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class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs more <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">reliable medical references</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a> or relies too heavily on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Primary_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Primary sources">primary sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please review the contents of the article and <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trauma_surgery&action=edit">add the appropriate references</a> if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. <small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Trauma+surgery%22">"Trauma surgery"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Trauma+surgery%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Trauma+surgery%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Trauma+surgery%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Trauma+surgery%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Trauma+surgery%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Star_of_life.svg/52px-Star_of_life.svg.png" decoding="async" width="52" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Star_of_life.svg/77px-Star_of_life.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Star_of_life.svg/103px-Star_of_life.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="192" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical intervention</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightblue">Trauma surgery</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ICD-10_Procedure_Coding_System" title="ICD-10 Procedure Coding System">ICD-10-PCS</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Y83.9</td></tr><tr class="noprint"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q338379" class="extiw" title="d:Q338379">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Trauma Surgeon</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Occupation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Names</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Physician</li> <li>Surgeon</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Occupation type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Specialty_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialty (medicine)">Specialty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Activity sectors</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">Surgery</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Description</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Education required</div></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a> (M.D.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine</a> (D.O.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" title="Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery">Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery</a> (M.B.B.S.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" title="Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery">Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery</a> (MBChB)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Fields of<br />employment</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">Hospitals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clinic" title="Clinic">Clinics</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Trauma surgery</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgical</a> <a href="/wiki/Specialty_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialty (medicine)">specialty</a> that utilizes both operative and non-operative management to treat traumatic injuries, typically in an acute setting. Trauma surgeons generally complete <a href="/wiki/Residency_(medicine)" title="Residency (medicine)">residency</a> training in <a href="/wiki/General_surgery" title="General surgery">general surgery</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and often fellowship training in trauma or surgical <a href="/wiki/Intensive-care_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Intensive-care medicine">critical care</a>. The trauma surgeon is responsible for initially resuscitating and stabilizing and later evaluating and managing the patient. The <a href="/wiki/Attending" class="mw-redirect" title="Attending">attending</a> trauma surgeon also leads the trauma team, which typically includes nurses and support staff, as well as resident physicians in <a href="/wiki/Teaching_hospitals" class="mw-redirect" title="Teaching hospitals">teaching hospitals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Training">Training</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trauma_surgery&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trauma_Bay_at_Kings_County_Hospital_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A trauma bay at Kings County Hospital Center in Brooklyn, NY" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Trauma_Bay_at_Kings_County_Hospital_Center.jpg/220px-Trauma_Bay_at_Kings_County_Hospital_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Trauma_Bay_at_Kings_County_Hospital_Center.jpg/330px-Trauma_Bay_at_Kings_County_Hospital_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Trauma_Bay_at_Kings_County_Hospital_Center.jpg/440px-Trauma_Bay_at_Kings_County_Hospital_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption>A trauma bay at <a href="/wiki/Kings_County_Hospital_Center" title="Kings County Hospital Center">Kings County Hospital Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, New York</figcaption></figure> <p>Most United States trauma surgeons practice in larger centers and complete a 1- to 2-year trauma-surgery fellowship, which often includes a surgical critical-care fellowship. They may therefore sit for the <a href="/wiki/American_Board_of_Surgery" title="American Board of Surgery">American Board of Surgery</a> (ABS) certifying examination in surgical critical care. National surgical boards usually supervise European training programs; they also certify for subspecialization in trauma surgery. An official European trauma surgical examination exists.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Training for trauma surgeons is sometimes difficult to obtain. In the US, the Advanced Trauma Operative Management (ATOM) course and the Advanced Surgical Skills for Exposure in Trauma (ASSET) provide operative trauma training to surgeons and surgeons in training. The Advanced Trauma Life Support course (ATLS) is what most US practitioners who take care of trauma patients are required to take (emergency medicine, surgery, and trauma attending physicians, physician extenders, as well as trainees). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Responsibilities">Responsibilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trauma_surgery&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Responsibilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The broad scope of their surgical critical care training enables trauma surgeons to address most injuries to the neck, chest, abdomen, and extremities. In large parts of Europe, trauma surgeons treat most of the musculoskeletal trauma, whereas injuries to the central nervous system are generally treated by <a href="/wiki/Neurosurgeons" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurosurgeons">neurosurgeons</a>. In the US and Britain, skeletal injuries are treated by trauma <a href="/wiki/Orthopedic" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthopedic">orthopedic</a> surgeons. Facial injuries are often treated by <a href="/wiki/Maxillofacial" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxillofacial">maxillofacial</a> surgeons. Significant variation occurs across hospitals in the degree to which other specialists, such as <a href="/wiki/Cardiothoracic_surgeons" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiothoracic surgeons">cardiothoracic surgeons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic surgeon">plastic surgeons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vascular_surgeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Vascular surgeon">vascular surgeons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Interventional_radiology" title="Interventional radiology">interventional radiologists</a> are involved in treating trauma patients. </p><p>Trauma surgeons must be familiar with a large variety of general surgical, <a href="/wiki/Human_thorax" class="mw-redirect" title="Human thorax">thoracic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vascular" class="mw-redirect" title="Vascular">vascular</a> procedures and must be able to make complex decisions, often with little time and incomplete information. Proficiency in all aspects of <a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_medicine" title="Intensive care medicine">intensive care medicine</a>/critical care is required. Hours are irregular with a considerable amount of night, weekend, and holiday work. </p><p>Most patients presenting to trauma centers have multiple injuries involving different organ systems, so the care of such patients often requires a significant number of diagnostic studies and operative procedures. The trauma surgeon is responsible for prioritizing such procedures and for designing the overall treatment plan. This process starts as soon as the patient arrives in the emergency department and continues to the operating room, <a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_unit" title="Intensive care unit">intensive care unit</a>, and hospital floor. In most settings, patients are evaluated according to a set of predetermined protocols (<a href="/wiki/Triage" title="Triage">triage</a>) designed to detect and treat life-threatening conditions as soon as possible. After such conditions have been addressed (or ruled out), nonlife-threatening injuries are addressed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Acute_care_surgery">Acute care surgery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trauma_surgery&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Acute care surgery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over the last few decades, a large number of advances in trauma and critical care have led to an increasing frequency of non-operative care for injuries to the neck, chest, and abdomen. Most injuries requiring operative treatment are musculoskeletal. For this reason, part of US trauma surgeons devote at least some of their practice to <a href="/wiki/General_surgery" title="General surgery">general surgery</a>. In most American university hospitals and medical centers, a significant portion of the emergency general surgery calls are taken by trauma surgeons. The field combining trauma surgery and emergency general surgery is often called acute care surgery.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trauma_surgery&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dr. <a href="/wiki/George_E._Goodfellow" title="George E. Goodfellow">George E. Goodfellow</a> is credited as the United States' first civilian trauma surgeon.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He opened a medical practice in the silver boom town of <a href="/wiki/Tombstone,_Arizona" title="Tombstone, Arizona">Tombstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Territory" title="Arizona Territory">Arizona Territory</a>, in November 1880, where he practiced for the next 11 years. </p><p>On July 2, 1881, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/James_Garfield" class="mw-redirect" title="James Garfield">Garfield</a> was shot in the abdomen by <a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Guiteau" title="Charles J. Guiteau">Charles J. Guiteau</a>. Two days later, a miner was shot outside Tombstone. On July 13, 1881, Goodfellow performed the first recorded <a href="/wiki/Laparotomy" title="Laparotomy">laparotomy</a> to treat the miner's gunshot wound. The man had a perforated small intestine, large intestine, and bowel. Goodfellow sutured six holes in the man's organs. Similarly, President Garfield was thought later to have a bullet possibly lodged near his liver, but it could not be found.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: M-9">: M-9 </span></sup> Sixteen doctors attended to Garfield and most probed the wound with their fingers or dirty instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-eyewitness_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eyewitness-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the President, the miner survived.<sup id="cite_ref-prescott_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prescott-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rasmussen_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rasmussen-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Goodfellow treated a number of notorious <a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">outlaw</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Cowboys_(Cochise_County)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cowboys (Cochise County)">cowboys</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tombstone,_Arizona" title="Tombstone, Arizona">Tombstone, Arizona</a>, during the 1880s,<sup id="cite_ref-wwg_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwg-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/William_Brocius" title="William Brocius">Curly Bill Brocius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eagle_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eagle-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Gunfight_at_the_O.K._Corral" title="Gunfight at the O.K. Corral">gunfight at the O.K. Corral</a> on October 26, 1881, Deputy U.S. Marshal <a href="/wiki/Virgil_Earp" title="Virgil Earp">Virgil Earp</a> and his brother Assistant Deputy U.S. Marshal <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Earp" title="Morgan Earp">Morgan Earp</a> were both seriously wounded. Goodfellow treated both men's injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-dodge_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dodge-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 27">: 27 </span></sup> Goodfellow treated Virgil Earp again two months later on December 28, 1881, after he was ambushed, removing 3 inches (76 mm) of bone from his <a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">humerus</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and attended to Morgan Earp on March 18, 1882, when he was shot while playing a round of <a href="/wiki/Pool_(game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pool (game)">billiards</a> at the Campbell and Hatch Billiard Parlor. Morgan died of his wounds.<sup id="cite_ref-dodge_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dodge-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 38">: 38 </span></sup> </p><p>Goodfellow once traveled to <a href="/wiki/Bisbee,_Arizona" title="Bisbee, Arizona">Bisbee</a>, 30 miles (48 km) from Tombstone, to treat an abdominal gunshot wound. He operated on the patient stretched out on a billiard table. Goodfellow removed a .45-caliber bullet, washed out the cavity with hot water, folded the intestines back into position, stitched the wound closed with silk thread, and ordered the patient to take it to a hard bed for recovery. He wrote about the operation: "I was entirely alone having no skilled assistant of any sort, therefore was compelled to depend for aid upon willing friends who were present—these consisting mostly of hard-handed miners just from their work on account of the fight. The anesthetic was administered by a barber, lamps held, hot water brought, and other assistance rendered by others."<sup id="cite_ref-prescott_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prescott-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Goodfellow pioneered the use of sterile techniques in treating gunshot wounds,<sup id="cite_ref-cochise100_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cochise100-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> washing the patient's wound and his hands with lye soap or whisky.<sup id="cite_ref-prescott_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prescott-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became America's leading authority on gunshot wounds<sup id="cite_ref-oldwest_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oldwest-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was widely recognized for his skill as a surgeon. </p><p>By the late 1950s, mandatory laparotomy had become the standard of care for managing patients with abdominal <a href="/wiki/Penetrating_trauma" title="Penetrating trauma">penetrating trauma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-offner_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-offner-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A laparotomy is still the standard procedure for treating abdominal gunshot wounds today.<sup id="cite_ref-offner_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-offner-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_United_Kingdom">In the United Kingdom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trauma_surgery&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In the United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United Kingdom, trauma surgery is now generally considered a subspeciality of <a href="/wiki/General_surgery" title="General surgery">general surgery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_London_Hospital" title="Royal London Hospital">Royal London Hospital</a>, which is Britain's busiest <a href="/wiki/Major_Trauma_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Major Trauma Centre">major trauma centre</a> and the busiest trauma unit in Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> their trauma surgeons come from backgrounds in <a href="/wiki/Vascular_surgery" title="Vascular surgery">vascular surgery</a>. </p><p>Courses in the UK for aspiring trauma surgeons include the <a href="/wiki/Advanced_trauma_life_support" title="Advanced trauma life support">advanced trauma life support</a> and <a href="/wiki/Definitive_Surgical_Trauma_Skills" title="Definitive Surgical Trauma Skills">Definitive Surgical Trauma Skills</a> courses, both provided by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_England" title="Royal College of Surgeons of England">Royal College of Surgeons</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trauma_surgery&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmediastinal_gunshot_wound" title="Transmediastinal gunshot wound">Transmediastinal gunshot wound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Association_for_the_Surgery_of_Trauma" title="Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma">Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma</a>, is a major association of trauma surgeons in the US.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trauma_surgery&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcseng.ac.uk/education-and-exams/courses/search/#SelectedFilters=t14">"<i>Trauma and orthopaedics Course</i> - NHS"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trauma+and+orthopaedics+Course+-+NHS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcseng.ac.uk%2Feducation-and-exams%2Fcourses%2Fsearch%2F%23SelectedFilters%3Dt14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrauma+surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcseng.ac.uk/education-and-exams/courses/search/damage-control-orthopaedic-trauma-surgery-dcots/">"<i>Trauma and orthopaedics</i> - Royal College of Surgeons"</a>.</cite><span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Penetrating+Abdominal+Trauma&rft.date=2012-01-23&rft.aulast=Offner%2C+MD%2C+MPH&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femedicine.medscape.com%2Farticle%2F2036859&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrauma+surgery" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gmc-uk.org/-/media/documents/general-surgery-inc_-trauma-tig--approved-jul-17-_pdf-72509288.pdf">"General Surgery Curriculum"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>General Medical Council</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=General+Medical+Council&rft.atitle=General+Surgery+Curriculum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmc-uk.org%2F-%2Fmedia%2Fdocuments%2Fgeneral-surgery-inc_-trauma-tig--approved-jul-17-_pdf-72509288.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrauma+surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c4ts.qmul.ac.uk/collaborators/barts-health-nhs-trust-and-the-royal-london-hospital">"Barts Health NHS Trust and the Royal London Hospital"</a>. <i>www.c4ts.qmul.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.c4ts.qmul.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Barts+Health+NHS+Trust+and+the+Royal+London+Hospital&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.c4ts.qmul.ac.uk%2Fcollaborators%2Fbarts-health-nhs-trust-and-the-royal-london-hospital&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrauma+surgery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trauma_surgery&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140329093759/http://www.atacc.net/">Anaesthesia Trauma and Critical Care</a> (ATACC)</li> <li><a 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Program">Medical Scientist Training Program</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_health_professions" title="Allied health professions">Allied health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_oncology" title="Molecular oncology">Molecular oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">Nanomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalized_medicine" title="Personalized medicine">Personalized medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_health" title="Rural health">Rural health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapy" title="Therapy">Therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">Veterinary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">Physician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_physician" title="Chief physician">Chief physician</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">History of medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Trauma" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Trauma" title="Template:Trauma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Trauma" title="Template talk:Trauma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Trauma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Trauma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Trauma" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Injury" title="Injury">Trauma</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polytrauma" title="Polytrauma">Polytrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_trauma" title="Major trauma">Major trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traumatology" title="Traumatology">Traumatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triage" title="Triage">Triage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resuscitation" title="Resuscitation">Resuscitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_triad_of_death" title="Trauma triad of death">Trauma triad of death</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assessment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Clinical_prediction_rule" title="Clinical prediction rule">Clinical prediction rules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbreviated_Injury_Scale" title="Abbreviated Injury Scale">Abbreviated Injury Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injury_Severity_Score" title="Injury Severity Score">Injury Severity Score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACA_score" title="NACA score">NACA score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Trauma_Score" title="Revised Trauma Score">Revised Trauma Score</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Investigations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_peritoneal_lavage" title="Diagnostic peritoneal lavage">Diagnostic peritoneal lavage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focused_assessment_with_sonography_for_trauma" title="Focused assessment with sonography for trauma">Focused assessment with sonography for trauma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_trauma_life_support" title="Advanced trauma life support">Advanced trauma life support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damage_control_surgery" title="Damage control surgery">Damage control surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_appropriate_care" title="Early appropriate care">Early appropriate care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_center" title="Trauma center">Trauma center</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trauma surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_team" title="Trauma team">Trauma team</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Procedures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resuscitative_thoracotomy" title="Resuscitative thoracotomy">Resuscitative thoracotomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pathophysiology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Injury" title="Injury">Injury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>MSK <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bone_fracture" title="Bone fracture">Bone fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degloving" title="Degloving">Degloving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_dislocation" title="Joint dislocation">Joint dislocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_tissue_injury" title="Soft tissue injury">Soft tissue injury</a></li></ul></li> <li>Respiratory <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diaphragmatic_rupture" title="Diaphragmatic rupture">Diaphragmatic rupture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flail_chest" title="Flail chest">Flail chest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemothorax" title="Hemothorax">Hemothorax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumothorax" title="Pneumothorax">Pneumothorax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_contusion" title="Pulmonary contusion">Pulmonary contusion</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cardio <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_tamponade" title="Cardiac tamponade">Cardiac tamponade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_bleeding" title="Internal bleeding">Internal bleeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_aorta_injury" title="Thoracic aorta injury">Thoracic aorta injury</a></li></ul></li> <li>GI <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blunt_kidney_trauma" title="Blunt kidney trauma">Blunt kidney trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splenic_injury" title="Splenic injury">Splenic injury</a></li></ul></li> <li>Neuro <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intracranial_hemorrhage" title="Intracranial hemorrhage">Intracranial hemorrhage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetrating_head_injury" title="Penetrating head injury">Penetrating head injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury" title="Traumatic brain injury">Traumatic brain injury</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Mechanism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blast_injury" title="Blast injury">Blast injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blunt_trauma" title="Blunt trauma">Blunt trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burn" title="Burn">Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crush_injury" title="Crush injury">Crush injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrocution" title="Electrocution">Electrocution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunshot_wound" title="Gunshot wound">Gunshot wound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetrating_trauma" title="Penetrating trauma">Penetrating trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stab_wound" title="Stab wound">Stab wound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_trauma" title="Abdominal trauma">Abdominal trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chest_injury" title="Chest injury">Chest injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_trauma" title="Facial trauma">Facial trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_injury" title="Head injury">Head injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord_injury" title="Spinal cord injury">Spinal cord injury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Demographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geriatric_trauma" title="Geriatric trauma">Geriatric trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_in_children" title="Trauma in children">Pediatric trauma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Complications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_respiratory_distress_syndrome" title="Acute respiratory distress syndrome">Acute respiratory distress syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_traumatic_encephalopathy" title="Chronic traumatic encephalopathy">Chronic traumatic encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compartment_syndrome" title="Compartment syndrome">Compartment syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contracture" title="Contracture">Contracture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volkmann%27s_contracture" title="Volkmann's contracture">Volkmann's contracture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crush_syndrome" title="Crush syndrome">Crush syndrome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhabdomyolysis" title="Rhabdomyolysis">Rhabdomyolysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embolism" title="Embolism">Embolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_embolism" title="Air embolism">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_embolism_syndrome" title="Fat embolism syndrome">fat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">Post-traumatic stress disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_emphysema" title="Subcutaneous emphysema">Subcutaneous emphysema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wound_healing" title="Wound healing">Wound healing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p> </p><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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