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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Synod of the Takkanot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synod_of_the_Takkanot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synods_of_SHUM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synods_of_SHUM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Synods of SHUM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synods_of_SHUM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_adherence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_adherence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Modern adherence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_adherence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern adherence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_adherence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dowry_takkana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dowry_takkana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Dowry takkana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dowry_takkana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chalitzah_takkana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chalitzah_takkana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Chalitzah takkana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chalitzah_takkana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul 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</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to 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height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Deutschland_Lage_von_Rheinland-Pfalz.svg/330px-Deutschland_Lage_von_Rheinland-Pfalz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Deutschland_Lage_von_Rheinland-Pfalz.svg/440px-Deutschland_Lage_von_Rheinland-Pfalz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="801" /></a><figcaption>The German state of <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a>, in which the three SHU"M-cities are located today.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Takkanot Shum</i></span></b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">תקנות שו"ם</span>), or <b>Enactments of SHU"M</b>, were a set of decrees formulated and agreed upon over a period of decades by the leaders of three of the central cities of Medieval <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> Jewry: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_community_of_Speyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish community of Speyer">Speyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>. The initials of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> names for these cities, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Shpira</i></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Vermayza</i></span>, and <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Magentza</i></span> form the initials <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/ShUM-cities" class="mw-redirect" title="ShUM-cities">SHUM</a></i></span>. While these regulations were intended to address the problems of that time, they had an effect on European Jewry that lasted centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Hirschman_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hirschman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takkanot_Shum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">devastation</a> of the Jewish communities of the Rhineland during the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Crusade" title="People's Crusade">People's Crusade</a>, Jews who had formerly made their livings as itinerant merchants could no longer travel safely, and had to find careers in the cities which they lived. Many became local merchants; others became moneylenders. This drastically increased the rate of commerce between Jews and non-Jews, and, thus, litigation both internally amongst Jews and between Jews and non-Jews. Simultaneously, heavy taxes were being levied on the Jewish communities by the local government, taxes which many Jews at the time felt were being unfairly distributed by the leaders of the local <i>kehilla</i>. The increasing internal and external pressures on the Jewish community, together with their recent near destruction during the Crusades, caused the leaders of the time to take the step of instituting broad decrees to strengthen their communities.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Weiss_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiss-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synod_of_the_Takkanot">Synod of the Takkanot</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takkanot_Shum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Synod of the Takkanot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In or around 1160, a <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synod</a> was held in <a href="/wiki/Troyes" title="Troyes">Troyes</a>. This synod was led by <a href="/wiki/Rabbeinu_Tam" title="Rabbeinu Tam">Rabbeinu Tam</a>, his brother, the <a href="/wiki/Rashbam" title="Rashbam">Rashbam</a>, both grandchildren of <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eliezer_ben_Nathan" title="Eliezer ben Nathan">Eliezer ben Nathan</a> (the Ra'avan). Over 250 <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbis</a> from communities all over <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> attended as well. A number of communal decrees were enacted at the synod covering both Jewish-<a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentile</a> relations as well as matters relating internally to the Jewish community.<sup id="cite_ref-JVL-S_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JVL-S-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of such decrees include: </p> <ul><li>The restriction requiring Jews engaged in monetary disputes amongst themselves to have the case decided by a Jewish <a href="/wiki/Beth_din" title="Beth din">beth din</a>, and not a secular court, unless one of the parties was refusing to accept the ruling rendered by the beth din.</li> <li>A person disputing the <i>kehillah</i>’s tax assessment on him should pay the tax first and then bring the assessors to <a href="/wiki/Beth_din" title="Beth din">beth din</a>.</li> <li>A person lending space to a community to act as a synagogue cannot restrict specific individuals from praying there. He can only rescind the permission <i>in toto</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-p18_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p18-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Among the many new decrees implemented or older decrees strengthened was the famous ban of <a href="/wiki/Gershom_ben_Judah" title="Gershom ben Judah">Rabbenu Gershom</a> against <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-p19_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p19-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synods_of_SHUM">Synods of SHUM</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takkanot_Shum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Synods of SHUM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:V10p325001_Rashi_Synagogue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/V10p325001_Rashi_Synagogue.jpg/220px-V10p325001_Rashi_Synagogue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/V10p325001_Rashi_Synagogue.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>Historical interior of the <a href="/wiki/Worms_Synagogue" title="Worms Synagogue">Rashi shul</a> in Worms</figcaption></figure><p>The synod in Troyes was binding only on French Jewry. In or around 1196, the rabbis and community leaders throughout the entire <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> called a synod of their own in <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>, in which they affirmed most of the decrees of the Troyes synod, and added a number of their own. The decrees did not take as firm hold as was desired, so twenty-four years later, in 1220, a second synod was convened in Mainz, in which the leaders of the generation re-affirmed the decrees enacted in the first synod.<sup id="cite_ref-JVL-S_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JVL-S-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-p19_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p19-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Important historical figures attending one or both of these synods included David of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnzenberg" title="Münzenberg">Münzenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simha_of_Speyer" title="Simha of Speyer">Simha of Speyer</a>, Jacob ben Asher of Speyer, <a href="/wiki/Eliezer_ben_Joel_HaLevi" title="Eliezer ben Joel HaLevi">Eliezer ben Joel HaLevi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eleazar_of_Worms" title="Eleazar of Worms">Elazar Rokeach</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-p21_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p21-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These enactments covered both internal issues within the Jewish community as well as issues that involved interactions with the non-Jewish government of the time. Specific examples of enactments instituted or strengthened at the Rhineland synods include: </p> <ul><li>The placement of a <i><a href="/wiki/Herem_(censure)" title="Herem (censure)">cherem</a></i> on anyone who informed on another Jew until such time as restitution was made.</li> <li>The removal of all exceptions to community-imposed taxes.</li> <li>The prohibition against lending money to other Jews without ensuring strict adherence to the <i><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakhot</a></i> that dealt with loans.</li> <li>The prohibition against calling someone a <i><a href="/wiki/Mamzer" title="Mamzer">mamzer</a></i> or otherwise cast aspersions about the legal validity of his or her parents' marriage.</li> <li>The permission for the estate of a deceased person to be used to educate his or her children, even if the deceased indicated some other specific use for the funds.</li></ul> <p>There were many other decrees that dealt with various aspects of Jewish legal, financial, and religious life of the times.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1223 a third synod was held in the Rhineland community, this time in <a href="/wiki/Speyer" title="Speyer">Speyer</a>. The main focus of this synod was the "Chalitzah takkana," but other decrees were discussed, including the prohibition against a one person either placing or lifting a <i>cherem</i>. To be either placed or lifted, such bans needed more than one community leader to agree. Notable attendees of this third synod included Elazar Rokeach and David ben Shaltiel.<sup id="cite_ref-p22_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p22-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_adherence">Modern adherence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takkanot_Shum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern adherence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While parts of various decrees still remain in force, the majority of the <i>Takkanot Shum</i> are no longer considered in force by most <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazic Jewry</a>. The decrees were instituted to deal with specific religious and sociological problems of the time, and were not considered to be placed in force for perpetuity, but for only as long as such issues existed.<sup id="cite_ref-p23_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p23-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are two specific decrees still considered active today: the Dowry takkana and the <a href="/wiki/Chalitzah" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalitzah">Chalitzah</a> takkana.<sup id="cite_ref-p21_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p21-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dowry_takkana">Dowry takkana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takkanot_Shum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dowry takkana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At this time it was common to marry off daughters quite young, as soon as a suitable husband could be found and a <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a> put together.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Combined with childhood diseases and a high general mortality rate this meant that it was not uncommon for young people to die within a short time of marriage, before their spouses had formed lasting relationships with their families. Under Jewish <a href="/wiki/Inheritance_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Inheritance law">inheritance law</a>, a husband is his wife's sole heir, but a wife does not inherit from her husband. Thus, no matter who died, the dowry, which represented a substantial sacrifice by the wife's parents for their daughter's happiness, would end up with the husband or his family. As a result, parents became reluctant to give their daughters large dowries, which in turn led to difficulty in finding them husbands.<sup id="cite_ref-p22_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p22-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore the synod of Troyes, led by Rabbenu Tam, decreed that if a husband or wife dies within a year of marriage without leaving a surviving child, the dowry would revert to the parents who had given it; if the death was within two years half the dowry would revert.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Rabbenu Tam rescinded this decree before his death, it was reaffirmed by his students in the first synod of SHUM.<sup id="cite_ref-p22_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p22-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This decree is today incorporated by reference into the standard <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi">Ashkenazi</a> prenuptial contract (<i>tena'im</i>), with the phrase "and in case of absence [a euphemism for death] it will stand as the decree of ShUM"; in some communities even this elliptical mention of death is thought unlucky at a wedding, so it is merely hinted at with the cryptic phrase "and in case, etc."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even if it is not explicitly referenced at all, or if there is no contract, it is assumed that the parties consented to it unless it is explicitly excluded.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chalitzah_takkana">Chalitzah takkana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takkanot_Shum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chalitzah takkana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chalitza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Chalitza.jpg/220px-Chalitza.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Chalitza.jpg/330px-Chalitza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Chalitza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="273" /></a><figcaption>Engraving of a chalitzah ceremony</figcaption></figure> <p>When a husband died childless, there is a <a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">mitzvah</a> for a surviving brother to perform either <i><a href="/wiki/Yibbum" title="Yibbum">yibbum</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Halizah" title="Halizah">halizah</a></i>. Already in the times of the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, performing <i>yibbum</i> was deprecated in favor of <i>halitza</i> for various reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decrees enacted in the various synods of SHUM dealt with the time span allowed and the disbursement of the deceased's property after halitzah.<sup id="cite_ref-p22_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p22-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The original decree, discussed at all three synods of SHUM, instituted a time limit of three months after the husband's death within which to perform yibbum or halitzah (although yibbum was rarely, if ever, performed) and after the halitzah, a beth din would decide upon the disbursement of the estate, with no recourse for the brother performing halitzah to subsequently sue. This decree was yet again re-affirmed 60 years later by <a href="/wiki/Meir_of_Rothenburg" title="Meir of Rothenburg">Meir of Rothenburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-p22_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p22-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, in 1381, another synod was held in Mainz that changed the disbursement—instituting an even split between the widow and all surviving brothers. This was a change from previous tradition in which, most often, the brother performing the halitzah would receive the <a href="/wiki/Ketubah" title="Ketubah">ketubah</a> monies, as well as usually receiving most, if not all, of the surviving estate. This version is the second of the decrees still enforced today.<sup id="cite_ref-p23_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p23-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takkanot_Shum&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="German Jews">German Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_community_of_Speyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish community of Speyer">Jewish community of Speyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posek" title="Posek">Posek</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takkanot_Shum&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hirschman-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hirschman_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHirschman2009" class="citation journal cs1">Hirschman, Raphael (May 27, 2009). Ben Nun, Dov (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100923143102/http://www.mishpacha.com/getPdf/11/260/2/1/52">"The <i>Takkanos</i> of SHUM"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mishpacha" title="Mishpacha">Mishpacha</a></i> (260 (Kolmos Supplement)): 16–23. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57819059">57819059</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mishpacha.com/getPdf/11/260/2/1/52">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 23, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mishpacha&rft.atitle=The+Takkanos+of+SHUM&rft.issue=260+%28Kolmos+Supplement%29&rft.pages=16-23&rft.date=2009-05-27&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57819059&rft.aulast=Hirschman&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mishpacha.com%2FgetPdf%2F11%2F260%2F2%2F1%2F52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATakkanot+Shum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hirschman, 16–17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weiss-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weiss_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss2004" class="citation book cs1">Weiss, Moshe (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oJOvpkHg7msC&dq=%22takkanot+shum%22&pg=PA101">"Rashi and the Crusades"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oJOvpkHg7msC&q=%22takkanot+shum%22"><i>A brief history of the Jewish people</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(<a href="/wiki/Google_Book_Search" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Book Search">Google Book Search</a>)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Lanham,_Maryland" title="Lanham, Maryland">Lanham, MD</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. pp. 101–102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-4402-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-4402-8"><bdi>0-7425-4402-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/00067546">00067546</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45463461">45463461</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rashi+and+the+Crusades&rft.btitle=A+brief+history+of+the+Jewish+people&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=101-102&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45463461&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F00067546&rft.isbn=0-7425-4402-8&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoJOvpkHg7msC%26dq%3D%2522takkanot%2Bshum%2522%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATakkanot+Shum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JVL-S-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JVL-S_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JVL-S_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0019_0_19431.html">"Synods"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></i>. 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft.atitle=Synods&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fjudaica%2Fejud_0002_0019_0_19431.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATakkanot+Shum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p18-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p18_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hirschman, 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p19-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p19_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p19_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hirschman, 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p21-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p21_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p21_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hirschman, 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hirschman, 20–21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p22-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p22_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p22_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p22_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p22_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p22_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hirschman, 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p23-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p23_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p23_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hirschman, 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tosafot" title="Tosafot">Tosafot</a> <a href="/wiki/Nashim" title="Nashim">Kiddushin</a> (41a) sv <i><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">assur le'adam</i></span></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Moses_Isserles" title="Moses Isserles">Rama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Even_Ha%27ezer" title="Even Ha'ezer">Even Ha'ezer</a> 53:3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mordechai Farkash, <i>Seder Kiddushin Venisu'in</i> 1:11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beth Shmuel 53:20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Talmud <a href="/wiki/Bekhorot" title="Bekhorot">Bekhorot</a> 13a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Talmud Yevamot 39b</span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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