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<span>Consequences of the Napoleonic Wars</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Consequences_of_the_Napoleonic_Wars-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Consequences of the Napoleonic Wars subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Consequences_of_the_Napoleonic_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sweden_seeks_compensation_for_the_loss_of_Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden_seeks_compensation_for_the_loss_of_Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sweden seeks compensation for the loss of Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden_seeks_compensation_for_the_loss_of_Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1814" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1814"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>1814</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1814-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1814 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1814-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Treaty_of_Kiel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaty_of_Kiel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Treaty of Kiel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaty_of_Kiel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attempted_coup_d'état_by_Hereditary_Prince_Christian_Frederik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attempted_coup_d'état_by_Hereditary_Prince_Christian_Frederik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Attempted coup d'état by Hereditary Prince Christian Frederik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attempted_coup_d'état_by_Hereditary_Prince_Christian_Frederik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_independence_movement_grows_under_threat_of_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_independence_movement_grows_under_threat_of_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>The independence movement grows under threat of war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_independence_movement_grows_under_threat_of_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_Frederik_meets_increasing_opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_Frederik_meets_increasing_opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Christian Frederik meets increasing opposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_Frederik_meets_increasing_opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_constitutional_convention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_constitutional_convention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>The constitutional convention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_constitutional_convention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Search_for_domestic_and_international_legitimacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Search_for_domestic_and_international_legitimacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Search for domestic and international legitimacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Search_for_domestic_and_international_legitimacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prelude_to_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelude_to_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Prelude to war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prelude_to_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_short_war_with_two_winners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_short_war_with_two_winners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>A short war with two winners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_short_war_with_two_winners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-An_uneasy_cease-fire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#An_uneasy_cease-fire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>An uneasy cease-fire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-An_uneasy_cease-fire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fulfilling_the_conditions_of_the_Convention_of_Moss" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fulfilling_the_conditions_of_the_Convention_of_Moss"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Fulfilling the conditions of the Convention of Moss</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fulfilling_the_conditions_of_the_Convention_of_Moss-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The Union</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Union-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The Union subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Act_of_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Act_of_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>The Act of Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Act_of_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Union_in_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Union_in_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>The Union in practice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Union_in_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amalgamation_or_separation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amalgamation_or_separation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Amalgamation or separation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amalgamation_or_separation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>National symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Flags</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heraldry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heraldry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Heraldry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heraldry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zenith_of_the_Union,_1844–1860" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zenith_of_the_Union,_1844–1860"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Zenith of the Union, 1844–1860</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zenith_of_the_Union,_1844–1860-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prelude_to_dissolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelude_to_dissolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Prelude to dissolution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prelude_to_dissolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prelude to dissolution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prelude_to_dissolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Final_attempts_to_save_the_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_attempts_to_save_the_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Final attempts to save the Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_attempts_to_save_the_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dissolution_of_the_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissolution_of_the_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Dissolution of the Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissolution_of_the_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Union between Sweden and Norway</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sw%C4%93oland-Nor%C3%BEweg" title="Swēoland-Norþweg – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Swēoland-Norþweg" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AC" title="الاتحاد بين السويد والنرويج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الاتحاد بين السويد والنرويج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sve%C3%A7-Norve%C3%A7_birliyi" title="İsveç-Norveç birliyi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İsveç-Norveç birliyi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%AF-%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98" title="سوئد-نوروژ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سوئد-نوروژ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Шведска-нарвежская унія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шведска-нарвежская унія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Шведско-норвежка уния – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шведско-норвежка уния" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3_entre_Su%C3%A8cia_i_Noruega" title="Unió entre Suècia i Noruega – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Unió entre Suècia i Noruega" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0v%C3%A9dsko-norsk%C3%A1_unie" title="Švédsko-norská unie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Švédsko-norská unie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_svensk-norske_union" title="Den svensk-norske union – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den svensk-norske union" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_zwischen_Schweden_und_Norwegen" title="Union zwischen Schweden und Norwegen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Union zwischen Schweden und Norwegen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rootsi-Norra" title="Rootsi-Norra – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rootsi-Norra" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%BD%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B7%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82%E2%80%93%CE%9D%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%B7%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ένωση Σουηδίας–Νορβηγίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ένωση Σουηδίας–Νορβηγίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_entre_Suecia_y_Noruega" title="Unión entre Suecia y Noruega – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Unión entre Suecia y Noruega" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svedio-Norvegio" title="Svedio-Norvegio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Svedio-Norvegio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%AF_%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98" title="اتحاد سوئد و نروژ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اتحاد سوئد و نروژ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%A8de-Norv%C3%A8ge" title="Suède-Norvège – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Suède-Norvège" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aonadh_Nirribhidh_agus_An_t-Suain" title="Aonadh Nirribhidh agus An t-Suain – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Aonadh Nirribhidh agus An t-Suain" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EC%9B%A8%EB%8D%B4-%EB%85%B8%EB%A5%B4%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4" title="스웨덴-노르웨이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스웨덴-노르웨이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D6%87_%D5%86%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AC_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Շվեդիայի և Նորվեգիայի միացյալ թագավորություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շվեդիայի և Նորվեգիայի միացյալ թագավորություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suedia-Norvegia" title="Suedia-Norvegia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Suedia-Norvegia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedia-Norwegia" title="Swedia-Norwegia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Swedia-Norwegia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A6nsk-norska_sambandi%C3%B0" title="Sænsk-norska sambandið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sænsk-norska sambandið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svezia-Norvegia" title="Svezia-Norvegia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Svezia-Norvegia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%97%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99-%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99" title="האיחוד השוודי-נורווגי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האיחוד השוודי-נורווגי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4-%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Швед-норвег уния – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Швед-норвег уния" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="შვედეთისა და ნორვეგიის გაერთიანებული სამეფო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შვედეთისა და ნორვეგიის გაერთიანებული სამეფო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0vedijos%E2%80%93Norvegijos_unija" title="Švedijos–Norvegijos unija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Švedijos–Norvegijos unija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Унија на Шведска и Норвешка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Унија на Шведска и Норвешка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesatuan_antara_Sweden_dan_Norway" title="Kesatuan antara Sweden dan Norway – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kesatuan antara Sweden dan Norway" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unie_tussen_Zweden_en_Noorwegen" title="Unie tussen Zweden en Noorwegen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Unie tussen Zweden en Noorwegen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%83%B3%EF%BC%9D%E3%83%8E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC" title="スウェーデン＝ノルウェー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スウェーデン＝ノルウェー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_svensk-norske_union" title="Den svensk-norske union – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den svensk-norske union" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionen_mellom_Noreg_og_Sverige" title="Unionen mellom Noreg og Sverige – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Unionen mellom Noreg og Sverige" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unia_szwedzko-norweska" title="Unia szwedzko-norweska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Unia szwedzko-norweska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinos_Unidos_da_Su%C3%A9cia_e_Noruega" title="Reinos Unidos da Suécia e Noruega – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reinos Unidos da Suécia e Noruega" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regatele_Unite_ale_Suediei_%C8%99i_Norvegiei" title="Regatele Unite ale Suediei și Norvegiei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regatele Unite ale Suediei și Norvegiei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Шведско-норвежская уния – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шведско-норвежская уния" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Union between Sweden and Norway" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0vedsko-norve%C5%A1ka_zveza" title="Švedsko-norveška zveza – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Švedsko-norveška zveza" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Унија Шведске и Норвешке – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Унија Шведске и Норвешке" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruotsi-Norja" title="Ruotsi-Norja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ruotsi-Norja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svensk-norska_unionen" title="Svensk-norska unionen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Svensk-norska unionen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="สหราชอาณาจักรสวีเดนและนอร์เวย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สหราชอาณาจักรสวีเดนและนอร์เวย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sve%C3%A7_ve_Norve%C3%A7_Birli%C4%9Fi" title="İsveç ve Norveç Birliği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İsveç ve Norveç Birliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Шведсько-норвезька унія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шведсько-норвезька унія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%86_%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%92_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="سویڈن و ناروے اتحاد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سویڈن و ناروے اتحاد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C3%A8sia-Norveja" title="Svèsia-Norveja – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Svèsia-Norveja" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%AAn_minh_gi%E1%BB%AFa_Th%E1%BB%A5y_%C4%90i%E1%BB%83n_v%C3%A0_Na_Uy" title="Liên minh giữa Thụy Điển và Na Uy – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Liên minh giữa Thụy Điển và Na Uy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8-%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="瑞典-挪威联盟 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="瑞典-挪威联盟" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q62589#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Personal union of Sweden and Norway from 1814 to 1905</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sweden–Norway" redirects here. For modern bilateral relations, see <a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="Norway–Sweden relations">Norway–Sweden relations</a>. For the border between the two countries, see <a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93Sweden_border" title="Norway–Sweden border">Norway–Sweden border</a>. For the geographical region, see <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Special:EditPage/Union between Sweden and Norway">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Union+between+Sweden+and+Norway%22">"Union between Sweden and Norway"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Union+between+Sweden+and+Norway%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Union+between+Sweden+and+Norway%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Union+between+Sweden+and+Norway%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Union+between+Sweden+and+Norway%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Union+between+Sweden+and+Norway%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and 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.ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name"><span class="nowrap">United Kingdoms</span> of <span class="nowrap">Sweden and Norway</span></div><div class="ib-country-names"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nowrap"><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">Förenade Konungarikena<br />Sverige och Norge</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>)</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">De forenede Kongeriger<br />Norge og Sverige</i></span> <span class="languageicon">(<a href="/wiki/Dano-Norwegian" title="Dano-Norwegian">Dano-Norwegian</a>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-fn1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">Sambandet millom<br />Norig og Sverike</i></span> <span class="languageicon">(<a href="/wiki/Landsm%C3%A5l" class="mw-redirect" title="Landsmål">Landsmål</a>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-fn2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>B<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1814–1905</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Swedish_civil_ensign_(1844%E2%80%931905).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Sweden and Norway"><img alt="Flag of Sweden and Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg/125px-Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg/188px-Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg/250px-Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div><div style="padding: 2px 0px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg/125px-Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg/188px-Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg/250px-Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Flags">National flags</a><br />Top: <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sweden" title="Flag of Sweden">Flag of Sweden</a><br />(1844–1905)<br />Bottom: <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Norway" title="Flag of Norway">Flag of Norway</a><br />(1844–1899)</div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal coat of arms (1844–1905) of Sweden and Norway"><img alt="Royal coat of arms (1844–1905) of Sweden and Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway.svg/85px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway.svg/128px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway.svg/170px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="1135" /></a></span></div> <div>Royal coat of arms<br />(1844–1905)</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <br /><b>Norway:</b><br /><span title="Danish-language text"><span lang="da" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Norges_Skaal" title="Norges Skaal">Norges Skaal</a></span></span> (1814–1820)<br /><span title="Danish-language text"><span lang="da" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8nner_av_Norge" title="Sønner av Norge">Sønner af Norge</a></span></span> (1820–1864)<br /><b>Sweden:</b><br /><span title="Swedish-language text"><span lang="sv" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Du_gamla,_du_fria" title="Du gamla, du fria">Du gamla, du fria</a></span></span> (<i>de facto</i>)<div class="ib-country-anthem"><b><a href="/wiki/Royal_anthem" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal anthem">Royal anthem</a>:</b> <br /><b>Norway:</b><br /><i>None</i><br /><b>Sweden:</b><br /><span title="Swedish-language text"><span lang="sv" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bevare_Gud_v%C3%A5r_kung" title="Bevare Gud vår kung">Bevare Gud vår kung</a></span></span> (1805–1893)<br /><span title="Swedish-language text"><span lang="sv" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kungss%C3%A5ngen" title="Kungssången">Kungssången</a></span></span> (1844–1905)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Norway-Sweden_1905.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sweden–Norway in 1904"><img alt="Sweden–Norway in 1904" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Norway-Sweden_1905.svg/250px-Norway-Sweden_1905.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Norway-Sweden_1905.svg/375px-Norway-Sweden_1905.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Norway-Sweden_1905.svg/500px-Norway-Sweden_1905.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Sweden–Norway in 1904</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Christiania</a><span class="anchor" id="infoa"></span><sup><a href="#inforefa">[a]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>,<span class="anchor" id="infob"></span><sup><a href="#inforefb">[b]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Sámi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Norway:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Norway" title="Church of Norway">Church of Norway</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>)<br /><b>Sweden:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Sweden" title="Church of Sweden">Church of Sweden</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional monarchies</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">King of Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Norway</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1814–1818 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIII_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles XIII of Sweden">Charles XIII/II</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1818–1844 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles XIV John of Sweden">Charles XIV/III John</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1844–1859 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_I_of_Sweden" title="Oscar I of Sweden">Oscar I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1859–1872 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_XV_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles XV of Sweden">Charles XV/IV</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1872–1905 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_II_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscar II of Sweden">Oscar II</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Legislatures:</b><span class="anchor" id="infod"></span><sup><a href="#inforefd">[d]</a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Swedish legislature</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Swedish-language text"><span lang="sv" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Riksdag_of_the_Estates" title="Riksdag of the Estates">Riksdag</a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Norwegian legislature</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Norwegian-language text"><span lang="no" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Storting" title="Storting">Storting</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data">Between <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kiel" title="Treaty of Kiel">Treaty of Kiel</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14 January 1814</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Charles_XIII" title="Charles XIII">Charles XIII</a> of Sweden elected as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_monarchs#House_of_Holstein-Gottorp" title="List of Norwegian monarchs">King of Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Norway" title="Constitution of Norway">Constitution of Norway</a> amended </div></th><td class="infobox-data">4 November 1814</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Monetary_Union" title="Scandinavian Monetary Union">Monetary union</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">16 October 1875</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_union_between_Norway_and_Sweden" title="Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden">Union dissolved</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 October 1905</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1820 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,550,000<span class="anchor" id="infoc"></span><sup><a href="#inforefc">[c]</a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1905 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">7,560,000<span class="anchor" id="infoc"></span><sup><a href="#inforefc">[c]</a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Sweden:</b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span title="Swedish-language text"><span lang="sv" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_riksdaler" title="Swedish riksdaler">Riksdaler</a></span></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1814–1873)</span></li> <li><span title="Swedish-language text"><span lang="sv" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">Krona</a></span></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1873–1905)</span></li></ul> </div> <b>Norway:</b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span title="Danish-language text"><span lang="da" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_speciedaler" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian speciedaler">Speciedaler</a></span></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1814–1875)</span></li> <li><span title="Norwegian-language text"><span lang="no" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_krone" title="Norwegian krone">Krone</a></span></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1875–1905)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/20px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/30px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/30px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Norway_%281814%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Norway_%281814%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Norway_%281814%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Norway_%281814%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Norway_%281814%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Norway_%281814%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(1814)" title="Kingdom of Norway (1814)">Norway</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/20px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/30px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/20px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/30px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/40px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><span class="anchor" id="inforefa"></span>a. <b><a href="#infoa">^</a></b> The king resided alternately in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> (mostly) and <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Christiania</a> (usually some months each year). He received ministers from both countries in Union <i>council</i>, or separately in purely Swedish or Norwegian <i>councils</i>. The majority of the Norwegian cabinet ministers convened in Christiania when the king was absent.<br /> <p><span class="anchor" id="inforefb"></span>b. <b><a href="#infob">^</a></b> The written Norwegian language ceased to exist in the first half of the 16th century and was replaced by Danish. Written Danish was still used during the union with Sweden, but was slightly norwegianized through the creation of <a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a> in the latter half of the 19th century. In 1885, the <a href="/wiki/Storting" title="Storting">Storting</a> accepted <a href="/wiki/Landsm%C3%A5l" class="mw-redirect" title="Landsmål">Landsmål</a> as an official written language on par with Danish.<br /> <span class="anchor" id="inforefc"></span>c. <b><a href="#infoc">^</a></b> 1820: 2,585,000 in Sweden, and 970,000 in Norway.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> 1905: 5,260,000 in Sweden, and 2,300,000 in Norway.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p> <span class="anchor" id="inforefd"></span>d. <b><a href="#infod">^</a></b> The Swedish Riksdag was a <a href="/wiki/Riksdag_of_the_Estates" title="Riksdag of the Estates">diet composed of four estates</a> until 1866, when it was transformed into a <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Riksdag" title="History of the Riksdag">bicameral legislature</a>, whereas the <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norwegian</a> Storting was a unicameral <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a>, where the cabinet needed support from the majority.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Scandinavia" title="Category:Scandinavia">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Scandinavia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map_of_Scandinavia.svg/250px-Map_of_Scandinavia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map_of_Scandinavia.svg/375px-Map_of_Scandinavia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map_of_Scandinavia.svg/500px-Map_of_Scandinavia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Countries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scandinavia" title="History of Scandinavia">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>History by country</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_%C3%85land" title="History of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Denmark" title="History of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="History of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland" title="History of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greenland" title="History of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iceland" title="History of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norway" title="History of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Scotland" title="Scandinavian Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Chronological history</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_prehistory" title="Scandinavian prehistory">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Stone_Age" title="Nordic Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Scandinavia" title="Iron Age Scandinavia">Iron Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sweden–Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish%E2%80%93Icelandic_Act_of_Union" title="Danish–Icelandic Act of Union">Denmark–Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></li></ul> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Geography</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Mountains" title="Scandinavian Mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a></li></ul> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Economy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Finland" title="Welfare in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Sweden" title="Welfare in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavism" title="Scandinavism">Scandinavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Monetary_Union" title="Scandinavian Monetary Union">Monetary Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_defence_union" title="Scandinavian defence union">Defence Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Airlines" title="Scandinavian Airlines">Scandinavian Airlines</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/16px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/24px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/32px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Denmark" title="Portal:Denmark">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Faroe_Islands" title="Portal:Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Finland" title="Portal:Finland">Finland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iceland" title="Portal:Iceland">Iceland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/16px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/24px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Norway" title="Portal:Norway">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sweden" title="Portal:Sweden">Sweden</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scandinavia" title="Template:Scandinavia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scandinavia" title="Template talk:Scandinavia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scandinavia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scandinavia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sweden and Norway</b> or <b>Sweden–Norway</b> (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">Svensk-norska unionen</i>; <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>: <i lang="no">Den svensk-norske union(en)</i>), officially the <b>United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway</b>, and known as the <b>United Kingdoms</b>, was a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> of the separate <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">kingdoms</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> under a common monarch and common foreign policy that lasted from 1814 until its peaceful <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_union_between_Norway_and_Sweden" title="Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden">dissolution in 1905</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two states kept separate constitutions, laws, legislatures, administrations, state churches, armed forces, and currencies; the kings mostly resided in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, where foreign diplomatic representations were located. The Norwegian government was presided over by <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroys</a>: Swedes until 1829, Norwegians until 1856. That office was later vacant and then abolished in 1873. Foreign policy was conducted through the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Sweden)" title="Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Sweden)">Swedish foreign ministry</a> until the dissolution of the union in 1905. </p><p>Norway had been in a closer union with <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a>'s alliance with <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic France">Napoleonic France</a> caused the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> to consent to Sweden's annexation of the realm as compensation for the loss of <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> in 1809 and as a reward for joining the alliance against Napoleon. By the 1814 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kiel" title="Treaty of Kiel">Treaty of Kiel</a>, the King of Denmark-Norway was forced to cede Norway to the King of Sweden, but Norway refused to submit to the treaty provisions, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(1814)" title="Kingdom of Norway (1814)">declared independence</a>, and convoked a constituent assembly at <a href="/wiki/Eidsvoll" title="Eidsvoll">Eidsvoll</a> in early 1814. </p><p>After the adoption of the new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Norway" title="Constitution of Norway">Constitution of Norway</a> on 17 May 1814, Prince <a href="/wiki/Christian_Frederick" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Frederick">Christian Frederick</a> was elected king. The ensuing <a href="/wiki/Swedish%E2%80%93Norwegian_War_(1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish–Norwegian War (1814)">Swedish–Norwegian War (1814)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Moss" title="Convention of Moss">Convention of Moss</a> compelled Christian Frederick to abdicate after calling an extraordinary session of the Norwegian Parliament, the <a href="/wiki/Storting" title="Storting">Storting</a>, to revise the Constitution in order to allow for a personal union with Sweden. On 4 November the Storting elected Sweden's king, <a href="/wiki/Charles_XIII" title="Charles XIII">Charles XIII</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Norway">King of Norway</a>, thereby confirming the union. Continuing differences between the two realms led to a failed attempt to create a separate Norwegian consular service and then, on 7 June 1905, to a unilateral declaration of independence by the Storting. Sweden accepted the union's dissolution on 26 October. After a <a href="/wiki/1905_Norwegian_monarchy_referendum" title="1905 Norwegian monarchy referendum">plebiscite</a> confirming the election of <a href="/wiki/Haakon_VII" title="Haakon VII">Prince Carl of Denmark</a> as the new king of Norway, he accepted the Storting's offer of the throne on 18 November and took the regnal name of Haakon VII. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> had been united under the same crown on two previous occasions: from 1319 to 1343 under <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Eriksson" title="Magnus Eriksson">Magnus Eriksson</a> and again briefly from 1449 to 1450 under <a href="/wiki/Karl_Knutsson" title="Karl Knutsson">Karl Knutsson</a> in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Christian_I_of_Denmark" title="Christian I of Denmark">Christian</a> of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg" title="House of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a> who was elected king of the <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Danes</a>. During the following centuries, Norway remained united with Denmark in close union, nominally as one kingdom, but in reality reduced to the status of a mere province ruled by Danish kings from their capital, <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>. After the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Absolutism_(European_history)" title="Absolutism (European history)">absolutism</a> in 1660, a more centralized form of government was established, but Norway kept some separate institutions, including its own laws, army, and coinage. The united kingdoms are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Denmark-Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Denmark-Norway">Denmark-Norway</a> by later historians. </p><p>Sweden broke out of the Kalmar Union permanently in 1523 under King <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Vasa" title="Gustav Vasa">Gustav Vasa</a>, and in the middle of the 17th century rose to the status of a major regional power after the intervention of <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_II_Adolphus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustavus II Adolphus">Gustavus II Adolphus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>. The ambitious wars waged by King <a href="/wiki/Charles_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles XII">Charles XII</a>, however, led to the loss of that status after the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a>, 1700–1721. </p><p>Following the dissolution of the Kalmar Union, Sweden and <a href="/wiki/Denmark-Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Denmark-Norway">Denmark-Norway</a> remained rival powers and fought many wars, during which both Denmark and Norway had to cede important provinces to Sweden in 1645 and 1658. Sweden also invaded Norway in 1567, 1644, 1658, and 1716 to wrest the country away from the union with Denmark and either annex it or form a union. The repeated wars and invasions led to popular resentment against Sweden among Norwegians. </p><p>During the eighteenth century, Norway enjoyed a period of great prosperity and became an increasingly important part of the union. The industry with the largest growth was that of the export of planks, with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> as the chief market. Saw-mill owners and timber merchants in the Christiania region, backed by great fortunes and economic influence, formed an elite group that began to see the central government in Copenhagen as a hindrance to Norwegian aspirations. Their increasing self-assertiveness led them to question the policies that favored Danish interests over that of Norway's while rejecting key Norwegian demands for the creation of important national institutions, such as a bank and a university. Some members of the "timber aristocracy" thus saw Sweden as a more natural partner, and cultivated commercial and political contacts with Sweden. Around 1800, many prominent Norwegians secretly favored a split with Denmark, without actively taking steps to promote independence. Their undeclared leader was Count <a href="/wiki/Herman_Wedel-Jarlsberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Herman Wedel-Jarlsberg">Herman Wedel-Jarlsberg</a>. </p><p>The Swedish policy during the same period was to cultivate contacts in Norway and encourage all signs of separatism. King <a href="/wiki/Gustav_III_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav III of Sweden">Gustav III</a> (1746–1792) actively approached any circle in Norway that might favor a union with Sweden instead of with Denmark. </p><p>Such endeavors on both sides of the border toward a "rapprochement" were far from realistic before the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> created conditions that caused great political upheavals in Scandinavia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consequences_of_the_Napoleonic_Wars">Consequences of the Napoleonic Wars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Consequences of the Napoleonic Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Special:EditPage/Union between Sweden and Norway">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Sweden and Denmark-Norway strenuously attempted to remain neutral during the Napoleonic wars, and succeeded for a long time, in spite of many invitations to join the belligerent alliances. Both countries joined <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Second_League_of_Armed_Neutrality" title="Second League of Armed Neutrality">League of Armed Neutrality</a> in 1800. Denmark-Norway was forced to withdraw from the League after the British victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1801)" title="Battle of Copenhagen (1801)">First Battle of Copenhagen</a> in April 1801, but still stuck to a policy of neutrality. However, the league collapsed after the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Tsar Paul I</a> in 1801.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Denmark-Norway was compelled into an alliance with <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">France</a> after the second British attack on the Danish navy at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1807)" title="Battle of Copenhagen (1807)">Second Battle of Copenhagen</a>. The Danish were forced to surrender the navy after heavy bombardment, because the army was at the southern border to defend it against a possible French attack. As Sweden in the meantime had sided with the British, Denmark-Norway was forced by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> to declare war on Sweden on 29 February 1808. </p><p>Because the British <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">naval blockade</a> severed communications between Denmark and Norway, a provisional Norwegian government was set up in Christiania, led by army general <a href="/wiki/Charles_August,_Crown_Prince_of_Sweden" title="Charles August, Crown Prince of Sweden">Prince Christian August of Augustenborg</a>. This first national government after several centuries of Danish rule demonstrated that home rule was possible in Norway, and was later seen as a test of the viability of independence. Christian August's greatest challenge was to secure the food supply during the blockade. When Sweden invaded Norway in the spring of 1808, he commanded the army of Southern Norway and compelled the numerically superior Swedish forces to withdraw behind the border after the battles of <a href="/wiki/Toverud" title="Toverud">Toverud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prestebakke" title="Prestebakke">Prestebakke</a>. His success as a military commander and as leader of the provisional government made him very popular in Norway. Moreover, his Swedish adversaries noticed his merits and his popularity, and in 1809 chose him as successor to the Swedish throne after King <a href="/wiki/Gustav_IV_Adolf" title="Gustav IV Adolf">Gustav IV Adolf</a> was overthrown. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Baptiste-Jules_Bernadotte,_Prince_de_Ponte-Corvo,_roi_de_Su%C3%A8de,_Mar%C3%A9chal_de_France_(1763-1844).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Jean-Baptiste-Jules_Bernadotte%2C_Prince_de_Ponte-Corvo%2C_roi_de_Su%C3%A8de%2C_Mar%C3%A9chal_de_France_%281763-1844%29.jpg/170px-Jean-Baptiste-Jules_Bernadotte%2C_Prince_de_Ponte-Corvo%2C_roi_de_Su%C3%A8de%2C_Mar%C3%A9chal_de_France_%281763-1844%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Jean-Baptiste-Jules_Bernadotte%2C_Prince_de_Ponte-Corvo%2C_roi_de_Su%C3%A8de%2C_Mar%C3%A9chal_de_France_%281763-1844%29.jpg/255px-Jean-Baptiste-Jules_Bernadotte%2C_Prince_de_Ponte-Corvo%2C_roi_de_Su%C3%A8de%2C_Mar%C3%A9chal_de_France_%281763-1844%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Jean-Baptiste-Jules_Bernadotte%2C_Prince_de_Ponte-Corvo%2C_roi_de_Su%C3%A8de%2C_Mar%C3%A9chal_de_France_%281763-1844%29.jpg/340px-Jean-Baptiste-Jules_Bernadotte%2C_Prince_de_Ponte-Corvo%2C_roi_de_Su%C3%A8de%2C_Mar%C3%A9chal_de_France_%281763-1844%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3897" data-file-height="6030" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">Jean Baptiste Bernadotte</a>, Marshal of France, Crown Prince of Sweden in 1810 and Norway in 1814, and King of Sweden and Norway in 1818. Portrait by Joseph Nicolas Jouy, after <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_Kinson" class="mw-redirect" title="François-Joseph Kinson">François-Joseph Kinson</a></figcaption></figure> <p>One factor contributing to the poor performance of the Swedish invasion force in Norway was that Russia at the same time invaded <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> on 21 February 1808. The two-front war proved disastrous for Sweden, and all of Finland was ceded to Russia at the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fredrikshamn" title="Treaty of Fredrikshamn">Peace of Fredrikshamn</a> on 17 September 1809. In the meantime, discontent with the conduct of the war led to the deposition of King Gustav IV on 13 May 1809. Prince Christian August, the enemy commander who had been promoted to <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroy</a> of Norway in 1809, was chosen because the Swedish insurgents saw that his great popularity among the Norwegians might open the way for a union with Norway, to compensate for the loss of Finland. He was also held in high esteem because he had refrained from pursuing the retreating army of Sweden while that country was hard pressed by Russia in the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a>. Christian August was elected Crown Prince of Sweden on 29 December 1809 and left Norway on 7 January 1810. After his sudden death in May 1810, Sweden chose as his successor another enemy general, the French marshal <a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles XIV John of Sweden">Jean Baptiste Bernadotte</a>, who was also seen as a gallant adversary and had proved his ability as an army commander. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden_seeks_compensation_for_the_loss_of_Finland">Sweden seeks compensation for the loss of Finland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sweden seeks compensation for the loss of Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_XIII_of_Sweden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Charles_XIII_of_Sweden.jpg/170px-Charles_XIII_of_Sweden.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Charles_XIII_of_Sweden.jpg/255px-Charles_XIII_of_Sweden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Charles_XIII_of_Sweden.jpg/340px-Charles_XIII_of_Sweden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3073" data-file-height="3492" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Charles_XIII_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles XIII of Sweden">Charles XIII</a> (Charles II in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The chief objective of Bernadotte's foreign policy as <a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles XIV John of Sweden">Crown Prince Charles John</a> of Sweden was the acquisition of Norway, and he pursued that goal by definitively renouncing Sweden's claims in Finland and joining the enemies of Napoleon. In 1812, he signed the secret <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint_Petersburg_(1812)" title="Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1812)">Treaty of Saint Petersburg</a> with Russia against France and Denmark-Norway. His foreign policy provoked some criticism among Swedish politicians, who found it immoral to indemnify Sweden at the expense of a weaker friendly neighbor. Moreover, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> and Russia insisted that Charles John's first duty was to the anti-Napoleonic coalition. Britain vigorously objected to the expenditure of her subsidies on the Norwegian adventure before the common enemy had been crushed. Only after Charles gave his word did the United Kingdom also promise to countenance the union of Norway and Sweden by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stockholm_(1813)" title="Treaty of Stockholm (1813)">Treaty of Stockholm</a> of 3 March 1813. Some weeks later, Russia gave her guarantee to the same effect, and in April Prussia also promised Norway as his prize for joining the battle against Napoleon. In the meantime, Sweden obliged its allies by joining the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth Coalition">Sixth Coalition</a> and declaring war against France and Denmark-Norway on 24 March 1813. </p><p>During his campaigns on the Continent, Charles John successfully led the Allied Army of the North in its defense of <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dennewitz" title="Battle of Dennewitz">defeating two separate French attempts</a> to take the city, and at the decisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of Leipzig</a>. He then marched against Denmark to force the Danish King to surrender Norway. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1814">1814</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1814"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Special:EditPage/Union between Sweden and Norway">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treaty_of_Kiel">Treaty of Kiel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Treaty of Kiel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 7 January, on the verge of being overrun by Swedish, Russian, and German troops under the command of the elected crown prince of Sweden, King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_VI_of_Denmark" title="Frederick VI of Denmark">Frederick VI of Denmark</a> (and of Norway) agreed to cede Norway to the King of Sweden in order to stave off an occupation of <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a>. </p><p>These terms were formalized and signed on 14 January at the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kiel" title="Treaty of Kiel">Treaty of Kiel</a>, in which Denmark negotiated to maintain sovereignty over the Norwegian possessions of the <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>. Article IV of the treaty stated that Norway was ceded to "the King of Sweden", and not to the Kingdom of Sweden – a provision favorable to his former Norwegian subjects as well as to their future king, whose position as a former revolutionary turned heir to the Swedish throne was far from secure. Secret correspondence from the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a> in the preceding days had put pressure on the negotiating parties to reach an agreement in order to avoid a full-scale invasion of Denmark. Bernadotte sent a letter to the governments of Prussia, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>, thanking them for their support, acknowledging the role of Russia in negotiating the peace, and envisaging greater stability in the Nordic region. On 18 January, the Danish king issued a letter to the Norwegian people, releasing them from their fealty to him. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attempted_coup_d'état_by_Hereditary_Prince_Christian_Frederik"><span id="Attempted_coup_d.27.C3.A9tat_by_Hereditary_Prince_Christian_Frederik"></span>Attempted coup d'état by Hereditary Prince Christian Frederik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Attempted coup d'état by Hereditary Prince Christian Frederik"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Already in Norway, the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroy</a> of Norway, Hereditary Prince <a href="/wiki/Christian_VIII_of_Denmark" title="Christian VIII of Denmark">Christian Frederik</a> resolved to preserve the integrity of the country, and if possible the union with Denmark, by taking the lead in a Norwegian insurrection. The king was informed of these plans in a secret letter of December 1813 and probably went along with them. But on the face of it, he adhered to the conditions of the Kiel Treaty by ordering Christian Frederik to surrender the border fortresses and return to Denmark. But Christian Frederik kept the contents of the letter to himself, ordering his troops to hold the fortresses. He decided to claim the throne of Norway as rightful heir, and to set up an independent government with himself at the head. On 30 January, he consulted several prominent Norwegian advisors, arguing that King Frederick had no legal right to relinquish his inheritance, asserting that he was the rightful king of Norway, and that Norway had a right to self-determination. His impromptu council agreed with him, setting the stage for an independence movement. </p><p>On 2 February the Norwegian public received the news that their country had been ceded to the King of Sweden. It caused a general indignation among most people, who disliked the idea of being subjected to Swedish rule, and enthusiastically endorsed the idea of national independence. The Swedish Crown Prince Bernadotte responded by threatening to send an army to occupy Norway, and to uphold the grain embargo, unless the country voluntarily complied with the provisions of the Kiel Treaty. In that case, he would call a constitutional convention. But for the time being, he was occupied with the concluding battles on the Continent, giving the Norwegians time to develop their plans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_independence_movement_grows_under_threat_of_war">The independence movement grows under threat of war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The independence movement grows under threat of war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_Frederik_J._L._Lund.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Christian_Frederik_J._L._Lund.jpg/170px-Christian_Frederik_J._L._Lund.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Christian_Frederik_J._L._Lund.jpg/255px-Christian_Frederik_J._L._Lund.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Christian_Frederik_J._L._Lund.jpg/340px-Christian_Frederik_J._L._Lund.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1558" data-file-height="2067" /></a><figcaption>Christian Frederik, hereditary prince of Denmark and Norway, King of Norway May–October 1814, and King of Denmark (as Christian VIII) 1839–48. Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Johan_Ludwig_Lund" title="Johan Ludwig Lund">Johan Ludwig Lund</a> 1813</figcaption></figure> <p>On 10 February, Christian Frederik invited prominent Norwegians to a meeting to be held at his friend <a href="/wiki/Carsten_Anker" title="Carsten Anker">Carsten Anker</a>'s estate at <a href="/wiki/Eidsvoll" title="Eidsvoll">Eidsvoll</a> to discuss the situation. He informed them of his intent to resist Swedish hegemony and claim the Norwegian crown as his inheritance. But at the emotional Eidsvoll session, his advisors convinced him that Norway's claim to independence should rather be based on the principle of self-determination, and that he should act as a regent for the time being. Back in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Christiania</a> on 19 February, Christian Frederik proclaimed himself regent of Norway. He ordered all congregations to meet on 25 February to swear loyalty to the cause of Norwegian independence and to elect delegates to a constitutional assembly to convene at Eidsvoll on 10 April. </p><p>The Swedish government immediately sent a mission to Christian Frederik, warning him that the insurrection was a violation of the Treaty of Kiel and put Norway at war with the allied powers. The consequences would be famine and bankruptcy. Christian Frederik sent letters through his personal network to governments throughout Europe, assuring them that he was not leading a Danish conspiracy to reverse the terms of the treaty of Kiel, and that his efforts reflected the Norwegian will for self-determination. He also sought a secret accommodation with <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>. </p><p>The Swedish delegation arrived in Christiania on 24 February. Christian Frederik refused to accept a proclamation from the Swedish king but insisted instead on reading his letter to the Norwegian people, proclaiming himself regent. The Swedes characterized his decisions as reckless and illegal, and returned to Sweden. The next day, church bells in Christiania rang for a full hour, and the city's citizens convened to swear fealty to Christian Frederik. </p><p>Carsten Anker was sent to London to negotiate recognition by the British government, with this instruction from the regent: "Our foremost need is peace with England. If, God forbid, our hope of English support is thwarted, you must make it clear to the minister what will be the consequences of leaving an undeserving people to misery. Our first obligation will then be the most bloody revenge upon Sweden and her friends; but you must never lose the hope that England will realize the unjustice that is being done to us, and voice it until the last moment – as well as our constant wish for peace." Anker's plea for support was firmly rejected by prime minister <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Lord Liverpool</a>, but he persisted in his mission to convince his contacts among British aristocrats and politicians of Norway's cause. He succeeded in introducing that cause in Parliament, where <a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Earl Grey</a> spoke for almost three hours in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> on 10 May. His arguments were also voiced in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> – after having fought for freedom in Europe for 22 years, the United Kingdom could not go on to support Sweden in her forced subjugation of a free people then under a foreign yoke. But the Treaty between Britain and Sweden could not be ignored: Sweden had helped the allies during the war, and promises had to be kept. Anker stayed on in London until fall, doggedly maintaining his efforts to awaken sympathy and support for Norwegian interests. </p><p>By early March, Christian Frederik had also organized a cabinet and five government departments, though he retained all decision-making authority himself. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_Frederik_meets_increasing_opposition">Christian Frederik meets increasing opposition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Christian Frederik meets increasing opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Johan_Caspar_Herman_Wedel-Jarlsberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Johan Caspar Herman Wedel-Jarlsberg">Count Wedel-Jarlsberg</a>, the most prominent member of the Norwegian nobility, had been in Denmark to organize food supplies for the starving population while Prince Christian Frederik staged his insurrection. On his return trip he took time off to see Count <a href="/wiki/Hans_Henrik_von_Essen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Henrik von Essen">Hans Henrik von Essen</a>, newly appointed Swedish governor-general of Norway. When he arrived in March, he warned the regent that he was playing a dangerous game, but was himself accused of colluding with Sweden. Public opinion was increasingly critical of the policy of the regent, who was suspected of maneuvering to bring Norway back under Danish sovereignty. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johan_Caspar_Herman_Wedel-Jarlsberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3c/Johan_Caspar_Herman_Wedel-Jarlsberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="210" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="210" /></a><figcaption>Count Johan Caspar Herman Wedel-Jarlsberg, who warned Christian Frederik</figcaption></figure> <p>On 9 March, the Swedish mission to Copenhagen demanded that Christian Frederik be disinherited from succession to the Danish throne and that European powers should go to war with Denmark unless he disassociated himself from the Norwegian independence movement. <a href="/wiki/Niels_Rosenkrantz" title="Niels Rosenkrantz">Niels Rosenkrantz</a>, the Danish foreign minister, responded to the Swedish demands by asserting that the Danish government in no way supported Norwegian independence, but that they could not vacate border posts they did not hold. The demand to disinherit Christian Frederik was not addressed. Swedish troops massed along the border, and there were daily rumors of an invasion. In several letters to von Essen, commander of the Swedish forces at Norway's borders, Bernadotte referred to Christian Frederik as a rebel and ordered that all Danish officials who did not return home were to be treated as outlaws. But the regent countered by confiscating all navy vessels stationed in Norway and arresting officers who were planning to sail them to Denmark. </p><p>On 1 April, King Frederick VI of Denmark sent a letter to Christian Frederik, asking him to give up his efforts and return to Denmark. The possibility of disinheriting the Crown Prince was mentioned. Christian Frederik rejected the overture, invoking Norway's right to self-determination as well as the possibility of reuniting Norway and Denmark in the future. A few days later, Christian Frederik warned off a meeting with the Danish foreign minister, pointing out that it would fuel speculation that the prince was motivated by Danish designs on Norway. </p><p>Although the European powers refused to acknowledge the Norwegian independence movement, there were signs by early April that they were not inclined to side with Sweden in an all-out confrontation. As the constitutional convention drew closer, the independence movement gained in strength. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_constitutional_convention">The constitutional convention</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The constitutional convention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Norwegian Constituent Assembly">Norwegian Constituent Assembly</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eidsvoll_riksraad_1814.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Eidsvoll_riksraad_1814.jpeg/220px-Eidsvoll_riksraad_1814.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Eidsvoll_riksraad_1814.jpeg/330px-Eidsvoll_riksraad_1814.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Eidsvoll_riksraad_1814.jpeg/440px-Eidsvoll_riksraad_1814.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3330" data-file-height="2234" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wergeland" title="Oscar Wergeland">Oscar Wergeland</a>: The Norwegian Constitutional Assembly in 1814</figcaption></figure> <p>On 10 April, the delegates convened at Eidsvoll. Seated on uncomfortable benches, the convention elected its officers in the presence of Christian Frederik on 11 April, before the debates began the next day. Two parties were soon formed, the "Independence party", variously known as the "Danish party" or "the Prince's party", and on the other hand, the "Union party", also known as the "Swedish party". All delegates agreed that independence would be the ideal solution, but they disagreed on what was feasible. </p> <ul><li>The Independence party had the majority and argued that the mandate was limited to formalizing Norway's independence based on the popular oath of fealty earlier that year. With Christian Frederik as regent, the relationship with Denmark would be negotiated within the context of Norwegian independence.</li> <li>The Union party, a minority of the delegates, believed that Norway would achieve a more independent status within a loose union with Sweden than as part of the Danish monarchy, and that the assembly should continue its work even after the constitution was complete.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_Magnus_Falsen_EM.01457_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Christian_Magnus_Falsen_EM.01457_crop.jpg/150px-Christian_Magnus_Falsen_EM.01457_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Christian_Magnus_Falsen_EM.01457_crop.jpg/225px-Christian_Magnus_Falsen_EM.01457_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Christian_Magnus_Falsen_EM.01457_crop.jpg/300px-Christian_Magnus_Falsen_EM.01457_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="1777" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christian_Magnus_Falsen" title="Christian Magnus Falsen">Christian Magnus Falsen</a>, at 32, was credited as being the constitution's father.</figcaption></figure> <p>The constitutional committee presented its proposals on 16 April, provoking a lively debate. The Independence party won the day with a majority of 78–33 to establish Norway as an independent monarchy. In the following days, mutual suspicion and distrust came to the surface within the convention. The delegates disagreed on whether to consider the sentiments of the European powers; some facts may have been withheld from them. </p><p>By 20 April, the principle of the people's right to self-determination articulated by <a href="/wiki/Christian_Magnus_Falsen" title="Christian Magnus Falsen">Christian Magnus Falsen</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunder_Adler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gunder Adler (page does not exist)">Gunder Adler</a> had been established as the basis of the constitution. The first draft of the constitution was signed by the drafting committee on 1 May. Key precepts of the constitution included the assurance of individual freedom, the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">right to property</a>, and equality. </p><p>Following a contentious debate on 4 May, the assembly decided that Norway would adhere to the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> faith, that its monarch must always have professed himself to this faith (thereby prevent the Catholic-born Bernadotte from being king) and that <a href="/wiki/Jew_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew clause">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_clause" title="Jesuit clause">Jesuits would be barred</a> from entering the kingdom. But the Independence party lost another battle when the assembly voted 98 to 11 to allow the monarch to reign over another country with the assent of two-thirds of the legislative assembly. </p><p>Although the final edict of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Norway" title="Constitution of Norway">constitution</a> was signed on 18 May, the unanimous election of Christian Frederik on 17 May is considered <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Constitution_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Constitution Day">Constitution Day</a> in Norway. The election was unanimous, but several of the delegates had asked that it be postponed until the political situation had stabilized. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Search_for_domestic_and_international_legitimacy">Search for domestic and international legitimacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Search for domestic and international legitimacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CarlXIVJohnSweden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/CarlXIVJohnSweden.jpg/170px-CarlXIVJohnSweden.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/CarlXIVJohnSweden.jpg/255px-CarlXIVJohnSweden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/CarlXIVJohnSweden.jpg/340px-CarlXIVJohnSweden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Swedish Crown Prince Charles John (Bernadotte), who staunchly opposed Norwegian independence, only to offer generous terms of a union</figcaption></figure> <p>On 22 May, the newly elected king made a triumphant entrance into Christiania. The guns of <a href="/wiki/Akershus_Fortress" title="Akershus Fortress">Akershus Fortress</a> sounded the royal salute, and a celebratory service was held in the <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Cathedral" title="Oslo Cathedral">Cathedral</a>. There was continuing concern about the international climate, and the government decided to send two of the delegates from the constitutional assembly to join Carsten Anker in England to plead Norway's case. The first council of state convened, and established the nation's supreme court. </p><p>On 5 June, the British emissary <a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Morier" title="John Philip Morier">John Philip Morier</a> arrived in Christiania on what appeared to be an unofficial visit. He accepted the hospitality of one of Christian Frederik's ministers and agreed to meet with the king himself informally, stressing that nothing he did should be construed as a recognition of Norwegian independence. It was rumored that Morier wanted Bernadotte deposed and exiled to the Danish island of <a href="/wiki/Bornholm" title="Bornholm">Bornholm</a>. The king asked the United Kingdom to mediate between Norway and Sweden, but Morier never deviated from the official British government position of rejecting an independent Norway. He stated that Norway should subject itself to a Swedish union, and also that his government's position be printed in all Norwegian newspapers. On 10 June, the Norwegian army was mobilized and arms and ammunitions distributed. </p><p>On 16 June, Carsten Anker wrote to Christian Frederik about his recent discussions with a high-ranking <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> diplomat. He learned that Prussia and <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> were waning in their support of Sweden's claims to Norway, that Tsar <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a> (a distant cousin of Christian Frederik) favored a Swedish-Norwegian union but without Bernadotte as king, and that the United Kingdom was looking for a solution that would keep Norway out of Russia's sphere of influence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prelude_to_war">Prelude to war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Prelude to war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 26 June, emissaries from Russia, Prussia, Austria, and the United Kingdom arrived in <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4nersborg" title="Vänersborg">Vänersborg</a> in Sweden to persuade Christian Frederik to comply with the provisions of the Treaty of Kiel. There they conferred with von Essen, who told them that 65,000 Swedish troops were ready to invade Norway. On 30 June the emissaries arrived in Christiania, where they turned down Christian Frederik's hospitality. Meeting with the Norwegian council of state the following day, the Russian emissary Orlov put the choice to those present: Norway could subject itself to the Swedish crown or face war with the rest of Europe. When Christian Frederik argued that the Norwegian people had a right to determine their own destiny, the Austrian emissary <a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Ernst_Steigentesch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="August Ernst Steigentesch (page does not exist)">August Ernst Steigentesch</a> made the famous comment: "The people? What do they have to say against the will of their rulers? That would be to put the world on its head." </p><p>In the course of the negotiations Christian Frederik offered to relinquish the throne and return to Denmark, provided the Norwegians had a say in their future through an extraordinary session of the Storting. However he refused to surrender the Norwegian border forts to Swedish troops. The four-power delegation rejected Christian Frederik's proposal that Norway's constitution form the basis for negotiations about a union with Sweden but promised to put the proposal to the Swedish king for consideration. </p><p>On 20 July, Bernadotte sent a letter to his "cousin" Christian Frederik, accusing him of court intrigues and foolhardy adventurism. Two days later he met with the delegation that had been in Norway. They encouraged him to consider Christian Frederik's proposed terms for a union with Sweden, but the Crown Prince was outraged. He reiterated his ultimatum that Christian Frederik either relinquish all rights to the throne and abandon the border posts or face war. On 27 July, a Swedish fleet took over the islands of <a href="/wiki/Hvaler" title="Hvaler">Hvaler</a>, effectively putting Sweden at war with Norway. The following day, Christian Frederik rejected the Swedish ultimatum, saying that surrender would constitute treason against the people. On 29 July, Swedish forces invaded Norway. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_short_war_with_two_winners">A short war with two winners</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: A short war with two winners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Swedish-Norwegian_War_(1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish-Norwegian War (1814)">Swedish-Norwegian War (1814)</a></div> <p>Swedish forces met little resistance as they advanced northward into Norway, bypassing the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Fredriksten" title="Fredriksten">Fredriksten</a>. The first hostilities were short and ended with decisive victories for Sweden. By 4 August, the fortified city of <a href="/wiki/Fredrikstad" title="Fredrikstad">Fredrikstad</a> surrendered. Christian Frederik ordered a retreat to the <a href="/wiki/Glomma" title="Glomma">Glomma</a> river. The Swedish Army, in trying to intercept the retreat, was stopped at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Langnes" title="Battle of Langnes">battle of Langnes</a>, an important tactical victory for the Norwegians. The Swedish assaults from the east were effectively resisted near <a href="/wiki/Kongsvinger" title="Kongsvinger">Kongsvinger</a>. </p><p>On 3 August Christian Frederik announced his political will in a cabinet meeting in <a href="/wiki/Moss,_Norway" title="Moss, Norway">Moss</a>. On 7 August, a delegation from Bernadotte arrived at the Norwegian military headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Spydeberg" title="Spydeberg">Spydeberg</a> with a ceasefire offer based on the promise of a union with respect for the Norwegian constitution. The following day, Christian Frederik expressed himself in favor of the terms, allowing Swedish troops to remain in positions east of Glomma. Hostilities broke out at Glomma, resulting in casualties, but the Norwegian forces were ordered to retreat. Peace negotiations with Swedish envoys began in Moss on 10 August. On 14 August, the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Moss" title="Convention of Moss">Convention of Moss</a> was concluded: a general ceasefire based effectively on terms of peace. </p><p>Christian Frederik succeeded in excluding from the text any indication that Norway had recognized the Treaty of Kiel, and Sweden accepted that it was not to be considered a premise of a future union between the two states. Understanding the advantage of avoiding a costly war, and of letting Norway enter into a union voluntarily instead of being annexed as a conquered territory, Bernadotte offered favorable peace terms. He promised to recognize the Norwegian Constitution, with only those amendments that were necessary to enable a union of the two countries. Christian Frederik agreed to call an extraordinary session of the Storting in September or October. He would then have to transfer his powers to the elected representatives of the people, who would negotiate the terms of the union with Sweden, and finally he would relinquish all claims to the Norwegian throne and leave the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="An_uneasy_cease-fire">An uneasy cease-fire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: An uneasy cease-fire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The news hit the Norwegian public hard, and reactions included anger at the "cowardice" and "treason" of the military commanders, despair over the prospects of Norwegian independence, and confusion about the country's options. Christian Frederik confirmed his willingness to abdicate the throne for "reasons of health", leaving his authority with the state council as agreed in a secret protocol at Moss. In a letter dated 28 August he ordered the council to accept orders from the "highest authority", implicitly referring to the Swedish king. Two days later, the Swedish king proclaimed himself the ruler of both Sweden and Norway. </p><p>On 3 September the British announced that the naval blockade of Norway was lifted. Postal service between Norway and Sweden was resumed. The Swedish general in the occupied border regions of Norway, <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Fredrik_Ferdinand_Bj%C3%B6rnstjerna" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus Fredrik Ferdinand Björnstjerna">Magnus Fredrik Ferdinand Björnstjerna</a>, threatened to resume hostilities if the Norwegians would not abide by the armistice agreement and willingly accept the union with Sweden. Christian Frederik was reputed to have fallen into a deep depression and was variously blamed for the battleground defeats. </p><p>In late September, a dispute arose between Swedish authorities and the Norwegian council of state over the distribution of grain among the poor in Christiania. The grain was intended as a gift from the "Norwegian" king to his new subjects, but it became a matter of principle for the Norwegian council to avoid the appearance that Norway had a new king until the transition was formalized. Björnstjerna sent several missives threatening to resume hostilities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fulfilling_the_conditions_of_the_Convention_of_Moss">Fulfilling the conditions of the Convention of Moss</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Fulfilling the conditions of the Convention of Moss"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early October, Norwegians again refused to accept a shipment of corn from Bernadotte, and Norwegian merchants instead took up loans to purchase food and other necessities from Denmark. However, by early October, it was generally accepted that the union with Sweden was inevitable. On 7 October, an extraordinary session of the <a href="/wiki/Storting" title="Storting">Storting</a> convened. Delegates from areas occupied by Sweden in <a href="/wiki/%C3%98stfold" title="Østfold">Østfold</a> were admitted only after submitting assurances that they had no loyalty to the Swedish authorities. On 10 October, Christian Frederik abdicated according to the conditions agreed on at Moss and embarked for Denmark. Executive powers were provisionally assigned to the Storting, until the necessary amendments to the Constitution could be enacted. </p><p>One day before the cease-fire would expire, the Storting voted 72 to 5 to join Sweden in a personal union, but a motion to elect <a href="/wiki/Charles_XIII_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles XIII of Sweden">Charles XIII</a> king of Norway failed to pass. The issue was set aside pending the necessary constitutional amendments. In the following days, the Storting passed several resolutions to assert as much sovereignty as possible within the union. On 1 November they voted 52 to 25 that Norway would not appoint its own consuls, a decision that later would have serious consequences. The Storting adopted the constitutional amendments that were required to allow for the union on 4 November and unanimously <i>elected</i> Charles XIII King of Norway, rather than acknowledging him as such. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Union">The Union</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norge_og_Sverige_1847_copy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Norge_og_Sverige_1847_copy.jpg/220px-Norge_og_Sverige_1847_copy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Norge_og_Sverige_1847_copy.jpg/330px-Norge_og_Sverige_1847_copy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Norge_og_Sverige_1847_copy.jpg/440px-Norge_og_Sverige_1847_copy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1404" data-file-height="1911" /></a><figcaption>Map of Norway and Sweden in 1847, by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Andreas_Munch" title="Peter Andreas Munch">Peter Andreas Munch</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The new king never set foot in his Norwegian kingdom, but his adopted heir <a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles XIV John of Sweden">Charles John</a> arrived in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Christiania</a> on 18 November 1814. In his meeting with the Storting, he accepted the election and swore to uphold the constitution on behalf of the king. In his speech, the crown prince emphasized that the Union was a league that the king had entered into with the people of Norway, and that "he had chosen to take on the obligations that were of greater value to his heart, those that expressed the love of the people, rather than the privileges that were acquired through solemn treaties." His renouncement of the treaty of Kiel as the legal basis for the Union was endorsed by the Swedish <a href="/wiki/Riksdag_of_the_Estates" title="Riksdag of the Estates">Riksdag of the Estates</a> in the preamble to the Act of Union on 15 August 1815. In order to understand the nature of the Union, it is necessary to know the historical events that led to its establishment. These demonstrate clearly that Sweden, aided by the major powers, forced Norway to enter the Union. On the other hand, Norway, aided by the same powers, essentially dictated the terms of the Union. </p><p>Seeds of discord were of course inherent in a constitutional association of two parties based on such conflicting calculations. Sweden saw the Union as the realization of an idea that had been nursed for centuries, one that had been strengthened by the recent loss of Finland. It was hoped that with time, the reluctant Norwegians would accept a closer relationship. The Norwegians, however, as the weaker party, demanded strict adherence to the conditions that had been agreed on, and jealously guarded the consistent observance of all details that confirmed the equality between the two states.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An important feature of the Union was that Norway had a more democratic constitution than Sweden. The Norwegian constitution of 1814 adhered more strictly to the principle of <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judicial</a> branches. Norway had a modified unicameral legislature with more authority than any other legislature in Europe. In contrast, Sweden's king was a near-autocrat; the 1809 Instrument of Government stated unequivocally that "the king alone shall govern the realm." More (male) citizens in Norway (around 40%) had the right to vote than in the socially more stratified Sweden. During the early years of the Union, an influential class of civil servants dominated Norwegian politics; however, they were few in number, and could easily lose their grip if the new electors chose to take advantage of their numerical superiority by electing members from the lower social strata. To preserve their hegemony, civil servants formed an alliance with prosperous farmers in the regions. A policy conducive to agriculture and rural interests secured the loyalty of farmers. But with the constitutional provision that <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">2</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> of the members of parliament were to be elected from rural districts, more farmers would eventually be elected, thus portending a potential fracture in the alliance. Legislation that encouraged popular participation in local government culminated with the introduction of local self-government in 1837, creating the 373 rural <i><a href="/wiki/Formannskapsdistrikt" title="Formannskapsdistrikt">Formannskapsdistrikt</a></i>, corresponding to the parishes of the State <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Norway" title="Church of Norway">Church of Norway</a>. Popular participation in government gave more citizens administrative and political experience, and they would eventually promote their own causes, often in opposition to the class of civil servants.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The increasing democratization of Norway would in time tend to drive the political systems of Norway and Sweden farther apart, complicate the cooperation between the two countries, and ultimately lead to the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_union_between_Norway_and_Sweden" title="Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden">dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden</a>. For instance, while the king had the power of absolute veto in Sweden, he only had a suspending veto in Norway. Charles John demanded that the Storting grant him an absolute veto, but was forced to back down. While the constitution vested executive power in the King, in practice it came increasingly to rest in his <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">Council of State</a> (statsråd). A watershed in this process came in 1884, when Norway became the first Scandinavian monarchy to adopt <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary rule</a>. After 1884, the king was no longer able to appoint a government entirely of his own choosing or keep it in office against the will of the Storting. Instead, he could only appoint members of the party or coalition having a majority in the Storting. The council also became answerable to the Storting, so that a failed vote of confidence would cause the government to resign. By comparison, parliamentary rule was not established in Sweden until 1905—just before the end of the union. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Act_of_Union">The Act of Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The Act of Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Riksakten" title="Riksakten">Riksakten</a></div> <p>The lack of a common constitutional foundation for the Union was felt strongly by crown prince Charles John during its first year. The fundamental documents were only the Convention of Moss and the revised Norwegian constitution of 4 November 1814. But the conservative Swedish Riksdag had not allowed the Swedish constitution to be revised. Therefore, a bilateral treaty had to be negotiated in order to clarify procedures for treating constitutional questions that had to be decided jointly by both governments. The Act of Union (<i>Riksakten</i>) was negotiated during the spring of 1815, with prime minister Peder Anker leading the Norwegian delegation. The treaty contained twelve articles dealing with the king's authority, the relationship between the two legislatures, how the executive power was to be exercised if the king should die before the crown prince had attained majority, and the relationship between the cabinets. It also confirmed the practice of treating questions of foreign policy in the Swedish cabinet, with the Norwegian prime minister present. Vital questions pertaining to the Union were to be treated in a joint cabinet meeting, where all the Norwegian ministers in Stockholm would be present. The Act was passed by the Storting 31 July 1815 and by the Riksdag 6 August, and sanctioned by the king on 15 August. In Sweden the Act of Union was a set of provisions under regular law, but the Norwegian Storting gave it constitutional status, so that its provisions could only be revised according to the procedures laid down in the constitution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Union_in_practice">The Union in practice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: The Union in practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The conditions of the Union as laid down in the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Moss" title="Convention of Moss">Convention of Moss</a>, the revised Norwegian constitution, and the Act of Union, secured for Norway more independence than was intended in the Treaty of Kiel. To all appearances, Norway had entered the Union voluntarily and steadfastly denied Swedish superiority, while many Swedes saw Norway as an inferior partner and a prize of war. </p><p>Legally, Norway had the status of an independent constitutional monarchy, with more internal independence than it had enjoyed in over 400 years. While it shared a common monarch and a common foreign policy with Sweden, all other ministries and government institutions were separate from each state. Norway had its own army, navy and treasury. The foreign service was directly subordinate to the king, an arrangement that was embodied already in the Norwegian constitution of 17 May 1814, before the revision of 4 November. An unforeseen effect was that foreign policy was decided in the Swedish cabinet and conducted by the Swedish ministry of foreign affairs. When matters of foreign policy were discussed in cabinet meetings, the only Norwegian present who could plead Norway's case was the prime minister. The Swedish Riksdag could indirectly influence foreign policy, but not the Norwegian Storting. Because the representations abroad were appointed by the Swedish government and mostly staffed with Swedes, the Union was often seen by foreigners as functioning like a single state rather than two sovereign states. Over time, however, it became less common to refer to the union as "Sweden" and instead to jointly reference it as "Sweden and Norway". </p><p>According to the Norwegian constitution, the king was to appoint his own cabinet. Because the king mostly resided in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, a section of the cabinet led by the <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">prime minister</a> had to be present there, accompanied by two ministers. The first prime minister was <a href="/wiki/Peder_Anker" title="Peder Anker">Peder Anker</a>, who had been prominent among the Norwegians who framed the constitution, and had openly declared himself to be in favor of the Union. The Norwegian government acquired a town house, <i>Pechlinska huset</i>, as the residence of the cabinet section in Stockholm, which also served as an informal "embassy" of Norway. The other six Christiania-based ministers were in charge of their respective government departments. In the king's absence, meetings of the Christiania cabinet were chaired by the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroy</a> (<i>stattholder</i>), appointed by the king as his representative. The first to hold that office was count <a href="/wiki/Hans_Henrik_von_Essen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Henrik von Essen">Hans Henrik von Essen</a>, who had already at the conclusion of the Kiel treaty been appointed governor-general of Norway when the expected Swedish occupation would be effective.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next viceroys were also Swedes, and this consistent policy during the first 15 years of the Union was resented in Norway. From 1829 onwards, the viceroys were Norwegians, until the office was left vacant after 1856, and finally abolished in 1873. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amalgamation_or_separation">Amalgamation or separation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Amalgamation or separation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_XIV_Johan,_king_of_Sweden_and_Norway,_painted_by_Fredric_Westin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Karl_XIV_Johan%2C_king_of_Sweden_and_Norway%2C_painted_by_Fredric_Westin.jpg/170px-Karl_XIV_Johan%2C_king_of_Sweden_and_Norway%2C_painted_by_Fredric_Westin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Karl_XIV_Johan%2C_king_of_Sweden_and_Norway%2C_painted_by_Fredric_Westin.jpg/255px-Karl_XIV_Johan%2C_king_of_Sweden_and_Norway%2C_painted_by_Fredric_Westin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Karl_XIV_Johan%2C_king_of_Sweden_and_Norway%2C_painted_by_Fredric_Westin.jpg/340px-Karl_XIV_Johan%2C_king_of_Sweden_and_Norway%2C_painted_by_Fredric_Westin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3248" data-file-height="4485" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles XIV John of Sweden">Charles XIV John</a> (Charles III John in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>). Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Fredric_Westin" title="Fredric Westin">Fredric Westin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the accession of Charles John in 1818, he tried to bring the two countries closer together and to strengthen the executive power. These efforts were mostly resisted by the Norwegian Storting. In 1821, the king proposed constitutional amendments that would give him absolute <a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">veto</a>, widened authority over his ministers, the right to rule by decree, and extended control over the Storting. A further provocation was his efforts to establish a new hereditary nobility in Norway. He put pressure on the Storting by arranging military maneuvers close to Christiania while it was in session. Nonetheless, all of his propositions were given thorough consideration, and then rejected. They were received just as negatively by the next Storting in 1824, and then shelved, save for the question of an extended veto. That demand was repeatedly put before every Storting during the king's lifetime to no avail. </p><p>The most controversial political issue during the early reign of Charles John was the question of how to settle the national debt of Denmark-Norway. The impoverished Norwegian state tried to defer or reduce the payment of 3 million <a href="/wiki/Speciedaler" class="mw-redirect" title="Speciedaler">speciedaler</a> to Denmark, the amount that had been agreed upon. This led to a bitter conflict between the king and the Norwegian government. Though the debt was finally paid by means of a foreign loan, the disagreement that it had provoked led to the resignation of count Wedel-Jarlsberg as minister of finance in 1821. His father-in-law, prime minister Peder Anker, resigned soon after because he felt that he was distrusted by the king. </p><p>The answer from Norwegian politicians to all royal advances was a strict adherence to a policy of <i>constitutional conservatism</i>, consistently opposing amendments that would extend royal power or lead to closer ties and eventual <i>amalgamation</i> with Sweden, instead favoring <a href="/wiki/Regional_autonomy" title="Regional autonomy">regional autonomy</a>. </p><p>The differences and distrust of these early years gradually became less pronounced, and Charles John's increasingly accommodating attitude made him more popular. After riots in Stockholm in the fall of 1838, the king found Christiania more convivial, and while there, he agreed to several demands. In a joint meeting of the Swedish and Norwegian cabinets on 30 January 1839, a Union committee with four members from each country was appointed to solve contested questions between them. When the Storting of 1839 convened in his presence, he was received with great affection by the politicians and the public. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_symbols">National symbols</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: National symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Union_mark_of_Norway_and_Sweden" title="Union mark of Norway and Sweden">Union mark of Norway and Sweden</a></div> <p>Another bone of contention was the question of national symbols – <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Norway" title="Flag of Norway">flags</a>, coats of arms, royal titles, and the celebration of 17 May as the national day. Charles John strongly opposed the public commemoration of the May constitution, which he suspected of being a celebration of the election of Christian Frederik. Instead, but unsuccessfully, he encouraged the celebration of the revised constitution of 4 November, which was also the day when the Union was established. This conflict culminated with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Square" title="Battle of the Square">Battle of the Square</a> (torvslaget) in Christiania on 17 May 1829, when peaceful celebrations escalated into demonstrations, and the chief of police read the Riot Act and ordered the crowd to disperse. Finally, army and cavalry units were called in to restore order with some violence. The public outcry over this provocation was so great that the king had to acquiesce to the celebration of the national day from then on. </p><p>Soon after the Treaty of Kiel, Sweden had included the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Norway" title="Coat of arms of Norway">Coat of arms of Norway</a> in the greater <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Sweden" title="Coat of arms of Sweden">Coat of arms of Sweden</a>. Norwegians considered it offensive that it was also displayed on Swedish coins and government documents, as if Norway was an integral part of Sweden. They also resented the fact that the king's title on Norwegian coins until 1819 was <i>king of Sweden and Norway</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of these questions were resolved after the accession of King <a href="/wiki/Oscar_I_of_Sweden" title="Oscar I of Sweden">Oscar I</a> in 1844. He immediately began to use the title <i>king of Norway and Sweden</i> in all documents relating to Norwegian matters. The proposals of a joint committee with regard to flags and arm were enacted for both countries. A union mark was placed in the <a href="/wiki/Canton_(flag)" title="Canton (flag)">canton</a> of all flags in both nations, combining the flag colours of both countries, equally distributed. The two countries obtained separate, but parallel flag systems, clearly manifesting their equality. Norwegians were pleased to find the former common war flag and naval ensign replaced by separate flags. The Norwegian arms were removed from the greater arms of Sweden, and common Union and royal arms were created to be used exclusively by the royal family, by the foreign service, and on documents pertaining to both countries. A significant detail of the Union arms is that <i>two</i> royal crowns were placed above the <a href="/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)" title="Escutcheon (heraldry)">escutcheon</a> to show that it was a union between two sovereign kingdoms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flags">Flags</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Flags"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="State flag of Sweden (pre-1814–1815)"><img alt="State flag of Sweden (pre-1814–1815)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/120px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/180px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/240px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">State flag of Sweden (pre-1814–1815)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Norway_(1814).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Norway (1814–1821)"><img alt="Flag of Norway (1814–1821)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Norway_%281814%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Norway_%281814%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Norway_%281814%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Norway_%281814%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Norway_%281814%29.svg/240px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Norway_%281814%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag of Norway (1814–1821)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Swedish_and_Norwegian_merchant_flag_1818-1844.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Sweden and Norway (1818–1844)"><img alt="Flag of Sweden and Norway (1818–1844)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Swedish_and_Norwegian_merchant_flag_1818-1844.svg/120px-Swedish_and_Norwegian_merchant_flag_1818-1844.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Swedish_and_Norwegian_merchant_flag_1818-1844.svg/180px-Swedish_and_Norwegian_merchant_flag_1818-1844.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Swedish_and_Norwegian_merchant_flag_1818-1844.svg/240px-Swedish_and_Norwegian_merchant_flag_1818-1844.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag of Sweden and Norway (1818–1844)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ensign_of_Sweden_and_Norway_(1815%E2%80%931844).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="State flag and naval ensign of Sweden and Norway (1815–1844)"><img alt="State flag and naval ensign of Sweden and Norway (1815–1844)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ensign_of_Sweden_and_Norway_%281815%E2%80%931844%29.svg/120px-Ensign_of_Sweden_and_Norway_%281815%E2%80%931844%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ensign_of_Sweden_and_Norway_%281815%E2%80%931844%29.svg/180px-Ensign_of_Sweden_and_Norway_%281815%E2%80%931844%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ensign_of_Sweden_and_Norway_%281815%E2%80%931844%29.svg/240px-Ensign_of_Sweden_and_Norway_%281815%E2%80%931844%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="925" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">State flag and naval ensign of Sweden and Norway (1815–1844)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jack_of_Sweden_and_Norway_(1844%E2%80%931905).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Union naval jack and diplomatic flag (1844–1905)"><img alt="Union naval jack and diplomatic flag (1844–1905)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Jack_of_Sweden_and_Norway_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg/120px-Jack_of_Sweden_and_Norway_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Jack_of_Sweden_and_Norway_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg/180px-Jack_of_Sweden_and_Norway_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Jack_of_Sweden_and_Norway_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg/240px-Jack_of_Sweden_and_Norway_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Union <a href="/wiki/Naval_jack" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval jack">naval jack</a> and diplomatic flag (1844–1905)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Swedish_civil_ensign_(1844%E2%80%931905).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Sweden (1844–1905)"><img alt="Flag of Sweden (1844–1905)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg/120px-Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg/180px-Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg/240px-Swedish_civil_ensign_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag of Sweden (1844–1905)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Norway_(1821%E2%80%931844).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Norway (1821–1844)"><img alt="Flag of Norway (1821–1844)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_Norway_%281821%E2%80%931844%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Norway_%281821%E2%80%931844%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_Norway_%281821%E2%80%931844%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_Norway_%281821%E2%80%931844%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_Norway_%281821%E2%80%931844%29.svg/240px-Flag_of_Norway_%281821%E2%80%931844%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag of Norway (1821–1844)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Norway (1844–1899)"><img alt="Flag of Norway (1844–1899)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg/120px-Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg/180px-Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg/240px-Norge-Unionsflagg-1844.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag of Norway (1844–1899)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Norway.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Norway (1899–present)"><img alt="Flag of Norway (1899–present)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/120px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/180px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/240px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag of Norway (1899–present)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden_(1844-1905).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="State flag and naval ensign of Sweden (1844–1905)"><img alt="State flag and naval ensign of Sweden (1844–1905)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden_%281844-1905%29.svg/120px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden_%281844-1905%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden_%281844-1905%29.svg/180px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden_%281844-1905%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden_%281844-1905%29.svg/240px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden_%281844-1905%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">State flag and naval ensign of Sweden (1844–1905)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_Ensign_of_Norway_(1844-1905).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Naval ensign of Norway (1844–1905) and state flag (1844–1899)"><img alt="Naval ensign of Norway (1844–1905) and state flag (1844–1899)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Naval_Ensign_of_Norway_%281844-1905%29.svg/120px-Naval_Ensign_of_Norway_%281844-1905%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Naval_Ensign_of_Norway_%281844-1905%29.svg/180px-Naval_Ensign_of_Norway_%281844-1905%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Naval_Ensign_of_Norway_%281844-1905%29.svg/240px-Naval_Ensign_of_Norway_%281844-1905%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Naval ensign of Norway (1844–1905) and state flag (1844–1899)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Norway,_state.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="State flag of Norway (1899–present)"><img alt="State flag of Norway (1899–present)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Norway%2C_state.svg/120px-Flag_of_Norway%2C_state.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Norway%2C_state.svg/180px-Flag_of_Norway%2C_state.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Norway%2C_state.svg/240px-Flag_of_Norway%2C_state.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">State flag of Norway (1899–present)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Standard_of_Sweden_(1844%E2%80%931905).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal standard in Sweden (1844–1905)"><img alt="Royal standard in Sweden (1844–1905)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Royal_Standard_of_Sweden_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg/120px-Royal_Standard_of_Sweden_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Royal_Standard_of_Sweden_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg/180px-Royal_Standard_of_Sweden_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Royal_Standard_of_Sweden_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg/240px-Royal_Standard_of_Sweden_%281844%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Royal standard in Sweden (1844–1905)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Standard_of_Norway_(1844-1905).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal standard in Norway (1844–1905)"><img alt="Royal standard in Norway (1844–1905)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Royal_Standard_of_Norway_%281844-1905%29.svg/120px-Royal_Standard_of_Norway_%281844-1905%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Royal_Standard_of_Norway_%281844-1905%29.svg/180px-Royal_Standard_of_Norway_%281844-1905%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Royal_Standard_of_Norway_%281844-1905%29.svg/240px-Royal_Standard_of_Norway_%281844-1905%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Royal standard in Norway (1844–1905)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Heraldry">Heraldry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Heraldry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway_1814-1844.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal Swedish coat of arms (1814–1844)"><img alt="Royal Swedish coat of arms (1814–1844)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway_1814-1844.svg/103px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway_1814-1844.svg.png" decoding="async" width="103" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway_1814-1844.svg/154px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway_1814-1844.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway_1814-1844.svg/206px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway_1814-1844.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="993" data-file-height="1159" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Royal Swedish coat of arms (1814–1844)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Union and royal coat of arms (1844–1905)"><img alt="Union and royal coat of arms (1844–1905)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway.svg/104px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="104" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway.svg/157px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway.svg/209px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="1135" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Union and royal coat of arms (1844–1905)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zenith_of_the_Union,_1844–1860"><span id="Zenith_of_the_Union.2C_1844.E2.80.931860"></span>Zenith of the Union, 1844–1860</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Zenith of the Union, 1844–1860"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The middle years of the 19th century were peaceful ones for the Union. All the symbolic questions had been settled, Norway had obtained more influence on foreign policy, the office of viceroy or governor was kept vacant or filled by Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Severin_L%C3%B8venskiold" title="Severin Løvenskiold">Severin Løvenskiold</a>, and trade between the countries prospered from treaties (<i>mellomriksloven</i>) that promoted free trade and effectively abolished protective tariff walls. The completion of the <a href="/wiki/Kongsvinger_Line" title="Kongsvinger Line">Kongsvinger Line</a>, the first railway connection across the border, greatly sped up communications. A political climate of conciliation was advanced by Swedish concessions on the issue of equality between the countries. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skandinavism.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Skandinavism.jpg/220px-Skandinavism.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Skandinavism.jpg/330px-Skandinavism.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Skandinavism.jpg/440px-Skandinavism.jpg 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Poster promoting Scandinavism between Norway, Sweden, and Denmark</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Scandinavism" title="Scandinavism">Scandinavism</a> was at its height during this period and contributed to increasing rapprochement between the Union partners. It supported the idea of <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> as a unified region or a single nation, based on the common linguistic, political, and cultural heritage of the Scandinavian countries. (These three countries are referred to as "three brothers" in the sixth stanza of the <a href="/wiki/Ja,_vi_elsker_dette_landet" title="Ja, vi elsker dette landet">national anthem of Norway</a>.) This elite movement was initiated by Danish and Swedish university students in the 1840s. In the beginning, the political establishments in the two countries were suspicious of the movement. However, when <a href="/wiki/Oscar_I_of_Sweden" title="Oscar I of Sweden">Oscar I</a> became king of Sweden and Norway in 1844, the relationship with Denmark improved and the movement started to gain support. Norwegian students joined in 1845 and participated in annual meetings alternating between the countries. During the war between Denmark and Prussia in 1848, King Oscar offered support in the form of a Norwegian-Swedish expeditionary force, though the force never saw combat. The movement received a blow from which it never fully recovered after the second <a href="/wiki/Second_War_of_Schleswig" class="mw-redirect" title="Second War of Schleswig">Danish-German war</a> over <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Schleswig" title="Duchy of Schleswig">Schleswig</a> in 1864, when the Swedish and Norwegian governments jointly forced King <a href="/wiki/Charles_XV" title="Charles XV">Charles XV</a> to retract the promise of military support that he had given to the king of Denmark without consulting his cabinets.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By then, the Union had lost its support among Norwegians because of the setback caused by the issue of abolishing the office of viceroy. King Charles XV was in favor of this Norwegian demand, and after his accession in 1859 promised his Norwegian cabinet that he would sanction a decision of the Storting to this effect. The proposition to do away with this detested symbol of dependency and instead replace it with the office of a prime minister in Christiania was nearly unanimously carried. When the king returned to Stockholm, he was met by an unsuspectedly strong reaction from the Swedish nationalist press. <i><a href="/wiki/Nya_Dagligt_Allehanda" title="Nya Dagligt Allehanda">Nya Dagligt Allehanda</a></i> cried out that Norway had strayed from the path of lawfulness and turned toward revolution. The Riksdag demanded to have its say on the question. The crux of the matter was whether it was purely Norwegian or of concern to both countries. The conservative Swedish majority proclaimed Sweden's "rightful superior position in the Union". King Charles was forced to retreat when the Swedish cabinet threatened to resign. He chose not to sanction the law, but as a concession to wounded Norwegian sentiments, he did it anyway in a Norwegian cabinet meeting. But his actions had inadvertently confirmed that he was more Swedish than Norwegian, despite his good intentions. </p><p>On 24 April 1860, the Norwegian Storting reacted to the Swedish claim to supremacy by unanimously resolving that the Norwegian state had the sole right to amend its own constitution, and that any revision of the conditions of the Union had to be based on the principle of complete equality. This resolution would for many years block any attempts to revise the Act of Union. A new joint committee was appointed in 1866, but its proposals were rejected in 1871 because it did not provide for equal influence on foreign policy, and would pave the way for a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federal state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude_to_dissolution">Prelude to dissolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Prelude to dissolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Oscar_II_of_Sweden_in_uniform.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/King_Oscar_II_of_Sweden_in_uniform.png/170px-King_Oscar_II_of_Sweden_in_uniform.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/King_Oscar_II_of_Sweden_in_uniform.png/255px-King_Oscar_II_of_Sweden_in_uniform.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/King_Oscar_II_of_Sweden_in_uniform.png/340px-King_Oscar_II_of_Sweden_in_uniform.png 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="821" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Oscar_II_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscar II of Sweden">Oscar II</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The relations with Norway during the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Oscar_II_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscar II of Sweden">Oscar II</a> (1872–1907) had great influence on political life in Sweden, and more than once it seemed as if the union between the two countries was on the point of ending. The dissensions chiefly had their origin in the demand by Norway for separate consuls and eventually a separate foreign service. Norway had, according to the revised constitution of 1814, the right to separate consular offices, but had not exercised that right partly for financial reasons, partly because the consuls appointed by the Swedish foreign office generally did a satisfactory job of representing Norway. During the late 19th century, however, Norway's merchant marine grew rapidly to become one of the world's largest, and one of the most important factors of the national economy. It was increasingly felt that Norway needed separate consuls who could assist shipping and national interests abroad. Partly, the demand for separate consuls also became a symbolic one, a way to assert the growing disillusionment with the Union. </p><p>In Norway, dissension on constitutional questions led to the <i>de facto</i> adoption of <a href="/wiki/Parliamentarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentarism">parliamentarism</a> in 1884, after an impeachment process against the conservative cabinet of <a href="/wiki/Christian_August_Selmer" title="Christian August Selmer">Christian August Selmer</a>. The cabinet was accused of assisting the king in obstructing reform by veto. The new liberal government of <a href="/wiki/Johan_Sverdrup" title="Johan Sverdrup">Johan Sverdrup</a> was reluctantly installed by King Oscar. It immediately implemented important reforms, among them extended <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a> and compulsory military service. The two opposite groups established formal political parties in 1884, <i>Venstre</i> (Left) for the liberals, who wanted to dissolve the Union, and <i>Højre</i> (Right) for conservatives, who wanted to retain a union of two equal states. </p><p>The liberals won a great majority in the elections of 1891 on a program of universal suffrage for all men and a separate Norwegian foreign service. As a first step, the new <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Steen" title="Johannes Steen">Steen</a> government proposed separate consular services, and negotiations with Sweden were initiated. But royal opposition caused a series of cabinet crises until a coalition government was formed in 1895 with <a href="/wiki/Francis_Hagerup" title="Francis Hagerup">Francis Hagerup</a> as prime minister. That year, the third joint Union committee was appointed, with seven members from each country, but it never agreed on crucial issues and was promptly disbanded in 1898. Faced with saber-rattling from militarily superior Sweden, Norway had to withdraw the demands for separate consuls in 1895. That miserable retreat convinced the government that the armed forces had been neglected too long, and rapid rearmament was initiated. Four <a href="/wiki/Pre-dreadnought_battleship" title="Pre-dreadnought battleship">battleships</a> were ordered from the United Kingdom, and border fortifications were constructed. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flaggsirkul%C3%A6re_1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flaggsirkul%C3%A6re_1899.jpg/220px-Flaggsirkul%C3%A6re_1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flaggsirkul%C3%A6re_1899.jpg/330px-Flaggsirkul%C3%A6re_1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flaggsirkul%C3%A6re_1899.jpg/440px-Flaggsirkul%C3%A6re_1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2488" data-file-height="3312" /></a><figcaption>Swedish and Norwegian flags in 1899, after the removal of the union badge from the merchant flag of Norway</figcaption></figure> <p>In the midst of negotiations and discussions that were in vain, in 1895 the Swedish government gave notice to Norway that the current commercial treaty of 1874, which had provided for a promising common market, would lapse in July 1897. When Sweden reverted to protectionism, Norway also raised customs duties, and the result was a considerable diminution of trade across the border. Count Lewenhaupt, the Swedish minister of foreign affairs, who was considered to be too friendly towards the Norwegians, resigned and was replaced by Count <a href="/wiki/Ludvig_Douglas" title="Ludvig Douglas">Ludvig Douglas</a>, who represented the opinion of the majority in the <a href="/wiki/Forsta_kammaren" class="mw-redirect" title="Forsta kammaren">First Chamber</a>. However, when the Storting in 1898 for the third time passed a bill for a "pure" flag without the Union badge, it became law without royal sanction. </p><p>The new elections to the Riksdag of 1900 showed clearly that the Swedish people were not inclined to follow the ultraconservative "patriotic" party, which resulted in the resignation of the two leaders of that party, Professor <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Alin" title="Oscar Alin">Oscar Alin</a> and Court Marshal (<a href="/wiki/Hofmarschall" title="Hofmarschall">Hofmarschall</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patric_Reutersw%C3%A4rd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patric Reuterswärd (page does not exist)">Patric Reuterswärd</a> as members of the First Chamber. On the other hand, ex-Professor E. Carlson, of the <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothenburg University">Gothenburg University</a>, succeeded in forming a party of Liberals and Radicals to the number of about 90 members, who asides from being in favor of the extension of the franchise, advocated full equality of Norway with Sweden in the management of foreign affairs. The Norwegian elections of the same year with extended franchise gave the Liberals (Venstre) a great majority for their program of a separate foreign service and separate consuls. Steen stayed on as prime minister, but was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Otto_Blehr" title="Otto Blehr">Otto Blehr</a> in 1902. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_attempts_to_save_the_Union">Final attempts to save the Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Final attempts to save the Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The question of separate consuls for Norway soon came up again. In 1902 foreign minister Lagerheim in a joint council of state proposed separate consular services, while keeping the common foreign service. The Norwegian government agreed to the appointment of another joint committee to consider the question. The promising results of these negotiations was published in a "communiqué" of 24 March 1903. It proposed that the relations of the separate consuls to the joint ministry of foreign affairs and the embassies should be arranged by identical laws, which could not be altered or repealed without the consent of the governments of both countries. But it was no formal agreement, only a preliminary sketch, not binding on the governments. In the elections of 1903, the Conservatives (Højre) won many votes with their program of reconciliation and negotiations. A new coalition government under Hagerup was formed in October 1903, backed by a national consensus on the need conclude the negotiations by joint action. The proposals of the <i>communiqué</i> were presented to the joint council of state on 11 December, raising hopes that a solution was imminent. King Oscar asked the governments to work out proposals for identical laws. </p><p>The Norwegian draft for identical laws was submitted in May 1904. It was met with total silence from Stockholm. While Norway had never had a Storting and a cabinet more friendly to the Union, it turned out that political opinion in Sweden had moved in the other direction. The spokesman for the communiqué, foreign minister Lagerheim, resigned on 7 November because of disagreement with prime minister <a href="/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Bostr%C3%B6m" title="Erik Gustaf Boström">Erik Gustaf Boström</a> and his other colleagues. Boström now appeared on his own in Christiania and presented his unexpected <i>principles</i> or conditions for a settlement. His government had reverted to the stand that the Swedish foreign minister should retain control over the Norwegian consuls and, if necessary, remove them, and that Sweden should always be mentioned before Norway in official documents (a break with the practice introduced in 1844). The Norwegian government found these demands unacceptable and incompatible with the sovereignty of Norway. As the foreign minister was to be Swedish, he could not exercise authority over a Norwegian institution. Further negotiations on such terms would be purposeless. </p><p>A counter-proposal by the Swedish government was likewise rejected, and on 7 February 1905 the King in joint council decided to break off the negotiations that he had initiated in 1903. Notwithstanding this, the exhausted king still hoped for an agreement. On the next day Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Gustav_V_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav V of Sweden">Gustaf</a> was appointed regent, and on 13 February appeared in Christiania to try to save the Union. During his month in Christiania, he had several meetings with the government and the parliamentary <i>Special Committee</i> that had been formed on 18 February to work out the details on national legislation to establish Norwegian consuls. He begged them not to take steps that would lead to a break between the countries. But to no avail, as the Special Committee recommended on 6 March to go ahead with the work in progress, and the conciliatory Hagerup cabinet was replaced with the more unyielding cabinet of <a href="/wiki/Christian_Michelsen" title="Christian Michelsen">Christian Michelsen</a>. </p><p>Back in Stockholm on 14 March, Crown Prince Gustaf called a joint council on 5 April to appeal to both governments to return to the negotiation table and work out a solution based on full equality between the two kingdoms. He proposed reforms of both the foreign and consular services, with the express reservation that a joint foreign minister — Swedish or Norwegian — was a precondition for the existence of the Union. The Norwegian government rejected his proposal on 17 April, referring to earlier fruitless attempts, and declared that it would go on with preparations for a separate consular service. But both chambers of the Riksdag approved the proposal of the crown prince on 2 May 1905. In a last attempt to placate the recalcitrant Norwegians, Boström, considered to be an obstacle to better relations, was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Johan_Ramstedt" title="Johan Ramstedt">Johan Ramstedt</a>. But these overtures did not convince the Norwegians. Norwegians of all political convictions had come to the conclusion that a fair solution to the conflict was impossible, and there was now a general consensus that the Union had to be dissolved. Michelsen's new coalition cabinet worked closely with the Storting on a plan to force the issue by means of the consular question. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dissolution_of_the_Union">Dissolution of the Union</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Dissolution of the Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Special:EditPage/Union between Sweden and Norway">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_union_between_Norway_and_Sweden" title="Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden">Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peace_monument_karlstad.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Peace_monument_karlstad.JPG/220px-Peace_monument_karlstad.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Peace_monument_karlstad.JPG/330px-Peace_monument_karlstad.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Peace_monument_karlstad.JPG/440px-Peace_monument_karlstad.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The peace monument of <a href="/wiki/Karlstad" title="Karlstad">Karlstad</a> was erected on the city square in 1955, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the dissolution of the union.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gr%C3%A6nsevagten_-_no-nb_digifoto_20160115_00025_NB_NS_000085.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Gr%C3%A6nsevagten_-_no-nb_digifoto_20160115_00025_NB_NS_000085.jpg/220px-Gr%C3%A6nsevagten_-_no-nb_digifoto_20160115_00025_NB_NS_000085.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Gr%C3%A6nsevagten_-_no-nb_digifoto_20160115_00025_NB_NS_000085.jpg/330px-Gr%C3%A6nsevagten_-_no-nb_digifoto_20160115_00025_NB_NS_000085.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Gr%C3%A6nsevagten_-_no-nb_digifoto_20160115_00025_NB_NS_000085.jpg/440px-Gr%C3%A6nsevagten_-_no-nb_digifoto_20160115_00025_NB_NS_000085.jpg 2x" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Norwegian soldiers at the border in September 1905. Photo by Narve Skarpmoen</figcaption></figure> <p>On 23 May 1905 the Storting passed the government's proposal for the establishment of separate Norwegian consuls. King Oscar, who again had resumed the government, made use of his constitutional right to veto the bill on 27 May, and according to plan, the Norwegian ministry tendered their resignation. The king, however, declared he could not accept their resignation, "as no other cabinet can now be formed". The ministers refused to obey his demand that they countersign his decision, and immediately left for Christiania. </p><p>No further steps were taken by the King to restore normal constitutional conditions. In the meantime, the formal dissolution was set to be staged at a sitting of the Storting on 7 June. The ministers placed their resignations in its hands, and the Storting unanimously adopted a planned resolution declaring the union with Sweden dissolved because Oscar had effectively "ceased to act as King of Norway" by refusing to form a new government. It further stated that, as the king had declared himself unable to form a government, the constitutional royal power "ceased to be operative." Thus, Michelsen and his ministers were instructed to remain in office as a caretaker government. Pending further instructions, they were vested with the executive power normally vested in the king pending the amendments necessary to reflect the fact that the union had been dissolved. </p><p>Swedish reactions to the action of the Storting were strong. The king solemnly protested and called an extraordinary session of the Riksdag for 20 June to consider what measures should be taken after the "revolt" of the Norwegians. The Riksdag declared that it was willing to negotiate the conditions for the dissolution of the Union if the Norwegian people, through a <a href="/wiki/Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscite">plebiscite</a>, had declared themselves in favor. The Riksdag also voted for 100 million <a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">kronor</a> to be available as the Riksdag might decide the matter. It was understood, but not openly stated, that the amount was held in readiness in case of war. The unlikely threat of war was seen as real on both sides, and Norway answered by borrowing 40 million kroner from France, for the same unstated purpose. </p><p>The Norwegian government knew in advance of the Swedish demands, and forestalled it by declaring <a href="/wiki/1905_Norwegian_union_dissolution_referendum" title="1905 Norwegian union dissolution referendum">a plebiscite for 13 August</a>—before the formal Swedish demand for a plebiscite was made, thus forestalling any claim that the referendum was made in response to demands from Stockholm. The people were not asked to answer yes or no to the dissolution, but to "confirm the dissolution that had already taken place". The response was 368,392 votes for the dissolution and only 184 against, an overwhelming majority of over 99.9 percent. After a request from the Storting for Swedish cooperation to repeal the Act of Union, delegates from both countries convened at <a href="/wiki/Karlstad" title="Karlstad">Karlstad</a> on 31 August. The talks were temporarily interrupted along the way. At the same time, troop concentrations in Sweden made the Norwegian government mobilize its army and navy on 13 September. Agreement was nevertheless reached on 23 September. The main points were that disputes between the countries should in the future be referred to the permanent court of arbitration at <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, that a neutral zone should be established on both sides of the border, and that the Norwegian fortifications in the zone were to be demolished. </p><p>Both parliaments soon ratified the agreement and revoked the Act of Union on 16 October. Ten days later, King Oscar renounced all claims to the Norwegian crown for himself and his successors. The Storting asked Oscar to allow a <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bernadotte" title="House of Bernadotte">Bernadotte</a> prince to accede to the Norwegian throne in hopes of reconciliation, but Oscar turned this offer down. The Storting then offered the vacant throne to Prince Carl of Denmark, who accepted after <a href="/wiki/1905_Norwegian_monarchy_referendum" title="1905 Norwegian monarchy referendum">another plebiscite</a> had confirmed the monarchy. He arrived in Norway on 25 November 1905, taking the name <a href="/wiki/Haakon_VII" title="Haakon VII">Haakon VII</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_monarchs" title="List of Swedish monarchs">List of Swedish monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_monarchs" title="List of Norwegian monarchs">List of Norwegian monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norway" title="History of Norway">History of Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">History of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Denmark" title="History of Denmark">History of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scandinavia" title="History of Scandinavia">History of Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway_in_1814" class="mw-redirect" title="Norway in 1814">Norway in 1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_in_Union_with_Norway" title="Sweden in Union with Norway">Sweden in Union with Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Dissolution_Day" title="Union Dissolution Day">Union Dissolution Day</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fn1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fn1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In written <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, the predecessor of <a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a>. <a href="/wiki/Riksakten" title="Riksakten">The union act</a> (Danish: <i lang="da">Rigsakten</i>) uses the term <i>Foreningen imellem Norge og Sverige</i> (i.e. "The Union between Norway and Sweden").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fn2_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In written <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8gnorsk" title="Høgnorsk">Landsmål</a>, the predecessor of <a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a>, a co-official language since 1885. Though the union had no official name in Landsmål, terms such as <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">Sambandet</i></span> (or <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">Samfestet</i></span> or <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">Samlaget</i></span>) <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">millom Norig og Sverike</i></span> (including variations) were in use (all loosely translate to "The Union between Norway and Sweden"). <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">Samfestet millom Norig og Sverike</i></span> was the term used by the prominent Landsmål author <a href="/wiki/Aasmund_Olavsson_Vinje" title="Aasmund Olavsson Vinje">Aasmund Olavsson Vinje</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Olav_Jakobsen_H%C3%B8yem" title="Olav Jakobsen Høyem">Olav Jakobsen Høyem</a> used <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">Sambande millom Noreg og Sverige</i></span> in his 1879 translation of the union act. In this translation the united throne is called <span title="Nynorsk-language text"><i lang="nn">Dei einade kongsstolarne i Noreg og Sverige</i></span> ("The united thrones of Norway and Sweden").</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tacitus.nu/historisk-atlas/befolkning/skandinavien.htm">"Skandinaviens befolkning"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081003091616/http://www.tacitus.nu/historisk-atlas/befolkning/skandinavien.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Skandinaviens+befolkning&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tacitus.nu%2Fhistorisk-atlas%2Fbefolkning%2Fskandinavien.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+between+Sweden+and+Norway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141119124317/http://www.ssb.no/sosiale-forhold-og-kriminalitet/artikler-og-publikasjoner/hundre-aars-ensomhet">"SSB – 100 års ensomhet? Norge og Sverige 1905–2005 (in Norwegian)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssb.no/sosiale-forhold-og-kriminalitet/artikler-og-publikasjoner/hundre-aars-ensomhet">the original</a> on 19 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SSB+%E2%80%93+100+%C3%A5rs+ensomhet%3F+Norge+og+Sverige+1905%E2%80%932005+%28in+Norwegian%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssb.no%2Fsosiale-forhold-og-kriminalitet%2Fartikler-og-publikasjoner%2Fhundre-aars-ensomhet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+between+Sweden+and+Norway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Sweden.html">"Sweden"</a>. World Statesmen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161105224328/http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Sweden.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sweden&rft.pub=World+Statesmen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldstatesmen.org%2FSweden.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+between+Sweden+and+Norway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Norway.htm">"Norway"</a>. World Statesmen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226110618/http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Norway.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norway&rft.pub=World+Statesmen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldstatesmen.org%2FNorway.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+between+Sweden+and+Norway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hertzberg, E., 1906: "Unionen". In: <i>Salmonsens Konversationsleksikon</i>, Vol. XVII, p. 1043, Copenhagen</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dyrvik. S. and Feldbæk, O., 1996: <i>Mellom brødre 1780–1830</i>. In: ' 'Aschehougs Norges Historie' ', Vol. 7, pp. 227–28, Oslo <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-03-22020-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-82-03-22020-3">978-82-03-22020-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frydenlund, Bård, 2009: <i>Stormannen Peder Anker. En biografi</i>., pp. 254, 263, Oslo. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-03-21084-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-82-03-21084-6">978-82-03-21084-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seip, Anne-Lise, 1997: <i>Nasjonen bygges 1830–1870</i>. In: ' 'Aschehougs Norges Historie' ', Vol. 8, pp. 192–93, Oslo. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-03-22021-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-82-03-22021-0">978-82-03-22021-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seip, Anne-Lise, 1997: "Nasjonen bygges 1830–1870". In: <i>Aschehougs Norges Historie</i>, Vol. 8, pp. 199–201, Oslo. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-03-22021-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-82-03-22021-0">978-82-03-22021-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seip, Anne-Lise, 1997: "Nasjonen bygges 1830–1870". In: <i>Aschehougs Norges Historie</i>, Vol. 8, pp. 201–203, Oslo. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-03-22021-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-82-03-22021-0">978-82-03-22021-0</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Barton, H. Arnold. <i>Sweden and Visions of Norway: Politics and Culture, 1814–1905</i> (SIU Press, 2003).</li> <li>Stråth, Bo (2005): <i>Union och demokrati: de förenade rikena Sverige och Norge 1814–1905</i>. Nora, <a href="/wiki/Nya_Doxa" title="Nya Doxa">Nya Doxa</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-578-0456-7" title="Special:BookSources/91-578-0456-7">91-578-0456-7</a> (Swedish edition)</li> <li>Stråth, Bo (2005): <i>Union og demokrati: Dei sameinte rika Noreg-Sverige 1814–1905</i>. Oslo, Pax Forlag. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-530-2752-4" title="Special:BookSources/82-530-2752-4">82-530-2752-4</a> (Norwegian edition)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGosse1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gosse" title="Edmund Gosse">Gosse, Edmund William</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Norway"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Norway">"Norway s.v. 1814–1907" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 809.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Norway+s.v.+1814%E2%80%931907&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=809&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Gosse&rft.aufirst=Edmund+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+between+Sweden+and+Norway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGosse1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gosse" title="Edmund Gosse">Gosse, Edmund William</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sweden"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Sweden">"Sweden s.v. Union with Norway" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 210.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sweden+s.v.+Union+with+Norway&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=210&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Gosse&rft.aufirst=Edmund+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+between+Sweden+and+Norway" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/United_Kingdoms_of_Sweden_and_Norway" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway">United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/36268/182042.pdf">"Debating the Treaty of Stockholm, 3d March 1813"</a>, hosted at the University of Oslo and including the texts of the Treaties of Stockholm (1813) and St. Petersburg (1813)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bpIBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA600">"Treaty between Her Majesty, the Emperor of the French, and the King of Sweden and Norway. Signed at Stockholm, November 21, 1855"</a>, hosted at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> <span class="nowrap"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> &</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Norway_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Norway_topics" title="Template:Norway topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Norway_topics" title="Template talk:Norway topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Norway_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Norway topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Norway_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norway" title="History of Norway">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Stone_Age" title="Nordic Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petty_kingdoms_of_Norway" title="Petty kingdoms of Norway">Petty kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Norway" title="Unification of Norway">Unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norway#Norway_in_the_High_Middle_Ages_(1066–1380)" title="History of Norway">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(872%E2%80%931397)" title="Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)">Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_Kingdom_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary Kingdom of Norway">Hereditary Kingdom of Norway</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(1814)" title="Kingdom of Norway (1814)">Kingdom of Norway (1814)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sweden–Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_union_between_Norway_and_Sweden" title="Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden">End of the union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway" title="German occupation of Norway">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Norwegen" title="Reichskommissariat Norwegen">Reichskommissariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quisling_regime" title="Quisling regime">Quisling regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_government-in-exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian government-in-exile">Norwegian government-in-exile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norway#Postwar" title="History of Norway">1945–2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norway#21st_century" title="History of Norway">21st century</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Norway" title="Coat of arms of Norway"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="909" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Norway" title="Geography of Norway">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Norway#Climate" title="Geography of Norway">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Norway" title="Districts of Norway">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Norway" title="Extreme points of Norway">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Norway" title="List of islands of Norway">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Norway" title="List of lakes of Norway">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Norway" title="List of mammals of Norway">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Norway_by_height" title="List of mountains in Norway by height">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Norway" title="List of municipalities of Norway">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_in_Norway" title="List of towns and cities in Norway">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Norway" title="Protected areas of Norway">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Norway" title="List of rivers of Norway">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Norway" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Norway">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Norway" title="Politics of Norway">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Norway" title="Administrative divisions of Norway">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_budget_of_Norway" title="State budget of Norway">National budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Norway" title="Constitution of Norway">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Correctional_Service" title="Norwegian Correctional Service">Correctional Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_justice_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts of justice of Norway">Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Norway" title="Elections in Norway">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Norway" title="Foreign relations of Norway">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_governments" title="List of Norwegian governments">Governments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_Norway" title="Incarceration in Norway">Incarceration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Norway">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Armed_Forces" title="Norwegian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storting" title="Storting">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Police_Service" title="Norwegian Police Service">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Norway" title="List of political parties in Norway">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Norway" title="Prime Minister of Norway">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Norway_ties" title="Template:Norway ties">Membership of International organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Norway" title="Economy of Norway">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Norway" title="Energy in Norway">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fishing_in_Norway" title="Category:Fishing in Norway">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Pension_Fund_of_Norway" title="Government Pension Fund of Norway">Government Pension Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Industry_in_Norway" title="Category:Industry in Norway">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mining_in_Norway" title="Category:Mining in Norway">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_gas_industry_in_Norway" title="Category:Natural gas industry in Norway">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_krone" title="Norwegian krone">Krone <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norges_Bank" title="Norges Bank">National bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_paradox" title="Norwegian paradox">Norwegian paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_fields_in_Norway" title="Category:Oil fields in Norway">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Norway" title="Renewable energy in Norway">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_Stock_Exchange" title="Oslo Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Norway" title="Taxation in Norway">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Norway" title="Telecommunications in Norway">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Norway" title="Tourism in Norway">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Norway" title="Trade unions in Norway">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Norway" title="Transport in Norway">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_Norway" title="Whaling in Norway">Whaling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Norway" title="Category:Society of Norway">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Norway" title="Climate change in Norway">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Norway" title="Crime in Norway">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Norway" title="Demographics of Norway">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Norway" title="Education in Norway">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Norway" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Norway">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Norway" title="Health in Norway">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Norway" title="Immigration to Norway">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_Norway" title="Incarceration in Norway">Incarceration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Norway" title="Irreligion in Norway">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Norway" title="Languages of Norway">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language_conflict" title="Norwegian language conflict">language conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegians" title="Norwegians">Norwegians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_Norway" title="Pensions in Norway">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Norway" title="Poverty in Norway">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Norway">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Norway" title="Culture of Norway">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Norway" title="Architecture of Norway">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_art" title="Norwegian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunad" title="Bunad"><i>Bunad</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(clothing)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Norway" title="Christmas in Norway"><i>Christmas</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(season)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Norway" title="Cinema of Norway">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_cuisine" title="Norwegian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Jante" title="Law of Jante">Jante law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Norway" title="Music of Norway">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_literature" title="Norwegian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Norway">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Norway" title="Prostitution in Norway">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Norway" title="Public holidays in Norway">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sport_in_Norway" title="Category:Sport in Norway">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_nationalism" title="Norwegian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism" title="Norwegian romantic nationalism">Romantic nationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ja,_vi_elsker_dette_landet" title="Ja, vi elsker dette landet">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Norway" title="Coat of arms of Norway">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_flags" title="List of Norwegian flags">Flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Norway" title="Flag of Norway">national flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mottos_of_Norwegian_institutions" title="Mottos of Norwegian institutions">Mottos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Norway">Name of Norway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Norway" title="Outline of Norway">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Norway" title="Category:Norway">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Norway" title="Portal:Norway">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sweden_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sweden_topics" title="Template:Sweden topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sweden_topics" title="Template talk:Sweden topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sweden_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sweden topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sweden_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Sweden" title="Prehistoric Sweden">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(800%E2%80%931521)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sweden (800–1521)">800–1521</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1523%E2%80%931611)" title="History of Sweden (1523–1611)">1523–1611</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1611%E2%80%931648)" title="History of Sweden (1611–1648)">Rise to become Great Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Liberty" title="Age of Liberty">Age of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_1756" title="Coup of 1756">Coup of 1756</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_Crisis_(1768)" title="December Crisis (1768)">December Crisis (1768)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1772" title="Revolution of 1772">Revolution of 1772</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavian_era" title="Gustavian era">Gustavian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_1809" title="Coup of 1809">Coup of 1809</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sweden–Norway union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_famine_of_1867%E2%80%931869" title="Swedish famine of 1867–1869">Famine of 1867–1869</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_the_late_19th_century" title="Sweden during the late 19th century">Modernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialization_of_Sweden" title="Industrialization of Sweden">Industrialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_I" title="Sweden during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II_(timeline)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweden during World War II (timeline)">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1945%E2%80%931967)" title="History of Sweden (1945–1967)">1945–1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1967%E2%80%931991)" title="History of Sweden (1967–1991)">1967–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1991%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Sweden (1991–present)">Since 1991</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sweden" title="Geography of Sweden">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sweden" title="List of cities in Sweden">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Sweden" title="Counties of Sweden">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Sweden">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Sweden" title="Forests of Sweden">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Sweden" title="List of islands of Sweden">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Sweden" title="List of lakes of Sweden">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_Sweden" title="Lands of Sweden">Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Sweden" title="List of metropolitan areas in Sweden">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Sweden" title="List of national parks of Sweden">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Sweden" title="Provinces of Sweden">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Sweden" title="List of rivers of Sweden">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Sweden" title="Wildlife of Sweden">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sweden" title="Politics of Sweden">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Sweden" title="Administrative divisions of Sweden">Administrative division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Sweden">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Sweden" title="Elections in Sweden">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Sweden" title="Foreign relations of Sweden">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Sweden" title="Human rights in Sweden">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Sweden">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sweden" title="Government of Sweden">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_agencies_in_Sweden" title="Government agencies in Sweden">State agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Sweden" title="Judiciary of Sweden">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Sweden" title="Law of Sweden">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Sweden" title="Law enforcement in Sweden">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riksdag" title="Riksdag">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Armed_Forces" title="Swedish Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_neutrality" title="Swedish neutrality">Neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Sweden" title="List of political parties in Sweden">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sweden" title="Economy of Sweden">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Sweden" title="Agriculture in Sweden">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Sweden" title="Automotive industry in Sweden">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Sweden" title="Energy in Sweden">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_Sweden" title="Income inequality in Sweden">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">Krona <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_labour_movement" title="Swedish labour movement">Labour unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehn%E2%80%93Meidner_model" title="Rehn–Meidner model">Rehn–Meidner model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasdaq_Stockholm" title="Nasdaq Stockholm">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Sweden" title="Taxation in Sweden">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sweden" title="Telecommunications in Sweden">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Sweden" title="Transport in Sweden">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Sweden" title="Tourism in Sweden">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Sweden" title="Category:Society of Sweden">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Sweden" title="Abortion in Sweden">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Sweden" title="Censorship in Sweden">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Sweden" title="Crime in Sweden">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Sweden" title="Demographics of Sweden">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sweden" title="Education in Sweden">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in Sweden">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Sweden" title="Homelessness in Sweden">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Sweden" title="Human trafficking in Sweden">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Sweden" title="Immigration to Sweden">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sweden" title="Languages of Sweden">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_counties_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Swedish counties by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedes" title="Swedes">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Sweden" title="Prostitution in Sweden">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Sweden" title="Welfare in Sweden">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sweden" title="Women in Sweden">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sweden" title="Culture of Sweden">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Du_gamla,_du_fria" title="Du gamla, du fria">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Sweden" title="Architecture of Sweden">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_art" title="Swedish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sweden" title="Cinema of Sweden">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Sweden" title="Coat of arms of Sweden">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_cuisine" title="Swedish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_wine" title="Swedish wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_fashion" title="Swedish fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sweden" title="Flag of Sweden">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Sweden" title="Irreligion in Sweden">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_literature" title="Swedish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Sweden">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sweden" title="Music of Sweden">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Sweden" title="National Day of Sweden">National Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Sweden" title="Public holidays in Sweden">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Sweden" title="Sport in Sweden">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Sweden" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Sweden">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Sweden" title="Outline of Sweden">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sweden" title="Category:Sweden">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sweden" title="Portal:Sweden">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway&oldid=1252745977">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway&oldid=1252745977</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_Kingdoms_of_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Category:United Kingdoms of Sweden and 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