photo_Booth" title="Photo Booth">Photo Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photos_(Apple)" title="Photos (Apple)">Photos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preview_(macOS)" title="Preview (macOS)">Preview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime" title="QuickTime">Quicktime Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reminders_(Apple)" title="Reminders (Apple)">Reminders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safari_version_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Safari version history">version history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortcuts_(app)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortcuts (app)">Shortcuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siri" title="Siri">Siri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickies_(Apple)" title="Stickies (Apple)">Stickies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TextEdit" title="TextEdit">TextEdit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_Machine_(macOS)" title="Time Machine (macOS)">Time Machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apple_Developer_Tools" title="Apple Developer Tools">Developer Tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xcode" title="Xcode">Xcode</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instruments_(software)" title="Instruments (software)">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Developer_Tools#FileMerge" title="Apple Developer Tools">FileMerge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interface_Builder" title="Interface Builder">Interface Builder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashcode" title="Dashcode">Dashcode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_Composer" title="Quartz Composer">Quartz Composer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dashboard_(macOS)" title="Dashboard (macOS)">Dashboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Row_(software)" title="Front Row (software)">Front Row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IChat" title="IChat">iChat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhoto" title="IPhoto">iPhoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISync" title="ISync">iSync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_iTunes" title="History of iTunes">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherlock_(software)" title="Sherlock (software)">Sherlock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Utilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activity_Monitor_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Activity Monitor (macOS)">Activity Monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AirPort_Utility" class="mw-redirect" title="AirPort Utility">AirPort Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archive_Utility" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive Utility">Archive Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_MIDI_Setup" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio MIDI Setup">Audio MIDI Setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_File_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluetooth File Exchange">Bluetooth File Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boot_Camp_(software)" title="Boot Camp (software)">Boot Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ColorSync" title="ColorSync">ColorSync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Configurator" title="Apple Configurator">Configurator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_built-in_macOS_apps#Console" title="List of built-in macOS apps">Console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_built-in_macOS_apps#Crash_Reporter" title="List of built-in macOS apps">Crash Reporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Color_Meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Color Meter">Digital Color Meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directory_Utility" class="mw-redirect" title="Directory Utility">Directory Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DiskImageMounter" class="mw-redirect" title="DiskImageMounter">DiskImageMounter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_Utility" title="Disk Utility">Disk Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font_Book" title="Font Book">Font Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Help_Viewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Help Viewer">Help Viewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_Capture" class="mw-redirect" title="Image Capture">Image Capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installer_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Installer (macOS)">Installer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keychain_(software)" title="Keychain (software)">Keychain Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Assistant_(Apple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration Assistant (Apple)">Migration Assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Script_Editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Script Editor">Script Editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Settings" title="System Settings">System Settings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Information_(Mac)" class="mw-redirect" title="System Information (Mac)">System Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(macOS)" title="Terminal (macOS)">Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Access">Universal Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VoiceOver" title="VoiceOver">VoiceOver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grab_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grab (macOS)">Grab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Utility" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Utility">Network Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODBC_Administrator" class="mw-redirect" title="ODBC Administrator">ODBC Administrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote Install Mac OS X">Remote Install Mac OS X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Software_Update" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Software Update">Software Update</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies &<br /><a href="/wiki/User_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="User Interface">User Interface</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AirDrop" title="AirDrop">AirDrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AppKit" title="AppKit">AppKit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_File_System" title="Apple File System">Apple File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_menu" title="Apple menu">Apple menu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Push_Notification_service" title="Apple Push Notification service">Apple Push Notification service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AppleScript" title="AppleScript">AppleScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_(user_interface)" title="Aqua (user interface)">Aqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Units" title="Audio Units">Audio Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVFoundation" title="AVFoundation">AVFoundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonjour_(software)" title="Bonjour (software)">Bonjour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundle_(macOS)" title="Bundle (macOS)">Bundle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CloudKit" title="CloudKit">CloudKit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_(API)" title="Cocoa (API)">Cocoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ColorSync" title="ColorSync">ColorSync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_key" title="Command key">Command key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Animation" title="Core Animation">Core Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Audio" title="Core Audio">Core Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Data" title="Core Data">Core Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Foundation" title="Core Foundation">Core Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Image" title="Core Image">Core Image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_OpenGL" title="Core OpenGL">Core OpenGL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Text" title="Core Text">Core Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Video" title="Core Video">Core Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Unix_Printing_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Unix Printing System">CUPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover_Flow" title="Cover Flow">Cover Flow</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dock_(macOS)" title="Dock (macOS)">Dock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FileVault" title="FileVault">FileVault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typefaces_included_with_macOS" title="List of typefaces included with macOS">Fonts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_Kit" title="Foundation Kit">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatekeeper_(macOS)" title="Gatekeeper (macOS)">Gatekeeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Dispatch" title="Grand Central Dispatch">Grand Central Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Icon_Image_format" title="Apple Icon Image format">icns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICloud" title="ICloud">iCloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernel_panic#macOS" title="Kernel panic">Kernel panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keychain_(software)" title="Keychain (software)">Keychain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launchd" title="Launchd">launchd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mach-O" title="Mach-O">Mach-O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menu_extra" title="Menu extra">Menu extra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_(API)" title="Metal (API)">Metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Control_(macOS)" title="Mission Control (macOS)">Mission Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_Shift_(software)" title="Night Shift (software)">Night Shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenCL" title="OpenCL">OpenCL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Option_key" title="Option key">Option key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preference_Pane" class="mw-redirect" title="Preference Pane">Preference Pane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_list" title="Property list">Property list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_(graphics_layer)" title="Quartz (graphics layer)">Quartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quick_Look" title="Quick Look">Quick Look</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(software)" title="Rosetta (software)">Rosetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_folder#macOS" title="Virtual folder">Smart Folders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speakable_items" title="Speakable items">Speakable items</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotlight_(Apple)" title="Spotlight (Apple)">Spotlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stacks_(Mac_OS)" title="Stacks (Mac OS)">Stacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Integrity_Protection" title="System Integrity Protection">System Integrity Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Type_Identifier" title="Uniform Type Identifier">Uniform Type Identifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_binary" title="Universal binary">Universal binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebKit" title="WebKit">WebKit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XNU" title="XNU">XNU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XQuartz" title="XQuartz">XQuartz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deprecated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HFS%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="HFS+">HFS+</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Type_Services_for_Unicode_Imaging" title="Apple Type Services for Unicode Imaging">ATSUI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BootX_(Apple)" title="BootX (Apple)">BootX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brushed_metal_(interface)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brushed metal (interface)">Brushed metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_(API)" title="Carbon (API)">Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Classic Environment">Classic Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inkwell_(Macintosh)" title="Inkwell (Macintosh)">Inkwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime" title="QuickTime">QuickTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaces_(software)" title="Spaces (software)">Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xgrid" title="Xgrid">Xgrid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> denote upcoming products.</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:MacOS" title="Category:MacOS">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Operating_systems_by_Apple405" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apple_operating_systems" title="Template:Apple operating systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Apple_operating_systems" title="Template talk:Apple operating systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apple_operating_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Apple operating systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Operating_systems_by_Apple405" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Operating systems by <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_III" title="Apple III">III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Lisa" title="Apple Lisa">Lisa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_DOS" title="Apple DOS">Apple DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_ProDOS" title="Apple ProDOS">ProDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_GS/OS" title="Apple GS/OS">GS/OS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_III" title="Apple III">Apple III</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_SOS" title="Apple SOS">SOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Lisa" title="Apple Lisa">Lisa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Lisa#Software" title="Apple Lisa">Lisa OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacWorks_XL" title="MacWorks XL">MacWorks</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mac_operating_systems" title="Mac operating systems">Mac</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/System_1" title="System 1">System 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS#System_1,_2,_3,_and_4" title="Classic Mac OS">Systems 2, 3, and 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS#System_Software_5" title="Classic Mac OS">System 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_6" title="System 6">System 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_7" title="System 7">System 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_8" title="Mac OS 8">Mac OS 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_9" title="Mac OS 9">Mac OS 9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_version_history" title="MacOS version history">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenStep" title="OpenStep">OpenStep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_(operating_system)" title="Rhapsody (operating system)">Rhapsody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta" title="Mac OS X Public Beta">Public Beta</a></li></ul></li> <li>Core <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Darwin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XNU" title="XNU">XNU</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Desktop <ul><li>Mac OS X <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta" title="Mac OS X Public Beta">Public Beta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.0" title="Mac OS X 10.0">10.0 (Cheetah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.1" title="Mac OS X 10.1">10.1 (Puma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Jaguar" title="Mac OS X Jaguar">10.2 Jaguar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Panther" title="Mac OS X Panther">10.3 Panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Tiger" title="Mac OS X Tiger">10.4 Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Leopard">10.5 Leopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Snow Leopard">10.6 Snow Leopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Lion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Lion">10.7 Lion</a></li></ul></li> <li>OS X <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mountain_Lion" title="OS X Mountain Lion">10.8 Mountain Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mavericks" title="OS X Mavericks">10.9 Mavericks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Yosemite" title="OS X Yosemite">10.10 Yosemite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_El_Capitan" title="OS X El Capitan">10.11 El Capitan</a></li></ul></li> <li>macOS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sierra" title="MacOS Sierra">10.12 Sierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_High_Sierra" title="MacOS High Sierra">10.13 High Sierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Mojave" title="MacOS Mojave">10.14 Mojave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Catalina" title="MacOS Catalina">10.15 Catalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Big_Sur" title="MacOS Big Sur">11 Big Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Monterey" title="MacOS Monterey">12 Monterey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Ventura" title="MacOS Ventura">13 Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sonoma" title="MacOS Sonoma">14 Sonoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sequoia" title="MacOS Sequoia">15 Sequoia</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="MacOS Server">Server</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_1.0" title="Mac OS X Server 1.0">Mac OS X Server 1.0</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Shipped <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A/ROSE" title="A/ROSE">A/ROSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A/UX" title="A/UX">A/UX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIX_for_Apple_Network_Servers" class="mw-redirect" title="AIX for Apple Network Servers">AIX for Apple Network Servers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macintosh_Application_Environment" title="Macintosh Application Environment">MAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MkLinux" title="MkLinux">MkLinux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerOpen_Environment" title="PowerOpen Environment">PowerOpen Environment</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cancelled <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_project" title="Star Trek project">Star Trek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taligent" title="Taligent">Taligent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copland_(operating_system)" title="Copland (operating system)">Copland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nukernel" title="Nukernel">Nukernel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_(microkernel)" title="Vanguard (microkernel)">Vanguard</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>iPhone OS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_OS_1" title="IPhone OS 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_OS_2" title="IPhone OS 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_OS_3" title="IPhone OS 3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li>iOS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IOS_4" title="IOS 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_5" title="IOS 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_6" title="IOS 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_7" title="IOS 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_8" title="IOS 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_9" title="IOS 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_10" title="IOS 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_11" title="IOS 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_12" title="IOS 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_13" title="IOS 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_14" title="IOS 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_15" title="IOS 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_16" title="IOS 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_17" title="IOS 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_18" title="IOS 18">18</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_13" title="IPadOS 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_14" title="IPadOS 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_15" title="IPadOS 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_16" title="IPadOS 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_17" title="IPadOS 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_18" title="IPadOS 18">18</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV#Software" title="Apple TV">Apple TV Software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisionOS" title="VisionOS">visionOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AudioOS" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS">audioOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BridgeOS" title="BridgeOS">bridgeOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newton_OS" title="Newton OS">Newton OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_iTunes#Devices" title="History of iTunes">iPod software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Apple_operating_systems" title="List of Apple operating systems">List</a> • <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._operating_systems" title="Category:Apple Inc. operating systems">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unix_and_Unix-like_operating_systems_and_compatibility_layers622" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Unix" title="Template:Unix"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Unix" title="Template talk:Unix"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Unix" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Unix"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unix_and_Unix-like_operating_systems_and_compatibility_layers622" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">compatibility layers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unix_architecture" title="Unix architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_filesystem" title="Unix filesystem">Filesystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Unix" title="History of Unix">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_philosophy" title="Unix philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_security" title="Unix security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_shell" title="Unix shell">Shell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating<br />systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><b><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</a></b></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/386BSD" title="386BSD">386BSD</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DragonFly_BSD" title="DragonFly BSD">DragonFly BSD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Darwin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AudioOS" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS">audioOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BridgeOS" title="BridgeOS">bridgeOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DYNIX" title="DYNIX">DYNIX</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SunOS" title="SunOS">SunOS</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ultrix" title="Ultrix">Ultrix</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_Linux" title="Arch Linux">Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChromeOS" title="ChromeOS">ChromeOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">Fedora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentoo_Linux" title="Gentoo Linux">Gentoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux" title="Red Hat Enterprise Linux">Red Hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUSE_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="SUSE Linux">SUSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu" title="Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Linux_distributions" title="List of Linux distributions">Other distributions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><b><a href="/wiki/UNIX_System_V" title="UNIX System V">System V</a></b></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A/UX" title="A/UX">A/UX</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_AIX" title="IBM AIX">AIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP-UX" title="HP-UX">HP-UX</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IRIX" title="IRIX">IRIX</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenServer" title="OpenServer">OpenServer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Solaris" title="Oracle Solaris">Solaris</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/OpenSolaris" title="OpenSolaris">OpenSolaris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illumos" title="Illumos">Illumos</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tru64_UNIX" title="Tru64 UNIX">Tru64 UNIX</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/UnixWare" title="UnixWare">UnixWare</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coherent_(operating_system)" title="Coherent (operating system)">Coherent</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain/OS" title="Domain/OS">Domain/OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Hurd" title="GNU Hurd">Hurd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LynxOS" title="LynxOS">LynxOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minix" title="Minix">Minix</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MOS_(operating_system)" title="MOS (operating system)">MOS</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/OSF/1" title="OSF/1">OSF/1</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QNX" title="QNX">QNX</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_10" title="BlackBerry 10">BlackBerry 10</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Research_Unix" title="Research Unix">Research Unix</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SerenityOS" title="SerenityOS">SerenityOS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xenix" title="Xenix">Xenix</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unix_systems" title="List of Unix systems">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">Compatibility<br />layers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cygwin" title="Cygwin">Cygwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darling_(software)" title="Darling (software)">Darling</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eunice_(software)" title="Eunice (software)">Eunice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/OpenVMS#Cross_platform_compatibility" title="OpenVMS">GNV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interix" title="Interix">Interix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MachTen" title="MachTen">MachTen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_POSIX_subsystem" title="Microsoft POSIX subsystem">Microsoft POSIX subsystem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MKS_Toolkit" title="MKS Toolkit">MKS Toolkit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IBM_i#PASE" title="IBM i">PASE</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/P.I.P.S." title="P.I.P.S.">P.I.P.S.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PWS/VSE-AF" class="mw-redirect" title="PWS/VSE-AF">PWS/VSE-AF</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNIX_System_Services" title="UNIX System Services">UNIX System Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UserLAnd_Technologies" title="UserLAnd Technologies">UserLAnd Technologies</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Windows_Services_for_UNIX" title="Windows Services for UNIX">Windows Services for UNIX</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Subsystem_for_Linux" title="Windows Subsystem for Linux">Windows Subsystem for Linux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate discontinued systems. <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Unix" title="Category:Unix">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Unix" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Unix">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Free_and_open-source_software510" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FOSS" title="Template:FOSS"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FOSS" title="Template talk:FOSS"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FOSS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FOSS"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Free_and_open-source_software510" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_terms_for_free_software" title="Alternative terms for free software">Alternative terms for free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_and_closed-source_software" title="Comparison of open-source and closed-source software">Comparison of open-source and closed-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_source-code-hosting_facilities" title="Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities">Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_software_project_directories" title="List of free software project directories">Free software project directories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">Gratis versus libre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_support" title="Long-term support">Long-term support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_development" title="Open-source software development">Open-source software development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_free_software" title="Outline of free software">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="Timeline of free and open-source software">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages" title="List of free and open-source software packages">Software<br />packages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_software_for_audio" title="Comparison of free software for audio">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_bioinformatics_software" title="List of open-source bioinformatics software">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_codecs" title="List of open-source codecs">Codecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_configuration_management_software" title="Comparison of open-source configuration management software">Configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Drivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_graphics_device_driver" title="Free and open-source graphics device driver">Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_wireless_drivers" title="Comparison of open-source wireless drivers">Wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_health_software" title="List of open-source health software">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics" title="List of open-source software for mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_office_suites" title="List of office suites">Office suites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_operating_systems" title="Comparison of open-source operating systems">Operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_routing_platforms" title="List of open-source routing platforms">Routing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_television_software" title="List of free television software">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_video_games" title="List of open-source video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_web_applications" title="List of free and open-source web applications">Web applications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_shopping_cart_software" title="Comparison of shopping cart software">E-commerce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_Android_applications" title="List of free and open-source Android applications">Android apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_iOS_applications" title="List of free and open-source iOS applications">iOS apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercial_open-source_applications_and_services" title="List of commercial open-source applications and services">Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_proprietary_software" title="List of formerly proprietary software">Formerly proprietary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_free_and_open-source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="List of formerly free and open-source software">Formerly open-source</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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