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Toggle Construction subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Design_and_stability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_and_stability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Design and stability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design_and_stability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Armament </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sailing_rig" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sailing_rig"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Sailing rig </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sailing_rig-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Masts_and_yards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masts_and_yards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Masts and yards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Masts_and_yards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blocks_and_deadeyes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blocks_and_deadeyes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Blocks and deadeyes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blocks_and_deadeyes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ornamentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ornamentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Ornamentation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ornamentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maiden_voyage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maiden_voyage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Maiden voyage </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Maiden_voyage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Maiden voyage subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Maiden_voyage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sinking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sinking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Sinking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sinking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Inquest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vasa_as_a_wreck" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vasa_as_a_wreck"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Vasa as a wreck </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vasa_as_a_wreck-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Vasa as a wreck subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Vasa_as_a_wreck-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deterioration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deterioration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Deterioration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deterioration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vasa_rediscovered" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vasa_rediscovered"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Vasa rediscovered </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vasa_rediscovered-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Recovery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Archaeology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Archaeology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ship_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ship_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Ship structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ship_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Finds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes_of_sinking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes_of_sinking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Causes of sinking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causes_of_sinking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Conservation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature_and_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_and_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Literature and popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_and_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Vasa (ship)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" > 48 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasa" title="Vasa – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vasa" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="سفينة فاسا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سفينة فاسا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1_%D5%86%D5%A1%D6%82" title="Վասա Նաւ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Վասա Նաւ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaza_(g%C9%99mi)" title="Vaza (gəmi) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vaza (gəmi)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C)" title="Ваза (карабель) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ваза (карабель)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1)" title="Васа (кораб) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Васа (кораб)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasa_(vaixell)" title="Vasa (vaixell) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vasa (vaixell)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF)" title="Ваза (карап) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ваза (карап)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasa" title="Vasa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vasa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regalskeppet_Vasa" title="Regalskeppet Vasa – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Regalskeppet Vasa" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasa_(Schiff)" title="Vasa (Schiff) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vasa (Schiff)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasa_(laev)" title="Vasa (laev) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vasa (laev)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B1_(%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%AF%CE%BF)" title="Βάσα (πλοίο) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βάσα (πλοίο)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasa" title="Vasa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vasa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasa_(%C5%9Dipo)" title="Vasa (ŝipo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vasa (ŝipo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasa_(ontzia)" title="Vasa (ontzia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Vasa (ontzia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7_(%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C)" title="واسا (کشتی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="واسا (کشتی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasa" title="Vasa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vasa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%82%AC%ED%98%B8" title="바사호 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바사호" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1_%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BE" title="Վասա նավ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վասա նավ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasa_(brod)" title="Vasa (brod) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vasa (brod)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasa_(galeone)" title="Vasa (galeone) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vasa (galeone)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%94_(%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94)" title="ואסה (אונייה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ואסה (אונייה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%98)" title="ვაზა (ხომალდი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვაზა (ხომალდი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasa_(navis_bellica)" title="Vasa (navis bellica) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vasa (navis bellica)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%81sa_(karaku%C4%A3is)" title="Vāsa (karakuģis) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vāsa (karakuģis)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasa_(Sch%C3%ABff)" title="Vasa (Schëff) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Vasa (Schëff)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaza_(laivas)" title="Vaza (laivas) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vaza (laivas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasa_(barcon)" title="Vasa (barcon) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Vasa (barcon)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasa_(haj%C3%B3)" title="Vasa (hajó) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vasa (hajó)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapal_Vasa" title="Kapal Vasa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kapal Vasa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasa_(schip,_1628)" title="Vasa (schip, 1628) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vasa (schip, 1628)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B5_(%E6%88%A6%E5%88%97%E8%89%A6)" title="ヴァーサ (戦列艦) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴァーサ (戦列艦)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%ABVasa%C2%BB" title="«Vasa» – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="«Vasa»" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasa" title="Vasa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vasa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasa" title="Vasa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Vasa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasa_(navio)" title="Vasa (navio) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vasa (navio)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8C)" title="Ваза (корабль) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ваза (корабль)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasa_(ship)" title="Vasa (ship) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vasa (ship)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasa_(ladja)" title="Vasa (ladja) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vasa (ladja)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Васа (брод) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Васа (брод)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasa_(laiva)" title="Vasa (laiva) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vasa (laiva)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regalskeppet_Vasa" title="Regalskeppet Vasa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Regalskeppet Vasa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2" title="วอซา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วอซา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasa_(gemi)" title="Vasa (gemi) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vasa (gemi)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasa_(1626)" title="Vasa (1626) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Vasa (1626)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_h%E1%BA%A1m_Vasa" title="Chiến hạm Vasa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến hạm Vasa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E8%90%A8%E5%8F%B7" title="瓦萨号 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="瓦萨号" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q219821#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vasa_(ship)&params=59_19_40_N_18_05_28_E_region:SE-AB_type:landmark">59°19′40″N 18°05′28″E / 59.32778°N 18.09111°E / 59.32778; 18.09111</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">17th-century Swedish warship</div> <table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Vasa_from_the_Bow.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vasa"><img alt="Vasa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/The_Vasa_from_the_Bow.jpg/300px-The_Vasa_from_the_Bow.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/The_Vasa_from_the_Bow.jpg/450px-The_Vasa_from_the_Bow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/The_Vasa_from_the_Bow.jpg/600px-The_Vasa_from_the_Bow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6048" data-file-height="4032" /></a><div>Vasa's port bow</div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">History</th></tr> <tr><th height="30" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:left;padding-left:2px;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/67px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/90px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" />Sweden</th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Laid down</td><td>1626; 398 years ago (1626)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Launched</td><td>March 1627; 397 years ago (1627-03)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Fate</td><td>Sank in 1628; 396 years ago (1628), salvaged in 1961, became a <a href="/wiki/Museum_ship" title="Museum ship">museum ship</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vasa_(ship)&params=59_19_40_N_18_05_28_E_region:SE-AB_type:landmark">59°19′40″N 18°05′28″E / 59.32778°N 18.09111°E / 59.32778; 18.09111</a></td></tr> <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">General characteristics</th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Tonnage</td><td>1210 tonnes displacement</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Length</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">Sparred length: 69 m (226 ft) (estimated)</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">Between perpendiculars 47.5 m (156 ft)</li> </ul></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Beam</td><td>11.7 m (38 ft)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Height</td><td>52.5 m (172 ft) from keel to mainmast truck (estimated)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Draft</td><td>4.8 m (16 ft)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Propulsion</td><td>Sails, 1,275 m2 (13,720 sq ft)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Crew</td><td>145 sailors, 300 soldiers</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Armament</td><td><ul style="list-style:none; margin:0;"> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">64 guns, including:</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">24-pounders—48</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">3-pounders—8</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">1-pounders—2</li> <li style="padding-left: .4em; text-indent: -.4em;">stormstycken (<a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">howitzers</a>)—6</li> </ul></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Notes</td><td>Source for dimensions & tonnage<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> Vasa or Wasa (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Swedish pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Swedish" title="Help:IPA/Swedish">[²vɑːsa]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/91\/Sv-Vasa.ogg\/Sv-Vasa.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-Vasa.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/91/Sv-Vasa.ogg/Sv-Vasa.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-Vasa.ogg" title="File:Sv-Vasa.ogg">ⓘ</a>) is a Swedish <a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">warship</a> built between 1626 and 1628. The ship sank after sailing roughly 1,300 m (1,400 yd) into her maiden voyage on 10 August 1628. She fell into obscurity after most of her valuable <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannons</a> were salvaged in the 17th century, until she was located again in the late 1950s in a busy shipping area in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> harbor. The ship was salvaged with a largely intact hull in 1961. She was housed in a temporary museum called Wasavarvet ("The Vasa Shipyard") until 1988 and then moved permanently to the <a href="/wiki/Vasa_Museum" title="Vasa Museum">Vasa Museum</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_National_City_Park" title="Royal National City Park">Royal National City Park</a> in Stockholm. As the most visited museum in Scandinavia, the ship is one of Sweden's most popular tourist attractions and has been seen by over 45 million visitors since 1961.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Since her recovery, Vasa has become a widely recognized symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a>. The ship was built on the orders of the King of Sweden <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus" title="Gustavus Adolphus">Gustavus Adolphus</a> as part of the military expansion he initiated in a war with <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland-Lithuania</a> (1621–1629). She was constructed at the navy yard in Stockholm under a contract with private entrepreneurs in 1626–1627 and armed primarily with bronze cannons cast in Stockholm specifically for the ship. Richly decorated as a symbol of the king's ambitions for Sweden and himself, upon completion she was one of the most powerfully armed vessels in the world. However, Vasa was dangerously unstable, with too much weight in the upper structure of the hull. Despite this lack of stability, she was ordered to sea and sank only a few minutes after encountering a wind stronger than a breeze. The order to sail was the result of a combination of factors. The king, who was leading the army in Poland at the time of her maiden voyage, was impatient to see her take up her station as <a href="/wiki/Flagship" title="Flagship">flagship</a> of the reserve squadron at <a href="/wiki/%C3%84lvsnabben" title="Älvsnabben">Älvsnabben</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Archipelago" title="Stockholm Archipelago">Stockholm Archipelago</a>. At the same time the king's subordinates lacked the political courage to openly discuss the ship's problems or to have the maiden voyage postponed. An inquiry was organized by the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Sweden" title="Privy Council of Sweden">Swedish Privy Council</a> to find those responsible for the disaster, but in the end no one was punished. During the 1961 recovery, thousands of artifacts and the remains of at least 15 people were found in and around Vasa's hull by <a href="/wiki/Maritime_archaeology" title="Maritime archaeology">marine archaeologists</a>. Among the many items found were clothing, weapons, cannons, tools, coins, cutlery, food, drink and six of the ten sails. The artifacts and the ship herself have provided scholars with invaluable insights into details of naval warfare, shipbuilding techniques and everyday life in early 17th-century Sweden. Today Vasa is the world's best-preserved 17th century ship, answering many questions about the design and operation of ships of this period. The wreck of Vasa continually undergoes monitoring and further research on how to preserve her.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasa_(ship)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical background">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swedish_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Swedish_Empire.svg/220px-Swedish_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Swedish_Empire.svg/330px-Swedish_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Swedish_Empire.svg/440px-Swedish_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="877" /></a><figcaption>A map of Sweden's territorial gains and losses 1560–1815. In the years that Vasa was built and sank, Sweden still had not seized the southernmost of its present provinces, but possessed almost all of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Ingria" title="Ingria">Ingria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a>.</figcaption></figure> During the 17th century, Sweden went from being a sparsely populated, poor, and peripheral northern European kingdom of little influence to one of the <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">major powers</a> in continental politics. Between 1611 and 1718 it was the dominant power in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a>, eventually gaining territory that encompassed the Baltic on all sides. This rise to prominence in international affairs and increase in military prowess, called <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">stormaktstiden</a> ("age of greatness" or "great power period"), was made possible by a succession of able monarchs and the establishment of a powerful centralized government, supporting a highly efficient military organization. Swedish historians have described this as one of the more extreme examples of an early modern state using almost all of its available resources to wage war; the small northern kingdom transformed itself into a <a href="/wiki/Fiscal-military_state" title="Fiscal-military state">fiscal-military state</a> and one of the most militarized states in history.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden">Gustavus Adolphus</a> (1594–1632) has been considered one of the most successful Swedish kings in terms of success in warfare. When Vasa was built, he had been in power for more than a decade. Sweden was embroiled in a <a href="/wiki/Polish-Swedish_War_(1625%E2%80%931629)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Swedish War (1625–1629)">war with Poland-Lithuania</a>, and looked apprehensively at the development of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> in present-day Germany. The war had been raging since 1618 and from a <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> perspective it was not successful. The king's plans for a Polish campaign and for securing Sweden's interests required a strong naval presence in the Baltic.<a href="#cite_note-roberts-6">[6]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Navy" title="Swedish Navy">Swedish Navy</a> suffered several severe setbacks during the 1620s. In 1625, a squadron cruising in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Riga" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of Riga">Bay of Riga</a> was caught in a storm and ten ships ran aground and were wrecked. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oliwa" title="Battle of Oliwa">Battle of Oliwa</a> in 1627, a Swedish squadron was outmaneuvered and defeated by a Polish force and two large ships were lost. Tigern ("The Tiger"), which was the Swedish admiral's flagship, was captured by the Poles, and <a href="/wiki/Solen_(ship)" title="Solen (ship)">Solen</a> ("The Sun") was blown up by her own crew when she was boarded and nearly captured. In 1628, three more large ships were lost in less than a month. Admiral <a href="/wiki/Clas_Fleming_(admiral)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clas Fleming (admiral)">Klas Fleming</a>'s flagship Kristina was wrecked in a storm in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Danzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Danzig">Gulf of Danzig</a>, Riksnyckeln ("Key of the Realm") ran aground at Viksten in the southern archipelago of Stockholm and Vasa foundered on her maiden voyage.<a href="#cite_note-roberts-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hocker_in_Vasa_I,_p._47-7">[7]</a> Gustavus Adolphus was engaged in naval warfare on several fronts, which further exacerbated the difficulties of the navy. In addition to battling the Polish navy, the Swedes were indirectly threatened by Imperial forces that had invaded <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a>. The Swedish king had little sympathy for the Danish king, <a href="/wiki/Christian_IV_of_Denmark" title="Christian IV of Denmark">Christian IV</a>, and Denmark and Sweden had been bitter enemies for well over a century. However, Sweden feared a Catholic conquest of <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zealand_(Denmark)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealand (Denmark)">Zealand</a>. This would have granted the Catholic powers control over the strategic passages between the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, which would be disastrous for Swedish interests.<a href="#cite_note-roberts-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hocker_in_Vasa_I,_p._47-7">[7]</a> Until the early 17th century, the Swedish navy was composed primarily of small to medium-sized ships with a single gundeck, normally armed with <a href="/wiki/12-pounder_long_gun" title="12-pounder long gun">12-pounder</a> and smaller cannons; these ships were cheaper than larger ships and were well-suited for escort and patrol. They also suited the prevailing tactical thinking within the navy, which emphasized boarding as the decisive moment in a naval battle rather than gunnery. The king, who was a keen artillerist, saw the potential of ships as gun platforms, and large, heavily armed ships made a more dramatic statement in the political theater of naval power. Beginning with Vasa, he ordered a series of ships with two full gundecks, outfitted with much heavier guns.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Four such ships were built after Vasa: <a href="/wiki/%C3%84pplet" title="Äpplet">Äpplet</a> ("The Apple"<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>), Kronan ("The Crown"), Scepter and Göta Ark (literally "Ark of Götaland"), before the Privy Council cancelled the orders for the others after the king's death in 1632. These ships, especially Kronan and Scepter, were much more successful, took part in battles,<a href="#cite_note-applet-10">[10]</a> and served as flagships in the Swedish navy until the 1660s. The second of the so-called regalskepp (usually translated as "royal ships"),<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Äpplet was completed in 1629 and is regarded as a sister ship of Vasa. The only significant difference between the two was an increase in the width of Äpplet by about a meter (3.1 ft).<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The wreck of Äpplet, visibly very similar to Vasa, was found in December 2021. Äpplet, and other ships, are believed ultimately to have been decommissioned and sunk as underwater barriers against enemy ships.<a href="#cite_note-applet-10">[10]</a> The 17th century name of the ship was Vasen after the <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldic symbol</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Vasa" title="House of Vasa">House of Vasa</a>. The word "<a href="/wiki/Vase_(heraldry)" title="Vase (heraldry)">vase</a>" in the 17th century had the primary meaning of "<a href="/wiki/Fascine" title="Fascine">fascine</a>" and also "sheaf" in a heraldic context.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Vasa became the most widely recognised name of the ship, largely because the Vasa Museum chose this form of the name as its 'official' orthography in the late 1980s. This spelling was adopted because it is the form preferred by modern Swedish language authorities, and conforms to the spelling reforms instituted in Sweden in the early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasa_(ship)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Construction">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasa_Top_Deck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Vasa_Top_Deck.jpg/220px-Vasa_Top_Deck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Vasa_Top_Deck.jpg/330px-Vasa_Top_Deck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Vasa_Top_Deck.jpg/440px-Vasa_Top_Deck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3892" data-file-height="2586" /></a><figcaption>Vasa's <a href="/wiki/Port_(nautical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Port (nautical)">port</a> side</figcaption></figure> Just before Vasa was ordered, Dutch-born <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Hybertsson" title="Henrik Hybertsson">Henrik Hybertsson</a> ("Master Henrik") was shipwright at the Stockholm shipyard. On 16 January 1625, Master Henrik and business partner Arendt de Groote signed a contract to build four ships, two with a <a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">keel</a> of around 135 feet (41 m) and two smaller ones of 108 feet (33 m).<a href="#cite_note-Sandström_1982-15">[15]</a> Master Henrik and Arendt de Groote began buying the raw materials needed for the first ships in 1625, purchasing timber from individual estates in Sweden as well as buying rough-sawn planking in <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, Königsberg (modern <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>. As they prepared to begin the first of the new ships in the autumn of 1625, Henrik corresponded with the king through Vice Admiral Klas Fleming about which ship to build first. The loss of ten ships in the Bay of Riga led the king to propose building two ships of a new, medium size as a quick compromise, and he sent a specification for this, a ship which would be 120 feet (37 m) long on the keel. Henrik declined, since he had already cut the timber for a large and a small ship. He laid the keel for a larger ship in late February or early March 1626.<a href="#cite_note-Cederlund_2006_pp._43-16">[16]</a> Master Henrik never saw Vasa completed; he fell ill in late 1625, and by the summer of 1626 he had handed over supervision of the work in the yard to another Dutch shipwright, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrik_%22Hein%22_Jacobsson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henrik "Hein" Jacobsson (page does not exist)">Henrik "Hein" Jacobsson</a>. He died in the spring of 1627, probably about the same time as the ship was launched.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> After launching, work continued on finishing the upper deck, the sterncastle, the <a href="/wiki/Beakhead" title="Beakhead">beakhead</a> and the rigging. Sweden had still not developed a sizeable sailcloth industry, and material had to be ordered from abroad. In the contract for the maintenance of rigging, French sailcloth was specified, but the cloth for the sails of Vasa most likely came from Holland.<a href="#cite_note-Hocker_2011-18">[18]</a> The sails were made mostly of <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a> and partly of <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a>. The rigging was made entirely of hemp imported from <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> through Riga. The king visited the shipyard in January 1628 and made what was probably his only visit aboard the ship.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasas_hull_profile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Vasas_hull_profile.jpg/170px-Vasas_hull_profile.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Vasas_hull_profile.jpg/255px-Vasas_hull_profile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Vasas_hull_profile.jpg/340px-Vasas_hull_profile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1722" data-file-height="1722" /></a><figcaption>A model showing a cross section of Vasa's hull, illustrating the shallow <a href="/wiki/Hold_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hold (ship)">hold</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Gun_deck" title="Gun deck">gun decks</a></figcaption></figure> In the summer of 1628, the captain responsible for supervising construction of the ship, Söfring Hansson, arranged for the ship's stability to be demonstrated for Vice Admiral Fleming, who had recently arrived in Stockholm from Prussia. Thirty men ran back and forth across the upper deck to start the ship rolling, but the admiral stopped the test after they had made only three trips, as he feared the ship would capsize. According to testimony by the ship's master, Göran Mattson, Fleming remarked that he wished the king were at home. Gustavus Adolphus had been sending a steady stream of letters insisting that the ship be put to sea as soon as possible.<a href="#cite_note-Vasa-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design_and_stability">Design and stability</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasa_(ship)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Design and stability">edit</a>]</div> There has been much speculation about whether Vasa was lengthened during construction and whether an additional gun deck was added late during the build. Little evidence suggests that Vasa was substantially modified after the keel was laid. Ships contemporary to Vasa that were elongated were cut in half and new timbers spliced between the existing sections, making the addition readily identifiable, but no such addition can be identified in the hull, nor is there any evidence for any late additions of a second gundeck.<a href="#cite_note-Cederlund_2006_pp._45-21">[21]</a> The king ordered seventy-two <a href="/wiki/24-pounder_long_gun" title="24-pounder long gun">24-pound guns</a> for the ship on 5 August 1626, and this was too many to fit on a single gun deck. Since the king's order was issued less than five months after construction started, it would have come early enough for the second deck to be included in the design. The French Galion du Guise, the ship used as a model for Vasa, according to Arendt de Groote, also had two gun decks.<a href="#cite_note-Cederlund_2006_pp._45-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/3D_scanner" class="mw-redirect" title="3D scanner">Laser measurements</a> of Vasa's structure conducted in 2007–2011 confirmed that no major changes were implemented during construction, but that the centre of gravity was too high.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> There was some vacillation over the exact armament for Vasa whilst she was being built. One issue was trying to source enough guns to meet the specification. The major options were a lower gun-deck battery of 24-pounders, with the upper gun-deck being 12-pounders – versus having just 24-pounders on both the gun-decks. Vasa was actually built with upper gun-deck ports sized for the smaller 12-pounders. The final decision, though, was a total of 56 24-pounders distributed over the two gun-decks. Not every one of these guns had been delivered by the time she sailed, with some empty gun carriages being aboard at the time of the sinking.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Vasa was an early example of a warship with two full gun decks, and was built when the theoretical principles of shipbuilding were still poorly understood. Two gundecks was a much more complicated compromise between seaworthiness and firepower than a single gundeck. The overall weight distribution, particularly the hull itself, was too top-heavy. This underlying fault was not possible to correct merely by adding more ballast and might have even required a major redesign to correct. Safety margins during the 17th century were also far below anything that would be acceptable today. Combined with the fact that 17th-century warships were built with intentionally high superstructures (to be used as firing platforms), this made Vasa a risky undertaking.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armament">Armament</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasa_(ship)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Armament">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasa-lower_gun_deck-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Vasa-lower_gun_deck-2.jpg/220px-Vasa-lower_gun_deck-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Vasa-lower_gun_deck-2.jpg/330px-Vasa-lower_gun_deck-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Vasa-lower_gun_deck-2.jpg/440px-Vasa-lower_gun_deck-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The inside of the lower gun deck looking toward the bow. The interior of the ship does not contain any guns or any of the original contents and is currently fitted with modern lighting and other safety features.</figcaption></figure> Vasa was built during a time of transition in naval tactics, from an era when boarding was still one of the primary ways of fighting enemy ships to an era of the strictly organized <a href="/wiki/Ship-of-the-line" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship-of-the-line">ship-of-the-line</a> and a focus on victory through superior gunnery. Vasa was armed with powerful guns and built with a high stern, which would act as a firing platform in boarding actions for some of the 300 soldiers she was supposed to carry, but the high-sided hull and narrow upper deck were not optimized for boarding.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> She was neither the largest ship ever built, nor the one carrying the greatest number of guns. What made her arguably the most powerful warship of the time was the combined weight of shot that could be fired from the cannons of one side: 588 pounds (267 kg), excluding stormstycken, guns used for firing anti-personnel ammunition instead of solid shot. This was the largest concentration of artillery in a single warship in the Baltic at the time, perhaps in all of northern Europe, and it was not until the 1630s that a ship with more firepower was built. This large amount of naval artillery was placed on a ship that was quite small relative to the armament carried. By comparison, <a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution" title="USS Constitution">USS Constitution</a>, a frigate built by the United States 169 years after Vasa, had roughly the same firepower, but was over 700 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> (690 <a href="/wiki/Long_ton" title="Long ton">long tons</a>; 770 <a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">short tons</a>) heavier.<a href="#cite_note-Hocker_in_Cederlund_2006,_p._49-26">[26]</a> The Constitution, however, belonged to a later era of naval warfare that employed the <a href="/wiki/Line_of_battle" title="Line of battle">line of battle</a> tactic, where ships fought in a line of ships (or line ahead) attempting to present the batteries of one side of each ship toward the enemy. The guns would be aimed in the same direction, and fire could be concentrated on a single target. In the 17th century, tactics involving organized formations of large fleets had still not been developed. Rather, ships would fight individually or in small improvised groups, and focused on boarding. Vasa, though possessing a formidable battery, was built with these tactics in mind, and therefore lacked a unified <a href="/wiki/Broadside_(naval)" title="Broadside (naval)">broadside</a> with guns that were all aimed in roughly the same direction. Rather, the guns were intended to be fired independently and were arranged according to the curvature of the hull, so that the ship bristled with artillery in all directions, covering virtually all angles. The guns facing fight aft, the stern chasers, were still not on board when the ship sank, however.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Naval gunnery in the 17th century was still in its infancy. Guns were expensive and had a much longer lifespan than any warship. Guns with a lifetime of over a century were not unheard of, while most warships would be used for only 15 to 20 years. In Sweden and many other European countries, a ship would normally not "own" her guns, but would be issued armament from the armory for every campaign season. Ships were therefore usually fitted with guns of very diverse age and size. What allowed Vasa to carry so much firepower was not merely that an unusually large number of guns were crammed into a relatively small ship, but also that the 46 main 24-pounder guns were of a new and standardized lightweight design. These were cast in a single series at the state gun foundry in Stockholm, under the direction of the Swiss-born founder Medardus Gessus. Two additional 24-pounders, of a heavier and older design, were mounted in the bows as <a href="/wiki/Chase_gun" title="Chase gun">bow chasers</a>. Four more heavy guns were intended for the stern, but the cannon foundry could not cast guns as fast as the navy yard could build ships, and Vasa waited nearly a year after construction was finished for her armament. When the ship sailed in August 1628, eight of the planned armament of 72 guns had still not been delivered. All cannons during this time had to be made from individually made moulds that could not be reused, but Vasa's guns had such uniform precision in their manufacturing that their primary dimensions varied by only a few millimeters, and their bores were almost exactly 146 mm (5.7 in). The remaining armament of Vasa consisted of eight 3-pounders, six large-caliber stormstycken (similar to what the English called <a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">howitzers</a>) for use during boarding actions, and two 1-pound <a href="/wiki/Falconet_(cannon)" title="Falconet (cannon)">falconets</a>. Also included on board were 894 kilograms (1,971 pounds) of <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> and over 1,000 shot of various types for the guns.<a href="#cite_note-Cederlund_2006_pp._47-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sailing_rig">Sailing rig</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasa_(ship)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sailing rig">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Masts_and_yards">Masts and yards</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasa_(ship)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Masts and yards">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fo183451_002DIG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Fo183451_002DIG.jpg/220px-Fo183451_002DIG.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Fo183451_002DIG.jpg/330px-Fo183451_002DIG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Fo183451_002DIG.jpg/440px-Fo183451_002DIG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2662" /></a><figcaption>A 1:10 model in the Vasa Museum showing how the sailing rig would look with all of the 10 sails set.</figcaption></figure> Vasa had three <a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">masts</a>: a foremast towards the bow of the ship, a mainmast near the middle and a mizzen mast towards the aft of the ship. The fore- and mainmasts were built in three sections: a lower mast that was stepped on the stem and keel at the bottom of the ship's hull and passed through each of the decks; a topmast that was attached to the lower section; and a topgallant mast at the top. The top and topgallant masts were both salvaged soon after the sinking while most of the lower sections of the main- and foremasts largely survived to be salvaged in modern times. The mizzen mast consisted of only two sections, a mizzen which stepped on the upper gundeck followed by a mizzen topmast.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bowsprit" title="Bowsprit">bowsprit</a> was stepped against the front of the lower foremast through the bowsprit bitts, a heavy timber frame located on the upper gundeck. The bowsprit served as a point of attachment for several of the major stays that held up much of the standing rig. At the outer end of the bowsprit there was a spritsail topmast with a mast head to carry a flagstaff.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The foremast was made from a single <a href="/wiki/Pinus_sylvestris" title="Pinus sylvestris">pine tree</a> with additional material to make the <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(A%E2%80%93L)#cheeks" title="Glossary of nautical terms (A–L)">cheeks</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(A%E2%80%93L)#hounds" title="Glossary of nautical terms (A–L)">hounds</a> that were used to attach the <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#stay" title="Glossary of nautical terms (M–Z)">stays</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The lower mainmast was assembled as a "made mast" from a number of pieces of timber that reinforced a central core, rather than from a single tree.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> A single-tree mast was the preferred choice at the time and was much stronger structurally. The shipyard in Stockholm had at least indirect access to timber from western Sweden at the time. "<a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a> masts" were considered among the best in Europe, but this source was not fully utilized by the Swedish navy until later in the 17th century. The made mast used for Vasa was most likely supplied by Amsterdam-based merchants<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> who dominated the European timber market at the time.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blocks_and_deadeyes">Blocks and deadeyes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasa_(ship)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Blocks and deadeyes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Block_-_Vasamuseet_-_08651.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Block_-_Vasamuseet_-_08651.jpg/220px-Block_-_Vasamuseet_-_08651.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Block_-_Vasamuseet_-_08651.jpg/330px-Block_-_Vasamuseet_-_08651.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Block_-_Vasamuseet_-_08651.jpg/440px-Block_-_Vasamuseet_-_08651.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption>A double block recovered from Vasa. It is made entirely of <a href="/wiki/Fraxinus" title="Fraxinus">ash</a> for both the shell and the sheaves. Though it is not visible in this picture, this example had the less common wrought iron strop to attach it to a fixed surface or the object being moved.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Block_(sailing)" title="Block (sailing)">Blocks</a>, or pulleys, are a means of redirecting the path of a rope or providing a mechanical advantage, either on its own or in combination with other blocks, to increase the force applied. The majority of blocks have a sheave which rotates on an axle – the rope that goes through the block fits into a groove cut in the sheave. The load in the rope is transferred from the axle to the shell of the block, which, at the time of Vasa, has a rope strop (usually) or wrought iron strap which goes around the shell and is used to fasten the block to another object. More rarely, a block does not have a sheave. It is then termed a "dead block".<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Deadeyes are used in the standing rigging. These are the pieces of wood that, operating in pairs, allow adjustment of the length of shrouds or stays. A lanyard passes through a number of holes in each pair – tightening the lanyard shortens the distance between the pair of deadeyes. Since natural fibre ropes can change in length depending on the amount of moisture in them, the standing rigging of a 17th-century ship needed much more adjustment than a more modern sailing vessel.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ornamentation">Ornamentation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasa_(ship)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ornamentation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fo183439_007DIG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Fo183439_007DIG.jpg/170px-Fo183439_007DIG.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Fo183439_007DIG.jpg/255px-Fo183439_007DIG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Fo183439_007DIG.jpg/340px-Fo183439_007DIG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2662" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The 1:10 museum model showing the richly decorated transom with miniature sculptures painted in what is believed to be the original color scheme.</figcaption></figure> As was the custom with warships at the time, Vasa was decorated with sculptures intended to glorify the authority, wisdom and martial prowess of the monarch and also to deride, taunt and intimidate the enemy. The sculptures made up a considerable part of the effort and cost of building the ship. The symbolism used in decorating the ship was mostly based on the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> idealization of Roman and Greek antiquity, which had been imported from Italy through German and Dutch artists. Imagery borrowed from Mediterranean antiquity dominates the motifs, but also include figures from the Old Testament and even a few from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>. Many of the figures are in Dutch <a href="/wiki/Grotesque" title="Grotesque">grotesque</a> style, depicting fantastic and frightening creatures, including mermaids, <a href="/wiki/Wild_men" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild men">wild men</a>, sea monsters and <a href="/wiki/Triton_(mythology)" title="Triton (mythology)">tritons</a>. The decoration inside the ship is much sparser and is largely confined to the steerage and the great cabin, at the after end of the upper gundeck.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Residues of paint have been found on many sculptures and on other parts of the ship. The entire ornamentation was once painted in vivid colors. The sides of the <a href="/wiki/Beakhead" title="Beakhead">beakhead</a> (the protruding structure below the <a href="/wiki/Bowsprit" title="Bowsprit">bowsprit</a>), the bulwarks (the protective railing around the weather deck), the roofs of the <a href="/wiki/Quarter_gallery" title="Quarter gallery">quarter galleries</a>, and the background of the <a href="/wiki/Transom_(nautical)" title="Transom (nautical)">transom</a> (the flat surface at the stern of the ship) were all painted red, while the sculptures were decorated in bright colors, and the dazzling effect of these was in some places emphasized with <a href="/wiki/Gold_leaf" title="Gold leaf">gold leaf</a>. Previously, it was believed that the background color had been blue and that all sculptures had been almost entirely gilded, and this is reflected in many paintings of Vasa from the 1970s to the early 1990s, such as the lively and dramatic drawings of <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Landstr%C3%B6m" title="Björn Landström">Björn Landström</a> or the painting by Francis Smitheman.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In the late 1990s, this view was revised and the colors are properly reflected in more recent reproductions of the ship's decoration by maritime painter <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tim_Thompson_(artist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tim Thompson (artist) (page does not exist)">Tim Thompson</a> and the 1:10 scale model in the museum. Vasa is an example not so much of the heavily gilded sculptures of early <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> art but rather "the last gasps of the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">medieval</a> sculpture tradition" with its fondness for gaudy colors, in a style that today would be considered extravagant or even vulgar.<a href="#cite_note-Hocker_in_Vasa_I,_p._47-7">[7]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasaskultpurrepliker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Vasaskultpurrepliker.jpg/220px-Vasaskultpurrepliker.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Vasaskultpurrepliker.jpg/330px-Vasaskultpurrepliker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Vasaskultpurrepliker.jpg/440px-Vasaskultpurrepliker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Full-scale, painted modern replicas of some of the ship's sculptures exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/Vasa_Museum" title="Vasa Museum">Vasa Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> The sculptures are carved out of <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tilia" title="Tilia">linden</a>, and many of the larger pieces, like the huge 3-meter (9.8-foot) long figurehead lion, consist of several parts carved individually and fitted together with bolts. Close to 500 sculptures, most of which are concentrated on the high stern and its galleries and on the beakhead, are found on the ship.<a href="#cite_note-Soop_1986,_pp._20–21-40">[40]</a> The figure of <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a> appears as a pair of pendants, one younger and one older, on each side of the lower stern galleries; the pendants depict opposite aspects of the ancient hero, who was extremely popular during antiquity as well as in 17th-century European art. On the transom are biblical and nationalistic symbols and images. A particularly popular motif is the lion, which can be found as <a href="/wiki/Mascaron_(architecture)" title="Mascaron (architecture)">mascarons</a> originally fitted on the insides of the gunport doors, grasping the royal coat of arms on either side, the figurehead, and even clinging to the top of the rudder. Each side of the beakhead originally had 20 figures (though only 19 have actually been found) that depicted <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperors</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> to <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Soop_1986,_pp._20–21-40">[40]</a> Overall, almost all heroic and positive imagery is directly or indirectly identified with the king and was originally intended to glorify him as a wise and powerful ruler. The only actual portrait of the king is located at the very top of the transom in the stern. Here he is depicted as a young boy with long, flowing hair, being crowned by two <a href="/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin">griffins</a> representing the king's father, <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden" title="Charles IX of Sweden">Charles IX</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasa_color_pigments.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Vasa_color_pigments.jpg/220px-Vasa_color_pigments.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Vasa_color_pigments.jpg/330px-Vasa_color_pigments.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Vasa_color_pigments.jpg/440px-Vasa_color_pigments.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2113" data-file-height="1585" /></a><figcaption>A recreation of the color pigments that were used by the naval shipyard where the ship was built; exhibit at the <a href="/wiki/Vasa_Museum" title="Vasa Museum">Vasa Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> A team of at least six expert sculptors worked for a minimum of two years on the sculptures, most likely with the assistance of an unknown number of apprentices and assistants. No direct credit for any of the sculptures has been provided, but the distinct style of one of the most senior artists, Mårten Redtmer, is clearly identifiable. Other accomplished artists, like Hans Clausink, Johan Didrichson Tijsen (or Thessen in Swedish) and possibly Marcus Ledens, are known to have been employed for extensive work at the naval yards at the time Vasa was built, but their respective styles are not distinct enough to associate them directly with any specific sculptures.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The artistic quality of the sculptures varies considerably, and about four distinct styles can be identified. The only artist who has been positively associated with various sculptures is Mårten Redtmer, whose style has been described as "powerful, lively and naturalistic".<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> He was responsible for a considerable number of the sculptures. These include some of the most important and prestigious pieces: the figurehead lion, the royal coat of arms, and the sculpture of the king at the top of the transom. Two of the other styles are described as "elegant ... a little stereotyped and manneristic", and of a "heavy, leisurely but nevertheless rich and lively style", respectively. The fourth and last style, deemed clearly inferior to the other three, is described as "stiff and ungainly"<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> and was done by other carvers, perhaps even apprentices, of lesser skill.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maiden_voyage">Maiden voyage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasa_(ship)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Maiden voyage">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sinking">Sinking</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasa_(ship)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sinking">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Voyage_of_the_Vasa_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Voyage_of_the_Vasa_2.svg/220px-Voyage_of_the_Vasa_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Voyage_of_the_Vasa_2.svg/330px-Voyage_of_the_Vasa_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Voyage_of_the_Vasa_2.svg/440px-Voyage_of_the_Vasa_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1978" data-file-height="1729" /></a><figcaption>Central <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> and the movements of Vasa from Skeppsgården ('navy yard') to the anchoring place near the old royal castle where she was fitted and armed in the spring of 1628, and finally the location where she foundered and sank.</figcaption></figure> On 10 August 1628, Captain Söfring Hansson ordered Vasa to depart on her maiden voyage to the naval station at <a href="/wiki/%C3%84lvsnabben" title="Älvsnabben">Älvsnabben</a>. The day was calm, and the only wind was a light breeze from the southwest. The ship was <a href="/wiki/Warping_(sailing)" title="Warping (sailing)">warped</a> (hauled by anchor) along the eastern waterfront of the city to the southern side of the harbor, where four sails were set, and the ship made way to the east. The gun ports were open, and the guns were out to fire a salute as the ship left Stockholm.<a href="#cite_note-Vasa-20">[20]</a> As Vasa passed under the <a href="/wiki/Lee_side" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee side">lee</a> of the bluffs to the south (now called <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermalm" title="Södermalm">Södermalm</a>), a gust of wind filled her sails, and she <a href="/wiki/Heel_(sailing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heel (sailing)">heeled</a> suddenly to <a href="/wiki/Port_(nautical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Port (nautical)">port</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sheet_(sailing)" title="Sheet (sailing)">sheets</a> were cast off, and the ship slowly <a href="/wiki/Metacentric_height" title="Metacentric height">righted herself</a> as the gust passed. At <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tegelviken&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tegelviken (page does not exist)">Tegelviken</a>, where there is a gap in the bluffs, an even stronger gust again forced the ship onto her port side, this time pushing the open lower gunports under the surface, allowing water to rush in onto the lower gundeck. The water building up on the deck quickly exceeded the ship's minimal righting ability, and water continued to pour in until it ran down into the hold. The ship swiftly sank to a depth of 32 m (105 ft) only 120 m (390 ft) from shore. Survivors clung to debris or the upper masts, which were still above the surface. Many nearby boats rushed to their aid, but despite these efforts and the short distance to land, 30 people reportedly perished with the ship. Vasa sank in full view of a crowd of hundreds, if not thousands, of mostly ordinary Stockholmers who had come to see the ship set sail. The crowd included foreign ambassadors, in effect spies of Gustavus Adolphus' allies and enemies.<a href="#cite_note-Cederlund_2006_pp._53-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inquest">Inquest</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasa_(ship)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Inquest">edit</a>]</div> The Council sent a letter to the king the day after the loss, telling him of the sinking, but it took over two weeks to reach him in Poland. "Imprudence and negligence" must have been the cause, he wrote angrily in his reply, demanding in no uncertain terms that the guilty parties be punished.<a href="#cite_note-Kvarning_1998-47">[47]</a> Captain Söfring Hansson, who survived the disaster, was immediately taken for questioning. Under initial interrogation, he swore that the guns had been properly secured and that the crew was sober.<a href="#cite_note-Kvarning_1998-47">[47]</a> A full inquest before a tribunal of members of the Privy Council and Admiralty took place at the <a href="/wiki/Tre_Kronor_(castle)" title="Tre Kronor (castle)">Royal Palace</a> on 5 September 1628. Each of the surviving officers was questioned as was the supervising shipwright and a number of expert witnesses. Also present at the inquest was the Admiral of the Realm, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gyllenhielm" title="Carl Gyllenhielm">Carl Carlsson Gyllenhielm</a>. The object of the inquest was as much or more to find a scapegoat as to find out why the ship had sunk. Whoever the committee might find guilty for the fiasco would face a severe penalty.<a href="#cite_note-Kvarning_1998-47">[47]</a> Surviving crew members were questioned one by one about the handling of the ship at the time of the disaster. Was she rigged properly for the wind? Was the crew sober? Was the ballast properly stowed? Were the guns properly secured? However, no one was prepared to take the blame. Crewmen and contractors formed two camps; each tried to blame the other, and everyone swore he had done his duty without fault and it was during the inquest that the details of the stability demonstration were revealed.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Next, attention was directed to the shipbuilders. "Why did you build the ship so narrow, so badly and without enough bottom that it capsized?" the prosecutor asked the shipwright Jacobsson.<a href="#cite_note-Vasa_2-49">[49]</a> Jacobsson stated that he built the ship as directed by Henrik Hybertsson (the original shipbuilder, recently deceased<a href="#cite_note-Hocker_2011-18">[18]</a>), who in turn had followed the specification approved by the king. Jacobsson had in fact widened the ship by 1-foot 5 inches (c. 42 cm) after taking over responsibility for the construction, but construction of the ship was too far advanced to allow further widening.<a href="#cite_note-Vasa_2-49">[49]</a> In the end, no guilty party could be found. The answer Arendt de Groote gave when asked by the court why the ship sank was "Only God knows". Gustavus Adolphus had approved all measurements and armaments, and the ship was built according to the instructions and loaded with the number of guns specified. In the end, no one was punished or found guilty for negligence, and the blame effectively fell on the dead Henrik Hybertsson.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vasa_as_a_wreck">Vasa as a wreck</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasa_(ship)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Vasa as a wreck">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:17th_century_salvaging.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/17th_century_salvaging.jpg/220px-17th_century_salvaging.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/17th_century_salvaging.jpg/330px-17th_century_salvaging.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/17th_century_salvaging.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>An illustration from a treatise on salvaging from 1734, showing the traditional method of raising a wreck with the help of <a href="/wiki/Anchor" title="Anchor">anchors</a> and ships or <a href="/wiki/Hulk_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulk (ship)">hulks</a> as <a href="/wiki/Float_(nautical)" title="Float (nautical)">pontoons</a>, basically the same method that was used to raise Vasa in the 20th century.</figcaption></figure> Less than three days after the disaster, a contract was signed for the ship to be raised. However, those efforts were unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-Hafström_in_Vasa_I,_p._69-51">[51]</a> The earliest attempts at raising Vasa by English engineer Ian Bulmer resulted in righting the ship but also got her more securely stuck in the mud, which was one of the biggest impediments to the earliest attempts at recovery.<a href="#cite_note-Hafström_in_Vasa_I,_p._69-51">[51]</a> Salvaging technology in the early 17th century was much more primitive than today, but the recovery of ships used roughly the same principles as were used to raise Vasa more than 300 years later. Two ships or hulks were placed parallel to either side above the wreck, and ropes attached to several <a href="/wiki/Anchor" title="Anchor">anchors</a> were sent down and hooked to the ship. The two hulks were filled with as much water as was safe, the ropes tightened, and the water pumped out. The sunken ship then rose with the ships on the surface and could be towed to shallower waters. The process was then repeated until the entire ship was successfully raised above water level. Even if the underwater weight of Vasa was not great, the mud in which she had settled made her sit more securely on the bottom and required considerable lifting power to overcome.<a href="#cite_note-Cederlund_2006_pp._98-52">[52]</a> More than 30 years after the ship's sinking, in 1663–1665, Albreckt von Treileben and Andreas Peckell mounted an effort to recover the valuable guns. With a simple <a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">diving bell</a>, the team of Swedish and Finnish divers retrieved more than 50 of them.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Such activity waned when it became clear that the ship could not be raised by the technology of the time. However, Vasa did not fall completely into obscurity after the recovery of the guns. The ship was mentioned in several histories of Sweden and the Swedish Navy, and the location of the wreck appeared on harbor charts of Stockholm in the 19th century. In 1844, the navy officer Anton Ludwig Fahnehjelm turned in a request for salvaging rights to the ship, claiming he had located her.<a href="#cite_note-Cederlund_2006_pp._142-54">[54]</a> Fahnehjelm was an inventor who designed an early form of light diving suit and had previously been involved in other salvage operations. There were dives made on the wreck in 1895–1896, and a commercial salvage company applied for a permit to raise or salvage the wreck in 1920, but this was turned down. In 1999, a witness also claimed that his father, a petty officer in the Swedish navy, had taken part in diving exercises on Vasa in the years before World War I.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deterioration">Deterioration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasa_(ship)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Deterioration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasa-knightheads.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Vasa-knightheads.jpg/220px-Vasa-knightheads.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Vasa-knightheads.jpg/330px-Vasa-knightheads.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Vasa-knightheads.jpg/440px-Vasa-knightheads.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Two of the knightheads, posts fitted with the lower <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#sheave" title="Glossary of nautical terms (M–Z)">sheaves</a> of heavy <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#tackle" title="Glossary of nautical terms (M–Z)">tackles</a> used for hoisting the yards. They are located on the weather deck, close to the mast.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_1927-56">[56]</a> The details of carved heads have been eroded almost beyond recognition by the currents of <a href="/wiki/Stockholms_str%C3%B6m" title="Stockholms ström">Stockholms ström</a>.</figcaption></figure> In the 333 years that Vasa lay on the bottom of Stockholm harbor (called <a href="/wiki/Stockholms_str%C3%B6m" title="Stockholms ström">Stockholms ström</a>, "the Stream", in Swedish), the ship and her contents were subject to several destructive forces, first among which were decomposition and erosion. Among the first things to decompose were the thousands of iron bolts that held the <a href="/wiki/Beakhead" title="Beakhead">beakhead</a> and much of the sterncastle together, and this included all of the ship's wooden sculptures. Almost all of the iron on the ship rusted away within a few years of the sinking, and only large objects, such as anchors, or items made of cast iron, such as cannonballs, survived.<a href="#cite_note-Hocker_pp._153-57">[57]</a> Organic materials fared better in the <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)#Aquatic_hypoxia" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">anaerobic</a> conditions, and so wood, cloth and leather are often in very good condition, but objects exposed to the currents were eroded by the sediment in the water, so that some are barely recognizable.<a href="#cite_note-Hocker_pp._153-57">[57]</a> Objects which fell off the hull into the mud after the nails corroded through were well protected, so that many of the sculptures still retain areas of paint and gilding. Of the human remains, most of the soft tissue was consumed, leaving only the bones, which were often held together only by clothing, although in one case, hair, nails and brain tissue survived.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The parts of the hull held together by joinery and wooden treenails remained intact for as much as two centuries, suffering gradual erosion of surfaces exposed to the water, unless they were disturbed by outside forces. Eventually the entire sterncastle, the high, aft portion of the ship that housed the officers' quarters and held up the transom, gradually collapsed into the mud with all the decorative sculptures. The <a href="/wiki/Quarter_gallery" title="Quarter gallery">quarter galleries</a>, which were merely nailed to the sides of the sterncastle, collapsed fairly quickly and were found lying almost directly below their original locations.<a href="#cite_note-Hocker_pp._153-57">[57]</a> Human activity was the most destructive factor, as the initial salvage efforts, the recovery of the guns, and the final salvage in the 20th century all left their marks. Peckell and Treileben broke up and removed much of the planking of the weather deck to get to the cannons on the decks below. Peckell reported that he had recovered 30 cartloads of wood from the ship; these might have included not just planking and structural details but also some of the sculptures which today are missing, such as the life-size Roman warrior near the bow and the sculpture of Septimius Severus that adorned the port side of the <a href="/wiki/Beakhead" title="Beakhead">beakhead</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Since Vasa lay in a busy shipping channel, ships occasionally dropped anchor over her, and one large anchor demolished most of the upper sterncastle, probably in the 19th century. Construction work in Stockholm harbor usually entails blasting of bedrock, and the resulting tonnes of rubble were often dumped in the harbor; some of this landed on the ship, causing further damage to the stern and the upper deck.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vasa_rediscovered">Vasa rediscovered</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasa_(ship)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Vasa rediscovered">edit</a>]</div> In the early 1950s, amateur <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Anders_Franz%C3%A9n" title="Anders Franzén">Anders Franzén</a> considered the possibility of recovering wrecks from the cold <a href="/wiki/Brackish" class="mw-redirect" title="Brackish">brackish</a> waters of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a> because, he reasoned, they were free from the <a href="/wiki/Shipworm" title="Shipworm">shipworm</a> Teredo navalis, which usually destroys submerged wood rapidly in warmer, saltier seas. Franzén had previously been successful in locating wrecks such as Riksäpplet and Lybska Svan, and after long and tedious research he began looking for Vasa as well. He spent many years probing the waters without success around the many assumed locations of the wreckage. He did not succeed until, based on accounts of an unknown topographical anomaly just south of the Gustav V dock on <a href="/wiki/Beckholmen" title="Beckholmen">Beckholmen</a>, he narrowed his search.<a href="#cite_note-Vasa_I_pp._172-61">[61]</a> In 1956, with a home-made, gravity-powered coring probe, he located a large wooden object almost parallel to the mouth of dock on Beckholmen. The location of the ship received considerable attention, even if the identification of the ship could not be determined without closer investigation. Soon after the announcement of the find, planning got underway to determine how to excavate and raise Vasa. The Swedish Navy was involved from the start, as were various museums and the National Heritage board, representatives of which eventually formed the Vasa Committee, the predecessor of the Vasa Board.<a href="#cite_note-Vasa_I_pp._172-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recovery">Recovery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasa_(ship)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Recovery">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasa_14_maj_1961.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Vasa_14_maj_1961.jpg/220px-Vasa_14_maj_1961.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Vasa_14_maj_1961.jpg/330px-Vasa_14_maj_1961.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Vasa_14_maj_1961.jpg/440px-Vasa_14_maj_1961.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1544" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The hulk of the Vasa after recovery operations, 14 May 1961</figcaption></figure> A number of possible recovery methods were proposed, including filling the ship with ping-pong balls and freezing her in a block of ice, but the method chosen by the Vasa Board (which succeeded the Vasa Committee) was essentially the same one attempted immediately after the sinking. Divers spent two years digging six tunnels under the ship for steel cable slings, which were taken to a pair of lifting <a href="/wiki/Pontoon_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontoon (boat)">pontoons</a> at the surface. The work under the ship was extremely dangerous, requiring the divers to cut tunnels through the clay with high-pressure water jets and suck up the resulting slurry with a dredge, all while working in total darkness with hundreds of tonnes of mud-filled ship overhead.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> A persistent risk was that the wreck could shift or settle deeper into the mud while a diver was working in a tunnel, trapping him underneath the wreckage. The almost vertical sections of the tunnels near the side of the hull could also potentially collapse and bury a diver inside.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Despite the dangerous conditions, more than 1,300 dives were made in the <a href="/wiki/Marine_salvage" title="Marine salvage">salvage</a> operation without any serious accidents.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Each time the pontoons were pumped full, the cables tightened and the pontoons pumped out, the ship was brought a meter closer to the surface. In a series of 18 lifts in August and September 1959, the ship was moved from a depth of 32 to 16 meters (105 to 52 feet) in the more sheltered area of Kastellholmsviken, where divers could work more safely to prepare for the final lift.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Over the course of a year and a half, a small team of commercial divers cleared debris and mud from the upper decks to lighten the ship, and made the hull as watertight as possible. The gun ports were closed by means of temporary lids, a temporary replacement of the collapsed sterncastle was constructed, and many of the holes from the iron bolts that had rusted away were plugged. The final lift began on 8 April 1961, and on the morning of 24 April, Vasa was ready to return to the world for the first time in 333 years. Press from all over the world, television cameras, 400 invited guests on barges and boats, and thousands of spectators on shore watched as the first timbers broke the surface. The ship was then emptied of water and mud and towed to the Gustav V <a href="/wiki/Dry_dock" title="Dry dock">dry dock</a> on Beckholmen, where the ship was floated on her own keel onto a concrete pontoon, on which the hull still stands.<a href="#cite_note-Cederlund_2006_pp._285-66">[66]</a> From the end of 1961 to December 1988, Vasa was housed in a temporary facility called Wasavarvet ("The Vasa Shipyard"), which included exhibit space as well as the activities centred on the ship. A building was erected over the ship on her pontoon, but it was very cramped, making conservation work awkward. Visitors could view the ship from just two levels, and the maximum viewing distance was in most places only a couple of meters, which made it difficult for viewers to get an overall view of the ship. In 1981, the Swedish government decided that a permanent building was to be constructed, and a design competition was organized. The winning design, by the Swedish architects Månsson and Dahlbäck, called for a large hall over the ship in a polygonal, industrial style. Ground was broken in 1987, and Vasa was towed into the half-finished <a href="/wiki/Vasa_Museum" title="Vasa Museum">Vasa Museum</a> in December 1988. The museum was officially opened to the public in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasa_(ship)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Archaeology">edit</a>]</div> Vasa posed an unprecedented challenge for archaeologists. Never before had a four-storey structure, with most of its original contents largely undisturbed, been available for excavation.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The conditions under which the team had to work added to the difficulties. The ship had to be kept wet in order that she not dry out and crack before she could be properly conserved. Digging had to be performed under a constant drizzle of water and in a sludge-covered mud that could be more than 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) deep.<a href="#cite_note-Cederlund_2006_p._300-69">[69]</a> In order to establish find locations, the hull was divided into several sections demarcated by the many structural beams, the decking and by a line drawn along the centre of the ship from stern to bow. For the most part, the decks were excavated individually, though at times work progressed on more than one deck level simultaneously.<a href="#cite_note-Cederlund_2006_p._300-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ship_structure">Ship structure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasa_(ship)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ship structure">edit</a>]</div> Vasa had four preserved decks: the upper and lower gun decks, the hold and the <a href="/wiki/Orlop_deck" title="Orlop deck">orlop</a>. Because of the constraints of preparing the ship for conservation, the archaeologists had to work quickly, in 13-hour shifts during the first week of excavation. The upper gun deck was greatly disturbed by the various salvage projects between 1628 and 1961, and it contained not only material that had fallen down from the rigging and upper deck, but also more than three centuries of harbor refuse.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The decks below were progressively less disturbed. The gundecks contained not just gun carriages, the three surviving cannons, and other objects of a military nature, but were also where most of the personal possessions of the sailors had been stored at the time of the sinking. These included a wide range of loose finds, as well as chests and casks with spare clothing and shoes, tools and materials for mending, money (in the form of low-denomination copper coins), privately purchased provisions, and all of the everyday objects needed for life at sea.<a href="#cite_note-this_link-71">[71]</a> Generally, masts, sails and rigging, if not lost in the original wrecking event, are much more exposed to contemporary salvage, degradation or loss than the lower hull components that usually make up the remains of wrecks. With Vasa, virtually all of the lower fore and main masts have survived, much of the bowsprit and two <a href="/wiki/Yard_(sailing)" title="Yard (sailing)">yards</a> which are likely derived from the ship. To this are added the six sails (out of a complement of ten) that were not set on the maiden voyage, but stored below in the sailroom, the 412 gun tackle and rigging blocks (plus 143 pieces) recovered out of a possible outfit of about 600, the deadeyes used to adjust the tension in the shrouds, of which 125 were recovered, <a href="/wiki/Parrel_beads" title="Parrel beads">parrel</a> ribs and trucks, and ropes. By comparison, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Bay,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Red Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador">Red Bay</a> wreck 24M (sunk, probably, 1565) yielded 48 standing blocks (equivalent to deadeyes) and 24 running blocks <a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> whilst the <a href="/wiki/Mary_Rose" title="Mary Rose">Mary Rose</a> (sunk 1545) produced only blocks that were stored below decks – and the recovered sail has yet to be investigated.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Neither of these had surviving masts, with their size only being estimated from the dimensions of the <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#mast_partner" title="Glossary of nautical terms (M–Z)">mast partners</a> and steps. Vasa's sailing rig finds easily outnumber the aggregate total of finds from these two wrecks plus those from <a href="/wiki/La_Belle_(ship)" title="La Belle (ship)">La Belle</a> (sunk 1686) and Santo Antonio de Tanna (sunk 1697).<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finds">Finds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasa_(ship)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Finds">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Br%C3%A4dspel_-_Vasamuseet_-_25364.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Br%C3%A4dspel_-_Vasamuseet_-_25364.jpg/220px-Br%C3%A4dspel_-_Vasamuseet_-_25364.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Br%C3%A4dspel_-_Vasamuseet_-_25364.jpg/330px-Br%C3%A4dspel_-_Vasamuseet_-_25364.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Br%C3%A4dspel_-_Vasamuseet_-_25364.jpg/440px-Br%C3%A4dspel_-_Vasamuseet_-_25364.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1874" data-file-height="939" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Backgammon" title="Backgammon">backgammon</a> set found on Vasa, complete with <a href="/wiki/Dice" title="Dice">dice</a> and markers</figcaption></figure>Most of the individual finds on board are of wood, testifying not only to the simple life on board, but to the generally unsophisticated state of Swedish material culture in the early 17th century. The lower decks were primarily used for storage, and so the hold was filled with barrels of provisions and gunpowder, coils of anchor cable, iron shot for the guns, and the personal possessions of some of the officers. On the orlop deck, a small compartment contained six of the ship's ten sails, rigging spares, and the working parts for the ship's pumps. Another compartment contained the possessions of the ship's carpenter, including a large tool chest.<a href="#cite_note-this_link-71">[71]</a> After the ship herself had been salvaged and excavated, the site of the loss was excavated thoroughly during 1963–1967. This produced many items of rigging as well as structural timbers that had fallen off, particularly from the beakhead and sterncastle. Most of the sculptures that had decorated the exterior of the hull were also found in the mud, along with the ship's anchors and the skeletons of at least four people. The last object to be brought up was the 11.7-metre-long (38 ft) <a href="/wiki/Longboat" title="Longboat">longboat</a>, called esping in Swedish, found lying parallel to the ship and believed to be towed by Vasa when she sank.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Many of the more recent objects contaminating the site were disregarded when the finds were registered, but some were the remains of the 1660s salvage efforts, and others had their own stories to tell. Among the best-known of these was a statue of 20th-century Finnish runner <a href="/wiki/Paavo_Nurmi" title="Paavo Nurmi">Paavo Nurmi</a>, which was placed on the ship as a prank by students of <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_University_of_Technology" title="Helsinki University of Technology">Helsinki University of Technology</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Aalto_University" title="Aalto University">Aalto University</a>) the night before the final lift.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes_of_sinking">Causes of sinking</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasa_(ship)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Causes of sinking">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasa_Cohen_20006123a_hr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Vasa_Cohen_20006123a_hr.jpg/170px-Vasa_Cohen_20006123a_hr.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Vasa_Cohen_20006123a_hr.jpg/255px-Vasa_Cohen_20006123a_hr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Vasa_Cohen_20006123a_hr.jpg/340px-Vasa_Cohen_20006123a_hr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1394" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Former Vasa Museum Director Klas Helmerson (left) explaining aspects of the sinking of the ship to then US Defense Secretary <a href="/wiki/William_Cohen" title="William Cohen">William Cohen</a> (centre) and Swedish Defense Minister <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_von_Sydow" title="Björn von Sydow">Björn von Sydow</a> (right).</figcaption></figure> Vasa sank because she had very little <a href="/wiki/Initial_stability" title="Initial stability">initial stability</a>—resistance to <a href="/wiki/Heel_(sailing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heel (sailing)">heeling</a> under the force of wind or waves acting on the hull. This was due to the distribution of mass in the hull structure, and to the ballast, guns, provisions, and other objects loaded on board placing a lot of weight too high in the ship. This put the <a href="/wiki/Centre_of_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre of gravity">centre of gravity</a> very high relative to the <a href="/wiki/Centre_of_buoyancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre of buoyancy">centre of buoyancy</a>, thus making the ship readily heel in response to little force, and not providing enough <a href="/wiki/Righting_moment" class="mw-redirect" title="Righting moment">righting moment</a> for her to become upright again. The guns weighed little over 60 tonnes (59 long tons; 66 short tons), about 5% of the total displacement of the loaded ship, not enough in themselves to cause the ship to capsize. The reason for the high centre of gravity was the hull construction. The part of the hull above the waterline was too high and too heavily built in relation to the amount of hull in the water. The headroom in the decks was higher than necessary for crewmen who were, on average, 1.67 meters (5 feet 6 inches) tall, making the weight of the decks and the guns higher than needed. In addition, the deck beams and their supporting timbers were over-dimensioned and more closely spaced than required for the loads they carried, contributing too much weight to the already tall and heavy upper works.<a href="#cite_note-Hocker_2011,_pp._132–134-79">[79]</a> During construction both <a href="/wiki/Swedish_feet" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish feet">Swedish feet</a> (of 29.69 cm) and <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_feet" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam feet">Amsterdam feet</a> (of 28.31 cm) were in use by different teams. Four rulers used by the workmen who built the ship have been found; two were calibrated in Swedish feet, of 12 Swedish inches, and the other two were calibrated in Amsterdam feet, of 11 Amsterdam inches. The use of different units of length on the two sides of the vessel caused the ship to be heavier on the port side.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Although the mathematical tools for calculating or predicting stability were still more than a century in the future, and 17th-century scientific ideas about how ships behaved in water were deeply flawed, the people associated with building and sailing ships for the Swedish navy were very much aware of the forces at work and their relationships to each other. In the last part of the inquest held after the sinking, a group of master shipwrights and senior naval officers were asked for their opinions about why the ship sank. Their discussion and conclusions show very clearly that they knew what had happened, and their verdict was summed up very clearly by one of the captains, who said that the ship did not have enough "belly" to carry the heavy upperworks.<a href="#cite_note-Hocker_(2011)_135-137-81">[81]</a> When other ships that predated stability calculations were found to lack stability, remedial action could be taken to increase the beam. This could involve adding an extra layer of planking below the waterline. More drastically, the process of furring could be used: planking was removed and extra pieces of wood were added to the frames to increase the molded breadth. Then the planking was replaced.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Vasa might not have sunk when she did if the ship had sailed with the gunports closed. Ships with multiple tiers of gunports normally sailed with the lowest tier closed, since the pressure of wind on the sails would often push the hull over until the lower gunport sills were under water. For this reason the gunport covers were made with a double lip designed to seal well enough to keep out most of the water. Captain Söfring Hansson had ordered the lower gundeck ports closed once the ship began to take on water, but by then it was too late. If he had done it before he sailed, Vasa might not have sunk on that day.<a href="#cite_note-Hocker_(2011)_135-137-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasa_(ship)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Conservation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasa_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Vasa_1963.jpg/170px-Vasa_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Vasa_1963.jpg/255px-Vasa_1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Vasa_1963.jpg/340px-Vasa_1963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1194" data-file-height="1482" /></a><figcaption>Vasa during the early stages of conservation at the Wasa Shipyard.</figcaption></figure> Although Vasa was in surprisingly good condition after 333 years at the bottom of the sea, she would have quickly deteriorated if the hull had been simply allowed to dry. The large bulk of Vasa, over 600 cubic meters (21,000 cu ft) of oak timber, constituted an unprecedented conservation problem. After some debate on how to best preserve the ship, conservation was carried out by impregnation with <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene_glycol" title="Polyethylene glycol">polyethylene glycol</a> (PEG), a method that has since become the standard treatment for large, waterlogged wooden objects, such as the 16th-century English ship <a href="/wiki/Mary_Rose" title="Mary Rose">Mary Rose</a>. Vasa was sprayed with PEG for 17 years, followed by a long period of slow drying, not entirely complete by 2011.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The reason that Vasa was so well-preserved was not just that the <a href="/wiki/Shipworm" title="Shipworm">shipworm</a> that normally devours wooden ships was absent, but also that the water of <a href="/wiki/Stockholms_str%C3%B6m" title="Stockholms ström">Stockholms ström</a> was heavily polluted until the late 20th century. The highly toxic and hostile environment meant that even the toughest microorganisms that break down wood had difficulty surviving. This, and Vasa being newly built and undamaged when she sank, contributed to her conservation. However, some properties of the water were harmful. Chemicals present in the water around Vasa had penetrated the wood, and the timber was full of the corrosion products from the bolts and other iron objects which had corroded away. Once the ship was exposed to the air, reactions began inside the timber that produced acidic compounds. In the late 1990s, spots of white and yellow residue were noticed on Vasa and some of the associated artefacts; these turned out to be <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfate</a>-containing salts that had formed on the surface of the wood when <a href="/wiki/Sulfides" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfides">sulfides</a> reacted with atmospheric oxygen. The salts on the surface of Vasa and objects found in and around her are not a threat in themselves despite the discoloring, but if they are from inside the wood, they may expand and crack the timber from inside. As of 2002, the amount of <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> in Vasa's hull was estimated to be more than 2 tonnes (4,400 lb), and more is continually being created. Enough sulfides are present in the ship to produce another 5,000 kilograms (11,000 pounds) of acid at a rate of about 100 kilograms (220 pounds) per year; this might eventually destroy the ship almost entirely.<a href="#cite_note-Dal_&_Hall_Roth_2002,_pp._38–39-84">[84]</a> While most of the scientific community considers that the destructive substance responsible for Vasa's long-term decay is sulfuric acid, Ulla Westermark, professor of wood technology at <a href="/wiki/Lule%C3%A5_University_of_Technology" title="Luleå University of Technology">Luleå University of Technology</a>, has proposed another mechanism with her colleague Börje Stenberg. Experiments done by Japanese researchers show that treating wood with <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene_glycol" title="Polyethylene glycol">PEG</a> in an acidic environment can generate <a href="/wiki/Formic_acid" title="Formic acid">formic acid</a> and eventually liquify the wood. Vasa was exposed to acidic water for more than three centuries, and therefore has a relatively low (acidic) pH. Samples taken from the ship indicate that formic acid is present, and that it could be one of the multiple causes of a suddenly accelerated rate of decomposition.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasa_above_bow1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Vasa_above_bow1.jpg/220px-Vasa_above_bow1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Vasa_above_bow1.jpg/330px-Vasa_above_bow1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Vasa_above_bow1.jpg/440px-Vasa_above_bow1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The preserved Vasa in the main hall of <a href="/wiki/Vasa_Museum" title="Vasa Museum">Vasa Museum</a> seen from above the bow.</figcaption></figure> The museum is constantly monitoring the ship for damage caused by decay or warping of the wood. Ongoing research seeks the best way to preserve the ship for future generations and to analyze the existing material as closely as possible. A current problem is that the old <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a> of which the ship is built has lost a substantial amount of its original strength, and the cradle that supports the ship is not well suited to the distribution of weight and stress in the hull. "The amount of movement in the hull is worrying. If nothing is done, the ship will most likely capsize again", states Magnus Olofson from the Vasa Museum. An effort to secure Vasa for the future is under way, in cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Institute of Technology">Royal Institute of Technology</a> and other institutions around the globe.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> To deal with the problem of the inevitable deterioration of the ship, the main hall of the Vasa Museum is kept at a temperature of 18–20 °C (64–68 °F) and a humidity level of 53%. Different methods have been tried to slow destruction by acidic compounds. Small objects have been sealed in plastic containers filled with an inert atmosphere of <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> gas, to prevent further reactions between sulfides and oxygen. The ship herself has been treated with cloth saturated in a <a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">basic</a> liquid to neutralize the low pH, but this is only a temporary solution as acid is continuously produced. The original bolts rusted away after the ship sank, but were replaced with modern ones that were <a href="/wiki/Galvanization" title="Galvanization">galvanized</a> and covered with <a href="/wiki/Epoxy" title="Epoxy">epoxy</a> resin. Despite this, the newer bolts also started to rust and were releasing iron into the wood, accelerating the deterioration.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Between 2011 and 2018, the Vasa Museum and the Swedish materials technology group <a href="/wiki/Alleima" title="Alleima">Alleima</a> undertook a long-term research and development project to replace the galvanised bolts with specially designed high alloy stainless steel substitutes, made up of eight components. The steel from which the replacement bolts were manufactured, designated as SAF 2707 HD, is corrosion-resistant, can withstand exposure to the harshest environments, and is normally used in the oil-and-gas industry.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The Museum also announced at the end of 2023 that it would be building a replacement cradle and new internal support skeleton for the Vasa at a total cost of <a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">SEK</a> 150 million, and was seeking funding from donors and sponsors. Researching the project, and work on construction drawings, had already taken four years; test operations on full-scale models had also been carried out. The project itself, anticipated to take about a further four years, was scheduled to begin in spring 2024.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> A consequence of this work is that the interior of the ship will have many support structures added to it, so impairing the visual impression of the lower decks and interior spaces. Therefore a visual record has been made of the appearance of the inside of the ship before the start of this work.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasa_(ship)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> Within 20 years of the sinking of Vasa, Sweden ceased using Dutch shipwrights and instead employed English expertise. Whilst it is suggested this change was due to <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_Gustav_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles X Gustav of Sweden">King Karl X Gustav</a> being impressed by an English-built ship that he saw, it is likely that the design processes used in English shipyards fitted better with the Swedish state as customer. In contrast to the older traditional methods used by the Dutch, English shipwrights put plans for a new ship on paper and built models for discussion with those paying for construction.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In the 20th century, Vasa became a popular and widely recognized symbol for a historical narrative about the Swedish stormaktstiden ("the Great Power-period") in the 17th century, and about the early development of a European <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a>. Within the disciplines of history and <a href="/wiki/Maritime_archaeology" title="Maritime archaeology">maritime archaeology</a> the wrecks of large warships from the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries have received particularly widespread attention as perceived symbols of past greatness of the state of Sweden. Among these wrecks, Vasa is the best-known example, and has become recognized internationally, not least through intentional use of the ship as a symbol for marketing Sweden abroad.<a href="#cite_note-Cederlund_1997,_s._38-92">[92]</a> The name Vasa has in Sweden become synonymous with sunken vessels that are considered to be of great historical importance, and these are usually described, explained and valued in relation to Vasa herself.<a href="#cite_note-Cederlund_1997,_s._38-92">[92]</a> The Swedish maritime archaeologist Carl-Olof Cederlund, who has been active in the various Vasa-projects, has described the phenomenon as regalskepps-syndromet, "the royal ship syndrome" (after the term used in the 17th century for the largest warships in the Swedish navy). He associates the "syndrome" to a nationalist aspect of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_ideas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of ideas">history of ideas</a> and traditional perceptions about hero-kings and glory through war.<a href="#cite_note-Cederlund_1997,_s._38–40-93">[93]</a> The focus of this historical theory lies on the "great periods" in "our [Swedish] history" and shares many similarities with the nationalist views of the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> in the Nordic countries and the praising of Greek and Roman <a href="/wiki/Classical_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Antiquity">Antiquity</a> in the Western world in general.<a href="#cite_note-Cederlund_1997,_s._38–40-93">[93]</a> Cederlund has stressed the ritualized aspects of the widely publicized salvage in 1961 and has compared the modern Vasa Museum with "a temple in the Classical sense of the word". The placement of the museum on Djurgården, traditional crown property, and its focus on "the King's ship" has led him to suggest a description of it as "The Temple of the Royal Ship".<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature_and_popular_culture">Literature and popular culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasa_(ship)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Literature and popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasa_merchandise.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Vasa_merchandise.jpg/220px-Vasa_merchandise.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Vasa_merchandise.jpg/330px-Vasa_merchandise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Vasa_merchandise.jpg/440px-Vasa_merchandise.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Merchandise and books based on Vasa on sale at the Vasa Museum gift shop in 2007</figcaption></figure> Vasa's unique status has drawn considerable attention and captured the imagination of more than two generations of scholars, tourists, model builders, and authors. Though historically unfounded, the popular perception of the building of the ship as a botched and disorganized affair (dubbed "the <a href="/wiki/Vasa_syndrome" title="Vasa syndrome">Vasa-syndrome</a>") has been used by many authors of management literature as an educational example of how not to organize a successful business.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> In The Tender Ship, <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> engineer <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Squires" title="Arthur Squires">Arthur Squires</a> used the Vasa story as an opening illustration of his thesis that governments are usually incompetent managers of technology projects.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasa_on_Lake_Ashi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Vasa_on_Lake_Ashi.jpg/220px-Vasa_on_Lake_Ashi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Vasa_on_Lake_Ashi.jpg/330px-Vasa_on_Lake_Ashi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Vasa_on_Lake_Ashi.jpg/440px-Vasa_on_Lake_Ashi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2216" data-file-height="1557" /></a><figcaption>The Japanese sightseeing ship on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ashi" title="Lake Ashi">Lake Ashi</a> inspired by Vasa.</figcaption></figure> The Vasa Museum has co-sponsored two versions of a documentary about the history and recovery of the ship, both by documentary filmmaker <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anders_Wahlgren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anders Wahlgren (page does not exist)">Anders Wahlgren</a>. The second version was shown in the museum and released on VHS and DVD with narration in 16 languages. In late 2011, a third Vasa-film premiered on Swedish television, with a longer running time and a considerably larger budget (with over 7.5 million kronor provided by <a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Television" title="Sveriges Television">SVT</a>).<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> An educational computer game was made and is used in the museum and on its website to explain the fundamentals of 17th-century ship construction and stability. Several mass-produced model kits and countless custom-built models of the ship have been made. In 1991, a 308-tonne (303-long-ton; 340-short-ton) <a href="/wiki/Pastiche" title="Pastiche">pastiche</a> reproduction of the ship was built in Tokyo to serve as a 650-passenger sightseeing ship. Vasa has inspired many works of art, including a gilded Disney-themed parody of the <a href="/wiki/Pilaster" title="Pilaster">pilaster</a> sculptures on the ship's quarter galleries.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Being a popular tourist attraction, Vasa is used as a motif for various souvenir products such as T-shirts, mugs, refrigerator magnets, and posters. Commercially produced replicas of many of the objects found on the ship belonging to people on board, such as drinking glasses, plates, spoons, and even a <a href="/wiki/Backgammon" title="Backgammon">backgammon</a> game, have been made.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasa_(ship)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batavia_(1628_ship)" title="Batavia (1628 ship)">Batavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronan_(ship)" title="Kronan (ship)">Kronan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Rose" title="Mary Rose">Mary Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Royal_George_(1756)" title="HMS Royal George (1756)">HMS Royal George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world%27s_largest_wooden_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="List of world's largest wooden ships">List of world's largest wooden ships</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasa_(ship)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017033410/http://www.vasamuseet.se/en/The-Ship/Vasa-in-numbers/">"Vasa in numbers – The Vasa Museum"</a>. 17 October 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vasamuseet.se/en/The-Ship/Vasa-in-numbers/">the original</a> on 17 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vasa+in+numbers+%E2%80%93+The+Vasa+Museum&rft.date=2015-10-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vasamuseet.se%2Fen%2FThe-Ship%2FVasa-in-numbers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasa+%28ship%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vasamuseet.se/en">"Welcome to the Vasa Museum"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200401130805/https://www.vasamuseet.se/en">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+the+Vasa+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vasamuseet.se%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasa+%28ship%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> 11 million at Wasavarvet 1961–88 and 18 million at the permanent museum since 1990. The total is based on statistics from the official website of the Vasa Museum: (in Swedish) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vasamuseet.se/sv/Om/Vasamuseets-besokare/">"Museets besökare"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100814170522/http://vasamuseet.se/sv/Om/Vasamuseets-besokare/">Archived</a> 14 August 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2011; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vasamuseet.se/sv/Press/Basmaterial/Vasas-sista-resa/">"Vasas sista färd"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100818202918/http://www.vasamuseet.se/sv/Press/Basmaterial/Vasas-sista-resa/">Archived</a> 18 August 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2000(?). </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://getpocket.com/explore/item/the-quest-to-find-and-save-the-world-s-most-famous-shipwreck">"The Quest to Find—and Save—the World's Most Famous Shipwreck"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406001400/https://getpocket.com/explore/item/the-quest-to-find-and-save-the-world-s-most-famous-shipwreck">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Quest+to+Find%E2%80%94and+Save%E2%80%94the+World%27s+Most+Famous+Shipwreck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgetpocket.com%2Fexplore%2Fitem%2Fthe-quest-to-find-and-save-the-world-s-most-famous-shipwreck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasa+%28ship%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Hocker <a href="#CITEREFCederlund2006">Cederlund 2006</a>, pp. 36–39; see also Jan Glete's paper <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.historia.su.se/personal/jan_glete/Glete-Swedish_Fiscal-military_State.pdf">The Swedish fiscal-military state and its navy, 1521–1721</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310120226/http://www2.historia.su.se/personal/jan_glete/Glete-Swedish_Fiscal-military_State.pdf">Archived</a> 10 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-roberts-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roberts_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-roberts_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-roberts_6-2">c</a> Roberts (1953–58) </li> <li id="cite_note-Hocker_in_Vasa_I,_p._47-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hocker_in_Vasa_I,_p._47_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hocker_in_Vasa_I,_p._47_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hocker_in_Vasa_I,_p._47_7-2">c</a> Hocker, Fred "Catastrophe" in <a href="#CITEREFCederlund2006">Cederlund 2006</a>, p. 47 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHocker2011">Hocker 2011</a>, p. 147 </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> The Swedish term for the <a href="/wiki/Globus_cruciger" title="Globus cruciger">globus cruciger</a>, the regal orb and cross, is äpple or riksäpple, literally "apple (of the realm)". </li> <li id="cite_note-applet-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-applet_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-applet_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/24/lost-17th-century-warship-found-in-sweden">"Swedish archaeologists find 17th-century warship"</a>. the Guardian. Stockholm. Agence France-Presse. 24 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221024160859/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/24/lost-17th-century-warship-found-in-sweden">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Swedish+archaeologists+find+17th-century+warship&rft.date=2022-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Foct%2F24%2Flost-17th-century-warship-found-in-sweden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasa+%28ship%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Vasa was actually never referred to as a regalskepp before she was lost, but was classified as one afterwards; <a href="#CITEREFHocker2011">Hocker 2011</a>, p. 147–148 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Hocker in <a href="#CITEREFCederlund2006">Cederlund 2006</a>, p. 39; for more on Äpplet, see (in Swedish) Jan Glete, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marinarkeologi.nu/MT/2002/mt_2002_4.pdf">Gustav II Adolfs Äpplet</a>" in Marinarkeologisk tidskrift nr 4, 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Svenska_Akademiens_Ordbok" class="mw-redirect" title="Svenska Akademiens Ordbok">Svenska Akademiens Ordbok</a> column V 478 volume 37, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saob.se/artikel/?unik=V_0423-0092.1a9a&pz=3">vase sbst. 3</a>" </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCederlund2006">Cederlund 2006</a>, p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sandström_1982-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Sandström_1982_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamiltonSandström1982">Hamilton & Sandström 1982</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cederlund_2006_pp._43-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Cederlund_2006_pp._43_16-0">^</a> Hocker <a href="#CITEREFCederlund2006">Cederlund 2006</a>, pp. 43–44 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Hocker in <a href="#CITEREFCederlund2006">Cederlund 2006</a>, p. 41 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hocker_2011-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hocker_2011_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hocker_2011_18-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHocker2011">Hocker 2011</a>, p. 94 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Hocker <a href="#CITEREFCederlund2006">Cederlund 2006</a>, pp. 47–50 </li> <li id="cite_note-Vasa-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vasa_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vasa_20-1">b</a> Hocker, Fred "Catastrophe" in <a href="#CITEREFCederlund2006">Cederlund 2006</a>, p. 53 </li> <li id="cite_note-Cederlund_2006_pp._45-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cederlund_2006_pp._45_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cederlund_2006_pp._45_21-1">b</a> Hocker, Fred "Catastrophe" in <a href="#CITEREFCederlund2006">Cederlund 2006</a>, pp. 45–46 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHocker2011">Hocker 2011</a>, pp. 39–41 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Hocker, Fred "Catastrophe" in <a href="#CITEREFCederlund2006">Cederlund 2006</a>, pp. 50–51 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHocker2011">Hocker 2011</a>, pp. 133–134 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHocker2011">Hocker 2011</a>, pp. 57–63 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hocker_in_Cederlund_2006,_p._49-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Hocker_in_Cederlund_2006,_p._49_26-0">^</a> Hocker, Fred "Catastrophe" in <a href="#CITEREFCederlund2006">Cederlund 2006</a>, p. 49 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHocker2011">Hocker 2011</a>, pp. 58–59 </li> <li id="cite_note-Cederlund_2006_pp._47-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Cederlund_2006_pp._47_28-0">^</a> Hocker, Fred "Catastrophe" in <a href="#CITEREFCederlund2006">Cederlund 2006</a>, pp. 47–51 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Hocker, Fred "Spars" in <a href="#CITEREFHockerPipping2023">Hocker & Pipping 2023</a>, pp. 83–92 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Hocker, Fred "Spars" in <a href="#CITEREFHockerPipping2023">Hocker & Pipping 2023</a>, pp. 94–96 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Hocker, Fred "Spars" in <a href="#CITEREFHockerPipping2023">Hocker & Pipping 2023</a>, pp. 83–86 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Hocker, Fred "Spars" in <a href="#CITEREFHockerPipping2023">Hocker & Pipping 2023</a>, p. 87 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Hocker, Fred "Spars" in <a href="#CITEREFHockerPipping2023">Hocker & Pipping 2023</a>, pp. 103–104 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Duivenvoorde2015">Van Duivenvoorde 2015</a>, p. 388 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Howe, Nathaniel; Lindblom, Irene and Hocker, Fred. "Tackle" in <a href="#CITEREFHockerPipping2023">Hocker & Pipping 2023</a>, p. 180 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Howe, Nathaniel; Lindblom, Irene and Hocker, Fred. "Tackle" in <a href="#CITEREFHockerPipping2023">Hocker & Pipping 2023</a>, pp. 125, 154–160 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Howe, Nathaniel; Lindblom, Irene and Hocker, Fred. "Tackle" in <a href="#CITEREFHockerPipping2023">Hocker & Pipping 2023</a>, pp. 125, 126–141 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoop1992">Soop 1992</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> See sample from Smitheman's website here <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.smitheman.com/004-full.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017033410/http://www.smitheman.com/004-full.html">Archived</a> 17 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Soop_1986,_pp._20–21-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Soop_1986,_pp._20–21_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Soop_1986,_pp._20–21_40-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoop1992">Soop 1992</a>, pp. 20–21 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Before being crowned as king, Charles had been duke of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland" title="Södermanland">Södermanland</a>, whose coat of arms include a griffin <a href="/wiki/Segreant" class="mw-redirect" title="Segreant">segreant</a>, standing with its front legs raised; <a href="#CITEREFSoop1992">Soop 1992</a>, pp. 18–27 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoop1992">Soop 1992</a>, pp. 241–253 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoop1992">Soop 1992</a>, p. 247 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Quotes from <a href="#CITEREFSoop1992">Soop 1992</a>, p. 252 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoop1992">Soop 1992</a>, pp. 241–253 </li> <li id="cite_note-Cederlund_2006_pp._53-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Cederlund_2006_pp._53_46-0">^</a> Hocker, Fred "Catastrophe" in <a href="#CITEREFCederlund2006">Cederlund 2006</a>, pp. 53–54 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kvarning_1998-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kvarning_1998_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kvarning_1998_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kvarning_1998_47-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKvarningOhrelius1998">Kvarning & Ohrelius 1998</a>, pp. 25–35 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKvarningOhrelius1998">Kvarning & Ohrelius 1998</a>, pp. 29–35; Hocker, Fred "Catastrophe"in <a href="#CITEREFCederlund2006">Cederlund 2006</a>, pp. 55–60 </li> <li id="cite_note-Vasa_2-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vasa_2_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vasa_2_49-1">b</a> Hocker, Fred "Catastrophe" in <a href="#CITEREFCederlund2006">Cederlund 2006</a>, p. 36 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKvarningOhrelius1998">Kvarning & Ohrelius 1998</a>, pp. 25–32 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hafström_in_Vasa_I,_p._69-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hafström_in_Vasa_I,_p._69_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hafström_in_Vasa_I,_p._69_51-1">b</a> Hafström, Georg "Salvage attempts 1628–1683 in <a href="#CITEREFCederlund2006">Cederlund 2006</a>, p. 69 </li> <li id="cite_note-Cederlund_2006_pp._98-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Cederlund_2006_pp._98_52-0">^</a> Hafström, Georg "Salvage attempts 1628–1683 in <a href="#CITEREFCederlund2006">Cederlund 2006</a>, pp. 98–104 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Hafström, Georg "Salvage attempts 1628–1683 in <a href="#CITEREFCederlund2006">Cederlund 2006</a>, pp. 88–89 </li> <li id="cite_note-Cederlund_2006_pp._142-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Cederlund_2006_pp._142_54-0">^</a> Cederlund, Carl Olof "From Liberton to Franzén" <a href="#CITEREFCederlund2006">Cederlund 2006</a>, pp. 142–143 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCederlund2006">Cederlund 2006</a>, pp. 138–142 </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson_1927-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_1927_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson1927">Anderson 1927</a>, p. 233 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hocker_pp._153-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hocker_pp._153_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hocker_pp._153_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hocker_pp._153_57-2">c</a> Hocker & Wendel <a href="#CITEREFCederlund2006">Cederlund 2006</a>, pp. 153–170 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Cederlund, Carl Olof "The First Lift 1957-1959" in <a href="#CITEREFCederlund2006">Cederlund 2006</a>, pp. 146–152 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Cederlund, Carl Olof "The First Lift 1957-1959" in <a href="#CITEREFCederlund2006">Cederlund 2006</a>, p. 154 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Hocker, Fred "Site Formation Process" in <a href="#CITEREFCederlund2006">Cederlund 2006</a>, pp. 151–152 </li> <li id="cite_note-Vasa_I_pp._172-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vasa_I_pp._172_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vasa_I_pp._172_61-1">b</a> Cederlund, Carl Olof & Hocker, Fred "Vasa Relocated" in <a href="#CITEREFCederlund2006">Cederlund 2006</a>, pp. 172–180 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Cederlund, Carl Olof "From Liberton to Franzén" <a href="#CITEREFCederlund2006">Cederlund 2006</a>, pp. 234–244 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Cederlund, Carl Olof "The First Lift 1957-1959" in <a href="#CITEREFCederlund2006">Cederlund 2006</a>, p. 252 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKvarningOhrelius1998">Kvarning & Ohrelius 1998</a>, p. 61–69 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKvarningOhrelius1998">Kvarning & Ohrelius 1998</a>, p. 69 </li> <li id="cite_note-Cederlund_2006_pp._285-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Cederlund_2006_pp._285_66-0">^</a> Cederlund, Carl Olof "From Liberton to Franzén" <a href="#CITEREFCederlund2006">Cederlund 2006</a>, pp. 285–290 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKvarningOhrelius1998">Kvarning & Ohrelius 1998</a>, p. 163–173 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Cederlund, Carl Olof & Hocker, Fred "Methodology and Preparation" in <a href="#CITEREFCederlund2006">Cederlund 2006</a>, p. 298 </li> <li id="cite_note-Cederlund_2006_p._300-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cederlund_2006_p._300_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cederlund_2006_p._300_69-1">b</a> Cederlund, Carl Olof & Hocker, Fred "Methodology and Preparation" in <a href="#CITEREFCederlund2006">Cederlund 2006</a>, p. 300 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Cederlund, Carl Olof "The Upper Gundeck" in <a href="#CITEREFCederlund2006">Cederlund 2006</a>, p. 315 </li> <li id="cite_note-this_link-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-this_link_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-this_link_71-1">b</a> Cederlund, Carl Olof & Hocker, Fred "Methodology and Preparation" in <a href="#CITEREFCederlund2006">Cederlund 2006</a>, pp. 302–305; for the item catalog, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://samlingar.maritima.se/marketstore/">this link</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071016142656/http://samlingar.maritima.se/marketstore/">Archived</a> 16 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrenierBernierStevens2007">Grenier, Bernier & Stevens 2007</a>, p. 9, 11, 13, 307 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarsden2009">Marsden 2009</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Howe, Nathaniel; Lindblom, Irene and Hocker, Fred. "Tackle" in <a href="#CITEREFHockerPipping2023">Hocker & Pipping 2023</a>, pp. 129, 154, 218; Bartoš, Louis; Bengtsson, Sven; Svensson, Sam & Hocker, Fred "Sails" in <a href="#CITEREFHockerPipping2023">Hocker & Pipping 2023</a>, p. 287 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Cederlund, Carl Olof "At the Vasa wreck site 1963-1967" <a href="#CITEREFCederlund2006">Cederlund 2006</a>, pp. 470–472 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Bartoš, Louis; Bengtsson, Sven; Svensson, Sam & Hocker, Fred "Sails" in <a href="#CITEREFHockerPipping2023">Hocker & Pipping 2023</a>, pp. 306 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040713124028/http://www.ttky.tut.fi/jaynat/nurmi.html">"Vasan Veijarit"</a> (in Finnish). <a href="/wiki/Ilta-Sanomat" title="Ilta-Sanomat">Ilta-Sanomat</a>. 5 July 1961. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ttky.tut.fi/jaynat/nurmi.html">the original</a> on 13 July 2004. Retrieved 8 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vasan+Veijarit&rft.pub=Ilta-Sanomat&rft.date=1961-07-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ttky.tut.fi%2Fjaynat%2Fnurmi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasa+%28ship%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yle.fi/uutiset/teekkarien_kuningasjaynasta_puoli_vuosisataa/5350123">"Teekkarien kuningasjäynästä puoli vuosisataa"</a> [Half a century after the famous hack by the University of Technology students] (in Finnish). <a href="/wiki/Yle" title="Yle">Yle</a>. 28 April 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160214011154/http://yle.fi/uutiset/teekkarien_kuningasjaynasta_puoli_vuosisataa/5350123">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Teekkarien+kuningasj%C3%A4yn%C3%A4st%C3%A4+puoli+vuosisataa&rft.pub=Yle&rft.date=2011-04-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyle.fi%2Fuutiset%2Fteekkarien_kuningasjaynasta_puoli_vuosisataa%2F5350123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasa+%28ship%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hocker_2011,_pp._132–134-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Hocker_2011,_pp._132–134_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHocker2011">Hocker 2011</a>, p. 132–134 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pri.org/stories/2012-02-23/new-clues-emerge-centuries-old-swedish-shipwreck">"New Clues Emerge in Centuries-Old Swedish Shipwreck"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Public_Radio_International" title="Public Radio International">Public Radio International</a>. 23 February 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171005190344/https://www.pri.org/stories/2012-02-23/new-clues-emerge-centuries-old-swedish-shipwreck">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Public+Radio+International&rft.atitle=New+Clues+Emerge+in+Centuries-Old+Swedish+Shipwreck&rft.date=2012-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pri.org%2Fstories%2F2012-02-23%2Fnew-clues-emerge-centuries-old-swedish-shipwreck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasa+%28ship%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hocker_(2011)_135-137-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hocker_(2011)_135-137_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hocker_(2011)_135-137_81-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHocker2011">Hocker 2011</a>, p. 135–137 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdams2013">Adams 2013</a>, p. 130 </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHocker2011">Hocker 2011</a>, p. 192–193 </li> <li id="cite_note-Dal_&_Hall_Roth_2002,_pp._38–39-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Dal_&_Hall_Roth_2002,_pp._38–39_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalHall_Roth2002">Dal & Hall Roth 2002</a>, p. 38–39 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> (in Swedish) <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothenburg University">Gothenburg University</a> TV, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gupea.ub.gu.se:8080/dspace/handle/2077/6331?mode=full">Vetenskapslandet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090430060203/http://gupea.ub.gu.se:8080/dspace/handle/2077/6331?mode=full">Archived</a> 30 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Aired 5 October 2005. Retrieved 4 March 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> (in Swedish) Dahlquist, Hans. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/innovation/forskning_utveckling/article254073.ece">"KTH räddar Vasa från att kantra"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031608/http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/innovation/forskning_utveckling/article254073.ece">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Ny Teknik on 19 July 2007. Retrieved 18 December 2007 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070622014935/http://nyteknik.se/art/51253">archived</a> 22 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalHall_Roth2002">Dal & Hall Roth 2002</a>, p. 39–41; <a href="#CITEREFSandströmJalilehvandPerssonGelius2002">Sandström et al. 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vasamuseet.se/en/explore/research/how-we-preserve-vasa/new-bolts-on-vasa">"New bolts on Vasa"</a>. Vasa Museum. 11 August 2022. Retrieved 29 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vasa+Museum&rft.atitle=New+bolts+on+Vasa&rft.date=2022-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vasamuseet.se%2Fen%2Fexplore%2Fresearch%2Fhow-we-preserve-vasa%2Fnew-bolts-on-vasa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasa+%28ship%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryant2023">Bryant 2023</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Hocker, Fred (presenter) (March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yknLUNgMqOI">On board the Vasa - Episode 1</a>. Vasamuseet. Retrieved 16 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+board+the+Vasa+-+Episode+1&rft.pub=Vasamuseet&rft.date=2003-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DyknLUNgMqOI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasa+%28ship%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdams2013">Adams 2013</a>, p. 189 </li> <li id="cite_note-Cederlund_1997,_s._38-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cederlund_1997,_s._38_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cederlund_1997,_s._38_92-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCederlund1997">Cederlund 1997</a>, p. 38 </li> <li id="cite_note-Cederlund_1997,_s._38–40-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cederlund_1997,_s._38–40_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cederlund_1997,_s._38–40_93-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCederlund1997">Cederlund 1997</a>, p. 38–40 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCederlund1997">Cederlund 1997</a>, p. 15; original quotes: "ett tempel i klassisk bemärkelse"; "Det Kungliga Skeppets Tempel". </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> For example this article from <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> computing: Richard E. Fairley, Mary Jane Willshire, "Why the Vasa Sank: 10 Problems and Some Antidotes for Software Projects," <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Software" title="IEEE Software">IEEE Software</a> vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 18–25, March/April 2003; see also Hocker, Fred "Catastrophe" in <a href="#CITEREFCederlund2006">Cederlund 2006</a>, p. 58 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSquires1986">Squires 1986</a>, pp. 1–3 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Hellekant, Johan, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.svd.se/kultur/historisk-film-kampar-i-motvind_6309568.svd">Historisk film kämpar i motvind</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120124000419/http://www.svd.se/kultur/historisk-film-kampar-i-motvind_6309568.svd">Archived</a> 24 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" <a href="/wiki/Svenska_Dagbladet" title="Svenska Dagbladet">Svenska Dagbladet</a>, 10 July 2011; Linder, Lars, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dn.se/kultur-noje/filmrecensioner/vasa-1628">Vasa 1628</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120110214039/http://www.dn.se/kultur-noje/filmrecensioner/vasa-1628">Archived</a> 10 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" <a href="/wiki/Dagens_Nyheter" title="Dagens Nyheter">Dagens Nyheter</a>, 27 December 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Modellen: Vasamodeller från när och fjärran. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vasamuseet.se/InEnglish/Visit/museumshop/repliker.aspx">Vasa Museum homepage</a>. Statens maritima museer. Retrieved 3 March 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080410123841/http://www.vasamuseet.se/InEnglish/Visit/museumshop/repliker.aspx">Archived</a> 10 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasa_(ship)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2013" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Jonathan (2013). A Maritime Archaeology of Ships: Innovation and Social Change in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe. Oxford: Oxbow Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78297-045-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78297-045-3"><bdi>978-1-78297-045-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Maritime+Archaeology+of+Ships%3A+Innovation+and+Social+Change+in+Late+Medieval+and+Early+Modern+Europe&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78297-045-3&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasa+%28ship%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1927" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Roger C. (1927). The rigging of ships in the days of the spritsail topmast: 1600–1720 (1994 reprint ed.). New York: Dover Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0486279602" title="Special:BookSources/978-0486279602"><bdi>978-0486279602</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+rigging+of+ships+in+the+days+of+the+spritsail+topmast%3A+1600%E2%80%931720&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1994+reprint&rft.pub=Dover+Publ&rft.date=1927&rft.isbn=978-0486279602&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Roger+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasa+%28ship%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant2023" class="citation news cs1">Bryant, Miranda (27 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/27/we-have-a-lot-of-cracks-swedes-seek-to-save-vasa-warship-again">"'We have a lot of cracks': Swedes seek to save Vasa warship – again"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 29 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27We+have+a+lot+of+cracks%27%3A+Swedes+seek+to+save+Vasa+warship+%E2%80%93+again&rft.date=2023-12-27&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Miranda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2Fdec%2F27%2Fwe-have-a-lot-of-cracks-swedes-seek-to-save-vasa-warship-again&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasa+%28ship%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCederlund1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cederlund, Carl Olof (1997). Nationalism eller vetenskap? Svensk marinarkeologi i ideologisk belysning (in Swedish). Stockholm: Carlsson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-7203-045-3" title="Special:BookSources/91-7203-045-3"><bdi>91-7203-045-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+eller+vetenskap%3F+Svensk+marinarkeologi+i+ideologisk+belysning&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Carlsson&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=91-7203-045-3&rft.aulast=Cederlund&rft.aufirst=Carl+Olof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasa+%28ship%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCederlund2006" class="citation book cs1">Cederlund, Carl Olof (2006). Hocker, Fred (ed.). Vasa. 1: The Archaeology of a Swedish warship of 1628. Stockholm: National Maritime Museums of Sweden. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-974659-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/91-974659-0-9"><bdi>91-974659-0-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vasa.+1%3A+The+Archaeology+of+a+Swedish+warship+of+1628&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=National+Maritime+Museums+of+Sweden&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=91-974659-0-9&rft.aulast=Cederlund&rft.aufirst=Carl+Olof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasa+%28ship%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalHall_Roth2002" class="citation journal cs1">Dal, Lovisa; Hall Roth, Ingrid (2002). "Vasa vittrar". Marinarkeologisk Tidsskrift (4).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marinarkeologisk+Tidsskrift&rft.atitle=Vasa+vittrar&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Dal&rft.aufirst=Lovisa&rft.au=Hall+Roth%2C+Ingrid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasa+%28ship%29" class="Z3988"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://marinarkeologi.nu/artikelindex/">[2]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenierBernierStevens2007" class="citation book cs1">Grenier, Robert; Bernier, Marc-Andre; Stevens, Willis, eds. (2007). The Underwater Archaeology of Red Bay, vol 4. Ottawa: Parks Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-660-19652-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-660-19652-7"><bdi>978-0-660-19652-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Underwater+Archaeology+of+Red+Bay%2C+vol+4&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pub=Parks+Canada&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-660-19652-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasa+%28ship%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamiltonSandström1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hamilton, Edward; Sandström, Anders Z. (1982). Sjöstrid på Wasas tid : taktik, artilleri och eldhandvapen. Vasastudier (in Swedish). Stockholm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9185268151" title="Special:BookSources/9185268151"><bdi>9185268151</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sj%C3%B6strid+p%C3%A5+Wasas+tid+%3A+taktik%2C+artilleri+och+eldhandvapen&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.series=Vasastudier&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9185268151&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Sandstr%C3%B6m%2C+Anders+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasa+%28ship%29" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHocker2011" class="citation book cs1">Hocker, Fred (2011). Vasa: A Swedish Warship. Stockholm: Medströms. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7329-101-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7329-101-9"><bdi>978-91-7329-101-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vasa%3A+A+Swedish+Warship&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Medstr%C3%B6ms&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-91-7329-101-9&rft.aulast=Hocker&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasa+%28ship%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHockerPipping2023" class="citation book cs1">Hocker, Fred; Pipping, Olof (2023). Hocker, Fred (ed.). Vasa II: Rigging and Sailing a Swedish warship of 1628. Lund: Nordic Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-88909-11-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-88909-11-4"><bdi>978-91-88909-11-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vasa+II%3A+Rigging+and+Sailing+a+Swedish+warship+of+1628&rft.place=Lund&rft.pub=Nordic+Academic+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-91-88909-11-4&rft.aulast=Hocker&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft.au=Pipping%2C+Olof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasa+%28ship%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKvarningOhrelius1998" class="citation book cs1">Kvarning, Lars-Åke; Ohrelius, Bengt (1998). The Vasa: the Royal Ship. Atlantis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-7486-581-1" title="Special:BookSources/91-7486-581-1"><bdi>91-7486-581-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vasa%3A+the+Royal+Ship&rft.pub=Atlantis&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=91-7486-581-1&rft.aulast=Kvarning&rft.aufirst=Lars-%C3%85ke&rft.au=Ohrelius%2C+Bengt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasa+%28ship%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsden2009" class="citation book cs1">Marsden, Peter, ed. (2009). Mary Rose – Your Noblest Shippe: Anatomy of a Tudor Warship. Portsmouth: Mary Rose Trust. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9544029-2-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9544029-2-1"><bdi>978-0-9544029-2-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+Rose+%E2%80%93+Your+Noblest+Shippe%3A+Anatomy+of+a+Tudor+Warship&rft.place=Portsmouth&rft.pub=Mary+Rose+Trust&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-9544029-2-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasa+%28ship%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandströmJalilehvandPerssonGelius2002" class="citation journal cs1">Sandström, Magnus; Jalilehvand, Farideh; Persson, Ingemar; Gelius, Ulrik; Frank, Patrick; Hall Roth, Ingrid (21 February 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/415893a">"Deterioration of the seventeenth-century warship Vasa by internal formation of sulphuric acid"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 415 (6874): 893–897. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Natur.415..893S">2002Natur.415..893S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F415893a">10.1038/415893a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11859365">11859365</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4332817">4332817</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Deterioration+of+the+seventeenth-century+warship+Vasa+by+internal+formation+of+sulphuric+acid&rft.volume=415&rft.issue=6874&rft.pages=893-897&rft.date=2002-02-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F415893a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4332817%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11859365&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Natur.415..893S&rft.aulast=Sandstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Magnus&rft.au=Jalilehvand%2C+Farideh&rft.au=Persson%2C+Ingemar&rft.au=Gelius%2C+Ulrik&rft.au=Frank%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Hall+Roth%2C+Ingrid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2F415893a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasa+%28ship%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoop1992" class="citation book cs1">Soop, Hans (1992). The Power and the Glory: The Sculptures of The Warship Wasa (2nd ed.). Kungliga Vitterhets-, historie- och antikvitetsakademien. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-7402-168-0" title="Special:BookSources/91-7402-168-0"><bdi>91-7402-168-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+and+the+Glory%3A+The+Sculptures+of+The+Warship+Wasa&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Kungliga+Vitterhets-%2C+historie-+och+antikvitetsakademien&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=91-7402-168-0&rft.aulast=Soop&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasa+%28ship%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSquires1986" class="citation book cs1">Squires, Arthur M. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tendership00arth/page/1">The Tender Ship: Governmental Management of Technological Change</a>. Boston: Birkhäuser. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tendership00arth/page/1">1–3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/081763312X" title="Special:BookSources/081763312X"><bdi>081763312X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tender+Ship%3A+Governmental+Management+of+Technological+Change&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=1-3&rft.pub=Birkh%C3%A4user&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=081763312X&rft.aulast=Squires&rft.aufirst=Arthur+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftendership00arth%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasa+%28ship%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Duivenvoorde2015" class="citation book cs1">Van Duivenvoorde, Wendy (2015). Dutch East India Company shipbuilding : the archaeological study of Batavia and other seventeenth-century VOC ships (1st ed.). College Station: Texas A&M University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62349-231-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62349-231-1"><bdi>978-1-62349-231-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dutch+East+India+Company+shipbuilding+%3A+the+archaeological+study+of+Batavia+and+other+seventeenth-century+VOC+ships&rft.place=College+Station&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-62349-231-1&rft.aulast=Van+Duivenvoorde&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasa+%28ship%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Modellen : Vasamodeller från när och fjärran (in Swedish). Vasamuseet. 1997. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-85268-69-0" title="Special:BookSources/91-85268-69-0"><bdi>91-85268-69-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modellen+%3A+Vasamodeller+fr%C3%A5n+n%C3%A4r+och+fj%C3%A4rran&rft.pub=Vasamuseet&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=91-85268-69-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasa+%28ship%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasa_(ship)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Franzén, Anders (1974) The Warship Vasa: deep diving and marine archaeology in Stockholm. Norstedt, Stockholm. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-1-745002-0" title="Special:BookSources/91-1-745002-0">91-1-745002-0</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasa_(ship)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vasa_(ship,_1627)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Vasa (ship, 1627)">Vasa (ship, 1627)</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vasamuseet.se/">Official website of the Vasa Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140327092934/http://www.svtplay.se/klipp/116711/vasa-lyftet-delar-syns-ovan-vattenytan-utan-ljud">SVT Play</a> Video clips of the recovery of Vasa (in Swedish).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yknLUNgMqOI">A tour of the inside of the ship</a> first episode of five produced by the Vasa Museum</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Maiden_voyage_sinkings" title="Template:Maiden voyage sinkings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Maiden_voyage_sinkings" title="Template talk:Maiden voyage sinkings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Maiden_voyage_sinkings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Maiden voyage sinkings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ships_that_were_lost_on_their_maiden_voyage" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_lost_on_their_maiden_voyage" title="List of ships lost on their maiden voyage">Ships that were lost on their maiden voyage</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Naval ships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vasa</a> (1628)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galera_Victoria" title="Galera Victoria">Galera Victoria</a> (1729)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Georgiana" title="SS Georgiana">Georgiana</a> (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flach_(submarine)" title="Flach (submarine)">Flach</a> (1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMS_Grosser_Kurf%C3%BCrst_(1875)" title="SMS Grosser Kurfürst (1875)">Grosser Kurfürst</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_minesweepers_Inkerman_and_Cerisoles" title="French minesweepers Inkerman and Cerisoles">Cerisoles</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_minesweepers_Inkerman_and_Cerisoles" title="French minesweepers Inkerman and Cerisoles">Inkerman</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_battleship_Bismarck" title="German battleship Bismarck">Bismarck</a> (1941)1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Shinano" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano">Shinano</a> (1944)1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Passenger ships and cargo liners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Venture" title="Sea Venture">Sea Venture</a> (1609)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RMS_Amazon_(1851)" title="RMS Amazon (1851)">Amazon</a> (1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_City_of_Philadelphia_(1854)" title="SS City of Philadelphia (1854)">City of Philadelphia</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Era_(1854_ship)" title="New Era (1854 ship)">New Era</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RMS_Tayleur" title="RMS Tayleur">Tayleur</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Willem_III" title="SS Willem III">Willem III</a> (1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geltwood" title="Geltwood">Geltwood</a> (1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Friedrich_der_Grosse" title="SS Friedrich der Grosse">Friedrich der Grosse</a> (1896/1922)</li> <li>RMS <a href="/wiki/Titanic" title="Titanic">Titanic</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_City_of_Honolulu" title="SS City of Honolulu">City of Honolulu</a> (1896/1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS_Georges_Philippar" title="MS Georges Philippar">Georges Philippar</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RMS_Magdalena_(1948)" title="RMS Magdalena (1948)">Magdalena</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS_Hans_Hedtoft" title="MS Hans Hedtoft">Hans Hedtoft</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS_Zenobia" title="MS Zenobia">Zenobia</a> (1980)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cargo ships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batavia_(1628_ship)" title="Batavia (1628 ship)">Batavia</a> (1629)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vansittart_(1718_EIC_ship)" title="Vansittart (1718 EIC ship)">Vansittart</a> (1719)2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortuyn_(1722)" title="Fortuyn (1722)">Fortuyn</a> (1723)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeewijk" title="Zeewijk">Zeewijk</a> (1727)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_(1748)" title="Amsterdam (1748)">Amsterdam</a> (1749)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Captain_(1772_ship)" title="Royal Captain (1772 ship)">Royal Captain</a> (1773)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartwell_(1787_ship)" title="Hartwell (1787 ship)">Hartwell</a> (1787)2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Green_(1829_ship)" title="George Green (1829 ship)">George Green</a> (1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_Pigeon_(ship)" title="Carrier Pigeon (ship)">Carrier Pigeon</a> (1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schomberg_(1855)" title="Schomberg (1855)">Schomberg</a> (1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Irex" title="SS Irex">Irex</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Dumaru" title="SS Dumaru">Dumaru</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Hastier_(1919)" title="SS Hastier (1919)">Hastier</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Vinnen_(barquentine)" title="Adolf Vinnen (barquentine)">Adolf Vinnen</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Empire_Frost" title="SS Empire Frost">Empire Frost</a> (1941)1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Michael_E" title="SS Michael E">Michael E</a> (1941)1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Alexander_Macomb" title="SS Alexander Macomb">Alexander Macomb</a> (1942)1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Empire_Clough" title="SS Empire Clough">Empire Clough</a> (1942)1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Empire_Drum" title="MV Empire Drum">Empire Drum</a> (1942)1, 2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Empire_Dryden" title="SS Empire Dryden">Empire Dryden</a> (1942)1, 2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_George_Calvert_(1942)" title="SS George Calvert (1942)">George Calvert</a> (1942)1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Stephen_Hopkins" title="SS Stephen Hopkins">Stephen Hopkins</a> (1942)1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Empire_Florizel" title="SS Empire Florizel">Empire Florizel</a> (1943)1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_John_Morgan" title="SS John Morgan">John Morgan</a> (1943)1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penlee_lifeboat_disaster" title="Penlee lifeboat disaster">Union Star</a> (1981)2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Ranga" title="MV Ranga">Ranga</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Reijin" title="MV Reijin">Reijin</a> (1988)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Racing yachts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USC%26GS_Eagre" title="USC&GS Eagre">Mohawk</a> (1876)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1 = Due to enemy action. 2 = Maiden revenue-earning voyage.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Largest_wooden_ships" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World%27s_largest_wooden_ships" title="Template:World's largest wooden ships"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World%27s_largest_wooden_ships" title="Template talk:World's largest wooden ships"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World%27s_largest_wooden_ships" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World's largest wooden ships"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Largest_wooden_ships" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_wooden_ships" title="List of longest wooden ships">Largest wooden ships</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient ships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caligula%27s_Giant_Ship" title="Caligula's Giant Ship">Caligula's Giant Ship</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatshepsut%27s_barge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hatshepsut's barge (page does not exist)">Hatshepsut's barge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isis_(ship)" title="Isis (ship)">Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufu_ship" title="Khufu ship">Khufu ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontophoros" title="Leontophoros">Leontophoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_Ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Marsala Ship">Marsala Ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemi_ships" title="Nemi ships">Nemi ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_ship" title="Obelisk ship">Obelisk ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_ship_of_Marausa" title="Roman ship of Marausa">Roman ship of Marausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracusia" title="Syracusia">Syracusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessarakonteres" title="Tessarakonteres">Tessarakonteres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalamegos" title="Thalamegos">Thalamegos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">Medieval and modern oar-powered ships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cakra_Dunia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cakra Dunia (page does not exist)">Cakra Dunia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_(galley)" title="Real (galley)">Galera Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Reale_(1694)" class="mw-redirect" title="La Reale (1694)">Galère Réale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship" title="Sailing ship">Wind-powered only</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adler_von_L%C3%BCbeck" title="Adler von Lübeck">Adler von Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_of_Renfrew_(ship)" title="Baron of Renfrew (ship)">Baron of Renfrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_treasure_ship" title="Chinese treasure ship">Chinese treasure ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinco_Chagas" title="Cinco Chagas">Cinco Chagas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_(1824_ship)" title="Columbus (1824 ship)">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flor_de_la_Mar" title="Flor de la Mar">Flor de la Mar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganj-i-Sawai" title="Ganj-i-Sawai">Ganj-i-Sawai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurab" title="Ghurab">Ghurab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6theborg_(ship)" title="Götheborg (ship)">Götheborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Dieu_(ship)" title="Grace Dieu (ship)">Grace Dieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Grace_%C3%A0_Dieu" title="Henry Grace à Dieu">Great Harry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Michael" title="Great Michael">Great Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Republic">Great Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jong_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jong (ship)">Javanese jong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronan_(ship)" title="Kronan (ship)">Kronan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madre_de_Deus" title="Madre de Deus">Madre de Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_ship_Mahmudiye" title="Ottoman ship Mahmudiye">Mahmudiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_warship_Mars" title="Swedish warship Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Orient_(1791)" title="French ship Orient (1791)">Orient</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oc%C3%A9an-class_ship_of_the_line" title="Océan-class ship of the line">Océan class</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Pomegranate" title="Peter Pomegranate">Peter Pomegranate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_von_Danzig_(ship)" title="Peter von Danzig (ship)">Peter von Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_(ship)" title="Pretoria (ship)">Pretoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rah%C4%ABm%C4%AB" title="Rahīmī">Rahīmī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roanoke_(ship)" title="Roanoke (ship)">Roanoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Anna_(1522_ship)" title="Santa Anna (1522 ship)">Santa Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_ship_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_la_Sant%C3%ADsima_Trinidad" title="Spanish ship Nuestra Señora de la Santísima Trinidad">Santisima Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_Baptista_(galleon)" title="São João Baptista (galleon)">São João Baptista</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shenandoah_(1890)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shenandoah (1890) (page does not exist)">Shenandoah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Soleil_Royal_(1669)" title="French ship Soleil Royal (1669)">Soleil Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Sovereign_of_the_Seas" title="HMS Sovereign of the Seas">Sovereign of the Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susquehanna_(1891)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Susquehanna (1891) (page does not exist)">Susquehanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SV_Tenacious" title="SV Tenacious">Tenacious</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Victoria_(1859)" title="HMS Victoria (1859)">Victoria (1859)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Victory" title="HMS Victory">Victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Lawrence_(ship)" title="William D. Lawrence (ship)">William D. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_(schooner)" title="Wyoming (schooner)">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Steamboat" title="Steamboat">Steam-powered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Appomattox" title="SS Appomattox">Appomattox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Australasia" title="SS Australasia">Australasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Continental" title="SS Continental">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Dunderberg" title="USS Dunderberg">Dunderberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eureka_(ferryboat)" title="Eureka (ferryboat)">Eureka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_O%27Connor_(bulk_carrier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank O'Connor (bulk carrier)">Frank O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_George_Spencer" title="SS George Spencer">George Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Great_Western" title="SS Great Western">Great Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Iosco" title="SS Iosco">Iosco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_steam_frigate_Jylland" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish steam frigate Jylland">Jylland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Bretagne_(1855)" title="French ship Bretagne (1855)">La Bretagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L.R._Doty" class="mw-redirect" title="L.R. Doty">L.R. Doty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Mersey_(1858)" title="HMS Mersey (1858)">Mersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Orlando_(1858)" title="HMS Orlando (1858)">Orlando</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immobile</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hashemi-II" title="Al-Hashemi-II">Al-Hashemi-II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belyana" title="Belyana">Belyana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219821#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219821#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219821#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/294249099">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4127525-1">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79060822">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000311543&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/53hlr8dp17w7gth">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007590287805171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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