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''saponacea'' <small>[[William Edwin Safford|Saff.]]</small> * ''C. papuana'' <small>[[Frederick Manson Bailey|F.M.Bailey]]</small> |synonyms_ref = <ref name = GRIN>{{GRIN | access-date = December 15, 2017}}</ref> }} '''''Citrus macroptera''''', natively known as '''hatkhora''' or ({{langx|syl|ꠢꠣꠔꠇꠞꠣ}}, {{IPA|syl|ɦat̪xɔɾa|}}) '''cabuyao''',<ref name="Hanelt2001">Peter Hanelt (ed.) 2001 ''Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops (except ornamentals), first English edition''. Springer. [https://books.google.com/books?id=kqqH6UdyYnoC&pg=PA1020 in Google Books]</ref> '''Melanesian papeda''',<ref name="GRIN" /> or '''wild orange''',<ref name="Harley">Harley I. Manner, Richard S. Buker, Virginia Easton Smith, Deborah Ward, and Craig R. Elevitch 2006. Species profiles for Pacific Island agroforestry: ''Citrus'' (citrus) and ''Fortunella'' (kumquat), Rutaceae (Rue family). [http://www.agroforestry.net/tti/Citrus-citrus.pdf pdf]</ref> is a semi-wild species of [[citrus]] native to the [[Sylhet region|Sylhet region (South Asia)]] of Bangladesh and the [[Barak Valley]] Division of the Indian state of [[Assam]]. Some authorities consider ''C.&nbsp;macroptera'' to be a [[taxonomic synonym]] of ''C.&nbsp;hystrix'' (kaffir lime),<ref name=tpl>{{ cite web |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2724129 |title=TPL, treatment of ''Citrus hystrix'' DC. |work=[[The Plant List]]; Version 1. (published on the internet) |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] and the [[Missouri Botanical Garden]] |year=2010 |access-date=March 9, 2013}}</ref> while others consider ''C. macroptera'' var. ''annamensis'' to be a synonym of ''C. hystrix'', but not ''C. macroptera'' var. ''macroptera''.<ref name=Porcher/> == Description == ''Citrus macroptera'' is so-named because of the large "wings" (-ptera) on the [[petiole (botany)|petiole]], which is as large as the blade of the leaf.<ref name=Harley/> The tree, which has [[thorns, spines, and prickles|thorns]], can reach {{cvt|5|m}} in height. Its fruit is about {{cvt|6|–|7|cm|in|frac=2}} in diameter, has a fairly smooth, moderately thick rind, and is yellow when ripe. The pulp of the fruit is greenish-yellow and dry (does not produce much juice). The juice is very bitter, and somewhat sour.<ref name=Harley/> == Varieties == The species is sometimes divided into four varieties, or alternatively into three separate species, as follows:<ref name="Porcher">Porcher Michel H. et al. 1995–2020 (2007). Sorting Citrus Names: Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (M.M.P.N.D) - A Work in Progress. School of Agriculture and Food Systems. Faculty of Land & Food Resources. The University of Melbourne. Australia. [http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Citrus.html]</ref> * ''C. macroptera'' var. ''macroptera'' * ''C. macroptera'' var. ''annamensis'' [[Chōzaburō Tanaka|Tanaka]] -> ''C. combara'' [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Raf.]] * ''C. macroptera'' var. ''combara'' (Raf.) Tanaka -> ''C. combara'' [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Raf.]] * ''C. macroptera'' var. ''kerrii'' [[Walter Tennyson Swingle|Swingle]] -> ''C. kerrii'' ([[Walter Tennyson Swingle|Swingle]]) [[Chōzaburō Tanaka|Tanaka]] == Cultivation == ''Citrus macroptera'' is cultivated on a small scale in home gardens in the northeast Indian states of [[Mizoram]], [[Tripura]], and [[Meghalaya]], where its fruit is used for various purposes.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=S. K. Malik |author2=Susheel Kumar |author3=I. P. Singh |author4=O. P. Dhariwal |author5=Rekha Chaudhury |title=Socio-economic importance, domestication trends and in situ conservation of wild Citrus species of Northeast India |journal=Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution |date=June 2013 |volume=60 |issue=5 |page=1660 |doi=10.1007/s10722-012-9948-x}}</ref> A cultivar of ''C. macroptera'' var. ''annamensis'' is grown in the [[Sylhet Division]] of northeastern [[Bangladesh]].<ref name=Miah>{{cite journal |author1=M. N. Miah |author2=Sahina Islam |author3=Syed Hadiuzzaman |year=2002 |title=Regeneration of Plantlets Through Somatic Embryogenesis from Nucellus Tissue of ''Citrus macroptera'' Mont. var. ''anammensis'' ('Sat Kara') |journal=Plant Tissue Culture |volume=12 |issue=2 |page=167 |url=https://www.baptcb.org/public/article/ptc12_2_10.pdf}}</ref> ''Citrus macroptera'' is also commercially cultivated in South Africa, Spain, and Tonga. In Spain the plant serves as a rootstock for other ''Citrus'' species.<ref name="Hanelt2001" /> == Uses == === Culinary uses === In Bangladesh, especially Sylhet, the thick fleshy rind of ''Citrus macroptera'' is eaten as a vegetable, while the pulp is usually discarded because of its bitter-sour taste. The thick rind is cut into small pieces and cooked (either green or ripe) in beef, mutton, and fish [[Curry|curries]], it is also used in Dal. The rind is often sun-dried for later cooking and consumption. The fruit is also pickled. === Perfumery === The oil of the ''annamensis'' cultivar is used in the perfume industry.<ref name=Miah/> == See also == * [[Bangladeshi cuisine]] * [[Beef Hatkora]] * ''[[Citrus latipes]]'' a similar-looking species native to Northeast India == References == {{Reflist|30em}} == External links == * [http://www.plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=CIMA10 USDA PLANTS profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511032833/http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=CIMA10 |date=2013-05-11 }} {{citrus}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q5122910}} [[Category:Citrus|macroptera]] [[Category:Agriculture in Bangladesh]] [[Category:Bangladeshi cuisine]] [[Category:Bengali cuisine]] [[Category:Economy of Bangladesh]] [[Category:Flora of tropical Asia]] [[Category:Medicinal plants of Asia]] [[Category:Medicinal plants of Oceania]] [[Category:Sylheti cuisine]] [[Category:Austronesian agriculture]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div 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