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Girma Hailemariam</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Wasihun Girma Hailemariam"> <meta name="keywords" content="Wasihun Girma Hailemariam"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="Wasihun Girma Hailemariam"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 34</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Wasihun Girma Hailemariam</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">34</span> Energy Analysis of Sugarcane Production: A Case Study in Metehara Sugar Factory in Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wasihun%20Girma%20Hailemariam">Wasihun Girma Hailemariam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Energy is one of the key elements required for every agricultural activity, especially for large scale agricultural production such as sugarcane cultivation which mostly is used to produce sugar and bioethanol from sugarcane. In such kinds of resource (energy) intensive activities, energy analysis of the production system and looking for other alternatives which can reduce energy inputs of the sugarcane production process are steps forward for resource management. The purpose of this study was to determine input energy (direct and indirect) per hectare of sugarcane production sector of Metehara sugar factory in Ethiopia. Total energy consumption of the production system was 61,642 MJ/ha-yr. This total input energy is a cumulative value of different inputs (direct and indirect inputs) in the production system. The contribution of these different inputs is discussed and a scenario of substituting the most influential input by other alternative input which can replace the original input in its nutrient content was discussed. In this study the most influential input for increased energy consumption was application of organic fertilizer which accounted for 50 % of the total energy consumption. Filter cake which is a residue from the sugar production in the factory was used to substitute the organic fertilizer and the reduction in the energy consumption of the sugarcane production was discussed <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20analysis" title="energy analysis">energy analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organic%20fertilizer" title=" organic fertilizer"> organic fertilizer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resource%20management" title=" resource management"> resource management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sugarcane" title=" sugarcane"> sugarcane</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/112638/energy-analysis-of-sugarcane-production-a-case-study-in-metehara-sugar-factory-in-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/112638.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">158</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">33</span> Root System Architecture Analysis of Sorghum Genotypes and Its Effect on Drought Adaptation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hailemariam%20Solomon">Hailemariam Solomon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Taye%20Tadesse"> Taye Tadesse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daniel%20Nadew"> Daniel Nadew</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Firezer%20Girma"> Firezer Girma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Sorghum is an important crop in semi-arid regions and has shown resilience to drought stress. However, recurrent drought is affecting its productivity. Therefore, it is necessary to explore genes that contribute to drought stress adaptation to increase sorghum productivity. The aim of this study is to evaluate and determine the effect of root system traits, specifically root angle, on drought stress adaptation and grain yield performance in sorghum genotypes. A total of 428 sorghum genotypes from the Ethiopian breeding program were evaluated in three drought-stress environments. Field trials were conducted using a row-column design with three replications. Root system traits were phenotyped using a high-throughput phenotyping platform and analyzed using a row-column design with two replications. Data analysis was performed using R software and regression analysis. The study found significant variations in root system architecture among the sorghum genotypes. Non-stay-green genotypes had a grain yield ranging from 1.63 to 3.1 tons/ha, while stay-green genotypes had a grain yield ranging from 2.4 to 2.9 tons/ha. The analysis of root angle showed that non-stay-green genotypes had an angle ranging from 8.0 to 30.5 degrees, while stay-green genotypes had an angle ranging from 12.0 to 29.0 degrees. Improved varieties exhibited angles between 14.04 and 19.50 degrees. Positive and significant correlations were observed between leaf areas and shoot dry weight, as well as between leaf width and shoot dry weight. Negative correlations were observed between root angle and leaf area, as well as between root angle and root length. This research highlights the importance of root system architecture, particularly root angle traits, in enhancing grain yield production in drought-stressed conditions. It also establishes an association between root angle and grain yield traits for maximizing sorghum productivity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=roor%20sysytem%20architecture" title="roor sysytem architecture">roor sysytem architecture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=root%20angle" title=" root angle"> root angle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=narrow%20root%20angle" title=" narrow root angle"> narrow root angle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wider%20root%20angle" title=" wider root angle"> wider root angle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drought" title=" drought"> drought</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170823/root-system-architecture-analysis-of-sorghum-genotypes-and-its-effect-on-drought-adaptation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170823.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">75</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">32</span> Improving Water and Sanitation Systems in Rural Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Betselot%20Girma%20Argaw">Betselot Girma Argaw</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The health of people living in rural areas of Ethiopia depends a lot on how good their water and sanitation systems are. Even though there have been efforts to improve these systems, many communities still struggle to get clean water and proper sanitation, which leads to many health problems and unfair conditions. This research looks into the current situation of water and sanitation in rural Ethiopia, focusing on the main challenges that stop these communities from having safe and lasting solutions. By studying current practices, policies, and infrastructure, this paper highlights the areas that need urgent attention. It also reviews successful examples and suggests recommendations that fit the local context. The goal is to offer practical ideas that can help create better strategies to improve the lives of millions of rural Ethiopians, aiming for lasting improvements in water and sanitation in these vulnerable areas. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rural%20Ethiopia%20water" title="rural Ethiopia water">rural Ethiopia water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sanitation%20infrastructure" title=" sanitation infrastructure"> sanitation infrastructure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20solutions" title=" sustainable solutions"> sustainable solutions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20accessibility" title=" water accessibility"> water accessibility</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/189293/improving-water-and-sanitation-systems-in-rural-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/189293.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">26</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">31</span> Application of Freeze Desalination for Tace elements Removal from Water</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fekadu%20Melak">Fekadu Melak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tsegaye%20Girma%20Asere"> Tsegaye Girma Asere</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Trace element ions, such as Cr(VI) and F−, are of particular interest due to their environmental impact. Both ions exhibit an anionic nature in water that can show similar removal tendencies except for their significant differences in ionic radius. Accordingly, partial freezing was performed to examine freeze separation efficiencies of Cr(VI) and F– from aqueous solutions. Real groundwater and simulated wastewater were included to test effeciency of F– and Cr(VI), respectively. Parameters such as initial ion concentration, salt addition, and freeze duration were explored. Under optimal operating conditions, freeze separation efficiencies of 90 ± 0.12 to 97 ± 0.54% and 58 ± 0.23% to 60 ± 0.34% from 5 mg/L of Cr(VI) and F–, respectively, were demonstrated. The F– ion intercalation into the ice, initiating the decrement of freeze separation efficiency was observed in the salt addition processes. The influences of structuring-destructuring (kosmotropicity-chaotropicity) and the size-exclusion nature of ice crystals were used to explain the plausible mechanism in freeze separation efficiency trace elemental ions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cr%28VI%29" title="Cr(VI)">Cr(VI)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F-" title=" F-"> F-</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=partial%20freezing" title=" partial freezing"> partial freezing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=size%20exclusion" title=" size exclusion"> size exclusion</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156289/application-of-freeze-desalination-for-tace-elements-removal-from-water" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156289.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">84</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">30</span> Determinants of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Patients Who Underwent First-Line Treatment in Addis Ababa: A Case Control Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Selamawit%20Hirpa">Selamawit Hirpa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Girmay%20Medhin"> Girmay Medhin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Belaineh%20Girma"> Belaineh Girma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muluken%20Melese"> Muluken Melese</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alemayehu%20Mekonen"> Alemayehu Mekonen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pedro%20Suarez"> Pedro Suarez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gobena%20Ameni"> Gobena Ameni </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Worldwide, there were 650,000 multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) cases in 2010. Ethiopia is 15th among the 27 MDR-TB high-burden countries. A case control study was conducted at St. Peter Hospital and five health centers in Addis Ababa. Cases were MDR-TB patients who were in treatment at St. Peter Hospital during the study period. Controls were patients who were on first-line anti-TB treatment and were registered as cured or having completed treatment in the period 9 April 2009– 28 February 2010, in five health centers. A structured interview questionnaire was used to assess factors that could potentially be associated with the occurrence of MDR-TB. Factors that were significantly associated with MDR-TB: drug side effects during first-line treatment (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 4.5, 95% CI; 1.9 - 10.5); treatment not directly observed by a health worker (AOR = 11.7, 95% CI; 4–34.3); and retreatment with the Category II regimen (P = 0.000). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adherence%20to%20TB%20treatment" title="adherence to TB treatment">adherence to TB treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MDR-TB" title=" MDR-TB"> MDR-TB</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TB%20treatment" title=" TB treatment"> TB treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TB%20treatment%20regimens" title=" TB treatment regimens "> TB treatment regimens </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2872/determinants-of-multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis-in-patients-who-underwent-first-line-treatment-in-addis-ababa-a-case-control-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2872.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">503</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">29</span> Assessment of Smart Mechatronics Application in Agriculture</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sairoel%20Amertet">Sairoel Amertet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Girma%20Gebresenbet"> Girma Gebresenbet</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Smart mechatronics systems in agriculture can be traced back to the mid-1980s, when research into automated fruit harvesting systems began in Japan, Europe, and the United States. Since then, impressive advances have been made in smart mechatronics systems. Furthermore, smart mechatronics systems are promising areas, and as a result, we were intrigued to learn more about them. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to examine the smart mechatronic systems that have been applied to agricultural areas so far, with inspiration from the smart mechatronic system in other sectors. To get an overview of the current state of the art, benefits and drawbacks of smart mechatronics systems, various approaches were investigated. Moreover, smart mechatronic modules and various networks applied in agriculture processing were examined. Finally, we explored how the data retrieved using the one-way analysis of variance related to each other. The result showed that there were strongly related keywords for different journals. With the virtually limited use of sophisticated mechatronics in the agricultural industry and, at the same time, the low production rate, the demand for food security has fallen dramatically. Therefore, the application of smart mechatronics systems in agricultural sectors would be taken into consideration in order to overcome these issues. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechatronics" title="mechatronics">mechatronics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robotic" title=" robotic"> robotic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robotic%20system" title=" robotic system"> robotic system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=automation" title=" automation"> automation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agriculture%20mechanism" title=" agriculture mechanism"> agriculture mechanism</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165424/assessment-of-smart-mechatronics-application-in-agriculture" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165424.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">81</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28</span> Double Encrypted Data Communication Using Cryptography and Steganography</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adine%20Barett">Adine Barett</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jermel%20Watson"> Jermel Watson</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anteneh%20Girma"> Anteneh Girma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kacem%20Thabet"> Kacem Thabet</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In information security, secure communication of data across networks has always been a problem at the forefront. Transfer of information across networks is susceptible to being exploited by attackers engaging in malicious activity. In this paper, we leverage steganography and cryptography to create a layered security solution to protect the information being transmitted. The first layer of security leverages crypto- graphic techniques to scramble the information so that it cannot be deciphered even if the steganography-based layer is compromised. The second layer of security relies on steganography to disguise the encrypted in- formation so that it cannot be seen. We consider three cryptographic cipher methods in the cryptography layer, namely, Playfair cipher, Blowfish cipher, and Hills cipher. Then, the encrypted message is passed through the least significant bit (LSB) to the steganography algorithm for further encryption. Both encryption approaches are combined efficiently to help secure information in transit over a network. This multi-layered encryption is a solution that will benefit cloud platforms, social media platforms and networks that regularly transfer private information such as banks and insurance companies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cryptography" title="cryptography">cryptography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=steganography" title=" steganography"> steganography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=layered%20security" title=" layered security"> layered security</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cipher" title=" Cipher"> Cipher</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=encryption" title=" encryption"> encryption</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168479/double-encrypted-data-communication-using-cryptography-and-steganography" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168479.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">85</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">27</span> Role of Business Incubators and Social Capital on Innovation and Growth of Firms: Evidence from Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hailemariam%20Gebremichael%20Gebretsadik">Hailemariam Gebremichael Gebretsadik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abrham%20Hagos%20Tesfaslasea"> Abrham Hagos Tesfaslasea</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> To satisfy the high need for ICT entrepreneurship and rectify the weak entrepreneurial culture in Ethiopia, the country has established ICT Business incubation centers with the intention of preventing business failures, promoting innovation, and accelerating the growth and success of firms. This study investigates the role of business incubators and social capital on the innovation and growth of firms in Ethiopia. In this research, innovation and growth of firms were considered as dependent variables, whereas business incubation and social capital were treated as independent variables. The researcher employed an e-mail survey among 137 tenant Firms (Firms that joined and/or graduated to/from the Business incubation centers available in Ethiopia) to collect the data and obtained 113 responses that were appropriate for this research. The result of this study reveals that the dimensions of business incubation (physical resource, business support, and networking) have a significant effect on the innovation of Firms, but these dimensions of business incubation do not show a significant effect on the growth of firms. On the other hand, the dimensions of social capital (structural, cognitive, and relational) show a significant positive impact on the likelihood of Firms' growth but not on the innovation of firms. Moreover, the result of this study indicates that the dimensions of business incubation and social capital together have a significant effect on the likelihood of tenant firms innovating and growing. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=business%20incubation" title="business incubation">business incubation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=innovation" title=" innovation"> innovation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20capital" title=" social capital"> social capital</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tenant%20firms" title=" tenant firms"> tenant firms</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166698/role-of-business-incubators-and-social-capital-on-innovation-and-growth-of-firms-evidence-from-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166698.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">84</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26</span> The Role of Named Entity Recognition for Information Extraction</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Girma%20Yohannis%20Bade">Girma Yohannis Bade</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olga%20Kolesnikova"> Olga Kolesnikova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Grigori%20Sidorov"> Grigori Sidorov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Named entity recognition (NER) is a building block for information extraction. Though the information extraction process has been automated using a variety of techniques to find and extract a piece of relevant information from unstructured documents, the discovery of targeted knowledge still poses a number of research difficulties because of the variability and lack of structure in Web data. NER, a subtask of information extraction (IE), came to exist to smooth such difficulty. It deals with finding the proper names (named entities), such as the name of the person, country, location, organization, dates, and event in a document, and categorizing them as predetermined labels, which is an initial step in IE tasks. This survey paper presents the roles and importance of NER to IE from the perspective of different algorithms and application area domains. Thus, this paper well summarizes how researchers implemented NER in particular application areas like finance, medicine, defense, business, food science, archeology, and so on. It also outlines the three types of sequence labeling algorithms for NER such as feature-based, neural network-based, and rule-based. Finally, the state-of-the-art and evaluation metrics of NER were presented. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20role%20of%20NER" title="the role of NER">the role of NER</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=named%20entity%20recognition" title=" named entity recognition"> named entity recognition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=information%20extraction" title=" information extraction"> information extraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sequence%20labeling%20algorithms" title=" sequence labeling algorithms"> sequence labeling algorithms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=named%20entity%20application%20area" title=" named entity application area"> named entity application area</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174225/the-role-of-named-entity-recognition-for-information-extraction" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174225.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">81</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">25</span> Architecture for Multi-Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Based Autonomous Precision Agriculture Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ebasa%20Girma">Ebasa Girma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nathnael%20Minyelshowa"> Nathnael Minyelshowa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lebsework%20Negash"> Lebsework Negash</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in precision agriculture has seen a huge increase recently. As such, systems that aim to apply various algorithms on the field need a structured framework of abstractions. This paper defines the various tasks of the UAVs in precision agriculture and models them into an architectural framework. The presented architecture is built on the context that there will be minimal physical intervention to do the tasks defined with multiple coordinated and cooperative UAVs. Various tasks such as image processing, path planning, communication, data acquisition, and field mapping are employed in the architecture to provide an efficient system. Besides, different limitation for applying Multi-UAVs in precision agriculture has been considered in designing the architecture. The architecture provides an autonomous end-to-end solution, starting from mission planning, data acquisition, and image processing framework that is highly efficient and can enable farmers to comprehensively deploy UAVs onto their lands. Simulation and field tests show that the architecture offers a number of advantages that include fault-tolerance, robustness, developer, and user-friendliness. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20learning" title="deep learning">deep learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-UAVs" title=" multi-UAVs"> multi-UAVs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=precision%20agriculture" title=" precision agriculture"> precision agriculture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=UAVs%20architecture" title=" UAVs architecture"> UAVs architecture</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134133/architecture-for-multi-unmanned-aerial-vehicles-based-autonomous-precision-agriculture-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134133.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">114</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">24</span> Automatic Assignment of Geminate and Epenthetic Vowel for Amharic Text-to-Speech System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tadesse%20Anberbir">Tadesse Anberbir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Felix%20Bankole"> Felix Bankole</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tomio%20Takara"> Tomio Takara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Girma%20Mamo"> Girma Mamo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the development of a text-to-speech synthesizer, automatic derivation of correct pronunciation from the grapheme form of a text is a central problem. Particularly deriving phonological features which are not shown in orthography is challenging. In the Amharic language, geminates and epenthetic vowels are very crucial for proper pronunciation but neither is shown in orthography. In this paper, we proposed and integrated a morphological analyzer into an Amharic Text-to-Speech system, mainly to predict geminates and epenthetic vowel positions, and prepared a duration modeling method. Amharic Text-to-Speech system (AmhTTS) is a parametric and rule-based system that adopts a cepstral method and uses a source filter model for speech production and a Log Magnitude Approximation (LMA) filter as the vocal tract filter. The naturalness of the system after employing the duration modeling was evaluated by sentence listening test and we achieved an average Mean Opinion Score (MOS) 3.4 (68%) which is moderate. By modeling the duration of geminates and controlling the locations of epenthetic vowel, we are able to synthesize good quality speech. Our system is mainly suitable to be customized for other Ethiopian languages with limited resources. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gemination" title=" gemination"> gemination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=speech%20synthesis" title=" speech synthesis"> speech synthesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=morphology" title=" morphology"> morphology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=epenthesis" title=" epenthesis"> epenthesis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171525/automatic-assignment-of-geminate-and-epenthetic-vowel-for-amharic-text-to-speech-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171525.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">87</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">23</span> Beyond the 'Human Rights and Development' Discourse: A Quest for a Right to Sustainable Development in International Human Rights Law</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Roman%20Girma%20Teshome">Roman Girma Teshome</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The intersection between development and human rights has been the point of scholarly debate for a long time. Consequently, a number of principles, which extend from the right to development to the human rights-based approach to development, have been adopted to understand the dynamics between the two concepts. Despite these attempts, the exact relationship between development and human rights has not been fully discovered yet. However, the inevitable interdependence between the two notions and the idea that development efforts must be undertaken by giving due regard to human rights guarantees has gained momentum in recent years. On the other hand, the emergence of sustainable development as a widely accepted approach in development goals and policies makes this unsettled convergence even more complicated. The place of sustainable development in human rights law discourse and the role of the latter in ensuring the sustainability of development programs call for a systematic study. Hence, this article seeks to explore the relationship between development and human rights, particularly focusing on the place given to sustainable development principles in international human right law. It will further quest whether there is a right to sustainable development recognized therein. Accordingly, the article asserts that the principles of sustainable development are directly or indirectly recognized in various human rights instruments, which provides an affirmative response to the question raised hereinabove. This work, therefore, will make expeditions through international and regional human rights instruments as well as case laws and interpretative guidelines of human rights bodies to prove this hypothesis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20development" title="sustainable development">sustainable development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20rights" title=" human rights"> human rights</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20right%20to%20development" title=" the right to development"> the right to development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20human%20rights-based%20approach%20to%20development" title=" the human rights-based approach to development"> the human rights-based approach to development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20rights" title=" environmental rights"> environmental rights</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20development" title=" economic development"> economic development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20sustainability" title=" social sustainability"> social sustainability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100285/beyond-the-human-rights-and-development-discourse-a-quest-for-a-right-to-sustainable-development-in-international-human-rights-law" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100285.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">223</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22</span> Analysis of the Impact of Climate Change on Maize (Zea Mays) Yield in Central Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Takele%20Nemomsa">Takele Nemomsa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Girma%20Mamo"> Girma Mamo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tesfaye%20Balemi"> Tesfaye Balemi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Climate change refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g. using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or variance of its properties and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. In Ethiopia; Maize production in relation to climate change at regional and sub- regional scales have not been studied in detail. Thus, this study was aimed to analyse the impact of climate change on maize yield in Ambo Districts, Central Ethiopia. To this effect, weather data, soil data and maize experimental data for Arganne hybrid were used. APSIM software was used to investigate the response of maize (Zea mays) yield to different agronomic management practices using current and future (2020s–2080s) climate data. The climate change projections data which were downscaled using SDSM were used as input of climate data for the impact analysis. Compared to agronomic practices the impact of climate change on Arganne in Central Ethiopia is minute. However, within 2020s-2080s in Ambo area; the yield of Arganne hybrid is projected to reduce by 1.06% to 2.02%, and in 2050s it is projected to reduce by 1.56 While in 2080s; it is projected to increase by 1.03% to 2.07%. Thus, to adapt to the changing climate; farmers should consider increasing plant density and fertilizer rate per hectare. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=APSIM" title="APSIM">APSIM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=downscaling" title=" downscaling"> downscaling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=response" title=" response"> response</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SDSM" title=" SDSM "> SDSM </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49392/analysis-of-the-impact-of-climate-change-on-maize-zea-mays-yield-in-central-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49392.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">383</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21</span> Development and Characterization of Ethiopian Bamboo Fiber Polypropylene Composite</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tigist%20Girma%20Kedane">Tigist Girma Kedane</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the properties of Ethiopian bamboo fiber polymer composites for headliner materials in the automobile industry. Accurate evaluation of its mechanical properties is thus critical for predicting its behavior during a vehicle's interior impact assessment. Conventional headliner materials are higher in weight, nonbiodegradable, expensive in cost, and unecofriendly during processing compared to the current researched materials. Three representatives of bamboo plants are harvested in three regions of bamboo species, three groups of ages, and two harvesting months. The statistical analysis was performed to validate the significant difference between the mean strength of bamboo ages, harvesting seasons, and bamboo species. Two-year-old bamboo fibers have the highest mechanical properties in all ages and November has higher mechanical properties compared to February. Injibara and Kombolcha have the highest and the lowest mechanical properties of bamboo fibers, respectively. Bamboo fiber epoxy composites have higher mechanical properties compared to bamboo fiber polypropylene composites. The flexural strength of bamboo fibre polymer composites has higher properties compared to tensile strength. Ethiopian bamboo fibers and their polymer composites have the best mechanical properties for the composite industry, which is used for headliner materials in the automobile industry compared to conventional headliner materials. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bampoo%20species" title="bampoo species">bampoo species</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=culm%20age" title=" culm age"> culm age</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=harvesting%20seasons" title=" harvesting seasons"> harvesting seasons</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanical%20properties" title=" mechanical properties"> mechanical properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymer%20composite" title=" polymer composite"> polymer composite</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182459/development-and-characterization-of-ethiopian-bamboo-fiber-polypropylene-composite" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182459.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">62</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">20</span> Experimental Investigation on Flexural Properties of Bamboo Fibres Polypropylene Composites</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tigist%20Girma%20Kidane">Tigist Girma Kidane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yalew%20Dessalegn%20Asfaw"> Yalew Dessalegn Asfaw</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Abstract: The current investigation aims to measure the longitudinal and transversal three-point bending tests of bamboo fibres polypropylene composites (BFPPCs) for the application of the automobile industry. Research has not been done on the properties of Ethiopian bamboo fibres for the utilization of composite development. The samples of bamboo plants have been harvested in 3–groups of age, 2–harvesting seasons, and 3–regions of bamboo species. Roll milling machine used for the extraction of bamboo fibres which has been developed by the authors. Chemical constituents measured using gravimetric methods. Unidirectional bamboo fibres prepreg has been produced using PP and hot press machine, then BFPPCs were produced using 6 layers of prepregs at automatic hot press machine. Age, harvesting month, and bamboo species have a statistically significant effect on the longitudinal and transverse flexural strength (FS), modulus of elasticity (MOE), and failure strain at α = 0.05 as evaluated by one-way ANOVA. 2–yrs old of BFPPCs have the highest FS and MOE, whereas November has the highest value of flexural properties. The highest to the lowest FS and MOE of BFPPCs has measured in Injibara, Mekaneselam, and Kombolcha, respectively. The transverse 3-point bending test has a lower FS and MOE compared to the longitudinal direction. The chemical constituents of Injibara, Mekaneselam, and Kombolcha have the highest to the lowest, respectively. 2-years old of bamboo fibres has the highest chemical constituent. The chemical constituents improved the flexural properties. Bamboo fibres in Ethiopia can be relevant for composite development, which has been applied in the area of requiring higher flexural properties. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=age" title="age">age</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bamboo%20species" title=" bamboo species"> bamboo species</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flexural%20properties" title=" flexural properties"> flexural properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=harvesting%20season" title=" harvesting season"> harvesting season</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polypropylene" title=" polypropylene"> polypropylene</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183518/experimental-investigation-on-flexural-properties-of-bamboo-fibres-polypropylene-composites" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183518.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">52</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19</span> Predicting Low Birth Weight Using Machine Learning: A Study on 53,637 Ethiopian Birth Data</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kehabtimer%20Shiferaw%20Kotiso">Kehabtimer Shiferaw Kotiso</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Getachew%20Hailemariam"> Getachew Hailemariam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abiy%20Seifu%20Estifanos"> Abiy Seifu Estifanos</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Despite the highest share of low birth weight (LBW) for neonatal mortality and morbidity, predicting births with LBW for better intervention preparation is challenging. This study aims to predict LBW using a dataset encompassing 53,637 birth cohorts collected from 36 primary hospitals across seven regions in Ethiopia from February 2022 to June 2024. Methods: We identified ten explanatory variables related to maternal and neonatal characteristics, including maternal education, age, residence, history of miscarriage or abortion, history of preterm birth, type of pregnancy, number of livebirths, number of stillbirths, antenatal care frequency, and sex of the fetus to predict LBW. Using WEKA 3.8.2, we developed and compared seven machine learning algorithms. Data preprocessing included handling missing values, outlier detection, and ensuring data integrity in birth weight records. Model performance was evaluated through metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (ROC AUC) using 10-fold cross-validation. Results: The results demonstrated that the decision tree, J48, logistic regression, and gradient boosted trees model achieved the highest accuracy (94.5% to 94.6%) with a precision of 93.1% to 93.3%, F1-score of 92.7% to 93.1%, and ROC AUC of 71.8% to 76.6%. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the effectiveness of machine learning models in predicting LBW. The high accuracy and recall rates achieved indicate that these models can serve as valuable tools for healthcare policymakers and providers in identifying at-risk newborns and implementing timely interventions to achieve the sustainable developmental goal (SDG) related to neonatal mortality. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20birth%20weight" title="low birth weight">low birth weight</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20learning" title=" machine learning"> machine learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=classification" title=" classification"> classification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neonatal%20mortality" title=" neonatal mortality"> neonatal mortality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ethiopia" title=" Ethiopia"> Ethiopia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192060/predicting-low-birth-weight-using-machine-learning-a-study-on-53637-ethiopian-birth-data" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192060.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">22</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18</span> Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability of Some Essential Metal Ions In Different Fish Organs at Lake Chamo, Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adane%20Gebresilassie%20Hailemariam">Adane Gebresilassie Hailemariam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Belete%20Yilma%20Hirpaye"> Belete Yilma Hirpaye</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The enhanced concentrations of heavy metals, especially in sediments, may indicate human-induced perturbations rather than natural enrichment through geological weathering. Heavy metals are non-biodegradable, persist in the environment, and are concentrated up to the food chain, leading to enhanced levels in the liver and muscle tissues of fishes, aquatic bryophytes, and aquatic biota. Marine organisms, in general fish in particular, accumulate metals to concentrations many times higher than present in water or sediment as they can take up metals in their organs and concentrate at different levels. Thus, metals acquired through the food chain due to pollution are potential chemical hazards, threatening consumers. The Nile tilapia (oreochromic niloticus), catfish (clarius garpinus), and water samples were collected from five sampling sites, namely, inlet-1, inlet-2, center, outlet-1 and outlet-2 of Lake Chamo. The concentration of major and trace metals Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cr, Co, Ni, Mn and Cu in the two fish muscles, gill and liver, was determined using an atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) and flame photometer (FP). Metal concentrations in the water have also been evaluated within the two consecutive seasons, winter (dry) and spring (wet). The results revealed that the concentration of those metals in Tilapia’s (O. niloticus) muscle, gill, and liver were Na 44.5, 35.1, 28, Mg 2.8, 8.41, 4.61, K 43, 32, 30, Ca 1.5, 6.0, 5.5, Cr 0.91, 1.2, 3.5, Co 3.0, 2.89, 2.62, Ni 0.94, 1.99, 2.2, Mn 1.23, 1.51, 1.6 and Cu 1.1, 1.99, 3.5 mg kg-1 respectively and in catfish’s muscle, gill and liver Na 25, 39, 41.5, Mg 4.8, 2.87, 6, K 29, 38, 40, Ca 2.5, 8.10, 3.0, Cr 0.65, 3.5, 5.0, Co 2.62, 1.86, 1.73, Ni 1.10, 2.3, 3.1, Mn 1.54, 1.57, 1.59 and Cu 1.01, 1.10, 3.70 mg kg-1 respectively. The highest accumulation of Na and K were observed for tilapia muscle and catfish gill, Mg and Ca got higher in tilapia gill and catfish liver, while Co is higher in muscle of the two fish. The Cr, Ni, Mn and Cu levels were higher in the livers of the two fish species. In conculusion, metal toxicity through food chain is the current dangerous issue for human and othe animals. This needs deep focus to promot the health of living animals. The Details of the work are going to be discussed at the conference. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioaccumulation" title="bioaccumulation">bioaccumulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=catfish" title=" catfish"> catfish</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=essential%20metals" title=" essential metals"> essential metals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nile%20tilapia" title=" nile tilapia"> nile tilapia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168125/chemical-speciation-and-bioavailability-of-some-essential-metal-ions-in-different-fish-organs-at-lake-chamo-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168125.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">78</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17</span> Prioritizing Forest Conservation Strategies Using a Multi-Attribute Decision Model to Address Concerns with the Survival of the Endangered Dragon Tree (Dracaena ombet Kotschy and Peyr.)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tesfay%20Gidey">Tesfay Gidey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emiru%20Birhane"> Emiru Birhane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ashenafi%20Manaye"> Ashenafi Manaye</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hailemariam%20Kassa"> Hailemariam Kassa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tesfay%20Atsbha"> Tesfay Atsbha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Negasi%20Solomon"> Negasi Solomon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hadgu%20Hishe"> Hadgu Hishe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aklilu%20Negussie"> Aklilu Negussie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Petr%20Madera"> Petr Madera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jose%20G.%20Borges"> Jose G. Borges</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The globally endangered Dracaena ombet is one of the ten dragon multipurpose tree species in arid ecosystems. Anthropogenic and natural factors are now impacting the sustainability of the species. This study was conducted to prioritize criteria and alternative strategies for the conservation of the species using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) model by involving all relevant stakeholders in the Desa'a dry Afromontane forest in northern Ethiopia. Information about the potential alternative strategies and the criteria for their evaluation was first collected from experts, personal experiences, and literature reviews. Afterward, they were validated using stakeholders' focus group discussions. Five candidate strategies with three evaluation criteria were considered for prioritization using the AHP techniques. The overall priority ranking value of the stakeholders showed that the ecological criterion was deemed as the most essential factor for the choice of alternative strategies, followed by the economic and social criteria. The minimum cut-off strategy, combining exclosures with the collection of only 5% of plant parts from the species, soil and water conservation, and silviculture interventions, was selected as the best alternative strategy for sustainable D. ombet conservation. The livelihood losses due to the selected strategy should be compensated by the collection of non-timber forest products, poultry farming, home gardens, rearing small ruminants, beekeeping, and agroforestry. This approach may be extended to study other dragon tree species and explore strategies for the conservation of other arid ecosystems. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conservation%20strategies" title="conservation strategies">conservation strategies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=analytical%20hierarchy%20process%20model" title=" analytical hierarchy process model"> analytical hierarchy process model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Desa%27a%20forest" title=" Desa'a forest"> Desa'a forest</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=endangered%20species" title=" endangered species"> endangered species</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ethiopia" title=" Ethiopia"> Ethiopia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=overexploitation" title=" overexploitation"> overexploitation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174113/prioritizing-forest-conservation-strategies-using-a-multi-attribute-decision-model-to-address-concerns-with-the-survival-of-the-endangered-dragon-tree-dracaena-ombet-kotschy-and-peyr" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174113.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">93</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16</span> The International Constitutional Order and Elements of Human Rights</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Girma%20Y.%20Iyassu%20Menelik">Girma Y. Iyassu Menelik</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> “The world is now like a global village!” so goes the saying that shows that due to development and technology the countries of the world are now closely linked. In the field of Human rights there is a close relationship in the way that rights are recognised and enforced. This paper will show that human rights have evolved from ancient times through important landmarks such as the Magna Carta, the French Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen and the American Bill of Rights. The formation of the United Nations after the Second World War resulted in the need to codify and protect human rights. There are some rights which are so fundamental that they are found in international and continental instruments, national constitutions and domestic legislation. In the civil and political sphere they include the right to vote, to freedom of association, speech and assembly, right to life, privacy and fair trial. In the economic and social sphere you have the right to work, protection of the family, social security and rights to education, health and shelter. In some instance some rights can be suspended in times of public emergency but such derogations shall be circumscribed by the law and in most constitutions such limitations are subject to judicial review. However, some rights are so crucial that they cannot be derogated from under any circumstances and these include the right to life, recognition before the law, freedom from torture and slavery and of thought, conscience and religion. International jurisprudence has been developed to protect fundamental rights and avoid discrimination on the grounds of race, colour, sex, language or social origin. The elaborate protection system go to show that these rights have become part of the international order and they have universal application. We have now got to a stage where UDHR, ICCPR and ICESCR and have come to be regarded as part of an international bill of rights with horizontal and vertical enforcement mechanisms involving state parties, NGO’s , international bodies and other organs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rights" title="rights">rights</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international" title=" international"> international</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=constitutional" title=" constitutional"> constitutional</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=state" title=" state"> state</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=judiciary" title=" judiciary "> judiciary </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29556/the-international-constitutional-order-and-elements-of-human-rights" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29556.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">452</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15</span> Utilization, Barriers and Determinants of Emergency Medical Services in Mekelle City, Tigray, Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Goitom%20Molalign%20Takele">Goitom Molalign Takele</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tsegalem%20Hailemariam%20Ballo"> Tsegalem Hailemariam Ballo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kiros%20Belay%20Gebrekidan"> Kiros Belay Gebrekidan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Birhan%20Gebresilassie%20Gebregiorgis"> Birhan Gebresilassie Gebregiorgis</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Emergency medical services (EMS) are services that provide out-of-hospital emergency medical care to injured or ill peoples, and transporting to definitive care. EMS is an integral part of the emergency medical system and has been associated with decreased morbidity and mortality related to emergency cases. The aim of this study was to assess the utilization, barriers, and determinants of EMS in Mekelle, Ethiopia. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in selected sub-cities of Mekelle. A multistage sampling method was employed to recruit study participants, and data were collected by trained data collectors using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to examine the statistical association of the determinants of EMS utilization. Results: Half (50.5%) of the respondents had experienced or witnessed an emergency incident in the past year. The common means of transportations used were Bajaj’s (39.2%) and ambulances (22.7%). Majority (88.1%) of the respondents did not knew the EMS access phone number of an ambulance. As their preferred mode of transportation in case of emergency conditions, 42.2% of the participants reported an ambulance, followed by Bajaj 33.7%. Where participants who had gynecologic emergencies were 9.4 times (AOR=9.4, 95% CI: 1.04, 85, p=0.046), and those who knew any ambulance numbers were 3.6 times (AOR=3.6, 95% CI: 1.22, 10.8, p=0.02) more likely to use ambulance services in case of emergencies. Conclusion: The ambulance utilization level in Mekelle city was low and victims of emergency conditions were being transported mainly using public transports such as Bajaj’s and taxis. Even though the perception of the public towards EMS services is favorable, lack of awareness of EMS access, and lack of integrated EMS system in the city are the barriers that may have contributed to the low utilization. Actions to improve EMS access and integrating the system are warranted to promote the services utilization. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emergency%20medical%20services" title="emergency medical services">emergency medical services</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=utilization" title=" utilization"> utilization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mekelle" title=" Mekelle"> Mekelle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=barriers" title=" barriers"> barriers</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176007/utilization-barriers-and-determinants-of-emergency-medical-services-in-mekelle-city-tigray-ethiopia-a-community-based-cross-sectional-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176007.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">77</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14</span> Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue Dye Using Cuprous Oxide/Graphene Nanocomposite</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bekan%20Bogale">Bekan Bogale</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tsegaye%20Girma%20Asere"> Tsegaye Girma Asere</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tilahun%20Yai"> Tilahun Yai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fekadu%20Melak"> Fekadu Melak</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Aims: To study photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye on cuprous oxide/graphene nanocomposite. Background: Cuprous oxide (Cu2O) nanoparticles are among the metal oxides that demonstrated photocatalytic activity. However, the stability of Cu2O nanoparticles due to the fast recombination rate of electron/hole pairs remains a significant challenge in their photocatalytic applications. This, in turn, leads to mismatching of the effective bandgap separation, tending to reduce the photocatalytic activity of the desired organic waste (MB). To overcome these limitations, graphene has been combined with cuprous oxides, resulting in cuprous oxide/graphene nanocomposite as a promising photocatalyst. Objective: In this study, Cu2O/graphene nanocomposite was synthesized and evaluated for its photocatalytic performance of methylene blue (MB) dye degradation. Method: Cu2O/graphene nanocomposites were synthesized from graphite powder and copper nitrate using the facile sol-gel method. Batch experiments have been conducted to assess the applications of the nanocomposites for MB degradation. Parameters such as contact time, catalyst dosage, and pH of the solution were optimized for maximum MB degradation. The prepared nanocomposites were characterized by using UV-Vis, FTIR, XRD, and SEM. The photocatalytic performance of Cu2O/graphene nanocomposites was compared against Cu2O nanoparticles for cationic MB dye degradation. Results: Cu2O/graphene nanocomposite exhibits higher photocatalytic activity for MB degradation (with a degradation efficiency of 94%) than pure Cu2O nanoparticles (67%). This has been accomplished after 180 min of irradiation under visible light. The kinetics of MB degradation by Cu2O/graphene composites can be demonstrated by the second-order kinetic model. The synthesized nanocomposite can be used for more than three cycles of photocatalytic MB degradation. Conclusion: This work indicated new insights into Cu2O/graphene nanocomposite as high-performance in photocatalysis to degrade MB, playing a great role in environmental protection in relation to MB dye. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=methylene%20blue" title="methylene blue">methylene blue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photocatalysis" title=" photocatalysis"> photocatalysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cuprous%20oxide" title=" cuprous oxide"> cuprous oxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=graphene%20nanocomposite" title=" graphene nanocomposite"> graphene nanocomposite</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149875/photocatalytic-degradation-of-methylene-blue-dye-using-cuprous-oxidegraphene-nanocomposite" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149875.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">189</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13</span> Experimental Investigation of Physical Properties of Bambusa Oldhamii and Yushania Alpina on the Influence of Age and Harvesting Season</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tigist%20Girma%20Kedane">Tigist Girma Kedane</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of the current research work is to measure the physical properties of bamboo species in Ethiopia on the impact of age, harvesting seasons and culm height. Three representatives of bamboo plants are harvested in three groups of ages, 2 harvesting months, and 3 regions of Ethiopia. Research has not been done on the physical properties of bamboo species in Ethiopia so far. Moisture content and shrinkage of bamboo culm increase when the culm ages younger and moves from top to bottom position. The harvesting month of November has a higher moisture content and shrinkage compared to February. One year old of Injibara, Kombolcha, and Mekaneselam bamboo culm has 40%, 30%, and 33% higher moisture content, 29%, 24%, and 28% higher radial shrinkage, 32%, 37%, and 32% higher tangential shrinkage compared to 3 years old respectively. The bottom position of Injibara, Kombolcha, and Mekaneselam in November have 45%, 28%, and 25% higher moisture content, 41%, 29%, and 34% radial shrinkage, 29%, 28%, and 42% tangential shrinkage than the top position, respectively. The basic density increases as the age of the bamboo becomes older and moves from the bottom to the top position. November has the lowest basic density compared to February. 3 years old of Injibara, Kombolcha, and Mekaneselam at the age of 3 years have 32%, 50%, and 24% higher basic density compared to 1 year, whereas the top position has 35%, 26%, and 22% higher than the bottom position in February, respectively. The current research proposed that 3 years and February are suited for structural purposes and furniture making, but 1 year and November are suited for fiber extraction in the composite industry. The existence of water in the culm improves an easy extraction of the fibers without damage from the culm. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bamboo%20age" title="bamboo age">bamboo age</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bamboo%20height" title=" bamboo height"> bamboo height</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=harvesting%20seasons" title=" harvesting seasons"> harvesting seasons</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physical%20properties" title=" physical properties"> physical properties</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182460/experimental-investigation-of-physical-properties-of-bambusa-oldhamii-and-yushania-alpina-on-the-influence-of-age-and-harvesting-season" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182460.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">61</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12</span> Pre-Service Mathematics Teachers’ Mental Construction in Solving Equations and Inequalities Using ACE Teaching Cycle</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abera%20Kotu">Abera Kotu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Girma%20Tesema"> Girma Tesema</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mitiku%20Tadesse"> Mitiku Tadesse</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study investigated ACE supported instruction and pre-service mathematics teachers’ mental construction in solving equations and inequalities. A mixed approach with concurrent parallel design was employed. It was conducted on two intact groups of regular first-year pre-service mathematics teachers at Fiche College of Teachers’ Education in which one group was assigned as an intervention group and the other group as a comparison group using the lottery method. There were 33 participants in the intervention and 32 participants in the comparison. Six pre-service mathematics teachers were selected for interview using purposive sampling based on pre-test results. An instruction supported with ACE cycle was given to the intervention group for two weeks duration of time. Written tasks, interviews, and observations were used to collect data. Data collected from written tasks were analyzed quantitatively using independent samples t-test and effect size. Data collected from interviews and observations were analyzed narratively. The findings of the study uncovered that ACE-supported instruction has a moderate effect on Pre-service Mathematics Teachers’ levels of conceptualizations of action, process, object, ad schema. Moreover, the ACE supported group out scored and performed better than the usual traditional method supported groups across the levels of conceptualization. The majority of pre-service mathematics teachers’ levels of conceptualizations were at action and process levels and their levels of conceptualization were linked with genetic decomposition more at action and object levels than object and schema. The use of ACE supported instruction is recommended to improve pre-service mathematics teachers’ mental construction. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ACE%20teaching%20cycle" title="ACE teaching cycle">ACE teaching cycle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=APOS%20theory" title=" APOS theory"> APOS theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mental%20construction" title=" mental construction"> mental construction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genetic%20composition" title=" genetic composition"> genetic composition</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192297/pre-service-mathematics-teachers-mental-construction-in-solving-equations-and-inequalities-using-ace-teaching-cycle" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192297.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">17</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11</span> A Systematic Categorization of Arguments against the Vision Zero Goal: A Literature Review</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Henok%20Girma%20Abebe">Henok Girma Abebe</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Vision Zero is a long-term goal of preventing all road traffic fatalities and serious injuries which was first adopted in Sweden in 1997. It is based on the assumption that death and serious injury in the road system is morally unacceptable. In order to approach this end, vision zero has put in place strategies that are radically different from the traditional safety work. The vision zero, for instance, promoted the adoption of the best available technology to promote safety, and placed the ultimate responsibility for traffic safety on system designers. Despite Vision Zero’s moral appeal and its expansion to different safety areas and also parts of the world, important philosophical concerns related to the adoption and implementation of the vision zero remain to be addressed. Moreover, the vision zero goal has been criticized on different grounds. The aim of this paper is to identify and systematically categorize criticisms that have been put forward against vision zero. The findings of the paper are solely based on a critical analysis of secondary sources and snowball method is employed to identify the relevant philosophical and empirical literatures. Two general categories of criticisms on the vision zero goal are identified. The first category consists of criticisms that target the setting of vision zero as a ‘goal’ and some of the basic assumptions upon which the goal is based. Among others, the goal of achieving zero fatalities and serious injuries, together with vision zero’s lexicographical prioritization of safety has been criticized as unrealistic. The second category consists of criticisms that target the strategies put in place to achieve the goal of zero fatalities and serious injuries. For instance, Vision zero’s responsibility ascription for road safety and its rejection of cost-benefit analysis in the formulation and adoption of safety measures has both been criticized as counterproductive. In this category also falls the criticism that Vision Zero safety measures tend to be too paternalistic. Significant improvements have been recorded in road safety work since the adoption of vision zero, however, for the vision zero to even succeed more, it is important that issues and criticisms of philosophical nature associated with it are identified and critically dealt with. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=criticisms" title="criticisms">criticisms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=systems%20approach" title=" systems approach"> systems approach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20safety" title=" traffic safety"> traffic safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vision%20zero" title=" vision zero"> vision zero</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97167/a-systematic-categorization-of-arguments-against-the-vision-zero-goal-a-literature-review" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97167.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">301</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10</span> Risk Factors Associated with Dengue Fever Outbreak in Diredawa Administration City, Ethiopia, October 2015: A Case Control Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luna%20%20Degife">Luna Degife</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Desalegn%20Belay"> Desalegn Belay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yoseph%20Worku"> Yoseph Worku</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tigist%20Tesfaye"> Tigist Tesfaye</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Assefa%20Tufa"> Assefa Tufa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abyot%20Bekele"> Abyot Bekele</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zegeye%20Hailemariam"> Zegeye Hailemariam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abay%20Hagos"> Abay Hagos</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Half of the world’s population is at risk of Dengue Fever (DF), a highly under-recognized and underreported mosquito-borne viral disease with high prevalence in the tropical and subtropical regions. Globally, an estimated 50 to 200 million cases and 20, 000 DF deaths occur annually as per the world health organization report. In Ethiopia, the first outbreak occurred in 2013 in Diredawa administration city. Afterward, three outbreaks have been reported from the eastern part of the country. We received a report of the fifth DF outbreak for Ethiopia and the second for Diredawa city on October 4, 2015. We conducted the investigation to confirm the outbreak, identify the risk factors for the repeatedly occurrence of the disease and implement control measures. We conducted un- matched case-control study and defined a suspected DF case as any person with fever of 2-7 days and 2 or more of the following: a headache, arthralgia, myalgia, rash, or bleeding from any part of the body. Controls were residents of Diredawa city without DF symptoms. We interviewed 70 Cases and 140 controls from all health facilities in Diredawa city from October 7 to 15; 2015. Epi Info version 7.1.5.0 was used to analyze the data and multivariable logistic regression was conducted to assess risk factors for DF. Sixty-nine blood samples were collected for Laboratory confirmation.The mean age for cases was 23.7±9.5 standard deviation (SD) and for controls 31.2±13 SD. Close contact with DF patient (Adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=5.36, 95% confidence interval(CI): 2.75-10.44), nonuse of long-lasting insecticidal nets (AOR=2.74, 95% CI: 1.06-7.08) and availability of stagnant water in the village (AOR=3.61, 95% CI:1.31-9.93) were independent risk factors associated with higher rates of the disease. Forty-two samples were tested positive. Endemicity of DF is becoming a concern for Diredawa city after the first outbreak. Therefore, effective vector control activities need to be part of long-term preventive measures. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dengue%20fever" title="dengue fever">dengue fever</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Diredawa" title=" Diredawa"> Diredawa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=outbreak" title=" outbreak"> outbreak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20factors" title=" risk factors"> risk factors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=second" title=" second"> second</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64638/risk-factors-associated-with-dengue-fever-outbreak-in-diredawa-administration-city-ethiopia-october-2015-a-case-control-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64638.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">276</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9</span> Time to Cure from Obstetric Fistula and Its Associated Factors among Women Admitted to Addis Ababa Hamlin Fistula Hospital, Addis Ababa Ethiopia: A Survival Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chernet%20Mulugeta">Chernet Mulugeta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Girma%20Seyoum"> Girma Seyoum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yeshineh%20Demrew"> Yeshineh Demrew</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kehabtimer%20Shiferaw"> Kehabtimer Shiferaw</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Obstetric fistula (OF) is a serious medical condition that includes an abnormal opening between the vagina and bladder (vesico-vaginal fistula) or the vagina and rectum (recto-vaginal fistula). It is usually caused by prolonged obstructed labour. Despite its serious health and psychosocial consequences, there is a paucity of evidence regarding the time it takes to heal from OF. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the time to cure from obstetric fistula and its predictors among women admitted to Addis Ababa Hamlin Fistula Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methodology: An institution-based retrospective cohort study was conducted from January 2015 to December 2020 among a randomly selected 434 women with OF in Addis Ababa Hamlin Fistula Hospital. Data was collected using a structured checklist adapted from a similar study. The open data kit (ODK) collected data was exported and analyzed by using STATA (14.2). Kaplan Meir was used to compare the recovery time from OF. To identify the predictors of OF, a Cox regression model was fitted, and an adjusted hazard ratio with a 95% confidence interval was used to estimate the strength of the associations. Results: The average time to recover from obstetric fistula was 3.95 (95% CI: 3.0-4.6) weeks. About ¾ of the women [72.8% (95% CI - 0.65-1.2)] were physically cured of obstetric fistula. Having secondary education and above [AHR=3.52; 95% CI (1.98, 6.25)] compared to no formal education, having a live birth [AHR=1.64; 95% CI (1.22, 2.21)], having an intact bladder [AHR=2.47; 95% CI (1.1, 5.54)] compared to totally destructed, and having a grade 1 fistula [AHR=1.98; 95% CI (1.19, 3.31)] compared to grade 3 were the significant predictors of shorter time to cure from an obstetric fistula. Conclusion and recommendation: Overall, the proportion of women with OF who were not being cured was unacceptably high. The time it takes for them to recover from the fistula was also extended. It connotes us to work on the identified predictors to improve the time to recovery from OF. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time%20to%20recovery" title="time to recovery">time to recovery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=obstetric%20fistula" title=" obstetric fistula"> obstetric fistula</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=predictors" title=" predictors"> predictors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ethiopia" title=" Ethiopia"> Ethiopia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175615/time-to-cure-from-obstetric-fistula-and-its-associated-factors-among-women-admitted-to-addis-ababa-hamlin-fistula-hospital-addis-ababa-ethiopia-a-survival-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175615.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">90</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8</span> An Assessment on Socio-Economic Impacts of Smallholder Eucalyptus Tree Plantation in the Case of Northwest Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mersha%20Tewodros%20Getnet">Mersha Tewodros Getnet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mengistu%20Ketema"> Mengistu Ketema</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bamlaku%20Alemu"> Bamlaku Alemu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Girma%20Demilew"> Girma Demilew</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The availability of forest products determines the possibilities for forest-based livelihood options. Plantation forest is a widespread economic activity in highland areas of the Amhara regional state, owing primarily to degradation and limited access to natural forests. As a result, tree plantation has become one of the rural livelihood options in the area. Therefore, given the increasing importance of smallholder plantations in highland areas of Amhara Regional States, the aim of this research was to evaluate the extent of smallholder plantations and their socio-economic impact. To address the abovementioned research, a sequential embedded mixed research design was employed. This qualitative and quantitative information was gathered from both primary and secondary sources. Primary data were collected from 385 sample households, which were chosen using a three-stage, multi-stage sampling method based on the Cochran sample size formula. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. Smallholder eucalyptus plantations in the study area were discovered to be common, and they are now part of the livelihood portfolio for meeting both household wood consumption and generating cash income. According to the PSM model's ATT results, income from selling farm forest products certainly contributes more to total household income, farm expenditure per cultivated land, and education spending than non-planter households. As a result, the government must strengthen plantation practices by prioritizing specific intervention areas while implementing measures to counteract the plantation's inequality-increasing effect through a variety of means, including progressive taxation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smallholder%20plantation" title="smallholder plantation">smallholder plantation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eucalyptus" title=" Eucalyptus"> Eucalyptus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=propensity%20score%20matching" title=" propensity score matching"> propensity score matching</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=average%20treatment%20effect%20and%20income" title=" average treatment effect and income"> average treatment effect and income</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159139/an-assessment-on-socio-economic-impacts-of-smallholder-eucalyptus-tree-plantation-in-the-case-of-northwest-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159139.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">139</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> Estimation of Relative Subsidence of Collapsible Soils Using Electromagnetic Measurements</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Henok%20Hailemariam">Henok Hailemariam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Frank%20Wuttke"> Frank Wuttke</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Collapsible soils are weak soils that appear to be stable in their natural state, normally dry condition, but rapidly deform under saturation (wetting), thus generating large and unexpected settlements which often yield disastrous consequences for structures unwittingly built on such deposits. In this study, a prediction model for the relative subsidence of stressed collapsible soils based on dielectric permittivity measurement is presented. Unlike most existing methods for soil subsidence prediction, this model does not require moisture content as an input parameter, thus providing the opportunity to obtain accurate estimation of the relative subsidence of collapsible soils using dielectric measurement only. The prediction model is developed based on an existing relative subsidence prediction model (which is dependent on soil moisture condition) and an advanced theoretical frequency and temperature-dependent electromagnetic mixing equation (which effectively removes the moisture content dependence of the original relative subsidence prediction model). For large scale sub-surface soil exploration purposes, the spatial sub-surface soil dielectric data over wide areas and high depths of weak (collapsible) soil deposits can be obtained using non-destructive high frequency electromagnetic (HF-EM) measurement techniques such as ground penetrating radar (GPR). For laboratory or small scale in-situ measurements, techniques such as an open-ended coaxial line with widely applicable time domain reflectometry (TDR) or vector network analysers (VNAs) are usually employed to obtain the soil dielectric data. By using soil dielectric data obtained from small or large scale non-destructive HF-EM investigations, the new model can effectively predict the relative subsidence of weak soils without the need to extract samples for moisture content measurement. Some of the resulting benefits are the preservation of the undisturbed nature of the soil as well as a reduction in the investigation costs and analysis time in the identification of weak (problematic) soils. The accuracy of prediction of the presented model is assessed by conducting relative subsidence tests on a collapsible soil at various initial soil conditions and a good match between the model prediction and experimental results is obtained. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=collapsible%20soil" title="collapsible soil">collapsible soil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dielectric%20permittivity" title=" dielectric permittivity"> dielectric permittivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=moisture%20content" title=" moisture content"> moisture content</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=relative%20subsidence" title=" relative subsidence"> relative subsidence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65451/estimation-of-relative-subsidence-of-collapsible-soils-using-electromagnetic-measurements" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65451.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">363</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> The ICC, International Criminal Justice and International Politics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Girma%20Y.%20Iyassu%20Menelik">Girma Y. Iyassu Menelik</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The international community has gone through indescribable atrocities resulting from acts of war. These atrocities turned Europe and Africa into a wilderness of bloodshed and crime. In the period 1960- 1970s Africa witnessed unprecedented and well-documented assaults on life and property. This necessitated the adoption, signing and ratification of the International Criminal Court, establishment of the International Court of Justice which is a great achievement for the protection and fulfilling of human rights in the context of international political instability. The ICC came as an important opportunity to advance justice for serious crimes committed in violation of international law. Thus the Rome statute has become a formidable contribution to peace and security. There are concerns that the ICC is targeting African states. However, the ICC cannot preside over cases that are not parties to the Rome statute unless the UN Security council refers the situation or the relevant state asks the court to become involved. The instable international political situation thus deals with criminal prosecutions where amnesty is not permissible or is strongly repudiated. The court has become important justice instruments for states that are unable or unwilling to fulfill their obligation to address legacies of massive human rights violations. The ICJ as a court has a twofold role; to settle legal disputes submitted to it by states, and to give advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by duly authorized United Nations organs and specialized agencies. All members of the UN are ipso facto parties to the statute of the ICJ. The court gives advisory opinion on any legal question. These courts are the most appropriate fora to pronounce on international crimes and are in a better position to know and apply international law. Cases that have been brought to the courts include Rwanda’s genocide, Liberia’s Charles Taylor etc. The receptiveness and cooperation of the local populations are important to the courts and if the ICC and ICJ can provide appropriate protections for the physical and economic safety of victims then peace and human rights observance can be attained. This paper will look into the effectiveness and impediments of these courts in handling criminal and injustices in international politics as while as what needs to be done to strengthen the capacity of these courts. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ICC" title="ICC">ICC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20politics" title=" international politics"> international politics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=justice" title=" justice"> justice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=UN%20security%20council" title=" UN security council"> UN security council</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=violence" title=" violence"> violence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protection" title=" protection"> protection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fulfilling" title=" fulfilling"> fulfilling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29555/the-icc-international-criminal-justice-and-international-politics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29555.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">450</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Implementation of Enhanced Recovery after Cesarean Section at Koidu Government Hospital, Sierra Leone 2024. A Quality Improvement Project</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hailemariam%20Getachew">Hailemariam Getachew</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=John%20Sandi"> John Sandi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Isata%20Dumbuya"> Isata Dumbuya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Patricia%20Efe.Azikiwe"> Patricia Efe.Azikiwe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Evaline%20Nginge"> Evaline Nginge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moses%20Mugisha"> Moses Mugisha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eseoghene%20Dase"> Eseoghene Dase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Foday%20Mandaray"> Foday Mandaray</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Grace%20Moore"> Grace Moore</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Enhanced recovery after cesarean section (ERAC) is a standardized peri- operative care program that comprises the multidisciplinary team's collective efforts working in collaboration throughout the peri-operative period with the principal goal to improve quality of surgical care, decrease surgical related complications, and increasing patient satisfaction. Objective: The main objective of this project is to improve the implementation of enhanced recovery after cesarean section at Koidu Government hospital. Identified gap: Even though the hospital is providing comprehensive maternal and child care service, there are gaps in the implementation of ERAC. According to our survey, we found that there is low (13.3%) utilization of WHO surgical safety checklist, only limited (15.9%) patients get opioid free analgesia, pain was not recorded as a vital sign, there is no standardized checklist for hand over to and from Post Anesthesia care Unit(PACU). Furthermore, there is inconsistent evidence based post-operative care and there is no local consensus protocol and guideline as well. Implementation plan: we aimed at designing standardized protocol, checklist and guideline, provide training, build staff capacity, document pain as vital sign, perform regional analgesia, and provide evidence based post-operative care, monitoring and evaluation. Result: Data from 389 cesarean mothers showed that, Utilization of the WHO surgical safety check list found to be 95%, and pain assessment and documentation was done for all surgical patients. Oral feeding, ambulation and catheter removal was performed as per the ERAC standard for all patients. Postoperative complications drastically decreased from 13.6% to 8.1%. While, the rate of readmission was kept below 1%. Furthermore, the duration of hospital stay decreased from 4.64 days to 3.12 days. Conclusion The successful implementation of ERAC protocols demonstrates through this Quality Improvement Project that, the effectiveness of the protocols in improving recovery and patient outcome following cesarean section. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cesarean%20delivery" title="cesarean delivery">cesarean delivery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enhanced%20recovery" title=" enhanced recovery"> enhanced recovery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality%20improvement" title=" quality improvement"> quality improvement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=patient%20outcome" title=" patient outcome"> patient outcome</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/193668/implementation-of-enhanced-recovery-after-cesarean-section-at-koidu-government-hospital-sierra-leone-2024-a-quality-improvement-project" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/193668.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">12</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wasihun%20Girma%20Hailemariam&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wasihun%20Girma%20Hailemariam&page=2" rel="next">&rsaquo;</a></li> </ul> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About 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