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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#False_retractions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>False retractions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-False_retractions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_of_changes_to_legal_tests_(UK)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_of_changes_to_legal_tests_(UK)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Effect of changes to legal tests (UK)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_of_changes_to_legal_tests_(UK)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_on_the_child_and_the_accused" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_on_the_child_and_the_accused"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Effect on the 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<span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">False allegation of child sexual abuse</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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dir="ltr"><p> A <b>false allegation of child sexual abuse</b> is an accusation against one or more individuals claiming that they committed <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">child sexual abuse</a> when no abuse has been committed by the accused. Such accusations can be brought by the alleged victim, or by another person on the alleged victim’s behalf. Studies on the rate of recorded child abuse allegations in the 1990s suggested that the overall rate of false accusations at that time was approximately 10%.<sup id="cite_ref-Ney_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ney-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hobbs197_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hobbs197-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schetky105_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schetky105-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bolen109_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolen109-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the allegations determined to be false, only a small portion originated with the child, the studies showed; most false allegations originated with an adult bringing the accusations on behalf of a child, and of those, a large majority occurred in the context of <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Child_custody_and_access_disputes" class="mw-redirect" title="Child custody and access disputes">child-custody battles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ney_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ney-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Robin21_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robin21-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_allegation_of_child_sexual_abuse&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When there is insufficient supporting evidence to determine whether an accusation is true or false, it is described as “unsubstantiated” or “unfounded.” Accusations that are determined to be false based on corroborating evidence can be divided into three categories:<sup id="cite_ref-Ney_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ney-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>An allegation that is completely false in that the events that were alleged did not occur; for example, it could be done to retaliate against a teacher who denied them a grade for coursework, or an employer who withheld a pay raise or promotion. It could also be done for the purposes of extortion or blackmail.</li> <li>An allegation that describes events that did occur, but were perpetrated by an individual who is not accused, and in which the accused person is innocent. When a child makes this type of allegation, it is termed “perpetrator substitution.”</li> <li>An allegation that is partially true and partially false, in that it mixes descriptions of events that actually happened with other events that did not occur.</li></ul> <p>A false allegation can occur as the result of intentional lying on the part of the accuser;<sup id="cite_ref-mikkel_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mikkel-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or unintentionally, due to a <a href="/wiki/Confabulation" title="Confabulation">confabulation</a>, either arising spontaneously due to <a href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">mental illness</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-mikkel_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mikkel-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or resulting from deliberate or accidental suggestive questioning, coaching of the child, or faulty interviewing techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-Ceci_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ceci-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1997, researchers Poole and Lindsay suggested applying separate labels to the two concepts, proposing the term “false allegations” be used specifically when the accuser is aware they are lying, and “false suspicions” for the wider range of false accusations in which suggestive questioning may have been involved.<sup id="cite_ref-weiner438_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weiner438-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>False accusations can be prompted, aggravated, or perpetuated by law enforcement, child protection, or prosecution officials who become convinced of the guilt of the accused <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see also: <a href="/wiki/Day-care_sex-abuse_hysteria#Significant_cases" title="Day-care sex-abuse hysteria">Day-care sex-abuse hysteria § Significant cases</a>)</span>. </p><p>Disconfirming evidence can lead to <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">cognitive dissonance</a> on the part of these individuals, and lead them to deliberately or unconsciously attempt to resolve dissonance by ignoring, discounting, or even destroying the evidence. Once any steps are taken to justify the decision that the accused is guilty, it becomes very difficult for the official to accept disconfirming evidence, and this can continue during <a href="/wiki/Appeal" title="Appeal">appeals</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_trial" title="New trial">retrials</a>, or any other effort to revisit a verdict.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Facilitated_communication">Facilitated communication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_allegation_of_child_sexual_abuse&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Facilitated communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Facilitated_communication" title="Facilitated communication">Facilitated communication</a> (FC) is a scientifically discredited technique that attempts to aid communication by people with <a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum">autism</a> or other communication disabilities who are <a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_autism" title="Nonverbal autism">non-verbal</a>. The facilitator guides the disabled person’s arm or hand, and attempts to help them type on a <a href="/wiki/Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">keyboard</a> or other device.<sup id="cite_ref-Facilitated_Communication_Is_a_Cult_That_Won’t_Die_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Facilitated_Communication_Is_a_Cult_That_Won’t_Die-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research proves that the facilitator is the sole source of the messages obtained through FC, rather than the disabled person.<sup id="cite_ref-Green,_Gina_(1995)_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green,_Gina_(1995)-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Riggott,_Julie_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riggott,_Julie-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shane,_Kearns_(1994)_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shane,_Kearns_(1994)-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the facilitator may believe they are not the source of the messages due to the <a href="/wiki/Ideomotor_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideomotor effect">ideomotor effect</a>, which is the same effect that guides a <a href="/wiki/Ouija_board" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouija board">Ouija board</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Why_debunked_autism_treatment_fads_persist_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Why_debunked_autism_treatment_fads_persist-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ganz/Katsiyannis/Morin_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ganz/Katsiyannis/Morin-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been a number of <a href="/wiki/List_of_abuse_allegations_made_through_facilitated_communication" title="List of abuse allegations made through facilitated communication">accusations of sexual abuse made through facilitated communication</a>, with many of the alleged victims being children.<sup id="cite_ref-Spake,_Amanda_(1992)_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spake,_Amanda_(1992)-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 1995, there were sixty known cases, with an unknown numbers of others settled without reaching public visibility.<sup id="cite_ref-Margolin,_K.N._(1994)_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Margolin,_K.N._(1994)-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevalence">Prevalence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_allegation_of_child_sexual_abuse&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prevalence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Denial of child sexual abuse by the accused, or by others, is common, and its reality is not easily accepted (though <a href="/wiki/Ad_hominem#Circumstantial" title="Ad hominem">such a denial should never be interpreted as evidence of guilt</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reporting rates may also be substantially below actual rates of abuse, as many victims do not disclose their abuse,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which may result in an overrepresentation of false allegations due to the inaccurate estimation of actual cases of abuse.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the millions of reports of <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">child sexual abuse</a> each year to state protective agencies in the US (including both substantiated and unsubstantiated reports), there is no formal determination as to what portion of those represent false allegations. </p><p>Findings of multiple studies performed between 1987 and 1995 suggested that the rate of false allegations ranged from a low of 6% to a high of 35% of reported child sexual abuse cases.<sup id="cite_ref-weiner438_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weiner438-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Experts have argued that the reason for the wide range of differences in the rates resulted from varying criteria used in various studies. In particular, a lower rate was found in studies that considered false allegations to be based on intentional lying, whereas the higher rates were reported in studies that also added unintentional false allegations resulting from suggestive questioning.<sup id="cite_ref-weiner438_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weiner438-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1992 <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a> suggested that false allegations represented between 2% and 10% of all allegations.<sup id="cite_ref-mikkel_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mikkel-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>False reports are more common in custody disputes.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Green1986_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green1986-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Green1991_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green1991-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children appear to rarely make up false allegations of their own accord,<sup id="cite_ref-Green1986_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green1986-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Green1991_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green1991-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but will make false allegations if coercively questioned by individuals who believe abuse has occurred, but refuse to accept children’s statements that they were not abused (as was common practice during the <a href="/wiki/Satanic_ritual_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Satanic ritual abuse">satanic ritual abuse</a> <a href="/wiki/Moral_panic" title="Moral panic">moral panic</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Ceci_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ceci-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> False allegations can also arise as a consequence of <a href="/wiki/False_memory" title="False memory">false memories</a>, sometimes implanted by questionable <a href="/wiki/False_memory#Therapy-induced_memory_recovery" title="False memory">therapeutic practices</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="False_retractions">False retractions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_allegation_of_child_sexual_abuse&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: False retractions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>False retractions of accusations by children who have been abused are suggested to occur for one or more of several reasons, such as out of shame or embarrassment, due to fear of being sent to a foster home, or of the reaction of adults leading them to feel their behavior was “wrong” or “bad”, due to a desire to protect the perpetrator (who may be a close family member), out of fear of destroying the family, due to coaching by an adult family member insisting that the child withdraw the accusation, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-Faller130_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faller130-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schetky66_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schetky66-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> False retractions are less common when the child receives timely and appropriate support following the statement of the allegation.<sup id="cite_ref-Schetky66_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schetky66-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effect_of_changes_to_legal_tests_(UK)"><span id="Effect_of_changes_to_legal_tests_.28UK.29"></span>Effect of changes to legal tests (UK)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_allegation_of_child_sexual_abuse&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Effect of changes to legal tests (UK)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2000, according to support group <a href="/wiki/Falsely_Accused_Carers_and_Teachers" title="Falsely Accused Carers and Teachers">Falsely Accused Carers and Teachers</a> (FACT), there was a 90% conviction rate for alleged child sex abusers, as compared to just 9% for cases of adult rape.<sup id="cite_ref-Abuse:_Crusade_or_Witch-Hunt_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abuse:_Crusade_or_Witch-Hunt-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the UK, all the post-1970 court cases that are recognized as authorities on evidence of disposition “concern charges of sexual abuse of minors.”<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1991, the House of Lords judgment in Director of Public Prosecutions versus P (<i>D.P.P v P</i> [1991] 2 A.C. 447) significantly lowered the barrier to admission of <a href="/wiki/Similar_fact_evidence" title="Similar fact evidence">similar fact evidence</a> of disposition to commit a crime.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This, combined with the police practice of “trawling” for child abuse victims using door-to-door interviews and the potential for monetary compensation, has created opportunities and incentive for false allegations to occur:<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Normally, an allegation of a criminal offense has to stand or fall on its own merits; if a witness accusing someone of sexual abuse was sufficiently credible, or could adduce supporting evidence, then an abuser would be convicted. Until 1991, multiple allegations against the same person could only be held to be mutually corroborating if there were “striking similarities” between the alleged crimes, indicating a criminal’s “signature,” a distinct <a href="/wiki/Modus_operandi" title="Modus operandi">modus operandi</a>. But the judgment removed this protection. In effect, the courts have accepted the idea of “corroboration by volume.” </p><p>In 2002, the <a href="/wiki/Home_Affairs_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Affairs Committee">Home Affairs Select Committee</a> (Fourth report, 2001/2), which dealt with police trawling practices and referred to the “enormous difficulties” faced by those accused of child sexual abuse, recommended that the requirement for similar fact evidence to be linked by “striking similarities” be restored in cases involving allegations of historical child abuse. However, this recommendation contradicted the Government White Paper Justice for All (2002), which proposed lowering the threshold for the admission of similar fact evidence still further.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effect_on_the_child_and_the_accused">Effect on the child and the accused</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_allegation_of_child_sexual_abuse&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Effect on the child and the accused"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Allegations of sexual abuse can be inherently traumatic to the child when false.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People falsely charged with sexual abuse often face numerous problems of their own. The nature of the crime leveled at them often evokes an overwhelming sense of betrayal. In highly publicized cases, the general public has a strong tendency to summarily assume the accused is guilty, leading to very serious <a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">social stigma</a>. The accused, even if acquitted, risks being fired from their job, losing their friends and other relationships, having their property vandalized or even confiscated (via civil forfeiture), and being harassed by those believing them to be guilty despite no evidence proving their guilt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Support_groups">Support groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_allegation_of_child_sexual_abuse&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Support groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2001, there were 18 support and lobby groups extant in the UK “set up to redress the injustice suffered by those who, they claim, have been wrongly convicted in abuse cases.”<sup id="cite_ref-Abuse:_Crusade_or_Witch-Hunt_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abuse:_Crusade_or_Witch-Hunt-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Groups currently active in the UK include: False Allegations Against Carers and Teachers (FACT), False Allegations Support Organization (FASO), People Against False Allegations of Abuse (PAFAA with SOFAP), and SAFARI. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_allegation_of_child_sexual_abuse&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Take_Me_to_the_River_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Take Me to the River (film)">Take Me to the River</a></i> (2015) ― An American drama film about a teenager who plans to come out to his family at a reunion, but runs into trouble when he is falsely accused of sexually abusing his younger female cousin.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunt_(2012_film)" title="The Hunt (2012 film)">The Hunt</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>: <i lang="da"><b>Jagten</b></i>) ― A 2012 Danish drama film by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Vinterberg" title="Thomas Vinterberg">Thomas Vinterberg</a> about a man (<a href="/wiki/Mads_Mikkelsen" title="Mads Mikkelsen">Mads Mikkelsen</a>) who becomes the target of mass hysteria after being wrongly accused of sexually assaulting a child.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capturing_the_Friedmans" title="Capturing the Friedmans">Capturing the Friedmans</a></i> (Dir. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jarecki" title="Andrew Jarecki">Andrew Jarecki</a>) ―A 2003 <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> documentary about Arnold and Jesse Friedman,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who both pleaded guilty to child abuse, but claimed the charges were false and the guilty pleas coerced.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Map_of_the_World" title="A Map of the World">A Map of the World</a></i> (1994) ― A novel that was turned into <a href="/wiki/A_Map_of_the_World_(film)" title="A Map of the World (film)">a film</a> (1999), about a school nurse falsely accused of molesting a student.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Serious_Charge" title="Serious Charge">Serious Charge</a></i> (1959) ― A film starring <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Quayle" title="Anthony Quayle">Anthony Quayle</a> as an English vicar who was falsely accused of sexually assaulting a teenage boy. The youth’s story is supported by a woman whose affections the vicar had spurned.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_allegation_of_child_sexual_abuse&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse_accommodation_syndrome" title="Child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome">Child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_child_abuse_scandal" title="Cleveland child abuse scandal">Cleveland child abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day-care_sex-abuse_hysteria" title="Day-care sex-abuse hysteria">Day-care sex-abuse hysteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_accusation" title="False accusation">False accusations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/False_accusation_of_rape" title="False accusation of rape">False accusation of rape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kern_County_child_abuse_cases" title="Kern County child abuse cases">Kern County child abuse cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMartin_preschool_trial" title="McMartin preschool trial">McMartin preschool trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Midland" title="Operation Midland">Operation Midland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkney_child_abuse_scandal" title="Orkney child abuse scandal">Orkney child abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outreau_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Outreau trial">Outreau trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Think_of_the_children" title="Think of the children">Think of the children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurston_County_ritual_abuse_case" title="Thurston County ritual abuse case">Thurston County ritual abuse case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treva_Throneberry" title="Treva Throneberry">Treva Throneberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wee_Care_Nursery_School_abuse_trial" title="Wee Care Nursery School abuse trial">Wee Care Nursery School abuse trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ellis_(childcare_worker)" title="Peter Ellis (childcare worker)">Peter Ellis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_allegation_of_child_sexual_abuse&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ney-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ney_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ney_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ney_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNey1995" class="citation book cs1">Ney, T (1995). <i>True and False Allegations of Child Sexual Abuse: Assessment and Case Management</i>. Psychology Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BggJjhbBJzwC&pg=PA23">23–33</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87630-758-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87630-758-6"><bdi>0-87630-758-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=True+and+False+Allegations+of+Child+Sexual+Abuse%3A+Assessment+and+Case+Management&rft.pages=23-33&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-87630-758-6&rft.aulast=Ney&rft.aufirst=T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+allegation+of+child+sexual+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hobbs197-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hobbs197_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobbsHanks_HGIWynne_JM1999" class="citation book cs1">Hobbs, CJ; Hanks HGI; Wynne JM (1999). <i>Child Abuse and Neglect: A Clinician's Handbook</i>. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier Health Sciences</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3w_j-n1tLGcC&pg=PA197">197</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-443-05896-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-443-05896-2"><bdi>0-443-05896-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Child+Abuse+and+Neglect%3A+A+Clinician%27s+Handbook&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-443-05896-2&rft.aulast=Hobbs&rft.aufirst=CJ&rft.au=Hanks+HGI&rft.au=Wynne+JM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+allegation+of+child+sexual+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schetky105-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schetky105_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchetkyGreen_AH1988" class="citation book cs1">Schetky, DH; Green AH (1988). <i>Child Sexual Abuse: A Handbook for Health Care and Legal Professionals</i>. Psychology Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QYyzGgZbllYC&pg=PA105">105</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87630-495-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87630-495-1"><bdi>0-87630-495-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Child+Sexual+Abuse%3A+A+Handbook+for+Health+Care+and+Legal+Professionals&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-87630-495-1&rft.aulast=Schetky&rft.aufirst=DH&rft.au=Green+AH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+allegation+of+child+sexual+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bolen109-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bolen109_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolen2001" class="citation book cs1">Bolen, RM (2001). <i>Child Sexual Abuse: Its Scope and Our Failure</i>. Springer. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bzd1ytm7nvoC&pg=PA109">109</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-46576-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-46576-0"><bdi>0-306-46576-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Child+Sexual+Abuse%3A+Its+Scope+and+Our+Failure&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-306-46576-0&rft.aulast=Bolen&rft.aufirst=RM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+allegation+of+child+sexual+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robin21-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robin21_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobin1991" class="citation book cs1">Robin, M (1991). <i>Assessing Child Maltreatment Reports: The Problem of False Allegations</i>. <a href="/wiki/Haworth_Press" title="Haworth Press">Haworth Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tqBVMUlMPLIC&pg=PA21">21–24</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86656-931-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-86656-931-6"><bdi>0-86656-931-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assessing+Child+Maltreatment+Reports%3A+The+Problem+of+False+Allegations&rft.pages=21-24&rft.pub=Haworth+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-86656-931-6&rft.aulast=Robin&rft.aufirst=M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+allegation+of+child+sexual+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mikkel-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mikkel_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mikkel_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mikkel_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikkelsenGutheilEmens1992" class="citation journal cs1">Mikkelsen EJ, Gutheil TG, Emens M (October 1992). "False sexual-abuse allegations by children and adolescents: contextual factors and clinical subtypes". <i>Am J Psychother</i>. <b>46</b> (4): 556–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fappi.psychotherapy.1992.46.4.556">10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1992.46.4.556</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1443285">1443285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am+J+Psychother&rft.atitle=False+sexual-abuse+allegations+by+children+and+adolescents%3A+contextual+factors+and+clinical+subtypes&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=556-70&rft.date=1992-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Fappi.psychotherapy.1992.46.4.556&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1443285&rft.aulast=Mikkelsen&rft.aufirst=EJ&rft.au=Gutheil%2C+TG&rft.au=Emens%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+allegation+of+child+sexual+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ceci-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ceci_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ceci_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaggie_BruckCeci,_Stephen_J1995" class="citation book cs1">Maggie Bruck; Ceci, Stephen J (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jeopardyincourtr0000ceci"><i>Jeopardy in the Courtroom</i></a></span>. Amer Psychological Assn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55798-282-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-55798-282-1"><bdi>1-55798-282-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jeopardy+in+the+Courtroom&rft.pub=Amer+Psychological+Assn&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-55798-282-1&rft.au=Maggie+Bruck&rft.au=Ceci%2C+Stephen+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjeopardyincourtr0000ceci&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+allegation+of+child+sexual+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weiner438-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weiner438_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weiner438_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weiner438_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrving_B._WeinerDonald_K._Freedheim2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Irving_B._Weiner" title="Irving B. Weiner">Irving B. Weiner</a>; Donald K. Freedheim (2003). <i>Handbook of Psychology Vol. 11 Forensic Psychology</i>. John Wiley and Sons. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lBXf1slZBDwC&pg=PA438">438</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-17669-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-17669-9"><bdi>0-471-17669-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Psychology+Vol.+11+Forensic+Psychology&rft.pages=438&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-471-17669-9&rft.au=Irving+B.+Weiner&rft.au=Donald+K.+Freedheim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+allegation+of+child+sexual+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAronson_ETavris_C2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Aronson" title="Elliot Aronson">Aronson E</a>; <a href="/wiki/Carol_Tavris" title="Carol Tavris">Tavris C</a> (2007). <i><a href="/wiki/Mistakes_were_made_(but_not_by_me)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mistakes were made (but not by me)">Mistakes were made (but not by me): why we justify foolish beliefs, bad decisions, and hurtful acts</a></i>. San Diego: Harcourt. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E1XreRBrXxMC&pg=PA127">127–57</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-603390-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-603390-9"><bdi>978-0-15-603390-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mistakes+were+made+%28but+not+by+me%29%3A+why+we+justify+foolish+beliefs%2C+bad+decisions%2C+and+hurtful+acts&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pages=127-57&rft.pub=Harcourt&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-15-603390-9&rft.au=Aronson+E&rft.au=Tavris+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+allegation+of+child+sexual+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Facilitated_Communication_Is_a_Cult_That_Won’t_Die-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Facilitated_Communication_Is_a_Cult_That_Won’t_Die_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuerbach2015" class="citation web cs1">Auerbach, David (12 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/medical_examiner/2015/11/facilitated_communication_pseudoscience_harms_people_with_disabilities.html">"Facilitated Communication Is a Cult That Won't Die"</a>. <i>Slate</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Facilitated+Communication+Is+a+Cult+That+Won%27t+Die&rft.date=2015-11-12&rft.aulast=Auerbach&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Fhealth_and_science%2Fmedical_examiner%2F2015%2F11%2Ffacilitated_communication_pseudoscience_harms_people_with_disabilities.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+allegation+of+child+sexual+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green,_Gina_(1995)-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Green,_Gina_(1995)_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1995" class="citation journal cs1">Green, Gina (Fall 1995). "An ecobehavioral interpretation of the facilitated communication phenomenon". <i>Psychology in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities</i>. <b>21</b> (2): 1–8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychology+in+Mental+Retardation+and+Developmental+Disabilities&rft.atitle=An+ecobehavioral+interpretation+of+the+facilitated+communication+phenomenon&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-8&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Gina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+allegation+of+child+sexual+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Riggott,_Julie-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Riggott,_Julie_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiggott2005" class="citation journal cs1">Riggott, Julie (Spring–Summer 2005). 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The lasting effects that such accusations have on families and children can be devastating. There is an increased risk that a child will be alienated from the other parent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complex+Issues+in+Child+Custody+Evaluations&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7619-1909-0&rft.aulast=Stahl&rft.aufirst=PM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+allegation+of+child+sexual+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3142366/?ref_=nv_wl_img_2">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>' 'Take Me to the River" ', information"</a>. <i>IMDb</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=%27+%27Take+Me+to+the+River%22+%27%2C+information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt3142366%2F%3Fref_%3Dnv_wl_img_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+allegation+of+child+sexual+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/filmreviews/9711873/The-Hunt-review.html">"<i>The Hunt</i>, review"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. 29 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=The+Hunt%2C+review&rft.date=2012-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Ffilm%2Ffilmreviews%2F9711873%2FThe-Hunt-review.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+allegation+of+child+sexual+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freejesse.net">"Jesse Friedman's Website"</a>. <i>freejesse.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=freejesse.net&rft.atitle=Jesse+Friedman%27s+Website&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.freejesse.net&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+allegation+of+child+sexual+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_allegation_of_child_sexual_abuse&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Campus_sexual_assault" title="Campus sexual assault">Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_rape" title="Date rape">Date</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_rape" title="Gray rape">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">Marital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_rape" title="Prison rape">Prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_by_proxy" title="Rape by proxy">By proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_rape" title="Statutory rape">Statutory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_males" title="Rape of males">Of males</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raptio" title="Raptio">Raptio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenge_porn" title="Revenge porn">Revenge porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_bullying" title="Sexual bullying">Sexual bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_grooming" title="Sexual grooming">Sexual grooming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment_in_education" title="Sexual harassment in education">in education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment_in_education_in_the_United_States" title="Sexual harassment in education in the United States">in education in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment_in_the_military" title="Sexual harassment in the military">in the military</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_misconduct" title="Sexual misconduct">Sexual misconduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_predator" title="Sexual predator">Sexual predator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">Sexual violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual violence 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0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse_accommodation_syndrome" title="Child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome">Child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">False allegation of child sexual abuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" 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corruption">Police corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_prosecution" title="Selective prosecution">Selective prosecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malicious_prosecution" title="Malicious prosecution">Malicious prosecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_enforcement" title="Selective enforcement">Selective enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_process" title="Abuse of process">Abuse of process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_misconduct" title="Attorney misconduct">Attorney misconduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_apples" title="Bad apples">Bad apples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discretion#Abuse_of_discretion" title="Discretion">Abuse of discretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrapment" title="Entrapment">Entrapment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_arrest" title="False arrest">False arrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaming_the_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaming the system">Gaming the system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_malpractice" title="Legal malpractice">Legal malpractice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_court" title="Kangaroo court">Kangaroo court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_trial" title="Show trial">Show trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_practice" title="Sharp practice">Sharp practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury_tampering" title="Jury tampering">Jury tampering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witness_tampering" title="Witness tampering">Witness tampering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brady_disclosure" title="Brady disclosure">Brady disclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoliation_of_evidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Spoliation of evidence">Spoliation of evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_wrong" title="Civil wrong">Civil wrong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/False_evidence" title="False evidence">False evidence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/False_confession" title="False confession">False confession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_confession" title="Forced confession">Forced confession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_accusation" title="False accusation">False accusation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/False_accusation_of_rape" title="False accusation of rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Child sexual abuse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_perjury" title="Police perjury">Police perjury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistaken_identity" title="Mistaken identity">Mistaken identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyewitness_memory" title="Eyewitness memory">Eyewitness memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyewitness_identification" title="Eyewitness identification">Eyewitness identification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-race_effect" title="Cross-race effect">Cross-race effect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misinformation_effect" title="Misinformation effect">Misinformation effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampering_with_evidence" title="Tampering with evidence">Tampering with evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frameup" title="Frameup">Frameup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wrongful_convictions" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrongful convictions">Wrongful convictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wrongful_convictions_in_the_United_States" title="List of wrongful convictions in the United States">List of wrongful convictions in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exonerated_death_row_inmates" title="List of exonerated death row inmates">List of exonerated death row inmates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_miscarriage_of_justice_cases" title="List of miscarriage of justice cases">List of miscarriage of justice cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overturned_convictions_in_the_United_States" title="Overturned convictions in the United States">Overturned convictions in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrongful_execution" title="Wrongful execution">Wrongful execution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advocacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Innocence_Project" title="Innocence Project">Innocence Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Registry_of_Exonerations" title="National Registry of Exonerations">National Registry of Exonerations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigating_Innocence" title="Investigating Innocence">Investigating Innocence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contributing factors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_in_the_United_States_criminal_justice_system#race_and_the_death_penalty" title="Race in the United States criminal justice system">Race in the United States criminal justice system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocent_prisoner%27s_dilemma" title="Innocent prisoner's dilemma">Innocent prisoner's dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_wall_of_silence" title="Blue wall of silence">Blue wall of silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_profiling" title="Racial profiling">Racial profiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loophole" title="Loophole">Loophole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ineffective_assistance_of_counsel" title="Ineffective assistance of counsel">Ineffective assistance of counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosecutor%27s_fallacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosecutor's fallacy">Prosecutor's fallacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norms and remedies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_ethics" title="Legal ethics">Legal ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exculpatory_evidence" title="Exculpatory evidence">Exculpatory evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">Right to a fair trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actual_innocence" title="Actual innocence">Actual innocence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection Clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocence_Protection_Act" title="Innocence Protection Act">Innocence Protection Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment in the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batson_v._Kentucky" title="Batson v. Kentucky">Batson v. Kentucky</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_death_row_inmates_in_the_United_States" title="List of death row inmates in the United States">List of death row inmates in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/16px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/24px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/32px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=False_allegation_of_child_sexual_abuse&oldid=1252880192">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=False_allegation_of_child_sexual_abuse&oldid=1252880192</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Child_sexual_abuse" title="Category:Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Criminal_law" title="Category:Criminal law">Criminal law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fake_news" title="Category:Fake news">Fake news</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:False_allegations_of_sex_crimes" title="Category:False allegations of sex crimes">False allegations of sex crimes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lying" title="Category:Lying">Lying</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defamation" title="Category:Defamation">Defamation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Journalistic_scandals" title="Category:Journalistic scandals">Journalistic scandals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:False_evidence" title="Category:False evidence">False evidence</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">CS1 maint: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Danish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Danish-language text">Articles containing Danish-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 October 2024, at 09:47<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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