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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_England_colonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_England_colonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>New England colonies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_England_colonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_colonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_colonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Middle colonies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_colonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_colonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_colonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Southern colonies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_colonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>17th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-17th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 17th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-17th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Southern_colonies_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_colonies_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Southern colonies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_colonies_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_colonies_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_colonies_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Middle colonies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_colonies_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>New England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>18th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 18th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Global_trade_and_immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_trade_and_immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Global trade and immigration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_trade_and_immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_and_Indian_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_and_Indian_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>French and Indian War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_and_Indian_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growing_dissent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growing_dissent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Growing dissent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growing_dissent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>American Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Revolutionary_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Revolutionary_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>American Revolutionary War</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-American_Revolutionary_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle American Revolutionary War subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-American_Revolutionary_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Declaration_of_Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declaration_of_Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Declaration of Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declaration_of_Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_of_Thirteen_Colonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_of_Thirteen_Colonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Population of Thirteen Colonies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Population_of_Thirteen_Colonies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Population of Thirteen Colonies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Population_of_Thirteen_Colonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>British role</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Political culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Economic policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.1</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_British_colonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_British_colonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Other British colonies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_British_colonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Thirteen Colonies</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">81 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreizehn_Kolonien" title="Dreizehn Kolonien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Dreizehn Kolonien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Er%C4%93ot%C4%ABene_Landb%C5%ABnessa" title="Þrēotīene Landbūnessa – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Þrēotīene Landbūnessa" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB_%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="المستعمرات الثلاث عشرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المستعمرات الثلاث عشرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trece_Colonies" title="Trece Colonies – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Trece Colonies" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_%C3%BC%C3%A7_koloniya" title="On üç koloniya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="On üç koloniya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%92%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%86%DA%86_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="اوْن اۆچ کولونی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوْن اۆچ کولونی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6" title="তেরো উপনিবেশ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তেরো উপনিবেশ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cha%CC%8Dp-sa%E2%81%BF_Si%CC%8Dt-b%C3%AEn-t%C4%93" title="Cha̍p-saⁿ Si̍t-bîn-tē – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Cha̍p-saⁿ Si̍t-bîn-tē" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Трынаццаць калоній – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Трынаццаць калоній" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="तेरह उपनिवेश – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="तेरह उपनिवेश" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Тринадесет колонии – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тринадесет колонии" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinaest_kolonija" title="Trinaest kolonija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Trinaest kolonija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tretze_Col%C3%B2nies" title="Tretze Colònies – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tretze Colònies" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B8%C3%A7%C4%95_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Вунвиçĕ колони – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вунвиçĕ колони" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%99in%C3%A1ct_koloni%C3%AD" title="Třináct kolonií – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Třináct kolonií" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Tair_Trefedigaeth_ar_Ddeg" title="Y Tair Trefedigaeth ar Ddeg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Tair Trefedigaeth ar Ddeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/13_oprindelige_kolonier" title="13 oprindelige kolonier – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="13 oprindelige kolonier" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreizehn_Kolonien" title="Dreizehn Kolonien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dreizehn Kolonien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolmteist_kolooniat" title="Kolmteist kolooniat – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kolmteist kolooniat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B5%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%82_%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Δεκατρείς Αποικίες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δεκατρείς Αποικίες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trece_Colonias" title="Trece Colonias – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Trece Colonias" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dek_tri_Kolonioj" title="Dek tri Kolonioj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dek tri Kolonioj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamahiru_Koloniak" title="Hamahiru Koloniak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hamahiru Koloniak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="مستعمرات سیزده‌گانه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مستعمرات سیزده‌گانه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treize_Colonies" title="Treize Colonies – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Treize Colonies" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trece_Colonias" title="Trece Colonias – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Trece Colonias" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/13%EA%B0%9C_%EC%8B%9D%EB%AF%BC%EC%A7%80" title="13개 식민지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="13개 식민지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%84_%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Տասներեք գաղութներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տասներեք գաղութներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="तेरह उपनिवेश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तेरह उपनिवेश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinaest_kolonija" title="Trinaest kolonija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Trinaest kolonija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dek-e-tri_kolonii" title="Dek-e-tri kolonii – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Dek-e-tri kolonii" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiga_Belas_Koloni" title="Tiga Belas Koloni – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tiga Belas Koloni" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dece-Tres_Colonias" title="Dece-Tres Colonias – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Dece-Tres Colonias" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tredici_colonie" title="Tredici colonie – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tredici colonie" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A9_%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שלוש עשרה המושבות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שלוש עשרה המושבות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ცამეტი კოლონია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცამეტი კოლონია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tredecim_Coloniae" title="Tredecim Coloniae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tredecim Coloniae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C4%ABspadsmit_kolonijas" title="Trīspadsmit kolonijas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Trīspadsmit kolonijas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trylika_kolonij%C5%B3" title="Trylika kolonijų – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Trylika kolonijų" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trezze_colonie" title="Trezze colonie – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Trezze colonie" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des-tre_Colonias" title="Des-tre Colonias – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Des-tre Colonias" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_tizenh%C3%A1rom_gyarmat" title="A tizenhárom gyarmat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A tizenhárom gyarmat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Тринаесет колонии – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тринаесет колонии" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="المستعمرات التلتاشر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المستعمرات التلتاشر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiga_Belas_Jajahan" title="Tiga Belas Jajahan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tiga Belas Jajahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treze_Quel%C3%B3nias" title="Treze Quelónias – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Treze Quelónias" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dertien_koloni%C3%ABn" title="Dertien koloniën – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dertien koloniën" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="तेह्र उपनिवेश – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तेह्र उपनिवेश" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/13%E6%A4%8D%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0" title="13植民地 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="13植民地" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_tretten_kolonier" title="De tretten kolonier – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="De tretten kolonier" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dei_tretten_koloniane" title="Dei tretten koloniane – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dei tretten koloniane" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tretze_Colonias" title="Tretze Colonias – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tretze Colonias" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%CA%BBn_uchta_koloniyalar" title="Oʻn uchta koloniyalar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oʻn uchta koloniyalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%BA_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="تیراں کالونیاں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تیراں کالونیاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%90" title="دیارلس مستعمرې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="دیارلس مستعمرې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toertiin_Kalani" title="Toertiin Kalani – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Toertiin Kalani" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trzyna%C5%9Bcie_kolonii" title="Trzynaście kolonii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Trzynaście kolonii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treze_Col%C3%B4nias" title="Treze Colônias – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Treze Colônias" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cele_treisprezece_colonii" title="Cele treisprezece colonii – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cele treisprezece colonii" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Тринадцать колоний – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тринадцать колоний" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Thirteen Colonies" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremb%C3%ABdhjet%C3%AB_Kolonit%C3%AB" title="Trembëdhjetë Kolonitë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Trembëdhjetë Kolonitë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B1" title="විජිත දහතුන – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විජිත දහතුන" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thirteen Colonies" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trin%C3%A1s%C5%A5_kol%C3%B3ni%C3%AD" title="Trinásť kolónií – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Trinásť kolónií" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinajst_kolonij" title="Trinajst kolonij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Trinajst kolonij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Тринаест колонија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тринаест колонија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinaest_kolonija" title="Trinaest kolonija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Trinaest kolonija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolmetoista_siirtokuntaa" title="Kolmetoista siirtokuntaa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kolmetoista siirtokuntaa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tretton_kolonierna" title="Tretton kolonierna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1" title="สิบสามอาณานิคม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สิบสามอาณานิคม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_%C3%9C%C3%A7_Koloni" title="On Üç Koloni – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="On Üç Koloni" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/American_colonies_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="American colonies (disambiguation)">American colonies (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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.mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Thirteen Colonies</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1607–1776</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_ensign_of_Great_Britain_(1707%E2%80%931800,_square_canton).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Thirteen Colonies"><img alt="Flag of Thirteen Colonies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Red_ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%2C_square_canton%29.svg/125px-Red_ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%2C_square_canton%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Red_ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%2C_square_canton%29.svg/188px-Red_ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%2C_square_canton%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Red_ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%2C_square_canton%29.svg/250px-Red_ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%2C_square_canton%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1458" data-file-height="972" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px 0px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931777).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> </div> <div><a href="/wiki/Red_Ensign#Flag_of_British_America" title="Red Ensign">Flag of British America</a> (1707–1775)<br /><a href="/wiki/Grand_Union_Flag" title="Grand Union Flag">Flag of the United Colonies</a> (1775–1777)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">God Save the King</a><br /><div class="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="127" data-mwtitle="Rufst_du,_mein_Vaterland_(1938).oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Rufst_du%2C_mein_Vaterland_%281938%29.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d3/Rufst_du%2C_mein_Vaterland_%281938%29.oga/Rufst_du%2C_mein_Vaterland_%281938%29.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_territorial_growth_1775.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Thirteen Colonies (shown in red) in 1775 with modern borders overlaid"><img alt="The Thirteen Colonies (shown in red) in 1775 with modern borders overlaid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Map_of_territorial_growth_1775.svg/250px-Map_of_territorial_growth_1775.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Map_of_territorial_growth_1775.svg/375px-Map_of_territorial_growth_1775.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Map_of_territorial_growth_1775.svg/500px-Map_of_territorial_growth_1775.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="662" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The Thirteen Colonies (shown in red) in 1775 with modern borders overlaid</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Colonies</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Various <a href="/wiki/Colonial_charters_in_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Colonial charters in the Thirteen Colonies">colonial arrangements</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1607–1625 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I and VI</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(first)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1760–1776 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(last)</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Colony" title="Roanoke Colony">Roanoke Colony</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1585</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia Colony</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1607</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Council_for_New_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Plymouth Council for New England">New England</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1620</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Royal_Charter" title="Rhode Island Royal Charter">Rhode Island Royal Charter</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1663</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a> ceded to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1667</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Utrecht" title="Peace of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1713</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Province of Georgia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1732</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1754–1763</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Articles of Association</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1774</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Independence declared</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1776</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1783</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1625 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,980<sup id="cite_ref-century_population_p9_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-century_population_p9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1775 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,400,000<sup id="cite_ref-century_population_p9_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-century_population_p9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pre-colonial_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-colonial North America">Pre-colonial North America</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/20px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/40px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:#002868;color:#FFFFFF;background-clip:padding-box}.mw-parser-output .US-history-sidebar .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a,.mw-parser-output .US-history-sidebar .sidebar-list-title a,.mw-parser-output .US-history-sidebar .mw-collapsible-text{color:#FFFFFF}.mw-parser-output .US-history-sidebar .sidebar-caption{padding-bottom:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .US-history-sidebar .sidebar-list-content{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .US-history-sidebar .sidebar-list-title{text-align:center;background:#bf0a30;color:#FFFFFF}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks US-history-sidebar vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><b>This article is part of a series on the</b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States"><small>History of the </small><br />United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/120px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/250px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of United States history"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">Timeline and periods</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_North_America" title="Geological history of North America">Prehistoric</a></b> and <b><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian Era</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">until 1607</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial Era</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1607–1765</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1765–1783</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1783–1788</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1788–1801</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1801–1817</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1817–1825</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1825–1849</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1849–1865</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1865–1877</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1877–1896</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1896–1917</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1917–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1918–1929</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1929–1941</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1941–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Post-World War II Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1945–1964</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1954–1968</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1954–1968</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/United_States_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="United States in the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1964–1975</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Reagan_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Era">Reagan Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1981–1991</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932016)" title="History of the United States (1991–2016)">1991–2016</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">Post-Cold War Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1991–2016</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2016–present)">2016–present</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2016–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">Antisemitism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_civil_unrest_in_the_United_States" title="List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States">Civil unrest</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_racial_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Mass racial violence in the United States">Racial violence</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_the_United_States" title="Cultural history of the United States">Cultural</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cinema_in_the_United_States" title="History of cinema in the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States" title="Music history of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_the_United_States" title="History of sports in the United States">Sports</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demography</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="History of immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economy</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of banking in the United States">Banking</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">Education</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of higher education in the United States">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_flags_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the flags of the United States">Flag</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_government" title="History of the United States government">Government</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_civil_rights_in_the_United_States" title="History of civil rights in the United States">Civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_corruption_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">The Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_debt_ceiling" title="History of the United States debt ceiling">Debt ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States" title="History of direct democracy in the United States">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of United States foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_States" title="History of taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">Journalism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime history of the United States">Maritime</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="History of the United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="History of the United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="History of the United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="History of the United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Party Systems</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="History of religion in the United States">Religion</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_American_history" title="Social class in American history">Social class</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="History of sexual slavery in the United States">Sexual slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technology and industry</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_lumber_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the lumber industry in the United States">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="History of medicine in the United States">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="History of rail transportation in the United States">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African_American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="African American history">African American</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Americans" title="History of Asian Americans">Asian American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans" title="History of Chinese Americans">Chinese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Filipino_Americans" title="History of Filipino Americans">Filipino American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Indian Americans">Indian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_Americans" title="History of Japanese Americans">Japanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Korean Americans">Korean American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thai_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thai Americans">Thai American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnamese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/European_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">European American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Albanian Americans">Albanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of English Americans">English American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Estonian Americans">Estonian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finnish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Finnish Americans">Finnish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans#History" title="German Americans">German American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans#History" title="Irish Americans">Irish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poles_in_the_United_States" title="History of Poles in the United States">Polish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Serbian Americans">Serbian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans" title="History of Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">Jewish American</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Middle_Eastern_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Middle Eastern Americans">Middle Eastern American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egyptian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Egyptian Americans">Egyptian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iranian Americans">Iranian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraqi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraqi Americans">Iraqi American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lebanese Americans">Lebanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palestinian Americans">Palestinian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saudi Americans">Saudi American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_history" title="Cherokee history">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_history" title="Comanche history">Comanche</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">Women</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ history in the United States">LGBTQ</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism_in_the_United_States" title="History of lesbianism in the United States">Lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transgender_people_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of transgender people in the United States">Transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Places</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_regions_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic regions of the United States">Historic regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Regions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_England" title="History of New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">The South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_west_coast_of_North_America" title="History of the west coast of North America">The West Coast</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> States</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">AK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">AZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">AR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">CA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">CO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">DE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">FL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">GA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">HI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">ID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">IL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">IN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">IA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">KS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">KY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">MD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">MS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">MT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">NE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">NV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">NH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">NJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">NM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">NY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">NC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">ND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">OK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">OR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">PA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">SD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">TN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">TX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">UT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">VA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">WA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">WV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">WI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">WY</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Territories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">DC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">AS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">GU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">MP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">PR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">VI</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Cities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_urban_history" title="American urban history">Urban history</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Histories_of_cities_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Histories of cities in the United States">Cities</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_United_States" title="List of years in the United States">List of years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_States" title="Historiography of the United States">Historiography</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_United_States" title="Category:History of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_United_States_sidebar" title="Template:History of the United States sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_United_States_sidebar" title="Template talk:History of the United States sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_United_States_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the United States sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Thirteen Colonies</b> refers to the group of <a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">British colonies</a> on the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">Atlantic coast</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> which broke away from the British Crown in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> (1775–1783), and joined to form the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States of America</a>. </p><p>The Thirteen Colonies in their traditional groupings were: the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Colonies" title="New England Colonies">New England Colonies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a>); the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Colonies" title="Middle Colonies">Middle Colonies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a>); and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Colonies" title="Southern Colonies">Southern Colonies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These colonies were part of <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a>, which also included territory in <a href="/wiki/The_Floridas" title="The Floridas">The Floridas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, and what is today <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tomich_2020_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomich_2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Thirteen Colonies were separately administered under the Crown, but had similar political, constitutional, and legal systems, and each was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States" title="Protestantism in the United States">Protestant</a> English-speakers. The first of the colonies, Virginia, was established at <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a>, in 1607. Maryland, Pennsylvania, and the New England Colonies were substantially motivated by their founders' concerns related to the practice of religion. The other colonies were founded for business and economic expansion. The Middle Colonies were established on the former Dutch colony of <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a>. </p><p>Between 1625 and 1775, the colonial population grew from 2 thousand to 2.4 million, largely displacing the region's <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a>. The population included people subject to a system of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the colonial United States">slavery</a>, which was legal in all of the colonies. In the 18th century, the British government operated under a policy of <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantilism</a>, in which the central government administered its colonies for Britain's economic benefit. </p><p>The 13 colonies had a degree of <a href="/wiki/Colonial_government_in_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Colonial government in the Thirteen Colonies">self-governance and active local elections</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they resisted London's demands for more control over them. The <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (1754–1763) against France and its Indian allies led to growing tensions between Britain and the 13 colonies. During the 1750s, the colonies began collaborating with one another instead of dealing directly with Britain. With the help of <a href="/wiki/Early_American_publishers_and_printers" title="Early American publishers and printers">colonial printers and newspapers</a>, these inter-colonial activities and concerns were shared and led to calls for protection of the colonists' "<a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Englishmen" title="Rights of Englishmen">Rights as Englishmen</a>", especially the principle of "<a href="/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation" title="No taxation without representation">no taxation without representation</a>". </p><p>Late 18th century conflicts with the British government over taxes and rights led to the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, in which the Thirteen Colonies joined for the first time to form the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a> and raised the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a>, declaring independence in 1776. They fought the Revolutionary War with <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="France in the American Revolutionary War">the aid of the Kingdom of France</a> and, to a much lesser degree, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spain_and_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Spain and the American Revolutionary War">Kingdom of Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_colonies">British colonies</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thirteencolonies_politics_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Thirteencolonies_politics_cropped.jpg/250px-Thirteencolonies_politics_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Thirteencolonies_politics_cropped.jpg/330px-Thirteencolonies_politics_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Thirteencolonies_politics_cropped.jpg/500px-Thirteencolonies_politics_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3685" data-file-height="4500" /></a><figcaption>The Thirteen Colonies of <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a>:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#AF4523; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span>  (dark red): <a href="/wiki/New_England_Colonies" title="New England Colonies">New England Colonies</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E7774F; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span>  (red-brown): <a href="/wiki/Middle_Colonies" title="Middle Colonies">Middle Colonies</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C8673C; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span>  (brown): <a href="/wiki/Southern_Colonies" title="Southern Colonies">Southern Colonies</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1606, King <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I of England</a> granted charters to both the <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Company" title="Plymouth Company">Plymouth Company</a> and the <a href="/wiki/London_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="London Company">London Company</a> for the purpose of establishing permanent settlements in America. The London Company established the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Colony of Virginia</a> in 1607, the first permanently settled English colony on the continent. The Plymouth Company founded the <a href="/wiki/Popham_Colony" title="Popham Colony">Popham Colony</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Kennebec_River" title="Kennebec River">Kennebec River</a>, but it was short-lived. The <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Council_for_New_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Plymouth Council for New England">Plymouth Council for New England</a> sponsored several colonization projects, culminating with <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth Colony</a> in 1620 which was settled by English Puritan separatists, known today as the <a href="/wiki/Pilgrims_(Plymouth_Colony)" title="Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)">Pilgrims</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter2011152–153_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter2011152–153-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dutch, Swedish, and French also established successful American colonies at roughly the same time as the English, but they eventually came under the English crown. The Thirteen Colonies were complete with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Province of Georgia</a> in 1732, although the term "Thirteen Colonies" became current only in the context of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In London, beginning in 1660, all colonies were governed through a state department known as the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Department_(Great_Britain)" title="Southern Department (Great Britain)">Southern Department</a>, and a committee of the Privy Council called the <a href="/wiki/Lords_of_Trade_and_Plantations" title="Lords of Trade and Plantations">Board of Trade and Plantations</a>. In 1768, a <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">specific state department</a> was created for America, but it was disbanded in 1782 when the <a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a> took responsibility.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_England_colonies">New England colonies</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_England_Colonies" title="New England Colonies">New England Colonies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roanoke_map_1584.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Roanoke_map_1584.JPG/220px-Roanoke_map_1584.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="449" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Roanoke_map_1584.JPG/330px-Roanoke_map_1584.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Roanoke_map_1584.JPG/440px-Roanoke_map_1584.JPG 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="1323" /></a><figcaption>A 1584 map of the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">east coast</a> from <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Lookout_(North_Carolina)" title="Cape Lookout (North Carolina)">Cape Lookout</a>, drawn by the English colonial governor, explorer, artist, and cartographer <a href="/wiki/John_White_(colonist_and_artist)" title="John White (colonist and artist)">John White</a>; in 1607, <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a>, the first permanent <a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">English settlement</a>, was established in this region.</figcaption></figure> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province of Massachusetts Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Charter" title="Massachusetts Charter">chartered</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">royal colony</a> in 1691 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popham_Colony" title="Popham Colony">Popham Colony</a>, established in 1607; abandoned in 1608</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth Colony</a>, established in 1620; merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1691</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maine" title="Province of Maine">Province of Maine</a>, patent issued in 1622 by <a href="/wiki/Council_for_New_England" title="Council for New England">Council for New England</a>; patent reissued by <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> in 1639; absorbed by Massachusetts Bay Colony by 1658</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a>, established in 1628; merged with Plymouth Colony in 1691</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">Province of New Hampshire</a>, established in 1629; merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1641; chartered as royal colony in 1679</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut Colony</a>, established in 1636; <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Connecticut_Constitution" title="History of the Connecticut Constitution">chartered</a> as royal colony in 1662 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Colony" title="Saybrook Colony">Saybrook Colony</a>, established in 1635; merged with Connecticut Colony in 1644</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven Colony</a>, established in 1638; merged with Connecticut Colony in 1664</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Royal_Charter" title="Rhode Island Royal Charter">chartered</a> as royal colony in 1663 <ul><li>Providence Plantations established by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Roger Williams</a> in 1636</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_Rhode_Island" title="Portsmouth, Rhode Island">Portsmouth</a> established in 1638 by <a href="/wiki/John_Clarke_(Baptist_minister)" title="John Clarke (Baptist minister)">John Clarke</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Coddington" title="William Coddington">William Coddington</a>, and others</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport</a> established in 1639 after a disagreement and split among the settlers in Portsmouth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warwick,_Rhode_Island" title="Warwick, Rhode Island">Warwick</a> established in 1642 by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gorton" title="Samuel Gorton">Samuel Gorton</a></li> <li>These four settlements merged into a single Royal colony in 1663</li></ul></li></ol> <p>Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, and New Haven Colonies formed the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Confederation" title="New England Confederation">New England Confederation</a> in 1643, and all New England colonies were included in the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">Dominion of New England</a> (1686–1689). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_colonies">Middle colonies</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Middle_Colonies" title="Middle Colonies">Middle Colonies</a></div> <ol start="5"> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware Colony</a> (before 1776, the <i>Lower Counties on Delaware</i>), established in 1664 as <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_colony" title="Proprietary colony">proprietary colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">Province of New York</a>, established as a proprietary colony in 1664; chartered as royal colony in 1686; included in the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">Dominion of New England</a> (1686–1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">Province of New Jersey</a>, established as a proprietary colony in 1664; chartered as a royal colony in 1702 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East Jersey</a>, established in 1674; merged with West Jersey to re-form Province of New Jersey in 1702; included in the Dominion of New England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a>, established in 1674; merged with East Jersey to re-form Province of New Jersey in 1702; included in the Dominion of New England</li></ul> </li><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Province of Pennsylvania</a>, established in 1681 as a proprietary colony</li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_colonies">Southern colonies</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Southern_Colonies" title="Southern Colonies">Southern Colonies</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Colonies" title="Chesapeake Colonies">Chesapeake Colonies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_colonies" title="Tobacco colonies">Tobacco colonies</a></div> <ol start="9"> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Colony of Virginia</a>, established in 1607 as a proprietary colony; chartered as a royal colony in 1624.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Province of Maryland</a>, established 1632 as a proprietary colony.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">Province of North Carolina</a>, previously part of the Carolina province (see below) until 1712; chartered as a royal colony in 1729.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">Province of South Carolina</a>, previously part of the Carolina province (see below) until 1712; chartered as a royal colony in 1729.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Province of Georgia</a>, established as a proprietary colony in 1732; royal colony from 1752.</li> </ol> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Province of Carolina</a> was initially chartered in 1629 and initial settlements were established after 1651. That charter was <a href="/wiki/Void_(law)" title="Void (law)">voided</a> in 1660 by <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> and a new charter was issued in 1663, making it a proprietary colony. The Carolina province was divided into separate proprietary colonies, north and south in 1712, before both became royal colonies in 1729. </p><p>Earlier, along the coast, the <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Colony" title="Roanoke Colony">Roanoke Colony</a> was established in 1585, re-established in 1587, and found abandoned in 1590. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="17th_century">17th century</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial history of the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">British colonization of the Americas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Colonial_America" title="Timeline of Colonial America">Timeline of Colonial America</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wpdms_king_james_grants.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Wpdms_king_james_grants.png/220px-Wpdms_king_james_grants.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="397" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Wpdms_king_james_grants.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption>The 1606 grants by <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">James I</a> to the London and Plymouth companies. The overlapping area (in yellow) was granted to both companies on the stipulation that neither found a settlement within 100 miles (160 km) of each other. The location of early settlements is shown, including Jamestown (J), Quebec (Q), Popham (Po), Port Royal (R), and St. Augustine (SA).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_colonies_2">Southern colonies</h3></div> <p>The first British colony was <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a>, established on May 14, 1607, near <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a>. The business venture was financed and coordinated by the <a href="/wiki/London_Virginia_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="London Virginia Company">London Virginia Company</a>, a joint-stock company looking for gold. Its first years were extremely difficult, with very high death rates from disease and starvation, wars with local Indians, and little gold. The colony survived and flourished by turning to tobacco as a cash crop.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2002_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2002-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-heinemann_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heinemann-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1632, <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles I (England)">King Charles I</a> granted the charter for the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Province of Maryland</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Calvert,_2nd_Baron_Baltimore" title="Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore">Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore</a>. Calvert's father had been a prominent Catholic official who encouraged Catholic immigration to the English colonies. The charter offered no guidelines on religion.<sup id="cite_ref-sparky_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sparky-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Province of Carolina</a> was the second attempted English settlement south of Virginia, the first being the failed attempt at <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Colony" title="Roanoke Colony">Roanoke</a>. It was a private venture, financed by a group of English <a href="/wiki/Lords_Proprietors" class="mw-redirect" title="Lords Proprietors">Lords Proprietors</a> who obtained a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Charter">Royal Charter</a> to the Carolinas in 1663, hoping that a new colony in the south would become profitable like Jamestown. Carolina was not settled until 1670, and even then the first attempt failed because there was no incentive for emigration to that area. Eventually, however, the Lords combined their remaining capital and financed a settlement mission to the area led by Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Colleton" class="mw-redirect" title="John Colleton">John Colleton</a>. The expedition located fertile and defensible ground at <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston</a>, originally Charles Town for <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II of England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_colonies_2">Middle colonies</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nieuw_Nederland.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nieuw_Nederland.png/250px-Nieuw_Nederland.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nieuw_Nederland.png/330px-Nieuw_Nederland.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nieuw_Nederland.png/500px-Nieuw_Nederland.png 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>New Netherland with 17th-century Dutch claims in areas that later became English colonies shown in red and yellow. Present U.S. states are shown in gray. Four British colonies, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware, are referred to as the middle colonies.</figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning in 1609, Dutch traders established fur trading posts on the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delaware_River" title="Delaware River">Delaware River</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_River" title="Connecticut River">Connecticut River</a>, seeking to protect their interests in the fur trade. The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a> established permanent settlements on the Hudson River, creating the Dutch colony of <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1626, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Minuit" title="Peter Minuit">Peter Minuit</a> purchased the island of <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a> Indians and established the outpost of <a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a>. Relatively few Dutch settled in New Netherland, but the colony came to dominate the regional fur trade. It also served as the base for extensive trade with the English colonies, and many products from New England and Virginia were carried to Europe on Dutch ships. The Dutch also engaged in the burgeoning <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>, bringing some enslaved Africans to the English colonies in North America, although many more were sent to <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> and Brazil. The West India Company desired to grow New Netherland as it became commercially successful, yet the colony failed to attract the same level of settlement as the English colonies did. Many of those who did immigrate to the colony were English, German, <a href="/wiki/Walloons" title="Walloons">Walloon</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1638, Sweden established the colony of <a href="/wiki/New_Sweden" title="New Sweden">New Sweden</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Valley" title="Delaware Valley">Delaware Valley</a>. The operation was led by former members of the Dutch West India Company, including Peter Minuit. New Sweden established extensive trading contacts with English colonies to the south and shipped much of the tobacco produced in Virginia. The colony was conquered by the Dutch in 1655, while Sweden was engaged in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Northern War">Second Northern War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in the 1650s, the English and Dutch engaged in a <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Dutch Wars">series of wars</a>, and the English sought to conquer New Netherland. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nicolls" title="Richard Nicolls">Richard Nicolls</a> captured the lightly defended New Amsterdam in 1664, and his subordinates quickly captured the remainder of New Netherland. The 1667 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Breda_(1667)" title="Treaty of Breda (1667)">Treaty of Breda</a> ended the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Second Anglo-Dutch War">Second Anglo-Dutch War</a> and confirmed English control of the region. The Dutch briefly regained control of parts of New Netherland in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Third Anglo-Dutch War">Third Anglo-Dutch War</a> but surrendered claim to the territory in the 1674 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Westminster_(1674)" title="Treaty of Westminster (1674)">Treaty of Westminster</a>, ending the Dutch colonial presence in America.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British renamed the colony of New Amsterdam to "York City" or "New York". Large numbers of Dutch remained in the colony, dominating the rural areas between Manhattan and Albany, while people from New England started moving in as well as immigrants from Germany. New York City attracted a large polyglot population, including a large black slave population.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1674, the proprietary colonies of <a href="/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East Jersey</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a> were created from lands formerly part of New York.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pennsylvania was founded in 1681 as a proprietary colony of Quaker <a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a>. The main population elements included the Quaker population based in Philadelphia, a Scotch-Irish population on the Western frontier, and numerous German colonies in between.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philadelphia became the largest city in the colonies with its central location, excellent port, and a population of about 30,000.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_England">New England</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pilgrims_(Plymouth_Colony)" title="Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)">Pilgrims</a> were a small group of <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritan</a> separatists who felt that they needed to distance themselves physically from the Church of England, which they perceived as corrupted. They initially moved to the Netherlands, but eventually sailed to America in 1620 on the <i><a href="/wiki/Mayflower" title="Mayflower">Mayflower</a></i>. Upon their arrival, they drew up the <a href="/wiki/Mayflower_Compact" title="Mayflower Compact">Mayflower Compact</a>, by which they bound themselves together as a united community, thus establishing the small <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth Colony</a>. <a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_(governor)" title="William Bradford (governor)">William Bradford</a> was their main leader. After its founding, other settlers traveled from England to join the colony.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More Puritans immigrated in 1629 and established the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a> with 400 settlers. They sought to reform the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> by creating a new, ideologically pure church in the New World. By 1640, <a href="/wiki/Puritan_migration_to_New_England_(1620%E2%80%931640)" title="Puritan migration to New England (1620–1640)">20,000 had arrived</a>; many died soon after arrival, but the others found a healthy climate and an ample food supply. The Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies together spawned other Puritan colonies in New England, including the <a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Colony" title="Saybrook Colony">Saybrook</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> colonies. During the 17th century, the New Haven and Saybrook colonies were absorbed by Connecticut.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Roger Williams</a> established Providence Plantations in 1636 on land provided by <a href="/wiki/Narragansett_people" title="Narragansett people">Narragansett</a> sachem <a href="/wiki/Canonicus" title="Canonicus">Canonicus</a>. Williams was a Puritan who preached religious tolerance, <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a>, and a complete break with the Church of England. He was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony over theological disagreements; he founded the settlement based on an egalitarian constitution, providing for majority rule "in civil things" and "liberty of conscience" in religious matters.<sup id="cite_ref-Barbara_Taylor_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barbara_Taylor-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1637, a second group including <a href="/wiki/Anne_Hutchinson" title="Anne Hutchinson">Anne Hutchinson</a> established a second settlement on <a href="/wiki/Aquidneck_Island" title="Aquidneck Island">Rhode Island</a>, today called Aquidneck. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gorton" title="Samuel Gorton">Samuel Gorton</a> and others established a settlement near Providence Plantations which they called Shawomet. However, Massachusetts Bay attempted to seize the land and put it under their own authority, so Gorton travelled to London to gain a charter from the King. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Rich,_2nd_Earl_of_Warwick" title="Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick">Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick</a> assisted him in gaining the charter, so he changed the name of the settlement to Warwick. Roger Williams secured a Royal Charter from the King in 1663 which united all four settlements into the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations</a>. </p><p>Other colonists settled to the north, mingling with adventurers and profit-oriented settlers to establish more religiously diverse colonies in <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maine" title="Province of Maine">Maine</a>. Massachusetts absorbed these small settlements when it made significant land claims in the 1640s and 1650s, but New Hampshire was eventually given a separate charter in 1679. Maine remained a part of Massachusetts until achieving statehood in 1820. </p><p>In 1685, King <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II of England</a> closed the legislatures and consolidated the New England colonies into the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">Dominion of New England</a>, putting the region under the control of Governor <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Andros" title="Edmund Andros">Edmund Andros</a>. In 1688, the colonies of New York, West Jersey, and East Jersey were added to the dominion. Andros was overthrown and the dominion was closed in 1689, after the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> deposed King James II; the former colonies were re-established.<sup id="cite_ref-HallLederKammen2012_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HallLederKammen2012-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Guy Miller, the Rebellion of 1689 was the "climax of the 60-year-old struggle between the government in England and the Puritans of Massachusetts over the question of who was to rule the Bay colony."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="18th_century">18th century</h2></div> <p>In 1702, East and West Jersey were combined to form the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">Province of New Jersey</a>. </p><p>The northern and southern sections of the Carolina colony operated more or less independently until 1691 when <a href="/wiki/Philip_Ludwell" title="Philip Ludwell">Philip Ludwell</a> was appointed governor of the entire province. From that time until 1708, the northern and southern settlements remained under one government. However, during this period, the two halves of the province began increasingly to be known as North Carolina and South Carolina, as the descendants of the colony's proprietors fought over the direction of the colony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter2011319–322_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter2011319–322-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colonists of Charles Town finally deposed their governor and elected their own government. This marked the start of separate governments in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_North-Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of North-Carolina">Province of North-Carolina</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">Province of South Carolina</a>. In 1729, the king formally revoked Carolina's colonial charter and established both North Carolina and South Carolina as crown colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter2011323–324_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter2011323–324-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1730s, Parliamentarian <a href="/wiki/James_Oglethorpe" title="James Oglethorpe">James Oglethorpe</a> proposed that the area south of the Carolinas be colonized with the "worthy poor" of England to provide an alternative to the overcrowded debtors' prisons. Oglethorpe and other English philanthropists secured a royal charter as the Trustees of the colony of Georgia on June 9, 1732.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oglethorpe and his compatriots hoped to establish a utopian colony that banned slavery and recruited only the most worthy settlers, but by 1750 the colony remained sparsely populated. The proprietors gave up their charter in 1752, at which point Georgia became a crown colony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter2011358–359_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter2011358–359-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The population of the Thirteen Colonies grew immensely in the 18th century. According to historian <a href="/wiki/Alan_Taylor_(historian)" title="Alan Taylor (historian)">Alan Taylor</a>, the population was 1.5 million in 1750, which represented four-fifths of the population of <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201620_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201620-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 90 percent of the colonists lived as farmers, though some seaports also flourished. In 1760, the cities of Philadelphia, New York, and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> had a population of more than 16,000, which was small by European standards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201623_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201623-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1770, the economic output of the Thirteen Colonies made up forty percent of the <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> of the entire British Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201625_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201625-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the 18th century progressed, colonists began to settle far from the Atlantic coast. Pennsylvania, Virginia, Connecticut, and Maryland all laid claim to the land in the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> valley. The colonies engaged in a scramble to purchase land from Indian tribes, as the British insisted that claims to land should rest on legitimate purchases.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter2011373–374_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter2011373–374-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Virginia was particularly intent on western expansion, and most of the elite Virginia families invested in the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Company" title="Ohio Company">Ohio Company</a> to promote the settlement of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter2011376–377_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter2011376–377-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_trade_and_immigration">Global trade and immigration</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a></div> <p>The British American colonies became part of the global British trading network, as the value tripled for exports from America to Britain between 1700 and 1754. The colonists were restricted in trading with other European powers, but they found profitable trade partners in the other British colonies, particularly in the Caribbean. The colonists traded foodstuffs, wood, tobacco, and various other resources for Asian tea, West Indian coffee, and West Indian sugar, among other items. American Indians far from the Atlantic coast supplied the Atlantic market with beaver fur and deerskins. America had an advantage in natural resources and established its own thriving shipbuilding industry, and many American merchants engaged in the transatlantic trade.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Improved economic conditions and easing of religious persecution in Europe made it more difficult to recruit labor to the colonies, and many colonies became increasingly reliant on slave labor, particularly in the South. The population of slaves in America grew dramatically between 1680 and 1750, and the growth was driven by a mixture of forced immigration and the reproduction of slaves. Slaves supported vast plantation economies in the South, while slaves in the North worked in a variety of occupations. There were a few local attempted slave revolts, such as the <a href="/wiki/Stono_Rebellion" title="Stono Rebellion">Stono Rebellion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Conspiracy_of_1741" title="New York Conspiracy of 1741">New York Conspiracy of 1741</a>, but these uprisings were suppressed.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A small proportion of the English population migrated to America after 1700, but the colonies attracted new immigrants from other European countries. These immigrants traveled to all of the colonies, but the Middle Colonies attracted the most and continued to be more ethnically diverse than the other colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201618–19_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201618–19-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous settlers immigrated from Ireland,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter2011360_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter2011360-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both Catholic and Protestant—particularly "<a href="/wiki/Old_and_New_Light" class="mw-redirect" title="Old and New Light">New Light</a>" <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a> <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter2011361_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter2011361-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protestant Germans also immigrated in large numbers, particularly to Pennsylvania.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter2011362_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter2011362-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1740s, the Thirteen Colonies underwent the <a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff200546–49_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff200546–49-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_and_Indian_War">French and Indian War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NorthAmerica1762-83.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/NorthAmerica1762-83.png/220px-NorthAmerica1762-83.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/NorthAmerica1762-83.png/330px-NorthAmerica1762-83.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/NorthAmerica1762-83.png/440px-NorthAmerica1762-83.png 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Territorial changes following the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>; land held by the British before 1763 is shown in red and land gained by Britain in 1763 is shown in pink</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1738, an incident involving a Welsh mariner named <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkins_(master_mariner)" title="Robert Jenkins (master mariner)">Robert Jenkins</a> sparked the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a> between Britain and Spain. Hundreds of North Americans volunteered for Admiral <a href="/wiki/Edward_Vernon" title="Edward Vernon">Edward Vernon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias">assault</a> on <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia" title="Cartagena, Colombia">Cartagena de Indias</a>, a Spanish city in South America.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter2011345_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter2011345-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war against Spain merged into a broader conflict known as the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a>, but most colonists called it <a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter2011379–380_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter2011379–380-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1745, British and colonial forces <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1745)" title="Siege of Louisbourg (1745)">captured</a> the town of <a href="/wiki/Louisbourg" title="Louisbourg">Louisbourg</a>, and the war came to an end with the 1748 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1748)" title="Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)">Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle</a>. However, many colonists were angered when Britain returned Louisbourg to France in return for <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Madras</a> and other territories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter2011380–381_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter2011380–381-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the aftermath of the war, both the British and French sought to expand into the Ohio River valley.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter2011383–385_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter2011383–385-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (1754–1763) was the American extension of the general European conflict known as the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>. Previous colonial wars in North America had started in Europe and then spread to the colonies, but the French and Indian War is notable for having started in North America and spread to Europe. One of the primary causes of the war was increasing competition between Britain and France, especially in the Great Lakes and Ohio valley.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French and Indian War took on a new significance for the British North American colonists when <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">William Pitt the Elder</a> decided that major military resources needed to be devoted to North America in order to win the war against France. For the first time, the continent became one of the main theaters of what could be termed a <a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">world war</a>. During the war, it became increasingly apparent to American colonists that they were under the authority of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, as British military and civilian officials took on an increased presence in their lives. </p><p>The war also increased a sense of American unity in other ways. It caused men to travel across the continent who might otherwise have never left their own colony, fighting alongside men from decidedly different backgrounds who were nonetheless still American. Throughout the course of the war, British officers trained Americans for battle, most notably <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, which benefited the American cause during the Revolution. Also, colonial legislatures and officials had to cooperate intensively in pursuit of the continent-wide military effort.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relations were not always positive between the British military establishment and the colonists, setting the stage for later distrust and dislike of British troops. </p><p>At the 1754 <a href="/wiki/Albany_Congress" title="Albany Congress">Albany Congress</a>, Pennsylvania colonist <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> proposed the <a href="/wiki/Albany_Plan" title="Albany Plan">Albany Plan</a> which would have created a unified government of the Thirteen Colonies for coordination of defense and other matters, but the plan was rejected by the leaders of most colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter2011390–391_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter2011390–391-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris (1763)</a>, France formally ceded to Britain the eastern part of its vast North American empire, having secretly given to Spain the territory of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a> west of the Mississippi River the previous year. Before the war, Britain held the thirteen American colonies, most of present-day <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, and most of the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a> watershed. Following the war, Britain gained all French territory east of the Mississippi River, including Quebec, the Great Lakes, and the Ohio River valley. Britain also gained <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Spanish Florida</a>, from which it formed the colonies of <a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a>. In removing a major foreign threat to the thirteen colonies, the war also largely removed the colonists' need for colonial protection. </p><p>The British and colonists triumphed jointly over a common foe. The colonists' loyalty to the mother country was stronger than ever before. However, disunity was beginning to form. <a href="/wiki/British_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="British Prime Minister">British Prime Minister</a> William Pitt the Elder had decided to wage the war in the colonies with the use of troops from the colonies and tax funds from Britain itself. This was a successful wartime strategy but, after the war was over, each side believed that it had borne a greater burden than the other. The British elite, the most heavily taxed of any in Europe, pointed out angrily that the colonists paid little to the royal coffers. The colonists replied that their sons had fought and died in a war that served European interests more than their own. This dispute was a link in the chain of events that soon brought about the American Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growing_dissent">Growing dissent</h3></div> <p>The British were left with large debts following the French and Indian War, so British leaders decided to increase taxation and control of the Thirteen Colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201651–53_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201651–53-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They imposed several new taxes, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act_1764" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar Act 1764">Sugar Act 1764</a>. Later acts included the <a href="/wiki/Currency_Act_1764" class="mw-redirect" title="Currency Act 1764">Currency Act 1764</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">Stamp Act 1765</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Townshend_Acts" title="Townshend Acts">Townshend Acts</a> of 1767.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor201694–96,_107_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor201694–96,_107-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Early_American_publishers_and_printers" title="Early American publishers and printers">Colonial newspapers and printers</a> in particular took strong exception against the Stamp Act which imposed a tax on newspapers and official documents, and played a central role in disseminating literature among the colonists against such taxes and the idea of taxation without colonial representation.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a> restricted settlement west of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a>, as this was designated an <a href="/wiki/Indian_Reserve_(1763)" title="Indian Reserve (1763)">Indian Reserve</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some groups of settlers disregarded the proclamation, however, and continued to move west and establish farms.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proclamation was modified and was no longer a hindrance to settlement, but the fact angered the colonists that it had been promulgated without their prior consultation.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Revolution">American Revolution</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin_Franklin_-_Join_or_Die.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Join, or Die, a 1754 cartoon by Benjamin Franklin was used decades later to encourage the former colonies to unite against British rule" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Benjamin_Franklin_-_Join_or_Die.jpg/250px-Benjamin_Franklin_-_Join_or_Die.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Benjamin_Franklin_-_Join_or_Die.jpg/330px-Benjamin_Franklin_-_Join_or_Die.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Benjamin_Franklin_-_Join_or_Die.jpg/500px-Benjamin_Franklin_-_Join_or_Die.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3740" data-file-height="2696" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Join,_or_Die" title="Join, or Die">Join, or Die</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> was recycled to encourage the former colonies to unite against British rule.</figcaption></figure> <p>Parliament had directly levied duties and excise taxes on the colonies, bypassing the colonial legislatures, and Americans began to insist on the principle of "<a href="/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation" title="No taxation without representation">no taxation without representation</a>" with intense protests over the <a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_of_1765" class="mw-redirect" title="Stamp Act of 1765">Stamp Act of 1765</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They argued that the colonies had no representation in the British Parliament, so it was a violation of their rights as Englishmen for taxes to be imposed upon them. Parliament rejected the colonial protests and asserted its authority by passing new taxes. </p><p>Colonial discontentment grew with the passage of the 1773 <a href="/wiki/Tea_Act" title="Tea Act">Tea Act</a>, which reduced taxes on tea sold by the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> in an effort to undercut the competition, and Prime Minister North's ministry hoped that this would establish a precedent of colonists accepting British taxation policies. Trouble escalated over the tea tax, as Americans in each colony boycotted the tea, and those in Boston dumped the tea in the harbor during the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a> in 1773 when the <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a> dumped thousands of pounds of tea into the water. Tensions escalated in 1774 as Parliament passed the laws known as the <a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a>, which greatly restricted self-government in the colony of Massachusetts. These laws also allowed British military commanders to claim colonial homes for the quartering of soldiers, regardless of whether the American civilians were willing or not to have soldiers in their homes. The laws further revoked colonial rights to hold trials in cases involving soldiers or crown officials, forcing such trials to be held in England rather than in America. Parliament also sent <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">Thomas Gage</a> to serve as Governor of Massachusetts and as the commander of British forces in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2016112–114_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016112–114-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1774, colonists still hoped to remain part of the British Empire, but discontentment was widespread concerning British rule throughout the Thirteen Colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2016137–121_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016137–121-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colonists elected delegates to the <a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a>, which convened in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> in September 1774. In the aftermath of the Intolerable Acts, the delegates asserted that the colonies owed allegiance only to the king; they would accept royal governors as agents of the king, but they were no longer willing to recognize Parliament's right to pass legislation affecting the colonies. Most delegates opposed an attack on the British position in Boston, and the Continental Congress instead agreed to the imposition of a boycott known as the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a>. The boycott proved effective and the value of British imports dropped dramatically.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2016123–127_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016123–127-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Thirteen Colonies became increasingly divided between <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriots</a> opposed to British rule and <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a> who supported it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2016137–138_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016137–138-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_Revolutionary_War">American Revolutionary War</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriot (American Revolution)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_colonies_1763-76_shepherd1923.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/British_colonies_1763-76_shepherd1923.PNG/220px-British_colonies_1763-76_shepherd1923.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/British_colonies_1763-76_shepherd1923.PNG/330px-British_colonies_1763-76_shepherd1923.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/British_colonies_1763-76_shepherd1923.PNG/440px-British_colonies_1763-76_shepherd1923.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1651" data-file-height="1010" /></a><figcaption>A map of the Thirteen Colonies (in red) and nearby colonial areas (1763–1775) just before the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In response, the colonies formed bodies of elected representatives known as <a href="/wiki/Provincial_Congress" title="Provincial Congress">Provincial Congresses</a>, and colonists began to boycott imported British merchandise.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in 1774, 12 colonies sent representatives to the <a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a>, the remaining colony of Georgia sent delegates as well. </p><p>Massachusetts Governor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">Thomas Gage</a> feared a confrontation with the colonists; he requested reinforcements from Britain, but the British government was not willing to pay for the expense of stationing tens of thousands of soldiers in the Thirteen Colonies. Gage was instead ordered to seize Patriot arsenals. He dispatched a force to march on the arsenal at <a href="/wiki/Concord,_Massachusetts" title="Concord, Massachusetts">Concord, Massachusetts</a>, but the Patriots learned about it and blocked their advance. The Patriots repulsed the British force at the April 1775 <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Battles of Lexington and Concord</a>, then lay <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">siege to Boston</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2016132–133_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016132–133-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By spring 1775, all royal officials had been expelled, and the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a> hosted a convention of delegates for the Thirteen Colonies. It raised an army to fight the British and named <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> its commander, made treaties, declared independence, and recommended that the colonies write constitutions and become states,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff2005_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff2005-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later enumerated in the 1777 <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1775, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a>, assembled in the revolutionary capital of Philadelphia, began recruiting soldiers for the Revolutionary War against the British, printing its own money, and appointing <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> as commander of Patriot militias. Those from New England that had launched the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Siege of Boston</a>, which forced <a href="/wiki/British_Army_during_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="British Army during the American Revolutionary War">British troops</a> to withdraw from <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>. The patriot militias later were formalized into the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> under Washington's command. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declaration_of_Independence">Declaration of Independence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a></div> <p>The Second Continental Congress charged the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Five" title="Committee of Five">Committee of Five</a>, including <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston" title="Robert R. Livingston">Robert R. Livingston</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman" title="Roger Sherman">Roger Sherman</a>, with authoring the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>. The committee, in turn, asked Jefferson to author the first draft, which Jefferson largely wrote in isolation between June 11, 1776, and June 28, 1776, from the second floor of a three-story home he was renting at 700 <a href="/wiki/Market_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Market Street (Philadelphia)">Market Street</a> in Philadelphia, now called the Declaration House and within walking distance of <a href="/wiki/Independence_Hall" title="Independence Hall">Independence Hall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Considering Congress's busy schedule, Jefferson probably had limited time for writing over these 17 days, and he likely wrote his first draft quickly.<sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 104">: 104 </span></sup> </p><p>On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress unanimously adopted and issued the Declaration as a letter of grievances to King <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a>; </p><p>With the help chiefly of France, they defeated the British in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>. The decisive victory came at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown_(1781)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Yorktown (1781)">Siege of Yorktown</a> in 1781. In the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a>, Britain officially recognized the independence of the United States of America.<sup id="cite_ref-EiVQB_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EiVQB-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9w1sv_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9w1sv-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population_of_Thirteen_Colonies">Population of Thirteen Colonies</h2></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:right; clear:right; margin-left:8px; margin-right:0"> <caption>Population of the thirteen British colonies<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> <th>Year </th> <th>Estimated<br />Population </th></tr> <tr> <td>1610</td> <td>350 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1620</td> <td>2,302 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1630</td> <td>4,246 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1640</td> <td>25,734 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1650</td> <td>49,368 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1660</td> <td>75,058 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1670</td> <td>111,935 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1680</td> <td>151,507 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1690</td> <td>210,372 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1700</td> <td>250,588 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1710</td> <td>331,711 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1720</td> <td>466,185 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1730</td> <td>629,445 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1740</td> <td>905,563 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1750</td> <td>1,170,760 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1760</td> <td>1,593,625 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1770</td> <td>2,148,076 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_and_pre-Federal_U.S._historical_population" title="List of colonial and pre-Federal U.S. historical population">List of colonial and pre-Federal U.S. historical population</a></div> <p>The colonial population rose to a quarter of a million during the 17th century, and to nearly 2.5 million on the eve of the American revolution. The estimates do not include the Indian tribes outside the jurisdiction of the colonies. Good health was important for the growth of the colonies: "Fewer deaths among the young meant that a higher proportion of the population reached reproductive age, and that fact alone helps to explain why the colonies grew so rapidly."<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were many other reasons for the population growth besides good health, such as the <a href="/wiki/Puritan_migration_to_New_England_(1620%E2%80%9340)" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan migration to New England (1620–40)">Great Migration</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (August 2019)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Thirteen_Colonies#citations_do_not_support_the_assertions" title="Talk:Thirteen Colonies">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By 1776, about 85% of the white population's ancestry originated in the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> (English, Scots-Irish, Scottish, Welsh), 9% of <a href="/wiki/German_American" class="mw-redirect" title="German American">German</a> origin, 4% <a href="/wiki/Dutch_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch American">Dutch</a> and 2% Huguenot French and other minorities. Over 90% were farmers, with several small cities that were also seaports linking the colonial economy to the larger British Empire. These populations continued to grow at a rapid rate during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, primarily because of high birth rates and relatively low death rates. <a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="History of immigration to the United States">Immigration</a> was a minor factor from 1774 to 1830.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the United States Historical Census Data Base (USHCDB), the ethnic populations in the British American Colonies of 1700, 1755, and 1775 were: </p> <table class="sort wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 90%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6">Ethnic composition in the British American Colonies of 1700, 1755, 1775<sup id="cite_ref-Boyer_et._al_p._99_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyer_et._al_p._99-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#efefef">1700 </th> <th style="background:#efefef">Percent </th> <th style="background:#efefef">1755 </th> <th style="background:#efefef">Percent </th> <th style="background:#efefef">1775 </th> <th style="background:#efefef">Percent </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh American">Welsh</a> </td> <td>80.0% </td> <td>English and Welsh </td> <td>52.0% </td> <td>English </td> <td>48.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African</a> </td> <td>11.0% </td> <td>African </td> <td>20.0% </td> <td>African </td> <td>20.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans" title="Dutch Americans">Dutch</a> </td> <td>4.0% </td> <td><a href="/wiki/German_American" class="mw-redirect" title="German American">German</a> </td> <td>7.0% </td> <td>Scots-Irish </td> <td>7.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Americans" title="Scottish Americans">Scottish</a> </td> <td>3.0% </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Americans" title="Scotch-Irish Americans">Scots-Irish</a> </td> <td>7.0% </td> <td>German </td> <td>6.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other European </td> <td>2.0% </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish American">Irish</a> </td> <td>5.0% </td> <td>Scottish </td> <td>6.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" rowspan="4"> </td> <td>Scottish </td> <td>4.0% </td> <td>Dutch </td> <td>2.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dutch </td> <td>3.0% </td> <td><a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">French</a> </td> <td>1.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other European </td> <td>2.0% </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Americans" title="Swedish Americans">Swedish</a> </td> <td>0.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td>Other </td> <td>5.3% </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom" bgcolor="lightgrey"> <th>Colonies </th> <th>100% </th> <th>Colonies </th> <td>100% </td> <th>Thirteen Colonies </th> <td>100% </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavery">Slavery</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the colonial United States">Slavery in the colonial United States</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Slavery#Chattel_slavery" title="Slavery">Chattel slavery</a> was legal and practiced in all of the Thirteen Colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodriguez2007_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodriguez2007-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most places, it involved house servants or farm workers. It was of economic importance in the export-oriented tobacco plantations of Virginia and Maryland and on the rice and indigo plantations of South Carolina.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 287,000 slaves were imported into the Thirteen Colonies over a period of 160 years, or 2% of the estimated 12 million taken from Africa to the Americas via the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>. The great majority went to sugar colonies in the Caribbean and to Brazil, where life expectancy was short and the numbers had to be continually replenished. By the mid-18th century, life expectancy was much higher in the American colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Slaves imported into Colonial America<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>1620–1700 </th> <th>1701–1760 </th> <th>1761–1770 </th> <th>1771–1780 </th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td>21,000 </td> <td>189,000 </td> <td>63,000 </td> <td>15,000 </td> <td><b>288,000</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The numbers grew rapidly through a very high birth rate and low mortality rate, reaching nearly four million by the <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census">1860 census</a>. From 1770 until 1860, the rate of natural growth of North American slaves was much greater than for the population of any nation in Europe, and was nearly twice as rapid as that in England. </p><p> The legal status of chattel slavery has been explained by William M. Wiecek:<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>By the time of the Revolution, each of the mainland colonies had at least the rudiments of a statutory law of slavery...and nine of them had fairly elaborate slave codes that specified four basic legal characteristics of American slavery. First, the statutes defined slavery as a lifetime condition, distinguishing it from servitude and other forms of unfree status, which lasted only for a term of years. Second...slave status was made hereditable through the mother. In so providing, the American colonies reversed the common-law rule that personal status followed the condition of the father.... The third fundamental statutory characteristic of American slavery was racial identification....The fourth and most troublesome of the elements of slavery for colonial legislators was the precise legal status of a slave as property.... southern jurisdictions ...settled on the legal definition of a slave as a "chattel personal."</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_United_States#Before_the_American_Revolution" title="History of religion in the United States">History of religion in the United States § Before the American Revolution</a></div> <p>According to Patricia Bonomi, "early Americans in all sections lived not in a spiritual desert but in a world where religion formed a key component of their mental landscape."<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protestantism was the predominant religious affiliation in the Thirteen Colonies. There were also a few Catholics in Maryland as well as <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deists" class="mw-redirect" title="Deists">deists</a>, many colonists had no religious connection. The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> was officially established in most of the South. The <a href="/wiki/Puritan_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan movement">Puritan movement</a> divided into the <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregational</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalist_Association" title="Unitarian Universalist Association">Unitarian denominations</a>, and was the established religious affiliation in Massachusetts and Connecticut into the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, this meant that tax revenues were allocated to church expenses. The <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> parishes in the South were under the control of local vestries and had public functions such as repair of the roads and relief of the poor. After 1700 the vestry no longer dominated the minister.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The colonies were religiously diverse, with different Protestant denominations brought by British, German, Dutch, and other immigrants. The <a href="/wiki/Reformed_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed tradition</a> was the foundation for <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congregationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist">Congregationalist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Reformed">Continental Reformed</a> denominations. French <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a> set up their own Reformed congregations. The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church" title="Dutch Reformed Church">Dutch Reformed Church</a> was strong among <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans" title="Dutch Americans">Dutch Americans</a> in New York and New Jersey, while <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> was prevalent among <a href="/wiki/German_American" class="mw-redirect" title="German American">German immigrants</a>. Germans also brought diverse forms of <a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mennonite">Mennonite</a> variety. <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed Baptist">Reformed Baptist</a> preacher <a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Roger Williams</a> founded <a href="/wiki/Providence_Plantations" class="mw-redirect" title="Providence Plantations">Providence Plantations</a> which became the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations</a>. Jews were clustered in a few port cities. The Baltimore family founded <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> and brought in fellow Catholics from England.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catholics were about 1.6% of the population or 40,000 in 1775. Of the 200–250,000 Irish who came to the Colonies between 1701 and 1775 less than 20,000 were Catholic, many of whom hid their faith or lapsed because of prejudice and discrimination. Between 1770 and 1775 3,900 Irish Catholics arrived out of almost 45,000 white immigrants (7,000 English, 15,000 Scots, 13,200 Scots-Irish, 5,200 Germans).<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Catholics were English Recusants, Germans, Irish, or blacks; half lived in Maryland, with large populations also in New York and Pennsylvania. Presbyterians were chiefly immigrants from Scotland and Ulster who favored the back-country and frontier districts.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a> were well established in Pennsylvania, where they controlled the governorship and the legislature for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quakers were also numerous in Rhode Island. <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methodists" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodists">Methodists</a> were growing rapidly during the <a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a> of the 1740s.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many denominations sponsored missions to the local Indians.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Education in the Thirteen Colonies">Education in the Thirteen Colonies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colonial_Colleges_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Colonial_Colleges_map.svg/250px-Colonial_Colleges_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Colonial_Colleges_map.svg/330px-Colonial_Colleges_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Colonial_Colleges_map.svg/500px-Colonial_Colleges_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Map of higher education in the 13 Colonies immediately prior to the American Revolution.</figcaption></figure> <p>Higher education was available for young men in the north, and most students were aspiring Protestant ministers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Nine institutions of higher education were chartered during the colonial era. These colleges, known collectively as the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_colleges" title="Colonial colleges">colonial colleges</a> were <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">New College (Harvard)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="College of William & Mary">College of William & Mary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale College (Yale)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Princeton College">College of New Jersey (Princeton)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">King's College (Columbia)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">College of Philadelphia (University of Pennsylvania)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">College of Rhode Island (Brown)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutgers College">Queen's College (Rutgers)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a>. The College of William & Mary and Queen's College later became public institutions while the other institutions account for seven of the eight private <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> universities. </p><p>With the exception of the College of William and Mary, these institutions were all located in New England and the Middle Colonies. The southern colonies held the belief that the family had the responsibility of educating their children, mirroring the common belief in Europe. Wealthy families either used tutors and governesses from Britain or sent children to school in England. By the 1700s, university students based in the colonies began to act as tutors.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most New England towns sponsored public schools for boys, but public schooling was rare elsewhere. Girls were educated at home or by small local private schools, and they had no access to college. Aspiring physicians and lawyers typically learned as apprentices to an established practitioner, although some young men went to medical schools in Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUrbanWagoner200811–54_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrbanWagoner200811–54-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Colonial_government_in_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Colonial government in the Thirteen Colonies">Colonial government in the Thirteen Colonies</a></div> <p>The three forms of colonial government in 1776 were provincial (<a href="/wiki/Royal_colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal colony">royal colony</a>), <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_colony" title="Proprietary colony">proprietary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charter_colony" title="Charter colony">charter</a>. These governments were all subordinate to the British monarch with no representation in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a>. The administration of all British colonies was overseen by the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Trade" title="Board of Trade">Board of Trade</a> in London beginning late in the 17th century. </p><p>The provincial colony was governed by commissions created at the pleasure of the king. A governor and his council were appointed by the crown. The governor was invested with general executive powers and authorized to call a locally elected assembly. The governor's council would sit as an upper house when the assembly was in session, in addition to its role in advising the governor. Assemblies were made up of representatives elected by the freeholders and planters (landowners) of the province. The governor had the power of absolute veto and could <a href="/wiki/Legislative_session" title="Legislative session">prorogue</a> (i.e., delay) and dissolve the assembly. The assembly's role was to make all local laws and ordinances, ensuring that they were not inconsistent with the laws of Britain. In practice, this did not always occur, since many of the provincial assemblies sought to expand their powers and limit those of the governor and crown. Laws could be examined by the British Privy Council or Board of Trade, which also held veto power of legislation. New Hampshire, New York, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia were crown colonies. Massachusetts became a crown colony at the end of the 17th century. </p><p>Proprietary colonies were governed much as royal colonies, except that lord proprietors appointed the governor rather than the king. They were set up after the <a href="/wiki/English_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="English Restoration">English Restoration</a> of 1660 and typically enjoyed greater civil and religious liberty. Pennsylvania (which included Delaware), New Jersey, and Maryland were proprietary colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charter governments were political corporations created by <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a>, giving the grantees control of the land and the powers of legislative government. The charters provided a fundamental constitution and divided powers among legislative, executive, and judicial functions, with those powers being vested in officials. Massachusetts, Providence Plantation, Rhode Island, Warwick, and Connecticut were charter colonies. The Massachusetts charter was revoked in 1684 and was replaced by a provincial charter that was issued in 1691.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Providence_Plantations" class="mw-redirect" title="Providence Plantations">Providence Plantations</a> merged with the settlements at <a href="/wiki/Aquidneck_Island" title="Aquidneck Island">Rhode Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warwick,_Rhode_Island" title="Warwick, Rhode Island">Warwick</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations</a>, which also became a charter colony in 1636. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_role">British role</h3></div> <p>After 1680, the imperial government in London took an increasing interest in the affairs of the colonies, which were growing rapidly in population and wealth. In 1680, only Virginia was a royal colony; by 1720, half were under the control of royal governors. These governors were appointees closely tied to the government in London. </p><p>Historians before the 1880s emphasized American nationalism. However, scholarship after that time was heavily influenced by the "Imperial school" led by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_L._Osgood" title="Herbert L. Osgood">Herbert L. Osgood</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Louis_Beer" title="George Louis Beer">George Louis Beer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_McLean_Andrews" title="Charles McLean Andrews">Charles McLean Andrews</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_H._Gipson" title="Lawrence H. Gipson">Lawrence H. Gipson</a>. This viewpoint dominated colonial historiography into the 1940s, and they emphasized and often praised the attention that London gave to all the colonies. In this view, there was never a threat (before the 1770s) that any colony would revolt or seek independence.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_culture">Political culture</h3></div> <p>Settlers did not come to the American colonies with the intention of creating a democratic system; yet they quickly created a broad electorate. The 13 colonies had no hereditary aristocrats as in Europe. There were no rich gentry who owned all the farmland and rented it out to tenants, as in England and in the Dutch settlements in upstate New York. Instead there was a political system of local control that was governed by men elected in fair elections. The colonies offered a broader base than Britain or indeed any other country. Any property owner could vote for members of the lower house of the legislature. Governors were appointed in London but colonists elected the governor in Connecticut and Rhode Island.<sup id="cite_ref-Robert_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women, children, indentured servants, and slaves were subsumed under the interest of the family head and did not have a vote or a voice. Indians and free blacks were politically outside the system and usually could not vote. Voters were required to hold an "interest" in society; as the South Carolina legislature said in 1716, "it is necessary and reasonable, that none but such persons will have an interest in the Province should be capable to elect members of the Commons House of Assembly".<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main legal criterion for having an "interest" was ownership of real estate. In Britain, 19 out of 20 men were controlled politically by their landlords. London insisted on this requirement for the colonies, telling governors to exclude from the ballot men who were not freeholders—that is, those who did not own land. However, in most places good farmland was cheap and so widely owned that 50% to 80% of the men were eligible to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> According to historian Donald Radcliffe:</p><blockquote><p> The right to vote had always been extraordinarily widespread—at least among adult white males--even before the country gained its independence....Enfranchisement varied greatly by location. There certainly were communities, particularly newly settled communities where land was inexpensive, in which 70 or 80 percent of all white men were enfranchised. Yet there were also locales...where the percentages were far lower, closer to 40 or 50 percent....On the whole, the franchise was far more widespread than it was in England, yet as the revolution approached, the rate of property ownership was falling, and the proportion of adult white males who were eligible to vote was probably less than 60 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>The colonial political culture emphasized deference, so that local notables were the men who ran and were chosen. But sometimes they competed with each other and had to appeal to the common man for votes. There were no political parties, and would-be legislators formed ad hoc coalitions of their families, friends, and neighbors. Election day brought in all the men from the countryside to the county seat or town center to make merry, politick, shake hands with the grandees, meet old friends, and hear the speeches—all the while toasting, eating, treating, tippling, and gambling. They voted by shouting their choice to the clerk, as supporters cheered or booed. In Virginia candidate George Washington spent £39 for treats for his supporters. The candidates knew that they had to "swill the planters with bumbo" (rum). Elections were carnivals where all men were equal for one day and traditional restraints were relaxed.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Voting was voluntary and typically about half the men eligible to vote turned out on election day. Turnout was usually higher in Pennsylvania and New York, where long-standing factions based on ethnic and religious groups mobilized supporters at a higher rate. New York and Rhode Island developed long-lasting two-faction systems that held together for years at the colony level, but they did not reach into local affairs. The factions were based on the personalities of a few leaders and an array of family connections, and they had little basis in policy or ideology. Elsewhere the political scene was in a constant whirl, based on personality rather than long-lived factions or serious disputes on issues.<sup id="cite_ref-Robert_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The colonies were independent of one other before 1774; indeed, all the colonies began as separate and unique settlements or plantations. Further, efforts had failed to form a colonial union through the <a href="/wiki/Albany_Congress" title="Albany Congress">Albany Congress</a> of 1754 led by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>. The thirteen all had well-established systems of self-government and elections based on the <a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Englishmen" title="Rights of Englishmen">Rights of Englishmen</a> which they were determined to protect from imperial interference.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenePole2003665_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenePole2003665-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_policy">Economic policy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States#Political_environment" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic history of the United States § Political environment</a></div> <p>The British Empire at the time was operated under the <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantile system</a>, where all trade was concentrated inside the Empire, and trade with other empires was forbidden. The goal was to enrich Britain—its merchants and its government. Whether the policy was good for the colonists was not an issue in London, but Americans became increasingly restive with mercantilist policies.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mercantilism meant that the government and the merchants became partners with the goal of increasing political power and private wealth, to the exclusion of other empires. The government protected its merchants—and kept others out—by trade barriers, regulations, and subsidies to domestic industries in order to maximize exports from and minimize imports to the realm. The government had to fight smuggling—which became a favorite American technique in the 18th century to circumvent the restrictions on trading with the French, Spanish or Dutch.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tactic used by mercantilism was to run trade surpluses, so that gold and silver would pour into London. The government took its share through duties and taxes, with the remainder going to merchants in Britain. The government spent much of its revenue on a superb <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Navy#Expansion_of_the_fighting_force,_1642–1689" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, which not only protected the British colonies but threatened the colonies of the other empires, and sometimes seized them. Thus the British Navy captured <a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a> (New York) in 1664. The colonies were captive markets for British industry, and the goal was to enrich the mother country.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colonial commodities were shipped on British ships to the mother country where Britain sold them to Europe reaping the benefits of the export trade. Finished goods were manufactured in Britain and sold in the colonies, or imported by Britain for retail to the colonies, profiting the mother country. Like other New World colonial empires, the British empire's commodity production was dependent on slave labor; as observed in 1720s Britain, "all this great increase in our treasure proceeds chiefly from the labour of negroes" in Britain's colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Britain implemented mercantilism by trying to block American trade with the French, Spanish, or Dutch empires using the <a href="/wiki/Navigation_Acts" title="Navigation Acts">Navigation Acts</a>, which Americans avoided as often as they could. The royal officials responded to smuggling with open-ended search warrants (<a href="/wiki/Writ_of_assistance" title="Writ of assistance">Writs of Assistance</a>). In 1761, Boston lawyer <a href="/wiki/James_Otis,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="James Otis, Jr.">James Otis</a> argued that the writs violated the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">constitutional rights</a> of the colonists. He lost the case, but John Adams later wrote, "Then and there the child Independence was born."<sup id="cite_ref-Stephens2006_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stephens2006-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the colonists took pains to argue that they did not oppose British regulation of their external trade; they only opposed legislation that affected them internally. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transportation">Transportation</h4></div> <p>Transportation was primarily done by water; although a road network did exist in the colonies. As transportation was often done by water, a sizable shipbuilding industry developed; especially in New England. Rivers were utilized for transportation purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most roads existed along the Atlantic Coast and connected other cities to each other. Some individual colonies built their own road networks. By 1764 a stagecoach route existed between Philadelphia and New York City; and by 1773 the stagecoach network extended to Providence and Boston.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_British_colonies">Other British colonies</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Colonies_in_North_America_c1750_v2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/British_Colonies_in_North_America_c1750_v2.png/220px-British_Colonies_in_North_America_c1750_v2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/British_Colonies_in_North_America_c1750_v2.png 1.5x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="215" /></a><figcaption>Some of the British colonies in North America, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1750</span><div><ol><li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a></li><li>Nova Scotia</li><li>Thirteen Colonies</li><li>Bermuda</li><li><a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/British_Honduras" title="British Honduras">British Honduras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">British Leeward Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li></ol></div></figcaption></figure> <p>Besides the grouping that became known as the "thirteen colonies",<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britain in the late-18th century had another dozen colonial possessions in the <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">New World</a> surrounding the 13 colonies. The <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">British West Indies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Colony" title="Newfoundland Colony">Newfoundland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Province of Quebec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a> remained loyal to the British crown throughout the war (although Spain reacquired Florida as the war was ending, and in 1821 sold it to the United States). Several of the other colonies evinced a certain degree of sympathy with the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriot</a> cause, but their geographical isolation and the dominance of British naval power precluded any effective participation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenePole2003_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenePole2003-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British crown had only recently acquired several of those lands, and many of the issues facing the Thirteen Colonies did not apply to them, especially in the case of Quebec and Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_British_Empire" title="Historiography of the British Empire">Historiography of the British Empire</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/First_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="First British Empire">first British Empire</a> centered on the Thirteen Colonies, which attracted large numbers of settlers from Britain. The "Imperial School" in the 1900–1930s took a favorable view of the benefits of empire, emphasizing its successful economic integration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff196623–45_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff196623–45-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Imperial School included such historians as <a href="/wiki/Herbert_L._Osgood" title="Herbert L. Osgood">Herbert L. Osgood</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Louis_Beer" title="George Louis Beer">George Louis Beer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Andrews" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles M. Andrews">Charles M. Andrews</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Gipson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Gipson">Lawrence Gipson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The shock of Britain's defeat in 1783 caused a radical revision of British policies on colonialism, thereby producing what historians call the end of the First British Empire, even though Britain still controlled Canada and some islands in the West Indies.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ashley_Jackson_(historian)" title="Ashley Jackson (historian)">Ashley Jackson</a> writes: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The first British Empire was largely destroyed by the loss of the American colonies, followed by a "swing to the east" and the foundation of a <a href="/wiki/Second_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Second British Empire">second British Empire</a> based on commercial and territorial expansion in South Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Much of the historiography concerns the reasons why the Americans rebelled in the 1770s and successfully broke away. Since the 1960s, the mainstream of historiography has emphasized the growth of American consciousness and nationalism and the colonial <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">republican value-system</a>, in opposition to the aristocratic viewpoint of British leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historians in recent decades have mostly used one of three approaches to analyze the American Revolution:<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_history" title="Atlantic history">Atlantic history</a> view places North American events in a broader context, including the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a>. It tends to integrate the historiographies of the American Revolution and the British Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/New_social_history" class="mw-redirect" title="New social history">new social history</a> approach looks at community social structure to find issues that became magnified into colonial cleavages.</li> <li>The ideological approach centers on republicanism in the Thirteen Colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ideas of republicanism dictated that the United States would have no royalty or aristocracy or national church. They did permit continuation of the British <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>, which American lawyers and jurists understood, approved of, and used in their everyday practice. Historians have examined how the rising American legal profession adapted the British common law to incorporate republicanism by selective revision of legal customs and by introducing more choice for courts.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War#Prelude_to_revolution" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War § Prelude to revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">British colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">Colonial American military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_government_in_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Colonial government in the Thirteen Colonies">Colonial government in the Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_South_and_the_Chesapeake" title="Colonial South and the Chesapeake">Colonial South and the Chesapeake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_in_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Credit in the Thirteen Colonies">Credit in the Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies">Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">History of the United States (1776–1789)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding_in_the_American_colonies" title="Shipbuilding in the American colonies">Shipbuilding in the American colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_soldiers_and_veterans_in_the_United_States" title="Social history of soldiers and veterans in the United States">Social history of soldiers and veterans in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a>, the name used by the Second Continental Congress in 1775–1776</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In no colony was there <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>; the vote was restricted to free male subjects of a certain wealth measured by amount of property or extent of taxes paid, excluding the working classes, women, the enslaved, and Native Americans (Indians) from voting.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, colonies, as in Britain, had varying <a href="/wiki/Religious_test" title="Religious test">religious tests</a> for participation in government.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The number 13 is mentioned as early as 1720.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes Carolina as a single colony and does not include Georgia, but instead counts Nova Scotia and <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Colony" title="Newfoundland Colony">Newfoundland</a> as British colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The States of: New Hampshire; Massachusetts bay; Rhode Island and Providence Plantations; Connecticut; New York; New Jersey; Pennsylvania; Delaware; Maryland; Virginia; North Carolina; South Carolina; Georgia (see <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation_and_Perpetual_Union">Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The population figures are estimates by historians; they do not include the Indian tribes outside the jurisdiction of the colonies. They do include Indians living under colonial control, as well as slaves and indentured servants.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-century_population_p9-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-century_population_p9_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-century_population_p9_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#census1906">U.S. Census, 1906</a>, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/topics/colonial-america/thirteen-colonies">"The 13 Colonies"</a>. <i>History.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History.com&rft.atitle=The+13+Colonies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fcolonial-america%2Fthirteen-colonies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tomich_2020-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tomich_2020_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFradera2020" class="citation book cs1">Fradera, Josep M. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BO_cDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1">"1780–1880: A Century of Imperial Transformation"</a>. In Tomich, Dale W. (ed.). <i>Atlantic Transformations: Empire, Politics, and Slavery during the Nineteenth Century</i>. SUNY Series: Fernand Braudel Center Studies in Historical Social Science. <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438477848" title="Special:BookSources/9781438477848"><bdi>9781438477848</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2019049099">2019049099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1780%E2%80%931880%3A+A+Century+of+Imperial+Transformation&rft.btitle=Atlantic+Transformations%3A+Empire%2C+Politics%2C+and+Slavery+during+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.series=SUNY+Series%3A+Fernand+Braudel+Center+Studies+in+Historical+Social+Science&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2019049099&rft.isbn=9781438477848&rft.aulast=Fradera&rft.aufirst=Josep+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBO_cDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMintz_Steven" class="citation web cs1">Mintz Steven. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-resources/essays/winning-vote-history-voting-rights">"Winning the Vote: A History of Voting Rights – Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History"</a>. <i>www.gilderlehrman.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23916451">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'No Religious Test Shall Ever Be Required': Reflections on the Bicentennial of the U.S. Constitution"</a>. <i>Journal of Church and State</i>. <b>29</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">199–</span>203. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjcs%2F29.2.199">10.1093/jcs/29.2.199</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-969X">0021-969X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23916451">23916451</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Church+and+State&rft.atitle=%27No+Religious+Test+Shall+Ever+Be+Required%27%3A+Reflections+on+the+Bicentennial+of+the+U.S.+Constitution&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E199-%3C%2Fspan%3E203&rft.date=1987&rft.issn=0021-969X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23916451%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjcs%2F29.2.199&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23916451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiddletonLombard2011" class="citation book cs1">Middleton, Richard; Lombard, Anne (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/682892448"><i>Colonial America: A History to 1763</i></a> (4th ed.). Chichester, England: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9004-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9004-6"><bdi>978-1-4051-9004-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/682892448">682892448</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+America%3A+A+History+to+1763&rft.place=Chichester%2C+England&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F682892448&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-9004-6&rft.aulast=Middleton&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Lombard%2C+Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F682892448&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter2011152–153-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter2011152–153_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichter2011">Richter (2011)</a>, pp. 152–153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoyer1720" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abel_Boyer" title="Abel Boyer">Boyer, Abel</a> (1720). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M31YAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA376"><i>The Political State of Great Britain</i></a>. Vol. 19. London. p. 376. <q>so in this Country we have Thirteen Colonies at least severally govern'd by their respective Commanders in Chief, according to their peculiar Laws and Constitutions</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+State+of+Great+Britain&rft.place=London&rft.pages=376&rft.date=1720&rft.aulast=Boyer&rft.aufirst=Abel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM31YAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoebuck1779" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Roebuck" title="John Roebuck">Roebuck, John</a> (1779). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lqdbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA21"><i>An Enquiry, Whether the Guilt of the Present Civil War in America, Ought to be Imputed to Great Britain Or America</i></a>. Vol. 48. London. p. 21. <q>though the colonies be thus absolutely subject to the parliament of England, the individuals of which the colony consist, may enjoy security, and freedom; there is not a single inhabitant, of the thirteen colonies, now in arms, but who may be conscious of the truth of this assertion". <i>The critical review, or annals of literature</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Enquiry%2C+Whether+the+Guilt+of+the+Present+Civil+War+in+America%2C+Ought+to+be+Imputed+to+Great+Britain+Or+America&rft.place=London&rft.pages=21&rft.date=1779&rft.aulast=Roebuck&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlqdbAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span> and "during the last war, no part of his majesty's dominions contained a greater proportion of faithful subjects than the Thirteen Colonies." (p. 136)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoulds" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Foulds, Nancy Brown. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/colonial-office">"Colonial Office"</a>. <i>The Canadian Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 7,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Colonial+Office&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.aulast=Foulds&rft.aufirst=Nancy+Brown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fcolonial-office&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2002-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2002_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2002">Taylor (2002)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heinemann-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-heinemann_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeinemannKolpParentShade2008" class="citation book cs1">Heinemann, Ronald L.; Kolp, John G.; Parent, Anthony S. Jr.; Shade, William G. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GQGFjKy_5OsC"><i>Old Dominion, New Commonwealth: A History of Virginia, 1607–2007</i></a>. Charlottesville, Virginia: University of Virginia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-3048-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-3048-0"><bdi>978-0-8139-3048-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/825768138">825768138</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Dominion%2C+New+Commonwealth%3A+A+History+of+Virginia%2C+1607%E2%80%932007&rft.place=Charlottesville%2C+Virginia&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F825768138&rft.isbn=978-0-8139-3048-0&rft.aulast=Heinemann&rft.aufirst=Ronald+L.&rft.au=Kolp%2C+John+G.&rft.au=Parent%2C+Anthony+S.+Jr.&rft.au=Shade%2C+William+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGQGFjKy_5OsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sparky-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sparky_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSparks1846" class="citation book cs1">Sparks, Jared (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RBsNAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Library of American Biography: George Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore</i></a>. Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RBsNAAAAIAAJ/page/n30">16</a>–. <q>Leonard Calvert.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Library+of+American+Biography%3A+George+Calvert%2C+the+first+Lord+Baltimore&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=16-&rft.pub=Charles+C.+Little+and+James+Brown&rft.date=1846&rft.aulast=Sparks&rft.aufirst=Jared&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_RBsNAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeir1983" class="citation book cs1">Weir, Robert M. (1983). <i>Colonial South Carolina: A History</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+South+Carolina%3A+A+History&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Firth Haring Fabend, <i>New Netherland in a nutshell: a concise history of the Dutch colony in North America.</i> (2012)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jaap Jacobs, <i>The Colony of New Netherland: A Dutch Settlement in Seventeenth-Century America</i> (2nd ed. Cornell U.P. 2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C.A. Weslager, <i>New Sweden on the Delaware 1638–1655</i> (1988)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry L. "Schoolcraft, The Capture of New Amsterdam." <i>The English Historical Review</i> 22#88 (1907): 674–693. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/550138">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKammen1974" class="citation book cs1">Kammen, Michael G. (1974). <i>Colonial New York: A History</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+New+York%3A+A+History&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Kammen&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPomfret1973" class="citation book cs1">Pomfret, John E. (1973). <i>Colonial New Jersey: A History</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+New+Jersey%3A+A+History&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Pomfret&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIllick1976" class="citation book cs1">Illick, Joseph E. (1976). <i>Colonial Pennsylvania: a history</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+Pennsylvania%3A+a+history&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Illick&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeigley1982" class="citation book cs1">Weigley, Russell Frank (1982). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philadelphia300y00weig"><i>Philadelphia: A 300 Year History</i></a></span>. W.W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393016102" title="Special:BookSources/0393016102"><bdi>0393016102</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philadelphia%3A+A+300+Year+History&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0393016102&rft.aulast=Weigley&rft.aufirst=Russell+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphiladelphia300y00weig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhilbrick2007" class="citation book cs1">Philbrick, Nathaniel (2007). <i>Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War Paperback</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mayflower%3A+A+Story+of+Courage%2C+Community%2C+and+War+Paperback&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Philbrick&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBremer1995" class="citation book cs1">Bremer, Francis J. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WKly1zeyTncC"><i>The Puritan Experiment: New England Society from Bradford to Edwards</i></a> (Rev. ed.). Hanover, New Hampshire: University Press of New England. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61168-086-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61168-086-7"><bdi>978-1-61168-086-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44954462">44954462</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Puritan+Experiment%3A+New+England+Society+from+Bradford+to+Edwards&rft.place=Hanover%2C+New+Hampshire&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=University+Press+of+New+England&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44954462&rft.isbn=978-1-61168-086-7&rft.aulast=Bremer&rft.aufirst=Francis+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWKly1zeyTncC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barbara_Taylor-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barbara_Taylor_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1998" class="citation web cs1">Taylor, Barbara (December 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150427184240/https://www.portlandgeneral.com/community_environment/initiatives/protecting_fish/sandy_river/docs/sandy_river_history_full.pdf">"Salmon and Steelhead Runs and Related Events of the Sandy River Basin – A Historical Perspective"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Portland General Electric. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portlandgeneral.com/community_environment/initiatives/protecting_fish/sandy_river/docs/sandy_river_history_full.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on April 27, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 18,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salmon+and+Steelhead+Runs+and+Related+Events+of+the+Sandy+River+Basin+%E2%80%93+A+Historical+Perspective&rft.pub=Portland+General+Electric&rft.date=1998-12&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portlandgeneral.com%2Fcommunity_environment%2Finitiatives%2Fprotecting_fish%2Fsandy_river%2Fdocs%2Fsandy_river_history_full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLabaree1979" class="citation book cs1">Labaree, Benjamin Woods (1979). <i>Colonial Massachusetts: a history</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+Massachusetts%3A+a+history&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Labaree&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+Woods&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HallLederKammen2012-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HallLederKammen2012_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichael_G._HallLawrence_H._LederMichael_Kammen2012" class="citation book cs1">Michael G. 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Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-1189-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-1189-8"><bdi>0-7425-1189-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52714651">52714651</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+promise+%3A+a+concise+history+of+the+United+States&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52714651&rft.isbn=0-7425-1189-8&rft.aulast=Rorabaugh&rft.aufirst=W.+J.&rft.au=Critchlow%2C+Donald+T.&rft.au=Baker%2C+Paula+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFhPAwAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span>W. 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Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a>. p. 1168. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/1975/compendia/hist_stats_colonial-1970/hist_stats_colonial-1970p2-chZ.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+Z%3A+Colonial+and+Pre-Federal+Statistics+%28Series+Z+1-19%3A+Estimated+Population+of+American+Colonies%3A+1610+to+1780%29&rft.btitle=Bicentennial+Edition%3A+Historical+Statistics+of+the+United+States%2C+Colonial+Times+to+1970%2C+Part+2&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=1168&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=Stella+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2F1975%2Fcompendia%2Fhist_stats_colonial-1970%2Fhist_stats_colonial-1970p2-chZ.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPerkins1988" class="citation book cs1">Perkins, Edwin J. (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economyofcolonia0000perk_j4y7"><i>The Economy of Colonial America</i></a></span>. Columbia University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economyofcolonia0000perk_j4y7/page/7">7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231063395" title="Special:BookSources/9780231063395"><bdi>9780231063395</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economy+of+Colonial+America&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780231063395&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Edwin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feconomyofcolonia0000perk_j4y7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith1972" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Daniel Scott (1972). "The Demographic History of Colonial New England". <i>The Journal of Economic History</i>. <b>32</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">165–</span>183. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050700075458">10.1017/S0022050700075458</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2117183">2117183</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11632252">11632252</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27931796">27931796</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=The+Demographic+History+of+Colonial+New+England&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E165-%3C%2Fspan%3E183&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11632252&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27931796%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2117183%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022050700075458&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyer_et._al_p._99-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boyer_et._al_p._99_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoyerClarkHalttunenKett2013" class="citation book cs1">Boyer, Paul S.; Clark, Clifford E.; Halttunen, Karen; Kett, Joseph F.; Salisbury, Neal; Sitkoff, Harvard; Woloch, Nancy (2013). <i>The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People</i> (8th ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1133944522" title="Special:BookSources/978-1133944522"><bdi>978-1133944522</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Enduring+Vision%3A+A+History+of+the+American+People&rft.pages=99&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1133944522&rft.aulast=Boyer&rft.aufirst=Paul+S.&rft.au=Clark%2C+Clifford+E.&rft.au=Halttunen%2C+Karen&rft.au=Kett%2C+Joseph+F.&rft.au=Salisbury%2C+Neal&rft.au=Sitkoff%2C+Harvard&rft.au=Woloch%2C+Nancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120219045151/http://www.dalhousielodge.org/Thesis/scotstonc.htm">"Scots to Colonial North Carolina Before 1775"</a>. <i>Dalhousielodge.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dalhousielodge.org/Thesis/scotstonc.htm">the original</a> on February 19, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dalhousielodge.org&rft.atitle=Scots+to+Colonial+North+Carolina+Before+1775&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dalhousielodge.org%2FThesis%2Fscotstonc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1930census.com/united_states_federal_census.php">"U.S. Federal Census: United States Federal Census : US Federal Census"</a>. <i>1930census.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1930census.com&rft.atitle=U.S.+Federal+Census%3A+United+States+Federal+Census+%3A+US+Federal+Census&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1930census.com%2Funited_states_federal_census.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rodriguez2007-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rodriguez2007_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#jrodriguez2007">Rodriguez, 2007</a>, p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWood2013" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Betty (2013). <i>Slavery in Colonial America, 1619–1776</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+Colonial+America%2C+1619%E2%80%931776&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Betty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFinkelman2006" class="citation book cs1">Finkelman, Paul (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cCMbE4KKlX4C&pg=RA1-PA156"><i>Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619–1895</i></a>. Oxford University Press, US. pp. 2:156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195167771" title="Special:BookSources/9780195167771"><bdi>9780195167771</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+American+History%2C+1619%E2%80%931895&rft.pages=2%3A156&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+US&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780195167771&rft.aulast=Finkelman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcCMbE4KKlX4C%26pg%3DRA1-PA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMillerSmith1988" class="citation book cs1">Miller, John David; Smith, Randall M., eds. (1988). <i>Dictionary of Afro-American Slavery</i>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 678. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275957995" title="Special:BookSources/9780275957995"><bdi>9780275957995</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Afro-American+Slavery&rft.pages=678&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780275957995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William M. Wiecek, “The Statutory Law of Slavery and Race in the Thirteen Mainland Colonies of British America.” The William and Mary Quarterly<i> 34#2 pp. 258–280 [260–264], <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1925316">10.2307/1925316</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patricia U. Bonomi, <i>Under the cope of heaven: Religion, society, and politics in colonial America</i> (Oxford UP, 2003) p. xx.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoster1991" class="citation book cs1">Foster, Stephen (1991). <i>The Long Argument: English Puritanism and the Shaping of New England Culture, 1570–1700</i>. UNC Press Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807845837" title="Special:BookSources/9780807845837"><bdi>9780807845837</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long+Argument%3A+English+Puritanism+and+the+Shaping+of+New+England+Culture%2C+1570%E2%80%931700&rft.pub=UNC+Press+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780807845837&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joan Rezner, Gundersen, "The Myth of the Independent Virginia Vestry." <i>Anglican and Episcopal History</i> 44.2 (1975): 133+.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Bell, <i>The Imperial Origins of the King's Church in Early America 1607–1783</i> (Springer, 2004).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRita1940" class="citation journal cs1">Rita, M. (March 1940). "Catholicism in Colonial Maryland". <i>Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia</i>. <b>51</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">65–</span>83. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44209361">44209361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Records+of+the+American+Catholic+Historical+Society+of+Philadelphia&rft.atitle=Catholicism+in+Colonial+Maryland&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.date=1940-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44209361%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rita&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFButler2000" class="citation book cs1">Butler, Jon (2000). <i>Becoming America, The Revolution before 1776</i>. Harvard University Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-00091-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-00091-9"><bdi>0-674-00091-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+America%2C+The+Revolution+before+1776&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-674-00091-9&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLe_Beau1997" class="citation book cs1">Le Beau, Bryan F. (1997). <i>Jonathan Dickinson and the Formative Years of American Presbyterianism</i>. University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813120263" title="Special:BookSources/9780813120263"><bdi>9780813120263</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jonathan+Dickinson+and+the+Formative+Years+of+American+Presbyterianism&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780813120263&rft.aulast=Le+Beau&rft.aufirst=Bryan+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNash1968" class="citation book cs1">Nash, Gary B. (1968). <i>Quakers and Politics: Pennsylvania, 1681–1726</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691045887" title="Special:BookSources/9780691045887"><bdi>9780691045887</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quakers+and+Politics%3A+Pennsylvania%2C+1681%E2%80%931726&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=9780691045887&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=Gary+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKiddHankins2015" class="citation book cs1">Kidd, Thomas S.; Hankins, Barry (2015). "Chapter 1". <i>Baptists in America: A History</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199977536" title="Special:BookSources/9780199977536"><bdi>9780199977536</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1&rft.btitle=Baptists+in+America%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780199977536&rft.aulast=Kidd&rft.aufirst=Thomas+S.&rft.au=Hankins%2C+Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStevens2004" class="citation book cs1">Stevens, Laura M. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/759158222"><i>The Poor Indians: British Missionaries, Native Americans, and Colonial Sensibility</i></a>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0308-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0308-0"><bdi>978-0-8122-0308-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/759158222">759158222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Poor+Indians%3A+British+Missionaries%2C+Native+Americans%2C+and+Colonial+Sensibility&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F759158222&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0308-0&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=Laura+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F759158222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUrbanWagoner2008" class="citation book cs1">Urban, Wayne J.; Wagoner, Jennings L. Jr (2008). <i>American Education: A History</i> (4th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">24–</span>25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135267971" title="Special:BookSources/9781135267971"><bdi>9781135267971</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Education%3A+A+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781135267971&rft.aulast=Urban&rft.aufirst=Wayne+J.&rft.au=Wagoner%2C+Jennings+L.+Jr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrbanWagoner200811–54-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUrbanWagoner200811–54_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUrbanWagoner2008">Urban & Wagoner (2008)</a>, p. 11–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoyle1907" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Doyle, John Andrew (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4wYOAAAAIAAJ"><i>English Colonies in America</i></a>. Vol. IV. The Middle Colonies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Colonies+in+America&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=John+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4wYOAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKellogg1904" class="citation book cs1">Kellogg, Louise Phelps (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americancolonia00kellgoog"><i>The American colonial charter</i></a>. Govt. print. off.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+colonial+charter&rft.pub=Govt.+print.+off.&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Kellogg&rft.aufirst=Louise+Phelps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericancolonia00kellgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSavelle1949" class="citation journal cs1">Savelle, Max (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/imh/article/view/7801/9315">"The Imperial School of American Colonial Historians"</a>. <i>Indiana Magazine of History</i>. <b>45</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">123–</span>134. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27787750">27787750</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indiana+Magazine+of+History&rft.atitle=The+Imperial+School+of+American+Colonial+Historians&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E123-%3C%2Fspan%3E134&rft.date=1949&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27787750%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Savelle&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.iu.edu%2Fjournals%2Findex.php%2Fimh%2Farticle%2Fview%2F7801%2F9315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robert-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDinkin1977" class="citation book cs1">Dinkin, Robert J. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H3uGAAAAMAAJ"><i>Voting in Provincial America: A Study of Elections in the Thirteen Colonies, 1689–1776</i></a>. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8371-9543-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8371-9543-8"><bdi>0-8371-9543-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3186037">3186037</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voting+in+Provincial+America%3A+A+Study+of+Elections+in+the+Thirteen+Colonies%2C+1689%E2%80%931776&rft.place=Westport%2C+CN&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3186037&rft.isbn=0-8371-9543-8&rft.aulast=Dinkin&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH3uGAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCooperMcCord1837" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Thomas; McCord, David James, eds. (1837). <i>The Statutes at Large of South Carolina: Acts, 1685–1716</i>. p. 688.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Statutes+at+Large+of+South+Carolina%3A+Acts%2C+1685%E2%80%931716&rft.pages=688&rft.date=1837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeyssar2000" class="citation book cs1">Keyssar, Alexander (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nypl.org/sites/default/files/keyssar_-_part_1.pdf"><i>The Right to Vote</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. York: Basic Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">5–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-02968-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-02968-X"><bdi>0-465-02968-X</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221009000000/https://www.nypl.org/sites/default/files/keyssar_-_part_1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 9, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Right+to+Vote&rft.place=York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-465-02968-X&rft.aulast=Keyssar&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nypl.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fkeyssar_-_part_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/righttovote00alex">Alt URL</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald Ratcliffe, "The right to vote and the rise of democracy, 1787—1828." <i>Journal of the Early Republic</i> 33.2 (2013): 219–254, quoting pp 219–220; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jer.pennpress.org/media/26167/sampleArt22.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230602005114/https://jer.pennpress.org/media/26167/sampleArt22.pdf">Archived</a> June 2, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTully2003" class="citation book cs1">Tully, Alan (2003). "Colonial Politics". In Vickers, Daniel (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9780470998496"><i>A Companion to Colonial America</i></a>. Malden, MA: Blackwell. p. 300. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470998496.ch12">10.1002/9780470998496.ch12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-21011-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-21011-3"><bdi>0-631-21011-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50072292">50072292</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Colonial+Politics&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Colonial+America&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pages=300&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50072292&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470998496.ch12&rft.isbn=0-631-21011-3&rft.aulast=Tully&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fbook%2F10.1002%2F9780470998496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenePole2003665-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenePole2003665_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenePole2003">Greene & Pole (2003)</a>, p. 665.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSavelle2005" class="citation book cs1">Savelle, Max (2005) [1948]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hIgl_HNozQsC&pg=PA204"><i>Seeds of Liberty: The Genesis of the American Mind</i></a>. Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing Legacy Reprint. pp. <span class="nowrap">204–</span>211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781419107078" title="Special:BookSources/9781419107078"><bdi>9781419107078</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/309336967">309336967</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seeds+of+Liberty%3A+The+Genesis+of+the+American+Mind&rft.place=Whitefish%2C+Montana&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E204-%3C%2Fspan%3E211&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing+Legacy+Reprint&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F309336967&rft.isbn=9781419107078&rft.aulast=Savelle&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhIgl_HNozQsC%26pg%3DPA204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrevelyan1899" class="citation book cs1">Trevelyan, George Otto (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanrevolut14trevgoog/page/n13"><i>The American Revolution</i></a>. Vol. 1. p. 128. <q>smuggling american revolution</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Revolution&rft.pages=128&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Trevelyan&rft.aufirst=George+Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanrevolut14trevgoog%2Fpage%2Fn13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNester2000" class="citation book cs1">Nester, William R. (2000). <i>The Great Frontier War: Britain, France, and the Imperial Struggle for North America, 1607–1755</i>. Praeger. p. 54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Frontier+War%3A+Britain%2C+France%2C+and+the+Imperial+Struggle+for+North+America%2C+1607%E2%80%931755&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Nester&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGillis1983" class="citation book cs1">Gillis, John R. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8928527"><i>The development of European society, 1770–1870</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8191-2898-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8191-2898-8"><bdi>0-8191-2898-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8928527">8928527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+development+of+European+society%2C+1770%E2%80%931870&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8928527&rft.isbn=0-8191-2898-8&rft.aulast=Gillis&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F8928527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stephens2006-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stephens2006_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStephens2006" class="citation book cs1">Stephens (2006). <i>Unreasonable Searches and Seizures</i>. p. 306.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unreasonable+Searches+and+Seizures&rft.pages=306&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Stephens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_National_Park_Servie1963" class="citation book cs1">United States National Park Servie (1963). "Travel and Communication in the Colonial Era (1600-1783)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npshistory.com/publications/nhl/theme-studies/travel-communication.pdf"><i>The National Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings: Theme XVIII - Travel and Communication</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Travel+and+Communication+in+the+Colonial+Era+%281600-1783%29&rft.btitle=The+National+Survey+of+Historic+Sites+and+Buildings%3A+Theme+XVIII+-+Travel+and+Communication&rft.date=1963&rft.au=United+States+National+Park+Servie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpshistory.com%2Fpublications%2Fnhl%2Ftheme-studies%2Ftravel-communication.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Thirteen+colonies&year_start=1700&year_end=1800&corpus=26&smoothing=3&direct_url=t1%3B%2CThirteen%20colonies%3B%2Cc0#t1%3B%2CThirteen%20colonies%3B%2Cc0">Recorded usage of the term, 1700-1800</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221206054454/https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Thirteen+colonies&year_start=1700&year_end=1800&corpus=26&smoothing=3&direct_url=t1%3B%2CThirteen%20colonies%3B%2Cc0#t1%3B%2CThirteen%20colonies%3B%2Cc0">Archived</a> December 6, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenePole2003-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenePole2003_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenePole2003">Greene & Pole (2003)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGipson1936" class="citation book cs1">Gipson, Lawrence (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xbwCngEACAAJ"><i>The British Empire Before the American Revolution</i></a>. Caxton Printers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Empire+Before+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=Caxton+Printers&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Gipson&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxbwCngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff196623–45-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddlekauff196623–45_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddlekauff1966">Middlekauff (1966)</a>, p. 23–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShade1969" class="citation journal cs1">Shade, William G. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328045055/https://journals.psu.edu/index.php/phj/article/download/23352/23121">"Lawrence Henry Gipson's Empire: The Critics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania History">Pennsylvania History</a></i>: <span class="nowrap">49–</span>69. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.psu.edu/index.php/phj/article/download/23352/23121">the original</a> on March 28, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pennsylvania+History&rft.atitle=Lawrence+Henry+Gipson%27s+Empire%3A+The+Critics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Shade&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.psu.edu%2Findex.php%2Fphj%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F23352%2F23121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimms2008" class="citation book cs1">Simms, Brendan (2008). <i>Three victories and a defeat: the rise and fall of the first British Empire</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+victories+and+a+defeat%3A+the+rise+and+fall+of+the+first+British+Empire&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Simms&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJackson2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Jackson_(historian)" title="Ashley Jackson (historian)">Jackson, Ashley</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uPb_dJyR5C4C&pg=PA72"><i>The British Empire: A Very Short Introduction</i></a>. OUP Oxford. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199605415" title="Special:BookSources/9780199605415"><bdi>9780199605415</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Empire%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780199605415&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuPb_dJyR5C4C%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTyrrell1999" class="citation journal cs1">Tyrrell, Ian (1999). "Making Nations/Making States: American Historians in the Context of Empire". <i>The Journal of American History</i>. <b>86</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">1015–</span>1044. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2568604">10.2307/2568604</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2568604">2568604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Making+Nations%2FMaking+States%3A+American+Historians+in+the+Context+of+Empire&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1015-%3C%2Fspan%3E1044&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2568604&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2568604%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tyrrell&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWinks" class="citation book cs1">Winks. <i>Historiography</i>. Vol. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historiography&rft.au=Winks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCogliano2010" class="citation journal cs1">Cogliano, Francis D. (2010). "Revisiting the American Revolution". <i>History Compass</i>. <b>8</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">951–</span>963. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2010.00705.x">10.1111/j.1478-0542.2010.00705.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Compass&rft.atitle=Revisiting+the+American+Revolution&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E951-%3C%2Fspan%3E963&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2010.00705.x&rft.aulast=Cogliano&rft.aufirst=Francis+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGouldOnuf2005" class="citation book cs1">Gould, Eliga H.; Onuf, Peter S., eds. (2005). <i>Empire and Nation: The American Revolution in the Atlantic World</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+and+Nation%3A+The+American+Revolution+in+the+Atlantic+World&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid_KennedyLizabeth_Cohen2015" class="citation book cs1">David Kennedy; Lizabeth Cohen (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MJ6aBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA156"><i>American Pageant</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781305537422" title="Special:BookSources/9781305537422"><bdi>9781305537422</bdi></a>. <q>[…] the neoprogressives […] have argued that the varying material circumstances of American participants led them to hold distinctive versions of republicanism, giving the Revolution a less unified and more complex ideological underpinning than the idealistic historians had previously suggested.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Pageant&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781305537422&rft.au=David+Kennedy&rft.au=Lizabeth+Cohen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMJ6aBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPearson2005" class="citation book cs1">Pearson, Ellen Holmes (2005). Gould; Onuf (eds.). <i>Revising Custom, Embracing Choice: Early American Legal Scholars and the Republicanization of the Common Law</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">93–</span>113.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revising+Custom%2C+Embracing+Choice%3A+Early+American+Legal+Scholars+and+the+Republicanization+of+the+Common+Law&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Ellen+Holmes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChroust1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anton-Hermann_Chroust" title="Anton-Hermann Chroust">Chroust, Anton-Hermann</a> (1965). <i>Rise of the Legal Profession in America</i>. 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Wilkie. London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6652-05965" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6652-05965"><bdi>978-0-6652-05965</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24301390">24301390</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL19213819M">19213819M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2018</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cool+thoughts+on+the+consequences+of+American+independence%2C+%26c.&rft.place=London&rft.date=1780&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24301390&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL19213819M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-6652-05965&rft.aulast=Galloway&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcihm_20596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreenePole2003" class="citation book cs1">Greene, Jack P. & Pole, J. R., eds. (2003). <i>A Companion to the American Revolution</i> (2nd ed.). Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405116749" title="Special:BookSources/9781405116749"><bdi>9781405116749</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+American+Revolution&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781405116749&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Keyssar, Alexander. <i>The right to vote: the contested history of democracy in the United States</i> (2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/righttovote00alex">online</a></li> <li>Landsman, Ned C. <i>Crossroads of Empire: The Middle Colonies in British North America</i> (2011).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="mays2019" class="citation book cs1">Mays, Terry M. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e35_DwAAQBAJ"><i>Historical Dictionary of the American Revolution</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-1972-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-1972-3"><bdi>978-1-5381-1972-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-1972-3&rft.aulast=Mays&rft.aufirst=Terry+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De35_DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeinig1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_W._Meinig" title="Donald W. Meinig">Meinig, Donald William</a> (1986). <i>The Shaping of America: Atlantic America, 1492–1800</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300082906" title="Special:BookSources/9780300082906"><bdi>9780300082906</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shaping+of+America%3A+Atlantic+America%2C+1492%E2%80%931800&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780300082906&rft.aulast=Meinig&rft.aufirst=Donald+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiddlekauff1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Middlekauff" title="Robert Middlekauff">Middlekauff, Robert</a> (1966). <a href="/wiki/Robin_Winks" title="Robin Winks">Winks, Robin</a> (ed.). <i>The American Continental Colonies in the Empire</i>. The Historiography of the British Empire–Commonwealth: Trends, Interpretations and Resources. Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822301936" title="Special:BookSources/9780822301936"><bdi>9780822301936</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Continental+Colonies+in+the+Empire&rft.series=The+Historiography+of+the+British+Empire%E2%80%93Commonwealth%3A+Trends%2C+Interpretations+and+Resources&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=9780822301936&rft.aulast=Middlekauff&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiddlekauff2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Middlekauff" title="Robert Middlekauff">Middlekauff, Robert</a> (2005) [1982]. <i>The Glorious Cause: the American Revolution, 1763–1789</i>. Oup USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195162479" title="Special:BookSources/9780195162479"><bdi>9780195162479</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Glorious+Cause%3A+the+American+Revolution%2C+1763%E2%80%931789&rft.pub=Oup+USA&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780195162479&rft.aulast=Middlekauff&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="morgan195" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Edmund Sears (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stampactcrisispr0000morg"><i>The Stamp act crisis; prologue to revolution</i></a>. University of North Carolina Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stamp+act+crisis%3B+prologue+to+revolution&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Edmund+Sears&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstampactcrisispr0000morg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ratcliffe, Donald. "The right to vote and the rise of democracy, 1787–1828." <i>Journal of the Early Republic</i> 33.2 (2013): 219–254. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jer.pennpress.org/media/26167/sampleArt22.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230602005114/https://jer.pennpress.org/media/26167/sampleArt22.pdf">Archived</a> June 2, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichter2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_K._Richter" title="Daniel K. Richter">Richter, Daniel</a> (2011). <i><a href="/wiki/Before_the_Revolution_(book)" title="Before the Revolution (book)">Before the Revolution: America's ancient pasts</a></i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674055803" title="Special:BookSources/9780674055803"><bdi>9780674055803</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+the+Revolution%3A+America%27s+ancient+pasts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780674055803&rft.aulast=Richter&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="jrodriguez2007" class="citation book cs1">Rodriguez, Junius P. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4X44KbDBl9gC&pg=PA88"><i>Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical Encyclopedia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8510-95445" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8510-95445"><bdi>978-1-8510-95445</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+the+United+States%3A+A+Social%2C+Political%2C+and+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-8510-95445&rft.aulast=Rodriguez&rft.aufirst=Junius+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4X44KbDBl9gC%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="gibbes1862" class="citation book cs1">South Carolina. Convention (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journalofconvent00sout"><i>Journal of the Convention of the people of South Carolina</i></a>. published by order of the Convention. <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia, South Carolina</a>: R. W. Gibbes. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journalofconvent00sout/page/461">461</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1047483138">1047483138</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2018</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Convention+of+the+people+of+South+Carolina&rft.place=Columbia%2C+South+Carolina&rft.pages=461&rft.pub=R.+W.+Gibbes&rft.date=1862&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1047483138&rft.au=South+Carolina.+Convention&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjournalofconvent00sout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Taylor_(historian)" title="Alan Taylor (historian)">Taylor, Alan</a> (2002). <i>American Colonies</i>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780142002100" title="Special:BookSources/9780142002100"><bdi>9780142002100</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Colonies&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780142002100&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Taylor_(historian)" title="Alan Taylor (historian)">Taylor, Alan</a> (2016). <i><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutions:_A_Continental_History,_1750%E2%80%931804" class="mw-redirect" title="American Revolutions: A Continental History, 1750–1804">American Revolutions: A Continental History, 1750–1804</a></i>. W.W. Norton & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393253870" title="Special:BookSources/9780393253870"><bdi>9780393253870</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Revolutions%3A+A+Continental+History%2C+1750%E2%80%931804&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780393253870&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="wallaceray2015" class="citation book cs1">——; Ray, Michael (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/American-Revolution"><i>American Revolution</i></a>. Encyclopedia Britannica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Revolution&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Willard+M.&rft.au=Ray%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FAmerican-Revolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdams1921" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Truslow_Adams" title="James Truslow Adams">Adams, James Truslow</a> (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foundingnewengl01adamgoog"><i>The Founding of New England</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Monthly_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Monthly Press">Atlantic Monthly Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780844615103" title="Special:BookSources/9780844615103"><bdi>9780844615103</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Founding+of+New+England&rft.pub=Atlantic+Monthly+Press&rft.date=1921&rft.isbn=9780844615103&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=James+Truslow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffoundingnewengl01adamgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdams1923" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Truslow_Adams" title="James Truslow Adams">Adams, James Truslow</a> (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/revolutionarynew0000adam"><i>Revolutionary New England, 1691–1776</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Monthly_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Monthly Press">Atlantic Monthly Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781404762626" title="Special:BookSources/9781404762626"><bdi>9781404762626</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+New+England%2C+1691%E2%80%931776&rft.pub=Atlantic+Monthly+Press&rft.date=1923&rft.isbn=9781404762626&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=James+Truslow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frevolutionarynew0000adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndrews1912" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_McLean_Andrews" title="Charles McLean Andrews">Andrews, Charles M.</a> (1912). <i>The Colonial Period of American History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781331210658" title="Special:BookSources/9781331210658"><bdi>9781331210658</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Colonial+Period+of+American+History&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1912&rft.isbn=9781331210658&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Charles+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarr2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Revell_Carr" title="J. Revell Carr">Carr, J. Revell</a> (2008). <i>Seeds of Discontent: The Deep Roots of the American Revolution, 1650–1750</i>. <a href="/wiki/Walker_Books" title="Walker Books">Walker Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802715128" title="Special:BookSources/9780802715128"><bdi>9780802715128</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seeds+of+Discontent%3A+The+Deep+Roots+of+the+American+Revolution%2C+1650%E2%80%931750&rft.pub=Walker+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780802715128&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=J.+Revell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChitwood1961" class="citation book cs1">Chitwood, Oliver (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_OKWoYwbvS4C"><i>A history of colonial America</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harper_(publisher)" title="Harper (publisher)">Harper</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+colonial+America&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Chitwood&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_OKWoYwbvS4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCooke1993" class="citation book cs1">Cooke, Jacob Ernest; et al., eds. (1993). <i>Encyclopedia of the North American Colonies</i>. <a href="/wiki/C._Scribner%27s_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Scribner's Sons">C. Scribner's Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684196091" title="Special:BookSources/9780684196091"><bdi>9780684196091</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+North+American+Colonies&rft.pub=C.+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780684196091&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElliott2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Elliott_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Elliott (historian)">Elliott, John</a> (2006). <i>Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America 1492–1830</i>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300133554" title="Special:BookSources/9780300133554"><bdi>9780300133554</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+of+the+Atlantic+World%3A+Britain+and+Spain+in+America+1492%E2%80%931830&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780300133554&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoster2014" class="citation book cs1">Foster, Stephen, ed. (2014). <i>British North America in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191662744" title="Special:BookSources/9780191662744"><bdi>9780191662744</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+North+America+in+the+Seventeenth+and+Eighteenth+Centuries&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780191662744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGipson1936" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Henry_Gipson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Henry Gipson">Gipson, Lawrence</a> (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eiJnAAAAMAAJ"><i>The British Empire Before the American Revolution</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Caxton_Printers" class="mw-redirect" title="Caxton Printers">Caxton Printers</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Empire+Before+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=Caxton+Printers&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Gipson&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeiJnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreeneHarrington1993" class="citation book cs1">Greene, Evarts Boutell; Harrington, Virginia Draper (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanpopulati0000gree"><i>American Population before the Federal Census of 1790</i></a>. Genealogical Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0806313773" title="Special:BookSources/0806313773"><bdi>0806313773</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Population+before+the+Federal+Census+of+1790&rft.pub=Genealogical+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0806313773&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=Evarts+Boutell&rft.au=Harrington%2C+Virginia+Draper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanpopulati0000gree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreene1905" class="citation book cs1">Greene, Evarts Boutell (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/provincialameri01greegoog"><i>Provincial America, 1690–1740</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper & brothers">Harper & brothers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780722271841" title="Special:BookSources/9780722271841"><bdi>9780722271841</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Provincial+America%2C+1690%E2%80%931740&rft.pub=Harper+%26+brothers&rft.date=1905&rft.isbn=9780722271841&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=Evarts+Boutell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprovincialameri01greegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHawke1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Freeman_Hawke" title="David Freeman Hawke">Hawke, David F.</a> (1966). <i>The Colonial Experience</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bobbs-Merrill" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobbs-Merrill">Bobbs-Merrill</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780672606885" title="Special:BookSources/9780672606885"><bdi>9780672606885</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Colonial+Experience&rft.pub=Bobbs-Merrill&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=9780672606885&rft.aulast=Hawke&rft.aufirst=David+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHawke1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Freeman_Hawke" title="David Freeman Hawke">Hawke, David F.</a> (1988). <i>Everyday Life in Early America</i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060912512" title="Special:BookSources/9780060912512"><bdi>9780060912512</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everyday+Life+in+Early+America&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780060912512&rft.aulast=Hawke&rft.aufirst=David+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiddletonLombard2011" class="citation book cs1">Middleton, Richard; Lombard, Anne (2011). <i>Colonial America: A History to 1763</i> (4th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444396287" title="Special:BookSources/9781444396287"><bdi>9781444396287</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+America%3A+A+History+to+1763&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781444396287&rft.aulast=Middleton&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Lombard%2C+Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVickers2003" class="citation book cs1">Vickers, Daniel, ed. (2003). <i>A Companion to Colonial America</i>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780631210115" title="Special:BookSources/9780631210115"><bdi>9780631210115</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Colonial+America&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780631210115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_2">Government</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="census1906" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/U.S._Bureau_of_the_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Bureau of the Census">U.S. Bureau of the Census</a> (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ScZgLHoWpAAC"><i>A century of population growth from the first census of the United States to the twelfth, 1790–1900</i></a>. U.S. Government Printing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+century+of+population+growth+from+the+first+census+of+the+United+States+to+the+twelfth%2C+1790%E2%80%931900&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1909&rft.au=U.S.+Bureau+of+the+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DScZgLHoWpAAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndrews1904" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_McLean_Andrews" title="Charles McLean Andrews">Andrews, Charles M.</a> (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EgUOAAAAIAAJ"><i>Colonial Self-Government, 1652–1689</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Bros." class="mw-redirect" title="Harper & Bros.">Harper & Bros.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781404760943" title="Special:BookSources/9781404760943"><bdi>9781404760943</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+Self-Government%2C+1652%E2%80%931689&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Bros.&rft.date=1904&rft.isbn=9781404760943&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Charles+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEgUOAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colonialselfgov00andrgoog">Alt URL</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDinkin1977" class="citation book cs1">Dinkin, Robert J. (1977). <i>Voting in Provincial America: A Study of Elections in the Thirteen Colonies, 1689–1776</i>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780837195438" title="Special:BookSources/9780837195438"><bdi>9780837195438</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voting+in+Provincial+America%3A+A+Study+of+Elections+in+the+Thirteen+Colonies%2C+1689%E2%80%931776&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780837195438&rft.aulast=Dinkin&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller1943" class="citation book cs1">Miller, John C. (1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46544"><i>Origins of the American Revolution</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804705936" title="Special:BookSources/9780804705936"><bdi>9780804705936</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1943&rft.isbn=9780804705936&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.46544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOsgood1904–1907" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_L._Osgood" title="Herbert L. Osgood">Osgood, Herbert L.</a> (1904–1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QqlDAQAAMAAJ"><i>The American Colonies in the Seventeenth Century</i></a>. Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Colonies+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1904%2F1907&rft.aulast=Osgood&rft.aufirst=Herbert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQqlDAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOsgood1924–1925" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_L._Osgood" title="Herbert L. Osgood">Osgood, Herbert L.</a> (1924–1925). <i>The American Colonies in the Eighteenth Century</i>. Literary Licensing, LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781258057220" title="Special:BookSources/9781258057220"><bdi>9781258057220</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Colonies+in+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.pub=Literary+Licensing%2C+LLC&rft.date=1924%2F1925&rft.isbn=9781258057220&rft.aulast=Osgood&rft.aufirst=Herbert+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCommagerMorris1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Steele_Commager" title="Henry Steele Commager">Commager, Henry Steele</a>; <a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Morris" title="Richard B. Morris">Morris, Richard B.</a>, eds. (1983) [1958]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LHQrAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Spirit of 'Seventy-Six: The Story of the American Revolution as told by Participants</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Bobbs-Merrill" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobbs-Merrill">Bobbs-Merrill</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spirit+of+%27Seventy-Six%3A+The+Story+of+the+American+Revolution+as+told+by+Participants&rft.pub=Bobbs-Merrill&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLHQrAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.234145">Alt URL</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKavenaghMorris1973" class="citation book cs1">Kavenagh, W. Keith; <a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Morris" title="Richard B. Morris">Morris, Richard B.</a>, eds. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/329121"><i>Foundations of Colonial America: A Documentary History</i></a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelsea House">Chelsea House Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8352-0624-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8352-0624-6"><bdi>0-8352-0624-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/329121">329121</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Colonial+America%3A+A+Documentary+History&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Chelsea+House+Publishers&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F329121&rft.isbn=0-8352-0624-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F329121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSarsonGreene2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Sarson, Steven; Greene, Jack P., eds. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w8PoDwAAQBAJ"><i>The American Colonies and the British Empire, 1607–1783</i></a>. Vol. 2, <span class="nowrap">1676–</span>1714. Abingdon, Oxon, England: <a href="/wiki/Pickering_%26_Chatto" class="mw-redirect" title="Pickering & Chatto">Pickering & Chatto</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-003-07410-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-003-07410-6"><bdi>978-1-003-07410-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1158313716">1158313716</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Colonies+and+the+British+Empire%2C+1607%E2%80%931783&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon%2C+England&rft.pub=Pickering+%26+Chatto&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1158313716&rft.isbn=978-1-003-07410-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw8PoDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThirteen+Colonies" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112021325/http://vlib.iue.it/history/USA/ERAS/colonial.html">Archived</a> November 12, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/mb?a=listis;c=855228657">840+ volumes of colonial records</a>; useful for advanced scholarship</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thirteen_Colonies" title="Template:Thirteen Colonies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thirteen_Colonies" title="Template talk:Thirteen Colonies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thirteen_Colonies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thirteen Colonies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thirteen_Colonies141" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thirteen Colonies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Colonies" title="New England Colonies">New England Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Colonies" title="Middle Colonies">Middle Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Colonies" title="Chesapeake Colonies">Chesapeake Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_colonies" title="Tobacco colonies">Tobacco Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Colonies" title="Southern Colonies">Southern Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:1px #ccc solid"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> (1607–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> (1629–1641; 1679–1686; 1689–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a> (1632–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> (1636–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a> (1636–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a> (1664–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a> (1664–1673; 1702–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a> (1664–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> (1681–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Massachusetts Bay</a> (1691–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a> (1712–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a> (1712–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a> (1732–1776)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Other British colonial entities in the contemporary <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Colony" title="Roanoke Colony">Roanoke</a> (1585–1590)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popham_Colony" title="Popham Colony">Popham</a> (1607–1608)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a> (1607–1699)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Hundred" title="Berkeley Hundred">Berkeley Hundred</a> (1619)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</a> (1620–1686; 1689–1691)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maine" title="Province of Maine">Maine</a> (1622–1658)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix#History" title="Saint Croix">Saint Croix</a> (1625–1650)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolana" title="Carolana">Carolana</a> (1629–1663)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a> (1629–1686; 1689–1691)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Colony" title="Saybrook Colony">Saybrook</a> (1635–1644)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven</a> (1638–1664)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Confederation" title="New England Confederation">New England Confederation</a> (1643–1654; 1675–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1680</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a> (1663–1712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> (1670–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> (1670–1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East Jersey</a> (1674–1702)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a> (1674–1702)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">Dominion of New England</a> (1686–1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Reserve_(1763)" title="Indian Reserve (1763)">Indian Reserve</a> (1763–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a> (1763–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> (1763–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a> (1763–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Ireland_(Maine)" title="New Ireland (Maine)">New Ireland</a> (1779–1783; 1814–1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a> (1810–1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Colony" title="Red River Colony">Red River Colony</a> (1811–1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen Territories</a> (1862–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">Colony of British Columbia</a> (1863–1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">Colony of British Columbia and Vancouver Island</a> (1866–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">Province of British Columbia</a> (1871–1903)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Non-British colonial entities in the contemporary United States</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty" title="Columbian Viceroyalty">Columbian Viceroyalty</a> (1492–1535)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> <ul><li>1521–1821; <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Spanish Florida</a>, 1565–1763</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Navarre" title="New Navarre">New Navarre</a>, 1565–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a>, 1565–1898</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Captaincy General of Puerto Rico</a>, 1580–1898</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">Santa Fe de Nuevo México</a>, 1598–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Captaincy General of Cuba</a>, 1607–1801</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix#History" title="Saint Croix">Spanish Saint Croix</a>, 1650–1651</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Spanish Texas</a>, 1690–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Las_Californias" title="Province of Las Californias">Las Californias</a>, 1767–1804</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Spanish Louisiana</a>, 1769–1801</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a>, 1776–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">Spanish East Florida</a>, 1783–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Florida" title="Spanish West Florida">Spanish West Florida</a>, 1783–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a>, 1804–1821</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> <ul><li>1534–1763; <a href="/wiki/French_Florida" title="French Florida">French Florida</a>, 1562–1565</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Hospitaller colonization of the Americas">Hospitaller Saint Croix</a>, 1651–1665</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Indies#Former_French_West_Indian_islands" title="French West Indies">French Saint Croix</a>, 1665–1733</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">French Louisiana</a>, 1682–1763 and 1801–1803</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a> (1614–1667)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Virgin_Islands" title="Dutch Virgin Islands">Dutch Virgin Islands</a> (1625–1672)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Sweden" title="New Sweden">New Sweden</a> (1638–1655)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_West_Indies" title="Danish West Indies">Danish West Indies</a> (1672–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_(Brandenburg_colony)" title="Saint Thomas (Brandenburg colony)">Brandenburger Saint Thomas</a> (1685–1754)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vieques,_Puerto_Rico#History" title="Vieques, Puerto Rico">Krabbeninsel</a> (1689–1693)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_of_Scotland" title="Company of Scotland">Scottish Darien Company</a> (1698)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian America">Russian America</a> (1799–1867)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Related Documents</b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_Concerning_Western_Planting" title="Discourse Concerning Western Planting">Discourse Concerning Western Planting</a> <small>(1584)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayflower_Compact" title="Mayflower Compact">Mayflower Compact</a> <small>(1620)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourt%27s_Relation" title="Mourt's Relation">Mourt's Relation</a> <small>(1622)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Of_Plymouth_Plantation" title="Of Plymouth Plantation">Of Plymouth Plantation</a> <small>(1630–1651)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Orders_of_Connecticut" title="Fundamental Orders of Connecticut">Fundamental Orders of Connecticut</a> <small>(1638)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintipartite_Deed" title="Quintipartite Deed">Quintipartite Deed</a> <small>(1676)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_act" title="Organic act">Organic act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_regions_of_the_United_States#Former_organized_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic regions of the United States">Organized incorporated territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">U.S. territorial sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:1px #ccc solid"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest</a> (1787–1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Territory" title="Southwest Territory">Southwest</a> (1790–1796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Territory" title="Mississippi Territory">Mississippi</a> (1798–1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Territory" title="Indiana Territory">Indiana</a> (1800–1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Orleans" title="Territory of Orleans">Orleans</a> (1804–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Territory" title="Louisiana Territory">Louisiana</a>/<a href="/wiki/Missouri_Territory" title="Missouri Territory">Missouri</a> (1805–1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory" title="Michigan Territory">Michigan</a> (1805–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Territory" title="Illinois Territory">Illinois</a> (1809–1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Territory" title="Alabama Territory">Alabama</a> (1817–1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Territory" title="Arkansas Territory">Arkansas</a> (1819–1836)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Territory" title="Florida Territory">Florida</a> (1822–1845)</li> <li>Oklahoma <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> 1834–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Oklahoma Panhandle">Panhandle</a> 1850–1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Territory" title="Oklahoma Territory">Territory</a> 1890–1907</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Territory" title="Wisconsin Territory">Wisconsin</a> (1836–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Territory" title="Iowa Territory">Iowa</a> (1838–1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Territory" title="Oregon Territory">Oregon</a> (1848–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Territory" title="Minnesota Territory">Minnesota</a> (1849–1858)</li> <li>New Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._provisional_government_of_New_Mexico" title="U.S. provisional government of New Mexico">Provisional</a> 1846–1850</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory" title="New Mexico Territory">Territory</a> 1850–1912</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah</a> (1850–1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Territory" title="Washington Territory">Washington</a> (1853–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Territory" title="Kansas Territory">Kansas</a> (1854–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Territory" title="Nebraska Territory">Nebraska</a> (1854–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Territory" title="Nevada Territory">Nevada</a> (1861–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Territory" title="Colorado Territory">Colorado</a> (1861–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota</a> (1861–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Territory" title="Idaho Territory">Idaho</a> (1863–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Territory" title="Arizona Territory">Arizona</a> (1863–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Territory" title="Montana Territory">Montana</a> (1864–1889)</li> <li>Alaska <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Alaska" title="Department of Alaska">Department</a> 1867–1884</li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Alaska" title="District of Alaska">District</a> 1884–1912</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Alaska" title="Territory of Alaska">Territory</a> 1912–1959</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Territory" title="Wyoming Territory">Wyoming</a> (1868–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">Hawaii</a> (1900–1959)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States#Incorporated_vs._unincorporated_territories" title="Territories of the United States">Unincorporated territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Hawaii" title="Republic of Hawaii">Republic of Hawaii</a> (1898–1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Government_of_Guam" title="Naval Government of Guam">Naval Government</a> 1899–1950</li></ul></li> <li>Philippines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Military Government of the Philippine Islands">Military Government</a> 1899–1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">Insular Government</a> 1902–1935</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth</a> 1935–1946</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Government_of_Porto_Rico" title="Military Government of Porto Rico">Military Government</a> 1899–1900</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_Porto_Rico" title="Insular Government of Porto Rico">Insular Government</a> 1900–1952</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a> (1900–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a> (1917–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a> (1986–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_trust_territories" title="United Nations trust territories">United Nations trust territories</a> and other inhabited territories governed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Concession_(Shanghai)" title="American Concession (Shanghai)">American concession of Shanghai</a> (1848–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_concession_of_Tianjin" title="American concession of Tianjin">American concession of Tianjin</a> (1860–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Government_of_Cuba" title="Military Government of Cuba">Cuba</a> (1899–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone" title="Panama Canal Zone">Zone</a>) (1903–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Islands" title="Corn Islands">Corn Islands</a> (1914–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_and_Enderbury_Islands" title="Canton and Enderbury Islands">Canton and Enderbury Islands</a> (1939–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_the_Pacific_Islands" title="Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands">Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands</a> (1947–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Civil_Administration_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands" title="United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu Islands</a> (1950–1972)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guano_Islands_Act" title="Guano Islands Act">Guano Islands Act</a> claims and other <a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">uninhabited islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Islands" title="Phoenix Islands">Phoenix Islands</a> (1856–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roncador_Bank" title="Roncador Bank">Roncador Bank</a> (1856–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrana_Bank" title="Serrana Bank">Serrana Bank</a> (1856–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Island" title="Baker Island">Baker Island</a> (1857–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Island" title="Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a> (1858–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston_Atoll" title="Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a> (1858–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navassa_Island" title="Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a> (1858–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingman_Reef" title="Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a> (1860–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_Islands,_Honduras" title="Swan Islands, Honduras">Swan Islands</a> (1863–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howland_Island" title="Howland Island">Howland Island</a> (1867–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a> (1867–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quita_Sue%C3%B1o_Bank" title="Quita Sueño Bank">Quita Sueño Bank</a> (1869–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll" title="Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a> (1898–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a> (1899–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Territories of the United States">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_Revolutionary_War165" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Template:American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Template talk:American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Revolutionary_War165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Origins_of_the_American_Revolution165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Origins of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of religion in the United States">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Englishmen" title="Rights of Englishmen">Rights of Englishmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation" title="No taxation without representation">No taxation without representation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense" title="Common Sense">Common Sense</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_%2776_(sentiment)" title="Spirit of '76 (sentiment)">Spirit of '76</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">All men are created equal</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness" title="Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness">Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">Expansionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Royalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitt%E2%80%93Newcastle_ministry" title="Pitt–Newcastle ministry">Pitt–Newcastle ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bute_ministry" title="Bute ministry">Bute ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenville_ministry" title="Grenville ministry">Grenville ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Rockingham_ministry" title="First Rockingham ministry">First Rockingham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_ministry" title="Chatham ministry">Chatham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafton_ministry" title="Grafton ministry">Grafton ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_ministry" title="North ministry">North ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Rockingham_ministry" title="Second Rockingham ministry">Second Rockingham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelburne_ministry" title="Shelburne ministry">Shelburne ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox%E2%80%93North_coalition" title="Fox–North coalition">Fox–North coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Loyalist" title="Black Loyalist">Black Loyalist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related British<br />Acts of Parliament</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_Acts" title="Navigation Acts">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Act" title="Iron Act">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses_Act" title="Molasses Act">Molasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Act" title="Currency Act">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartering_Acts" title="Quartering Acts">Quartering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">Stamp</a> up i.p.o</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaratory_Act" title="Declaratory Act">Declaratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townshend_Acts" title="Townshend Acts">Townshend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Act" title="Tea Act">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliatory_Resolution" title="Conciliatory Resolution">Conciliatory Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restraining_Acts_1775" title="Restraining Acts 1775">Restraining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Rebellion" title="Proclamation of Rebellion">Proclamation of Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitory_Act" title="Prohibitory Act">Prohibitory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Nine" title="Loyal Nine">Loyal Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Rights_and_Grievances" title="Declaration of Rights and Grievances">Declaration of Rights and Grievances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Association" title="Virginia Association">Virginia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Liberty" title="Daughters of Liberty">Daughters of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Patriot" title="Black Patriot">Black Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committees_of_correspondence" title="Committees of correspondence">Committees of correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_safety_(American_Revolution)" title="Committee of safety (American Revolution)">Committees of safety</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Letters_from_a_Farmer_in_Pennsylvania" title="Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania">Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Circular_Letter" title="Massachusetts Circular Letter">Massachusetts Circular Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_Resolves" title="Suffolk Resolves">Suffolk Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minutemen" title="Minutemen">Minutemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Congress" title="Provincial Congress">Provincial Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch_Petition" title="Olive Branch Petition">Olive Branch Petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Causes_and_Necessity_of_Taking_Up_Arms" title="Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms">Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence" title="Committee of Secret Correspondence">Committee of Secret Correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_Treaty" title="Model Treaty">Model Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Confederation Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris (1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_credit_crisis_of_1772%E2%80%931773" title="British credit crisis of 1772–1773">British credit crisis of 1772–1773</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspee_affair" title="Gaspee affair">Gaspee affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_letters_affair" title="Hutchinson letters affair">Hutchinson letters affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Tea_Party" title="Philadelphia Tea Party">Philadelphia Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_Alarm" title="Powder Alarm">Powder Alarm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="*_Combatants_*_Campaigns_*_Theaters_*_Battles_*_Events_*_Colonies165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Combatants</li> <li>Campaigns</li> <li>Theaters</li> <li>Battles</li> <li>Events</li> <li>Colonies</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thirteen Colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Marines" title="Continental Marines">Marines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Army#Early_British_Empire" title="British Army">British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy#1707–1815" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_American_Revolution#European_allies_of_Britain" title="Germans in the American Revolution">European allies of King George III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="France in the American Revolutionary War">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)" title="Treaty of Alliance (1778)">Franco-American Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">Navy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderigue_Hortalez_and_Company" title="Roderigue Hortalez and Company">Hortalez et Cie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_American_Revolution#American_and_European_supporters_of_Congress" title="Germans in the American Revolution">German supporters of Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Campaigns and<br />theaters</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_campaign" title="Boston campaign">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Invasion of Quebec (1775)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Nova Scotia in the American Revolution">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_after_Saratoga" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga">Northern after Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Western theater of the American Revolutionary War">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorktown_campaign" title="Yorktown campaign">Yorktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_battles_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War">Naval battles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Revolutionary_War_battles" title="List of American Revolutionary War battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Lexington and Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Capture of Fort Ticonderoga">Capture of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill" title="Battle of Bunker Hill">Bunker Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Battle of Quebec (1775)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valcour_Island" title="Battle of Valcour Island">Valcour Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harlem_Heights" title="Battle of Harlem Heights">Harlem Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Washington" title="Battle of Fort Washington">Fort Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Trenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Assunpink_Creek" title="Battle of the Assunpink Creek">Assunpink Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton" title="Battle of Princeton">Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Ticonderoga_(1777)" title="Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777)">Siege of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bennington" title="Battle of Bennington">Bennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oriskany" title="Battle of Oriskany">Oriskany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Brandywine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Germantown" title="Battle of Germantown">Germantown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth" title="Battle of Monmouth">Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Lucia" title="Battle of St. Lucia">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grenada" title="Battle of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stony_Point" title="Battle of Stony Point">Stony Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah" title="Siege of Savannah">Savannah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Great Siege of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1780)" title="Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780)">Cape St. Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Charleston" title="Siege of Charleston">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Connecticut_Farms" title="Battle of Connecticut Farms">Connecticut Farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Springfield" title="Battle of Springfield">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camden" title="Battle of Camden">Camden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kings_Mountain" title="Battle of Kings Mountain">Kings Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cowpens" title="Battle of Cowpens">Cowpens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guilford_Court_House" title="Battle of Guilford Court House">Guilford Court House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lochry%27s_Defeat" title="Lochry's Defeat">Lochry's Defeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake" title="Battle of the Chesapeake">Chesapeake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Yorktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Saintes" title="Battle of the Saintes">The Saintes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Peace_Conference" title="Staten Island Peace Conference">Staten Island Peace Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius#"First_Salute"" title="Sint Eustatius">"First Salute"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_crossing_of_the_Delaware_River" title="George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River">Washington's crossing of the Delaware River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conway_Cabal" title="Conway Cabal">Conway Cabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge" title="Valley Forge">Valley Forge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">Entry of France into war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Peace_Commission" title="Carlisle Peace Commission">Carlisle Peace Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Riots" title="Gordon Riots">Gordon Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Line_Mutiny" title="Pennsylvania Line Mutiny">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Sint_Eustatius" title="Capture of Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">Newburgh Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee%E2%80%93American_wars" title="Cherokee–American wars">Cherokee–American wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War">Fourth Anglo-Dutch War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second Anglo-Mysore War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Involvement <span class="nobold">(by <br />colony or location)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rebel colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut#The_American_Revolution_(1775–1789)" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Line" title="Delaware Line">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Georgia in the American Revolution">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Maryland in the American Revolution">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts#Revolutionary_Massachusetts:_1760s–1780s" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire#Revolution:_1775–1815" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_in_the_American_Revolution" title="New Jersey in the American Revolution">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="New York in the American Revolution">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Revolution#American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina in the American Revolution">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Pennsylvania in the American Revolution">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Revolution#Revolutionary_era_1775-1790" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhode Island in the American Revolution">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Revolution" title="South Carolina in the American Revolution">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Revolution#American_Revolution" title="Virginia in the American Revolution">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Loyal colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia#17th_and_18th_centuries" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Leaders165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">British</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariot_Arbuthnot" title="Mariot Arbuthnot">Arbuthnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brant" title="Joseph Brant">Brant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgoyne" title="John Burgoyne">Burgoyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_of_Strachur" title="John Campbell, of Strachur">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Carleton,_1st_Baron_Dorchester" title="Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester">Carleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)" title="Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser_of_Lovat" title="Simon Fraser of Lovat">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graves,_1st_Baron_Graves" title="Thomas Graves, 1st Baron Graves">Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Howe,_1st_Earl_Howe" title="Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe">Richard Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe" title="William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe">William Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Knyphausen" title="Wilhelm von Knyphausen">Knyphausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rodney,_1st_Baron_Rodney" title="George Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney">Rodney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">King George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Amherst,_1st_Baron_Amherst" title="Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst">Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barrington,_2nd_Viscount_Barrington" title="William Barrington, 2nd Viscount Barrington">Barrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Germain,_1st_Viscount_Sackville" title="George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville">Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich" title="John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich">Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">Shelburne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander,_Lord_Stirling" title="William Alexander, Lord Stirling">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Allen" title="Ethan Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barry_(naval_officer)" title="John Barry (naval officer)">Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Claghorn" title="George Claghorn">Claghorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rogers_Clark" title="George Rogers Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Leb%C3%A8gue_Duportail" title="Louis Lebègue Duportail">Duportail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Gates" title="Horatio Gates">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_Greene" title="Nathanael Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esek_Hopkins" title="Esek Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_de_Kalb" title="Johann de Kalb">de Kalb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lee_(general)" title="Charles Lee (general)">Charles Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln" title="Benjamin Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Mercer" title="Hugh Mercer">Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Montgomery" title="Richard Montgomery">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Nicholson" title="Samuel Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Putnam" title="Israel Putnam">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_Rodney" title="Caesar Rodney">Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_St._Clair" title="Arthur St. Clair">St. Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schuyler" title="Philip Schuyler">Schuyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Steuben" title="Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben">von Steuben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sullivan_(general)" title="John Sullivan (general)">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_Ward" title="Artemas Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wayne" title="Anthony Wayne">Wayne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton" title="Charles Carroll of Carrollton">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson" title="John Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hanson" title="John Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Huntington_(Connecticut_politician)" title="Samuel Huntington (Connecticut politician)">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Laurens" title="Henry Laurens">Laurens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Richard Henry Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McKean" title="Thomas McKean">McKean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere">Revere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Witherspoon" title="John Witherspoon">Witherspoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="French6" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henri_Hector,_Count_of_Estaing" title="Charles Henri Hector, Count of Estaing">d'Estaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Paul_de_Grasse" title="François Joseph Paul de Grasse">de Grasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luc_Urbain_du_Bou%C3%ABxic,_comte_de_Guichen" title="Luc Urbain du Bouëxic, comte de Guichen">de Guichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-C%C3%A9sar_de_La_Luzerne" title="Anne-César de La Luzerne">Luzerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur,_comte_de_Rochambeau" title="Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau">de Rochambeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Andr%C3%A9_de_Suffren" title="Pierre André de Suffren">Suffren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gravier,_comte_de_Vergennes" title="Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes">Vergennes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Aftermath165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati" title="Society of the Cincinnati">Society of the Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(New_York)" title="Evacuation Day (New York)">Evacuation Day (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratification_Day_(United_States)" title="Ratification Day (United States)">Ratification Day (1784)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27s_Rebellion" title="Shays's Rebellion">Shays's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="*_Related_topics165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Related topics</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War">Prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_(submersible)" title="Turtle (submersible)">The <i>Turtle</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Tree" title="Liberty Tree">Liberty Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankee_Doodle" title="Yankee Doodle">Yankee Doodle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Timeline of the American Revolution">Timeline of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_Revolutionary_War" title="African Americans in the Revolutionary War">African Americans in the Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogs_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Dogs in the American Revolutionary War">Dogs in the American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War">Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Women in the American Revolution">Women in the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_costs_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War">Financial costs of the war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_currency_banknotes" title="Continental currency banknotes">Continental currency banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Currency_dollar_coin" title="Continental Currency dollar coin">Continental Currency dollar coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertas_Americana" title="Libertas Americana">Libertas Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Commemoration of the American Revolution">Commemoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of films about the American Revolution">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_series_and_miniseries_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of television series and miniseries about the American Revolution">television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plays_and_musicals_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of plays and musicals about the American Revolution">theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriots%27_Day" title="Patriots' Day">Patriots' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Pulaski_Memorial_Day" title="General Pulaski Memorial Day">Pulaski Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents%27_Day" title="Presidents' Day">Washington's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Birthday" title="Jefferson's Birthday">Jefferson's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Steuben_Day" title="Von Steuben Day">Von Steuben Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_American_Revolution_holidays" title="Minor American Revolution holidays">Minor holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Exposition" title="Centennial Exposition">Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesquicentennial_Exposition" title="Sesquicentennial Exposition">Sesquicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bicentennial" title="United States Bicentennial">Bicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Semiquincentennial" title="United States Semiquincentennial">Semiquincentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Children of the American Revolution">Children of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Daughters of the American Revolution">Daughters of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Sons of the American Revolution">Sons of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_Revolution" title="Sons of the Revolution">Sons of the Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charters_of_Freedom" title="Charters of Freedom">Charters of Freedom Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Museum of the American Revolution">Museum of the American Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Territorial_expansion_of_the_United_States89" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_growth" title="Template:US growth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_growth" title="Template talk:US growth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_growth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US growth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Territorial_expansion_of_the_United_States89" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial expansion of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thirteen Colonies (1776)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase (1803)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_1818" title="Treaty of 1818">Red River Cession (1818)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty (1819)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">Texas Annexation (1845)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Treaty" title="Oregon Treaty">Oregon Treaty (1846)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Cession" title="Mexican Cession">Mexican Cession (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadsden_Purchase" title="Gadsden Purchase">Gadsden Purchase (1853)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guano_Islands_Act" title="Guano Islands Act">Guano Islands Act (1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">Alaska Purchase (1867)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newlands_Resolution" title="Newlands Resolution">Annexation of Hawaii (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Convention" title="Tripartite Convention">Tripartite Convention (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cession_of_Tutuila" title="Treaty of Cession of Tutuila">Treaty of Cession of Tutuila (1900)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cession_of_Manu%27a" title="Treaty of Cession of Manu'a">Treaty of Cession of Manuʻa (1904)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Enabling_Act" title="Oklahoma Enabling Act">Annexation of Oklahoma (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Danish_West_Indies" title="Treaty of the Danish West Indies">Treaty of the Danish West Indies (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands#United_Nations_trusteeship" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Acquisition of the Northern Mariana Islands (1986)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aquired_Lands_of_the_US.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Aquired_Lands_of_the_US.svg/120px-Aquired_Lands_of_the_US.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Aquired_Lands_of_the_US.svg/250px-Aquired_Lands_of_the_US.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="612" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Concept:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States565" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_topics" title="Template:United States topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_topics" title="Template talk:United States topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States565" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932016)" title="History of the United States (1991–2016)">1991–2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2016-present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States (2016-present)">2016–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By event</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">drafting and ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Native genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li>Civil rights movement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">1954–1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Feminist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">LGBT Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">Post-Cold War (1991–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline of U.S. history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions" title="Timeline of United States inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Contiguous United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_enclave" title="Federal enclave">federal enclaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">insular zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">minor outlying islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of populated places in the United States">populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="List of earthquakes in the United States">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_United_States" title="List of extreme points of the United States">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States" title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountain peaks of the United States">peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#United_States" title="List of mountain ranges">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longest <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States" title="List of rivers of the United States">rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United States">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Powers of the president of the United States">powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">ATF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">CBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Diplomatic Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">TSA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General_(United_States)" title="Office of Inspector General (United States)">Inspector generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States#President_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Capitol Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_circuit_judges" title="List of current United States circuit judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_court" title="United States territorial court">Territorial courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list of courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_district_judges" title="List of current United States district judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">U.S. attorney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil liberties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">NOAA Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">Federal District</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territorial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_constitutional_officer" title="State constitutional officer">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant governor (United States)">Lieutenant governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_lieutenant_governors" title="List of current United States lieutenant governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)" title="Secretary of state (U.S. state government)">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">Attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_treasurer" title="State treasurer">Treasurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_auditor" title="State auditor">Auditor/Comptroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_commissioner" title="Agriculture commissioner">Agriculture commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_commissioner" title="Insurance commissioner">Insurance commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_utilities_commission" title="Public utilities commission">Public utilities commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_police_(United_States)" title="State police (United States)">State police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_and_local_law_enforcement_agencies" title="List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">List of legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_legislators" title="List of U.S. state legislators">List of legislators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">Supreme courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_chief_justices" title="List of state chief justices">Chief justices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District attorney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_attorneys_by_county" class="mw-redirect" title="List of district attorneys by county">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_constitutions_in_the_United_States" title="State constitutions in the United States">State constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_statutory_codes" title="List of U.S. state statutory codes">Statutory codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_act" title="Uniform act">Uniform act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_U.S._state_and_territory_governments" title="Comparison of U.S. state and territory governments">Comparison of governments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Tribal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States" title="Native American recognition in the United States">Native American recognition in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">Federally recognized tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities" title="List of Alaska Native tribal entities">Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State-recognized tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land" title="Hawaiian home land">Hawaiian home land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents" title="List of United States counties and county equivalents">List of counties and county equivalents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_executive" title="County executive">County executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_clerk" title="Municipal clerk">Clerk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coterminous_municipality" title="Coterminous municipality">Coterminous municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter#United_States" title="Municipal charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">Council–manager government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">City commission government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_in_the_United_States" title="Mayoralty in the United States">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">City manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council#United_States" title="Municipal council">City council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_civil_division" title="Minor civil division">Minor divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_school_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of school districts in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_presidency" title="Imperial presidency">Imperial presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector" title="Economy of the United States by sector">By sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" title="Manufacturing in the United States">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States" title="Mining in the United States">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Science and technology in the United States">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States" title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_States" title="List of exports of the United States">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States">Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States" title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">Public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the United States">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_the_United_States" title="Aviation in the United States">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_States" title="Driving in the United States">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Public transportation in the United States">Public transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Rail transportation in the United States">Rail transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Transportation policy of the United States">Transportation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation safety in the United States">Transportation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Trucking industry in the United States">Trucking industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Society of the United States">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Architecture in the United States">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economic issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction_in_the_United_States" title="Eviction in the United States">eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">working class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_United_States" title="Family in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">Federal holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_States" title="Housing in the United States">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States" title="Mass media in the United States">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States" title="Society of the United States">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_the_United_States" title="History of sports in the United States">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States" title="Theater in the United States">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Visual art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_States" title="Health in the United States">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_the_United_States" title="Aging of the United States">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States" title="Prenatal care in the United States">Prenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice_care_in_the_United_States" title="Hospice care in the United States">Hospice care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Immigrant health care in the United States">Immigrant health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_rationing_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare rationing in the United States">Rationing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Health care finance in the United States">Health care finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Health care prices in the United States">Health care prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Prescription drug prices in the United States">Prescription drug prices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_United_States" title="Disability in the United States">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Food safety in the United States">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States" title="Physician shortage in the United States">Physician shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty and health in the United States">Poverty and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_deserts_in_the_United_States" title="Medical deserts in the United States">Medical deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_the_United_States" title="Women's reproductive health in the United States">Women's reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">incarceration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government" title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Intersex rights in the United States">intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Mass shootings in the United States">Mass shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunger in the United States">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States" title="National security of the United States">National security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Opioid epidemic in the United States">Opioid epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Xenophobia in the United States">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> 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