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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Origin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parthian_and_Sasanian_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parthian_and_Sasanian_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Parthian and Sasanian period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parthian_and_Sasanian_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Islamic period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Early modern period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Iraq_and_Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Iraq_and_Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Modern Iraq and Iran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Iraq_and_Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Population </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Population-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Population subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iraqi_Mandaeans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraqi_Mandaeans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Iraqi Mandaeans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraqi_Mandaeans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_Iraqi_Mandaeans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Iraqi_Mandaeans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Notable Iraqi Mandaeans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Iraqi_Mandaeans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iranian_Mandaeans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iranian_Mandaeans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Iranian Mandaeans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iranian_Mandaeans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_Iranian_Mandaeans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Iranian_Mandaeans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Notable Iranian Mandaeans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Iranian_Mandaeans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Middle_Eastern_Mandaeans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Middle_Eastern_Mandaeans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Other Middle Eastern Mandaeans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Middle_Eastern_Mandaeans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Diaspora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.2 Sweden </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.3 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Scholarship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Other names </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_names-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Other names subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Other_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sabians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sabians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Sabians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sabians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nasoraeans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nasoraeans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Nasoraeans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nasoraeans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Genetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Bibliography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bibliography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Secondary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Mandaeans</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" > 30 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="مندائيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مندائيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Мандейци – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мандейци" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandejci" title="Mandejci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mandejci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mand%C3%A4er" title="Mandäer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mandäer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Μανδαίοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μανδαίοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandajoj" title="Mandajoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mandajoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مندائیان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مندائیان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mand%C3%A9ens" title="Mandéens – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mandéens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandejci" title="Mandejci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mandejci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Manda" title="Orang Manda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Manda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandei" title="Mandei – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mandei" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מנדאים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מנדאים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wamandayo" title="Wamandayo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wamandayo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandeana_(vahoaka)" title="Mandeana (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mandeana (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="مندائيين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مندائيين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandae%C3%ABrs" title="Mandaeërs – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mandaeërs" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandeere" title="Mandeere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mandeere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandearar" title="Mandearar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mandearar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B8" title="ਮੈਂਡੇਅਨਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੈਂਡੇਅਨਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="مندائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مندائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86" title="صابئین – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="صابئین" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandeeni" title="Mandeeni – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mandeeni" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Мандеи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мандеи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandejci" title="Mandejci – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mandejci" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandejci" title="Mandejci – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Mandejci" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandejci" title="Mandejci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mandejci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mand%C3%A9er" title="Mandéer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mandéer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2bi%C3%AEler" title="Sâbiîler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sâbiîler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="مندائی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مندائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E9%81%94%E5%AE%89%E4%BA%BA" title="曼達安人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="曼達安人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6747710#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Mandaeans" rel="discussion" title="Discuss 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Mandaeans <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1009393904">.mw-parser-output .script-Mand{font-family:"Noto Sans Mandaic"}</style>ࡌࡀࡍࡃࡀࡉࡉࡀ‎ <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>الصابئة المندائيون</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandaeans_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Mandaeans_03.jpg/250px-Mandaeans_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Mandaeans_03.jpg/375px-Mandaeans_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Mandaeans_03.jpg/500px-Mandaeans_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Mandaeans in prayer, Iran</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 60,000–100,000<a href="#cite_note-Bell-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThaler2007-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-WMP-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mandaeans_in_Sweden" title="Mandaeans in Sweden">10,000–20,000</a><a href="#cite_note-manswe-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_Australians" title="Mandaean Australians">8,000–10,000</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-manaus-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_Americans" title="Mandaean Americans">5,000–7,000</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Boston_Globe-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-office-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-sly-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-mansa-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-MHRG-13">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,000<a href="#cite_note-fn1-14">[a]</a>–6,000<a href="#cite_note-Salloum-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-MHRG-13">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4,000<a href="#cite_note-WMP-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,500 (2015)<a href="#cite_note-saving-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-MHRG-13">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,500<a href="#cite_note-WMP-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,200–3,000<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,400–2,500<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-19">[18]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,000 (2015)<a href="#cite_note-Sido-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-MHRG-13">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,000<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,000<a href="#cite_note-Routledge-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></th><td class="infobox-data">650–1,200<a href="#cite_note-dk-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-MHRG-13">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">100 families<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></th><td class="infobox-data">500<a href="#cite_note-Fr-24">[23]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Religions</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Scriptures</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Ginza_Rabba" title="Ginza Rabba">Ginza Rabba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qulasta" title="Qulasta">Qulasta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandaean_Book_of_John" title="Mandaean Book of John">Mandaean Book of John</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haran_Gawaita" title="Haran Gawaita">Haran Gawaita</a>, etc. (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Mandaean_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mandaean texts">see more</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_language" title="Mandaic language">Mandaic</a> as liturgical language</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Mandaic" title="Neo-Mandaic">Neo-Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian Arabic</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and diaspora)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and diaspora)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Mandaeism" title="Category:Mandaeism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Drabsha" title="Drabsha"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg/100px-Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg/150px-Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg/200px-Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="1615" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Prophets</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth" title="Seth">Seth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shem" title="Shem">Shem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Names for adherents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mandaeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabians" title="Sabians">Sabians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_(sect)#Nasoraean_Mandaeans" title="Nazarene (sect)">Nasoraeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mandaean_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mandaean texts">Scriptures</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ginza_Rabba" title="Ginza Rabba">Ginza Rabba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_Ginza" title="Right Ginza">Right Ginza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Ginza" title="Left Ginza">Left Ginza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_Book_of_John" title="Mandaean Book of John">Mandaean Book of John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qulasta" title="Qulasta">Qulasta</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Qulasta_prayers" title="List of Qulasta prayers">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haran_Gawaita" title="Haran Gawaita">Haran Gawaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wedding_of_the_Great_Shishlam" title="The Wedding of the Great Shishlam">The Wedding of the Great Shishlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Baptism_of_Hibil_Ziwa" title="The Baptism of Hibil Ziwa">The Baptism of Hibil Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Abatur" class="mw-redirect" title="Diwan Abatur">Diwan Abatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Thousand_and_Twelve_Questions" title="The Thousand and Twelve Questions">The Thousand and Twelve Questions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_of_Exalted_Kingship" title="Scroll of Exalted Kingship">Scroll of Exalted Kingship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Coronation_of_the_Great_Shishlam" title="The Coronation of the Great Shishlam">The Coronation of the Great Shishlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alma_Ri%C5%A1aia_Rba" title="Alma Rišaia Rba">Alma Rišaia Rba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alma_Ri%C5%A1aia_Zu%E1%B9%ADa" title="Alma Rišaia Zuṭa">Alma Rišaia Zuṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zihrun_Raza_Kasia" title="Zihrun Raza Kasia">Zihrun Raza Kasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_of_the_Parwanaya" title="Scroll of the Parwanaya">Scroll of the Parwanaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Zodiac" title="Book of the Zodiac">Book of the Zodiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmut_Ku%C5%A1%E1%B9%ADa" title="Dmut Kušṭa">Dmut Kušṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_of_the_Rivers" title="Scroll of the Rivers">Scroll of the Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secrets_of_the_Ancestors" title="Secrets of the Ancestors">Secrets of the Ancestors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_of_the_Ancestors" title="Scroll of the Ancestors">Scroll of the Ancestors</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_priest" title="Mandaean priest">Priests</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rishama" title="Rishama">Rishama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganzibra" title="Ganzibra">Ganzibra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarmida" title="Tarmida">Tarmida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shganda" title="Shganda">Shganda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Individual leaders</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miriai" title="Miriai">Miriai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shlama_beth_Qidra" title="Shlama beth Qidra">Shlama beth Qidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazai_of_Gawazta" title="Zazai of Gawazta">Zazai of Gawazta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anush_Bar_Danqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anush Bar Danqa">Anush Bar Danqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Bihram" title="Yahya Bihram">Yahya Bihram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakhil_Aidan" title="Dakhil Aidan">Dakhil Aidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabbar_Choheili" title="Jabbar Choheili">Jabbar Choheili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattar_Jabbar_Hilow" title="Sattar Jabbar Hilow">Sattar Jabbar Hilow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najah_Choheili" title="Najah Choheili">Najah Choheili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Choheili" title="Salah Choheili">Salah Choheili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brikha_Nasoraia" title="Brikha Nasoraia">Brikha Nasoraia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Rituals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masbuta" title="Masbuta">Masbuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masiqta" title="Masiqta">Masiqta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamasha_(ablution)" title="Tamasha (ablution)">Tamasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishama_(ablution)" title="Rishama (ablution)">Rishama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushta" title="Kushta">Kushta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qabin" title="Qabin">Qabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misha_(Mandaeism)" title="Misha (Mandaeism)">Misha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ritual food and drink</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mambuha" title="Mambuha">Mambuha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halalta" title="Halalta">Halalta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamra_(Mandaeism)" title="Hamra (Mandaeism)">Hamra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pihta" title="Pihta">Pihta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatira" title="Fatira">Fatira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zidqa_brikha" title="Zidqa brikha">Zidqa brikha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofani" title="Lofani">Lofani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_(Mandaeism)" title="Sa (Mandaeism)">Sa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukrana" title="Dukrana">Dukrana</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Belief in Oneness of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brakha" title="Brakha">Daily prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masbuta" title="Masbuta">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauma" title="Sauma">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zidqa" title="Zidqa">Almsgiving</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Objects and symbols</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drabsha" title="Drabsha">Drabsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasta_(Mandaeism)" title="Rasta (Mandaeism)">Rasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burzinqa" title="Burzinqa">Burzinqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandama" title="Pandama">Pandama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klila" title="Klila">Klila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taga_(Mandaeism)" title="Taga (Mandaeism)">Taga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riha_(Mandaeism)" title="Riha (Mandaeism)">Riha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandola" title="Skandola">Skandola</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_cosmology" title="Mandaean cosmology">Cosmology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Hayyi Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_of_Light" title="World of Light">World of Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mana_(Mandaeism)" title="Mana (Mandaeism)">Mana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manda_(Mandaeism)" title="Manda (Mandaeism)">Manda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthra" title="Uthra">Uthra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manda_d-Hayyi" title="Manda d-Hayyi">Manda d-Hayyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yushamin" title="Yushamin">Yushamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abatur" title="Abatur">Abatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptahil" title="Ptahil">Ptahil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibil" title="Hibil">Hibil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shitil" title="Shitil">Shitil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anush_(Mandaeism)" title="Anush (Mandaeism)">Anush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Ziwa" title="Sam Ziwa">Sam Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihram" title="Bihram">Bihram Rabba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adathan" class="mw-redirect" title="Adathan">Adathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yadathan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yadathan">Yadathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilmai" title="Shilmai">Shilmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidbai" title="Nidbai">Nidbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawar_Ziwa" title="Yawar Ziwa">Yawar Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simat_Hayyi" title="Simat Hayyi">Simat Hayyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yufin-Yufafin" title="Yufin-Yufafin">Yufin-Yufafin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsab" title="Nsab">Nsab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nbat" title="Nbat">Nbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gubran" title="Gubran">Gubran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihlun" title="Shihlun">Shihlun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfeil" class="mw-redirect" title="Urfeil">Urfeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marfeil" class="mw-redirect" title="Marfeil">Marfeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saureil" title="Saureil">Saureil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zihrun" title="Zihrun">Zihrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etinsib_Ziwa" title="Etinsib Ziwa">Etinsib Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piriawis" title="Piriawis">Piriawis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarwan" title="Tarwan">Tarwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yura_(Mandaeism)" title="Yura (Mandaeism)">Yura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yurba" title="Yurba">Yurba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukashar" title="Yukashar">Yukashar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziwa_(Aramaic)#Mandaeism" title="Ziwa (Aramaic)">Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrat" title="Shahrat">Shahrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Malwasha">Malwasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishimta" title="Nishimta">Nishimta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinanukht" title="Dinanukht">Dinanukht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shishlam" title="Shishlam">Shishlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezlat" title="Ezlat">Ezlat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shkinta" title="Shkinta">škina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmuta" title="Dmuta">Dmuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mshunia_Kushta" title="Mshunia Kushta">Mshunia Kushta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_kasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam kasia">Adam kasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_pagria" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam pagria">Adam pagria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatrin" title="Shatrin">Shatrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laufa" title="Laufa">Laufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitfun" title="Hitfun">Hitfun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibil" title="Tibil">Tibil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_of_Darkness_(Mandaeism)" title="World of Darkness (Mandaeism)">World of Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Suf" title="Sea of Suf">Sea of Suf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siniawis" title="Siniawis">Siniawis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matarta" title="Matarta">Matarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruha" title="Ruha">Ruha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur_(Mandaeism)" title="Ur (Mandaeism)">Ur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krun" title="Krun">Krun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaf_(Mandaeism)" title="Gaf (Mandaeism)">Gaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_(Mandaeism)" title="Qin (Mandaeism)">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahreil" title="Zahreil">Zahreil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anathan" title="Anathan">Anathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giu_(Mandaeism)" title="Giu (Mandaeism)">Giu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shdum" title="Shdum">Shdum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zartai-Zartanai" title="Zartai-Zartanai">Zartai-Zartanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hag_and_Mag" title="Hag and Mag">Hag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hag_and_Mag" title="Hag and Mag">Mag</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_calendar#Festivals" title="Mandaean calendar">Festivals</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parwanaya" title="Parwanaya">Parwanaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwa_Rabba" title="Dehwa Rabba">Dehwa Rabba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwa_d-Shishlam_Rabba" class="mw-redirect" title="Dehwa d-Shishlam Rabba">Dehwa d-Shishlam Rabba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwa_Daimana" title="Dehwa Daimana">Dehwa Daimana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwa_Hanina" title="Dehwa Hanina">Dehwa Hanina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Haris" title="Abu al-Haris">Abu al-Haris</a> (Ashoriya)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_calendar#Festivals" title="Mandaean calendar">Ead Fel</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Places</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yardna" title="Yardna">Yardena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Manda" class="mw-redirect" title="Beth Manda">Beth Manda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shkinta" title="Shkinta">Shkinta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andiruna" title="Andiruna">Andiruna</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Brakha" title="Brakha">Prayers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sidra_d-Nishmata" title="Sidra d-Nishmata">Sidra d-Nishmata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asut_Malkia" title="Asut Malkia">Asut Malkia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushuma" title="Rushuma">Rushuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahma_(Mandaeism)" title="Rahma (Mandaeism)">Rahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabahatan" title="Tabahatan">Tabahatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shumhata" title="Shumhata">Shumhata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bshuma" title="Bshuma">Bshuma</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px lightblue solid; border-bottom:1px lightblue solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mandaeism" title="Template:Mandaeism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mandaeism" title="Template talk:Mandaeism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mandaeism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mandaeism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Mandaeans (<a href="/wiki/Mandaic_language" title="Mandaic language">Mandaic</a>: ࡌࡀࡍࡃࡀࡉࡉࡀ) (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: المندائيون al-Mandāʾiyyūn), also known as Mandaean Sabians (الصابئة المندائيون al-Ṣābiʾa al-Mandāʾiyyūn) or simply as Sabians (الصابئة al-Ṣābiʾa),<a href="#cite_note-fn2-25">[b]</a> are an <a href="/wiki/Ethnoreligious_group" title="Ethnoreligious group">ethnoreligious group</a> who are followers of <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a>. They believe that <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> was the final and most important <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophet</a>. They may have been among the earliest religious groups to practice <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>, as well as among the earliest adherents of <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>, a belief system of which they are the last surviving representatives today.<a href="#cite_note-McGrath-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-BuckleyOrigin-27">[25]</a>: 109  The Mandaeans were originally native speakers of <a href="/wiki/Mandaic_language" title="Mandaic language">Mandaic</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Aramaic_languages" title="Eastern Aramaic languages">Eastern Aramaic language</a>, before they nearly all switched to <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian Arabic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> as their main language. After <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">the invasion</a> of Iraq by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="Multi-National Force – Iraq">its allies</a> in 2003, the Mandaean community of <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, which before the war numbered 60,000–70,000 persons, collapsed due to the rise of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a> and the absence of protection against it, with most of the community relocating to <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, or forming diaspora communities beyond the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. Mandaeans have been <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">forcibly converted</a> to Islam, making them <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">apostates from Islam</a> if they revert to their religion, thereby risking being murdered. Such Mandaeans have voiced feeling unsafe in any Muslim country for this reason.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Genocide_Watch:_Mandaeans_of_Iraq-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> The remaining community of Iranian Mandaeans has also been dwindling as a result of religious <a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">persecution</a> over the decades. Unlike other religious minorities such as <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iran" title="Christianity in Iran">Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Jews" title="Iranian Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Iran" title="Zoroastrianism in Iran">Zoroastrians</a>, Mandaeans have no protection from persecution whatsoever, similar to <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Iran" title="Baháʼí Faith in Iran">Baháʼís</a> in Iran.<a href="#cite_note-saving-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> By 2007, the population of Mandaeans in Iraq had fallen to approximately 5,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutsch2007-33">[31]</a> There are estimated to be 60,000–100,000 Mandaeans worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-sly-11">[11]</a> About 10,000 Mandaeans live in <a href="/wiki/Mandaean_Australians" title="Mandaean Australians">Australia</a> and between 10,000 and 20,000 in <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans_in_Sweden" title="Mandaeans in Sweden">Sweden</a>, making them the countries with the most Mandaeans.<a href="#cite_note-Routledge-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-manaus-7">[7]</a> There are about 2,500 Mandaeans in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, the largest Mandaean community in the Middle East outside of Iraq and Iran.<a href="#cite_note-:0-19">[18]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandaeans&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The name "Mandaean" comes from the <a href="/wiki/Mandaic_language" title="Mandaic language">Mandaic</a> word <a href="/wiki/Manda_(Mandaeism)" title="Manda (Mandaeism)">manda</a>, meaning "to have knowledge".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudolph197715-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> In Muslim countries, Mandaeans are sometimes also called <a href="/wiki/Sabians" title="Sabians">Sabians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: الصابئة al-Ṣābiʾa), a <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quranic</a> epithet historically claimed by several religious groups (see also <a href="#Sabians">below</a>).<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> The etymology of the Arabic word Ṣābiʾ is disputed. According to one interpretation, it is the <a href="/wiki/Participle#Arabic" title="Participle">active participle</a> of the Arabic <a href="/wiki/Arabic_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic root">root</a> ṣ-b-ʾ ('to turn to'), meaning 'converts'.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> Another widely cited hypothesis is that it is derived from an <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> root meaning 'to baptize'.<a href="#cite_note-Häberl1-38">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandaeans&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genesis_apocryphon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Genesis_apocryphon.jpg/220px-Genesis_apocryphon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Genesis_apocryphon.jpg/330px-Genesis_apocryphon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Genesis_apocryphon.jpg/440px-Genesis_apocryphon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Genesis_Apocryphon" title="Genesis Apocryphon">Genesis Apocryphon</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandaeans&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origin">edit</a>]</div> According to a theory first proposed by <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Jesus" title="Ignatius of Jesus">Ignatius of Jesus</a> in the 17th century, the Mandaeans originated in Judea and later migrated east to the <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Mesopotamian Marshes">Mesopotamian Marshes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LupieriIranica-39">[37]</a> This theory was gradually abandoned, but was revived in the early 20th century through the first translation of Mandaean texts, which <a href="/wiki/Biblical_scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical scholars">Biblical scholars</a> like <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Rudolf Bultmann</a> believed capable of shedding new light on the development of <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christianity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LupieriIranica-39">[37]</a> However, most New Testament scholars rejected the Palestinian origin thesis, which by <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> was again largely deserted by scholars.<a href="#cite_note-LupieriIranica-39">[37]</a> It was revived in the 1960s by <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Mac%C3%BAch" title="Rudolf Macúch">Rudolf Macúch</a>, it is now accepted by Mandaean scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Jorunn_Jacobsen_Buckley" title="Jorunn Jacobsen Buckley">Jorunn Jacobsen Buckley</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Einasi_G%C3%BCnd%C3%BCz" title="Şinasi Gündüz">Şinasi Gündüz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LupieriIranica-39">[37]</a> According to Macúch, the eastward migration from the <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Roman province of Judea</a> to southern Iraq took place in the first century CE, while other scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Rudolph" title="Kurt Rudolph">Kurt Rudolph</a> think it probably took place in the third century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley20023-40">[38]</a> There are also other theories. Kevin van Bladel has argued that the Mandaeans originated in <a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Sasanian-ruled Mesopotamia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth century">fifth century</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Gelbert" title="Carlos Gelbert">Carlos Gelbert</a>, Mandaeans formed a vibrant community in <a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gelbert_2013-42">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brikha_Nasoraia" title="Brikha Nasoraia">Brikha Nasoraia</a>, a Mandaean priest and scholar, accepts a two-origin theory in which he considers the contemporary Mandaeans to have descended from both a line of Mandaeans who had originated from the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Valley" title="Jordan Valley">Jordan Valley</a>, as well as another group of Mandaeans (or Gnostics) who were indigenous to southern Mesopotamia. Thus, the historical merging of the two groups gave rise to the Mandaeans of today.<a href="#cite_note-Nasoraia_2021-43">[41]</a>: 55  There are several indications of the ultimate origin of the Mandaeans. Early religious concepts and terminologies recur in the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yardna" title="Yardna">Yardena</a> <a href="/wiki/River_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="River Jordan">(Jordan)</a> has been the name of every baptismal water in Mandaeism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudolph19775-44">[42]</a> Mara ḏ-Rabuta (<a href="/wiki/Mandaic_language" title="Mandaic language">Mandaic</a>: "Lord of Greatness", one of the names for <a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Hayyi Rabbi</a>) is found in the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_Apocryphon" title="Genesis Apocryphon">Genesis Apocryphon</a> (1Q20) II, 4.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudolph1964552–553-45">[43]</a> They formally refer to themselves as Naṣuraiia (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009393904">ࡍࡀࡑࡅࡓࡀࡉࡉࡀ‎), meaning guardians or possessors of secret rites and knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-RudolphEI-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-HG-47">[45]</a> Another early self-appellation is bhiria zidqa, meaning 'elect of righteousness' or 'the chosen righteous', a term found in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genesis_Apocryphon" title="Genesis Apocryphon">Genesis Apocryphon</a> II, 4.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudolph1964552–553-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-RudolphEI-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aldihisi_2008-48">[46]</a>: 18 <a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> As <a href="/wiki/Nasoraeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasoraeans">Nasoraeans</a>, Mandaeans believe that they constitute the true congregation of bnia nhura, meaning 'Sons of Light', a term used by the <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasoraia201250-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> The bit manda (<a href="/wiki/Beth_manda" class="mw-redirect" title="Beth manda">beth manda</a>) is described as biniana rba ḏ-šrara ("the Great building of Truth") and bit tušlima ("house of Perfection") in <a href="/wiki/Mandaean_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandaean texts">Mandaean texts</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Qulasta" title="Qulasta">Qulasta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ginza_Rabba" title="Ginza Rabba">Ginza Rabba</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mandaean_Book_of_John" title="Mandaean Book of John">Mandaean Book of John</a>. The only known literary parallels are in Essene texts from <a href="/wiki/Qumran" title="Qumran">Qumran</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Community_Rule" title="Community Rule">Community Rule</a>, which has similar phrases such as the "house of Perfection and Truth in Israel" (Community Rule 1QS VIII 9) and "house of Truth in Israel."<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Damascus_Document_Scroll.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/The_Damascus_Document_Scroll.jpg/220px-The_Damascus_Document_Scroll.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/The_Damascus_Document_Scroll.jpg/330px-The_Damascus_Document_Scroll.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/The_Damascus_Document_Scroll.jpg/440px-The_Damascus_Document_Scroll.jpg 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Damascus_Document" title="Damascus Document">Damascus Document</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Mandaic_language" title="Mandaic language">Mandaic language</a>, a Southeastern Aramaic dialect, exhibits significant inherited features from <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>, particularly from the Late Babylonian phase.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> Phonetic, grammatical, and lexicographic elements traceable to Akkadian strongly suggest that the origins of Mandaic and its speakers, the Mandaeans, are deeply rooted in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>. While Mandaic has historically been classified alongside <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Babylonian Talmudic Aramaic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> as part of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Aramaic_languages" title="Eastern Aramaic languages">Eastern Aramaic</a>, recent linguistic analysis has led to the recognition of a distinct Southeastern <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> branch. This classification is based on clear isoglosses in phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexicography that separate the Mandaic language. The roots of the Mandaic language extend back to the early <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> period, with no compelling evidence of <a href="/wiki/Western_Aramaic_languages" title="Western Aramaic languages">Western Aramaic</a> linguistic influence. The Mandaeans are thought to descend from a <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> population, further reinforcing the connection between Mandaic and its Mesopotamian heritage. This distinction highlights the uniqueness of Mandaic within the broader Aramaic linguistic landscape.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> Although there appears to be strong religious connections between the Mandaeans with both ancient Babylonian beliefs and Gnostic Jewish sects, such as the <a href="/wiki/Elcesaites" title="Elcesaites">Elcasaites</a>, linguistically the Mandaeans speak what can be considered a pure form of Babylonian Aramaic.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> A priest holds the title of <a href="/wiki/Mandaean_priest" title="Mandaean priest">Rabbi</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> and a place of worship is called a <a href="/wiki/Tabernacle#Mandaeism" title="Tabernacle">Mashkhanna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> According to Mandaean sources such as the <a href="/wiki/Haran_Gawaita" title="Haran Gawaita">Haran Gawaita</a>, the Nasuraiia inhabited the areas around <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and the <a href="/wiki/River_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="River Jordan">River Jordan</a> in the 1st century CE.<a href="#cite_note-BuckleyOrigin-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-HG-47">[45]</a> There is archaeological evidence that attests to the Mandaean presence in pre-Islamic Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutsch19994-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudolph19774-59">[57]</a> Scholars, including <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Rudolph" title="Kurt Rudolph">Kurt Rudolph</a>, connect the early Mandaeans with the <a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Jewish sect</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nasoraeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasoraeans">Nasoraeans</a>. Mandaeans believe that their religion predates Judaism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudolph19774-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-BuckleyOrigin-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gelbert_2005-60">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> According to Mandaean scripture, the Mandaeans descend directly from <a href="/wiki/Shem" title="Shem">Shem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>'s son, in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-62">[60]</a>: 186  and also from <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>'s original Nasoraean Mandaean disciples in Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-HG-47">[45]</a>: vi, ix  According to the Mandaean Society in America, <a href="/wiki/Mani_(prophet)" title="Mani (prophet)">Mani</a> (the founder of <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a>) was influenced by the Mandaeans, and a pre-Manichaean presence of the Mandaean religion is more than likely.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20100923_mer_morte13.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/20100923_mer_morte13.JPG/220px-20100923_mer_morte13.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/20100923_mer_morte13.JPG/330px-20100923_mer_morte13.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/20100923_mer_morte13.JPG/440px-20100923_mer_morte13.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Russell_(diplomat)" title="Gerard Russell (diplomat)">Gerard Russell</a> quotes <a href="/wiki/Rishama" title="Rishama">Rishama</a> <a href="/wiki/Sattar_Jabbar_Hilo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sattar Jabbar Hilo">Sattar Jabbar Hilo</a>, "Ours is the oldest religion in the world. It dates back to Adam." Russell adds, "He [Rishama Sattar Jabbar Hilo] traced its history back to Babylon, though he said it might have some connection to the Jews of Jerusalem."<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The Mandaean Synod of Australia led by <a href="/wiki/Rishama#Notable_rishama" title="Rishama">Rishama Salah Choheili</a> states: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Mandaeans are followers of John the Baptist. Their ancestors fled from the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Valley" title="Jordan Valley">Jordan Valley</a> about 2000 years ago and ultimately settled along the lower reaches of the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karun" title="Karun">Karun</a> Rivers in what is now Iraq and Iran. <a href="/wiki/Baptism#Mandaean_baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a> is the principal ceremony of the Mandaean religion and may only take place in a freshwater river.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parthian_and_Sasanian_period">Parthian and Sasanian period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandaeans&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Parthian and Sasanian period">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht_33.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht_33.jpg/220px-Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht_33.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht_33.jpg/330px-Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht_33.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht_33.jpg/440px-Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht_33.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kartir" title="Kartir">Kartir</a>'s inscription at <a href="/wiki/Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht" title="Ka'ba-ye Zartosht">Ka'ba-ye Zartosht</a> claimed that he "struck down" the non-Zoroastrian minorities, such as the Mandaeans</figcaption></figure> A number of ancient Aramaic inscriptions dating back to the 2nd century CE were uncovered in <a href="/wiki/Elymais" title="Elymais">Elymais</a>. Although the letters appear quite similar to the Mandaean ones, it is impossible to know whether the inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Elymais" title="Elymais">Elymais</a> were Mandaeans.<a href="#cite_note-Buckley_2002-66">[64]</a>: 4  <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Mac%C3%BAch" title="Rudolf Macúch">Rudolf Macúch</a> believes Mandaean letters predate Elymaic ones.<a href="#cite_note-Buckley_2002-66">[64]</a>: 4  Under <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Sassanian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanian Empire">Sasanian</a> rule, foreign religions were tolerated and Mandaeans appear to have enjoyed royal protection.<a href="#cite_note-Buckley_2002-66">[64]</a>: 4  The situation changed by the ascension of <a href="/wiki/Bahram_I" title="Bahram I">Bahram I</a> in 273, who under the influence of the zealous <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> high priest <a href="/wiki/Kartir" title="Kartir">Kartir</a> persecuted all non-Zoroastrian religions. It is thought that this persecution encouraged the consolidation of Mandaean religious literature.<a href="#cite_note-Buckley_2002-66">[64]</a>: 4  The persecutions instigated by Kartir seems to temporarily erase Mandaeans from recorded history. Their presence, however can still be found in Mandaean <a href="/wiki/Incantation_bowl#In_Mandaeism" title="Incantation bowl">magical bowls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandaic_lead_rolls" title="Mandaic lead rolls">lead strips</a> which were produced from the 3rd to the 7th century.<a href="#cite_note-Buckley_2002-66">[64]</a>: 4  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_period">Islamic period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandaeans&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Islamic period">edit</a>]</div> The Mandaeans re-emerged at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia">Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia</a> in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 640, when their leader, <a href="/wiki/Anush_bar_Danqa" title="Anush bar Danqa">Anush bar Danqa</a>, is said to have appeared before the <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> authorities, showing them a copy of the <a href="/wiki/Ginza_Rabba" title="Ginza Rabba">Ginza Rabba</a>, the Mandaean holy book, and proclaiming the chief Mandaean prophet to be <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>, who is also mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> by the name <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist_in_Islam" title="John the Baptist in Islam">Yahya ibn Zakariya</a>. Consequently, the Muslim caliph provided them acknowledgement as <a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">People of the Book</a> (ahl al-kitāb, adherents of religions recognized as guided by previous revelations).<a href="#cite_note-Buckley_2002-66">[64]</a>: 5  However, this account is likely apocryphal: since it mentions that Anush bar Danqa traveled to <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, it must have occurred after the founding of Baghdad in 762, if it took place at all.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Bladel201714,_cf._pp._7–15-67">[65]</a> Mandaeans appeared to have flourished during the early Islamic period, as attested by the voluminous expansion of Mandaic literature and canons. Tib near <a href="/wiki/Wasit" title="Wasit">Wasit</a> is particularly noted as an important scribal center.<a href="#cite_note-Buckley_2002-66">[64]</a>: 5  <a href="/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi" title="Yaqut al-Hamawi">Yaqut al-Hamawi</a> describes Tib as a town inhabited by '<a href="/wiki/Nabataeans_of_Iraq" title="Nabataeans of Iraq">Nabatean</a>' (i.e. Aramaic speaking) '<a href="/wiki/Sabians" title="Sabians">Sabians</a>' (see <a href="#Sabians">below</a>) who consider themselves to be descendants of <a href="/wiki/Seth" title="Seth">Seth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Buckley_2002-66">[64]</a>: 5  The status of the Mandaeans was questioned by the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Abbasid_caliphs" title="List of Abbasid caliphs">caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Qahir_Billah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qahir Billah">al-Qahir Billah</a> (899–950 CE), even though they had received recognition as <a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">People of the Book</a>. To avoid further investigation by the authorities, the Mandaeans paid a bribe of 50,000 <a href="/wiki/Islamic_gold_dinar" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic gold dinar">dinars</a> and were left alone. It appeared that the Mandaeans were even exempt from paying the <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a>, otherwise imposed upon non-Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-Buckley_2002-66">[64]</a>: 5  It has been suggested by some scholars that <a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harranian</a> intellectuals who worked at the Abbasid court such as <a href="/wiki/Th%C4%81bit_ibn_Qurra" title="Thābit ibn Qurra">Thābit ibn Qurra</a> may have been Mandaeans,<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> though most scholars believe they were adherents of the pagan <a href="/wiki/Astral_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Astral religion">astral religion</a> of Harran.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandaeans&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early modern period">edit</a>]</div> Early contact with <a href="/wiki/Europeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Europeans">Europeans</a> came about in the mid-16th century, when <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> missionaries encountered Mandaeans in Southern <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and controversially designated them "Christians of St. John". In the next centuries Europeans became more acquainted with the Mandaeans and their religion.<a href="#cite_note-Buckley_2002-66">[64]</a>: 5  The Mandaeans suffered persecution under the <a href="/wiki/Qajar" class="mw-redirect" title="Qajar">Qajar</a> rule in the 1780s. The dwindling community was threatened with complete annihilation, when a <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> epidemic broke out in <a href="/wiki/Shushtar" title="Shushtar">Shushtar</a> and half of its inhabitants died. The entire Mandaean priesthood perished and Mandaeism was restored due to the efforts of few learned men such as <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Bihram" title="Yahya Bihram">Yahya Bihram</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Buckley_2002-66">[64]</a>: 6  Another danger threatened the community in 1870, when the local governor of <a href="/wiki/Shushtar" title="Shushtar">Shushtar</a> massacred the Mandaeans against the will of the Shah.<a href="#cite_note-Buckley_2002-66">[64]</a>: 6  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Iraq_and_Iran">Modern Iraq and Iran</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandaeans&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern Iraq and Iran">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><img alt="Mandaean Mandi of Baghdad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_01.jpg/360px-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_01.jpg/540px-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_01.jpg/720px-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7728" data-file-height="5152" /></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sabian%E2%80%93Mandaean_Mandi_of_Baghdad" title="Sabian–Mandaean Mandi of Baghdad">Mandaean Mandi of Baghdad</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106.66666666667px;"><img alt="Door entrance to the Mandi, written in Classical Mandaic and Arabic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_23.jpg/160px-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_23.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_23.jpg/240px-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_23.jpg/320px-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="7728" /></div> <div class="gallerytext">Door entrance to the Mandi, written in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Mandaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Mandaic">Classical Mandaic</a> and Arabic </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mandaean Drabsha"><img alt="Mandaean Drabsha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_04.jpg/360px-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_04.jpg/540px-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_04.jpg/720px-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7728" data-file-height="5152" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mandaean <a href="/wiki/Drabsha" title="Drabsha">Drabsha</a> </div> </li> </ul><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraq._(Mesopotamia)._Baghdad._Views,_street_scenes,_and_types._A_Sabean_silversmith._At_work_in_his_jewelry_store._A_Sabean-sect_who_venerate_John_the_Baptist_LOC_matpc.15983.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Iraq._%28Mesopotamia%29._Baghdad._Views%2C_street_scenes%2C_and_types._A_Sabean_silversmith._At_work_in_his_jewelry_store._A_Sabean-sect_who_venerate_John_the_Baptist_LOC_matpc.15983.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Iraq._%28Mesopotamia%29._Baghdad._Views%2C_street_scenes%2C_and_types._A_Sabean_silversmith._At_work_in_his_jewelry_store._A_Sabean-sect_who_venerate_John_the_Baptist_LOC_matpc.15983.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Iraq._%28Mesopotamia%29._Baghdad._Views%2C_street_scenes%2C_and_types._A_Sabean_silversmith._At_work_in_his_jewelry_store._A_Sabean-sect_who_venerate_John_the_Baptist_LOC_matpc.15983.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3469" data-file-height="4734" /></a><figcaption>Mandaean silversmith at work in Baghdad, Iraq, 1932</figcaption></figure> Following the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, the Mandaeans were still largely living in rural areas in the lower parts of British protected <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq_(Mandate_administration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Iraq (Mandate administration)">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. Owing to the rise of <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a>, Iraqi Mandaeans were <a href="/wiki/Arabisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabisation">Arabised</a> at an accelerated rate, especially during the 1950s and '60s. The Mandaeans were also forced to abandon their stances on the cutting of hair and forced military service, which are strictly prohibited in Mandaeaism.<a href="#cite_note-MHRG5-70">[68]</a> The 2003 <a href="/wiki/American_invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="American invasion of Iraq">American invasion of Iraq</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq war">war</a> that followed brought more troubles to the Mandaeans, as the security situation deteriorated. Many members of the Mandaean community, who were known as goldsmiths, were targeted by criminal gangs for ransoms. The rise of <a href="/wiki/ISIS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIS">ISIS</a> forced thousands to flee the country, after they were given <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">the choice of conversion or death</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zurutuza-71">[69]</a> It is estimated that around 90% of Iraqi Mandaeans were either killed or have fled after the U.S. led invasion.<a href="#cite_note-Zurutuza-71">[69]</a> The Mandaeans of Iran lived chiefly in <a href="/wiki/Ahvaz" title="Ahvaz">Ahvaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Khuzestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Khuzestan">Iranian Khuzestan</a>, but have moved as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> to other cities such as <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karaj" title="Karaj">Karaj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a>. The Mandaeans, who were traditionally considered as <a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">People of the Book</a> (members of a protected religion under Islamic rule), lost this status after the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a>. However, despite this, Iranian Mandaeans still maintain successful businesses and factories in areas such as Ahwaz. In April 1996, the cause of the Mandaeans' religious status in the Islamic Republic was raised. The parliament came to the conclusion that Mandaeans were included in the protected status of <a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">People of the Book</a> alongside Christians, Jews and Zoroastrians and specified that, from a legal viewpoint, there is no prohibition against Muslims associating with Mandaeans, whom the parliament identified as being the <a href="/wiki/Sabians" title="Sabians">Sabians</a> mentioned explicitly in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>. That same year, Ayatollah Sajjadi of <a href="/wiki/Al-Zahra_University" title="Al-Zahra University">Al-Zahra University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a> posed three questions regarding the Mandaeans' beliefs and seemed satisfied with the answers. These rulings, however, did not lead to Mandaeans regaining their more officially recognized status as People of the Book.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> In 2009, Iran's <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah" title="Ayatollah">Ayatollah</a> <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Ali_Khamenei" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a> issued a <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwā</a> recognizing the Mandaeans as People of the Book.<a href="#cite_note-Arabestani_2016-73">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[c]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandaeans&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Population">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandaeans_celebrating_the_Creation_Day_(Brunaya),_Maysan,_Iraq_-_Mar_17,_2019_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Mandaeans_celebrating_the_Creation_Day_%28Brunaya%29%2C_Maysan%2C_Iraq_-_Mar_17%2C_2019_10.jpg/220px-Mandaeans_celebrating_the_Creation_Day_%28Brunaya%29%2C_Maysan%2C_Iraq_-_Mar_17%2C_2019_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Mandaeans_celebrating_the_Creation_Day_%28Brunaya%29%2C_Maysan%2C_Iraq_-_Mar_17%2C_2019_10.jpg/330px-Mandaeans_celebrating_the_Creation_Day_%28Brunaya%29%2C_Maysan%2C_Iraq_-_Mar_17%2C_2019_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Mandaeans_celebrating_the_Creation_Day_%28Brunaya%29%2C_Maysan%2C_Iraq_-_Mar_17%2C_2019_10.jpg/440px-Mandaeans_celebrating_the_Creation_Day_%28Brunaya%29%2C_Maysan%2C_Iraq_-_Mar_17%2C_2019_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Mandaeans celebrating <a href="/wiki/Parwanaya" title="Parwanaya">Parwanaya</a> and bearing witness to the <a href="/wiki/Yardna" title="Yardna">Yardena</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> River, <a href="/wiki/Amarah" title="Amarah">Amarah</a>, Iraq – March 17, 2019</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iraqi_Mandaeans">Iraqi Mandaeans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandaeans&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Iraqi Mandaeans">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Iraq#Mandaeans" title="Minorities in Iraq">Minorities in Iraq § Mandaeans</a></div> <dl><dd>Further information (in Arabic): <a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" class="extiw" title="ar:المندائيون في العراق">Mandaeans in Iraq</a></dd></dl> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, the Iraqi Mandaean community was centered in southern Iraq in cities such as <a href="/wiki/Nasiriyah" title="Nasiriyah">Nasiriyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amarah" title="Amarah">Amarah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qal%27at_Saleh" title="Qal'at Saleh">Qal'at Saleh</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Buckley2010-77">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wasit" title="Wasit">Wasit</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Nasoraia_2021-43">[41]</a>: 92  and <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> (particularly the district of <a href="/wiki/Dora,_Baghdad" title="Dora, Baghdad">Dora</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a>). Historically, Mandaean quarters had also existed in southern Iraqi towns such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Qurnah" title="Al-Qurnah">Qurna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suq_al-Shuyukh_District" title="Suq al-Shuyukh District">Suq al-Shuyukh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandaeans_celebrating_the_Creation_Day_(Brunaya),_Maysan,_Iraq_-_Mar_17,_2019_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Mandaeans_celebrating_the_Creation_Day_%28Brunaya%29%2C_Maysan%2C_Iraq_-_Mar_17%2C_2019_07.jpg/220px-Mandaeans_celebrating_the_Creation_Day_%28Brunaya%29%2C_Maysan%2C_Iraq_-_Mar_17%2C_2019_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Mandaeans_celebrating_the_Creation_Day_%28Brunaya%29%2C_Maysan%2C_Iraq_-_Mar_17%2C_2019_07.jpg/330px-Mandaeans_celebrating_the_Creation_Day_%28Brunaya%29%2C_Maysan%2C_Iraq_-_Mar_17%2C_2019_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Mandaeans_celebrating_the_Creation_Day_%28Brunaya%29%2C_Maysan%2C_Iraq_-_Mar_17%2C_2019_07.jpg/440px-Mandaeans_celebrating_the_Creation_Day_%28Brunaya%29%2C_Maysan%2C_Iraq_-_Mar_17%2C_2019_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Baptism (<a href="/wiki/Masbuta" title="Masbuta">masbuta</a>) during <a href="/wiki/Parwanaya" title="Parwanaya">Parwanaya</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> River, <a href="/wiki/Amarah" title="Amarah">Amarah</a>, Iraq – March 17, 2019</figcaption></figure> Many also live across the border in Southwestern Iran in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Ahvaz" title="Ahvaz">Ahvaz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khorramshahr" title="Khorramshahr">Khorramshahr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> Mandaean emigration from Iraq began during <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>'s rule, but accelerated greatly after the American-led invasion and subsequent occupation.<a href="#cite_note-exodus-81">[78]</a> Since the invasion Mandaeans, like other Iraqi ethno-religious minorities (such as Assyrians, Armenians, <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidi</a>, Roma and Shabaks), have been subjected to violence, including murders, kidnappings, rapes, evictions, and forced conversions.<a href="#cite_note-exodus-81">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-wp-82">[79]</a> Mandaeans, like many other Iraqis, have also been targeted for kidnapping since many worked as goldsmiths.<a href="#cite_note-exodus-81">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a> is <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifistic</a> and forbids its adherents from carrying weapons.<a href="#cite_note-exodus-81">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lupieri-83">[80]</a>: 91  During the 20th century in Iraq, most Mandaeans lived in large towns and cities, although a minority also lived in rural villages in the marshlands of southern Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-Nasoraia_2021-43">[41]</a> Many Iraqi Mandaeans have fled the country in the face of this violence, and the Mandaean community in Iraq faces extinction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford2007-84">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Genocide_Watch:_Mandaeans_of_Iraq-29">[27]</a> Out of the over 60,000 Mandaeans in Iraq in the early 1990s, fewer than 5,000 to 10,000 remain there as of 2007. In early 2007, more than 80% of Iraqi Mandaeans were refugees in Syria and Jordan as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutsch2007-33">[31]</a> In 2019, an <a href="/wiki/Al-Monitor" title="Al-Monitor">Al-Monitor</a> study estimated the Iraqi Mandaean population to be 3,000, 400 of which lived in the <a href="/wiki/Erbil_Governorate" title="Erbil Governorate">Erbil Governorate</a>, which is 5% or less than the pre-Iraq war Mandaean population.<a href="#cite_note-Salloum-15">[14]</a> Mandaeans in the past were renowned silver and gold smiths, blacksmiths and boatbuilders, even before the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> when they gained fame as intellectuals in the cultural and scientific fields. In modern Iraq, Mandaeans have gained prominence as academics, writers, artists, poets, physicians, engineers and jewelers.<a href="#cite_note-Routledge-5">[5]</a>: 161  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Notable_Iraqi_Mandaeans">Notable Iraqi Mandaeans</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandaeans&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notable Iraqi Mandaeans">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_06.jpg/220px-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_06.jpg/330px-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_06.jpg/440px-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7728" data-file-height="5152" /></a><figcaption>Left to right - Ganzibra <a href="/wiki/Dakheel_Edan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakheel Edan">Dakheel Edan</a> (1881–1964), <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_bar_Sam" title="Abdullah bar Sam">Abdullah bar Sam</a> (1890-1981) <a href="/wiki/Rishama" title="Rishama">High Priests</a> of the Mandaeans</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Jabbar_Abdullah" title="Abdul Jabbar Abdullah">Abdul Jabbar Abdullah</a> (1911–1969), <a href="/wiki/Wave_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave theory">wave theory</a> physicist, dynamical <a href="/wiki/Meteorologist" title="Meteorologist">meteorologist</a>, and President Emeritus of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Baghdad" title="University of Baghdad">University of Baghdad</a>; <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a> graduate (1946); chair of physics at Baghdad University; co-founded the Iraqi Physics and Mathematics Society.<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AF" class="extiw" title="ar:عبد الرزاق عبد الواحد">Abdul Razzak Abdul Wahid</a> (1930–2015), poet.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nouman_Abid_Al-Jader&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nouman Abid Al-Jader (page does not exist)">Nouman Abid Al-Jader</a> (1916–1991), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan (Ann Arbor)</a> graduate (1950); acting dean of the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Science_%E2%80%93_University_of_Baghdad" title="College of Science – University of Baghdad">College of Science – University of Baghdad</a>; chair of mathematics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Baghdad" title="University of Baghdad">University of Baghdad</a>; co-founded the Iraqi Physics and Mathematics Society.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meanings_of_minor_planet_names:_10001%E2%80%9311000#478" class="mw-redirect" title="Meanings of minor planet names: 10001–11000">Abdul Athem Alsabti</a> (1945–), <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a> astrophysicist who introduced astronomy teaching into Iraq in 1970; <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a> graduate (1970); <a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">minor planet</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_10001%E2%80%9311000#478" title="List of minor planets: 10001–11000">10478 Alsabti</a> named after him; president of the British Mandaean Council; founded the Iraqi Astronomical Society and Carl Zeiss Planetarium, Baghdad; project leader for the <a href="/wiki/Erbil_Observatory" title="Erbil Observatory">Iraqi National Astronomical Observatory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a></li> <li><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="ar:سهام السبتي">Siham Alsabti</a> (1942–), actress.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamia_Abbas_Amara" title="Lamia Abbas Amara">Lamia Abbas Amara</a> (1929–2021), poet and pioneer of modern Arabic poetry. She was the niece of <a href="/wiki/Ganzibra" title="Ganzibra">Ganzibra</a> <a href="/wiki/Dakheel_Edan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakheel Edan">Dakheel Edan</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahroun_Amara" title="Zahroun Amara">Zahroun Amara</a>, world renowned <a href="/wiki/Niello" title="Niello">niello</a> <a href="/wiki/Silversmith" title="Silversmith">silversmith</a>. People that are known to have owned his silver nielloware include <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Maude" title="Stanley Maude">Stanley Maude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Khalifa" title="House of Khalifa">Bahraini royal family</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farouk_of_Egypt" title="Farouk of Egypt">Egyptian King Farouk</a>, the Iraqi royal family (including kings <a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Faisal I of Iraq and Syria">Faisal I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghazi_of_Iraq" title="Ghazi of Iraq">Ghazi</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/British_royal_family" title="British royal family">British royal family</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a> who became <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganzibra" title="Ganzibra">Ganzibra</a> <a href="/wiki/Dakheel_Edan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakheel Edan">Dakheel Edan</a> (1881–1964), patriarch and international head of the Mandaeans from 1917, until his death in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-mandaeans.org-95">[92]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishama" title="Rishama">Rishama</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_bar_Negm" title="Abdullah bar Negm">Abdullah bar Negm</a> (early 1900s–2009), patriarch and head of the Mandaeans in Iraq during the late 1900s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishama" title="Rishama">Rishama</a> <a href="/wiki/Sattar_Jabbar_Hilo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sattar Jabbar Hilo">Sattar Jabbar Hilo</a>, current patriarch and head of the Mandaeans in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-Global_Imams_Council-96">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Najiya_Murrani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Najiya Murrani (page does not exist)">Najiya Murrani</a> (1919–2011), author, poet.<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aziz_Sbahi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aziz Sbahi (page does not exist)">Aziz Sbahi</a>, secretary of the Iraqi Communist Party; writer.<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaidoon_Treeko" title="Zaidoon Treeko">Zaidoon Treeko</a> (1961–), <a href="/wiki/Oud" title="Oud">Oud</a> player, composer, and poet.</li> <li><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="ar:مكي البدري">Makki Al-Badri</a> (1926–2014), actor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_Shaker" title="Jalal Shaker">Jalal Shaker</a>, footballer.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iranian_Mandaeans">Iranian Mandaeans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandaeans&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Iranian Mandaeans">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ethnicities_in_Iran#Mandaeans" title="Ethnicities in Iran">Ethnicities in Iran § Mandaeans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MansourZahrouniKarevan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/MansourZahrouniKarevan.jpg/220px-MansourZahrouniKarevan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/MansourZahrouniKarevan.jpg/330px-MansourZahrouniKarevan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/MansourZahrouniKarevan.jpg/440px-MansourZahrouniKarevan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="608" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABn%C4%81k%C4%81r%C4%AB" title="Mīnākārī">Mīnākārī</a> on gold, an ancient art of Mandaeans, <a href="/wiki/Ahvaz" title="Ahvaz">Ahvaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></figcaption></figure> The number of Iranian Mandaeans is a matter of dispute. In 2009, there were an estimated 5,000 to 10,000 Mandaeans in Iran, according to the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>.<a href="#cite_note-saving-16">[15]</a> Alarabiya has put the number of Iranian Mandaeans as high as 60,000 in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-alarabiya0612-100">[97]</a> Until the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a>, Mandaeans were mainly concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan Province">Khuzestan Province</a>, where the community used to coexist with the local <a href="/wiki/Arab_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab people">Arab</a> population. Other than the main cities of <a href="/wiki/Ahvaz" title="Ahvaz">Ahvaz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khorramshahr" title="Khorramshahr">Khorramshahr</a>, Mandaean communities also existed in towns such as <a href="/wiki/Chogha_Zanbil_(village)" title="Chogha Zanbil (village)">Chogha Zanbil</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shush_County" title="Shush County">Shush County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shushtar" title="Shushtar">Shushtar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abadan" class="mw-redirect" title="Abadan">Abadan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Buckley_2002-66">[64]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Bandar-e_Mahshahr" title="Bandar-e Mahshahr">Mahshahr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shadegan" title="Shadegan">Shadegan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Behbahan" title="Behbahan">Behbahan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Susangerd" title="Susangerd">Susangerd</a> (Khafajiyeh). Mandaean communities had also formerly existed in <a href="/wiki/Dezful" title="Dezful">Dezful</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamidiyeh" title="Hamidiyeh">Hamidiyeh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoveyzeh" title="Hoveyzeh">Hoveyzeh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karun_County" title="Karun County">Karun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abadan" class="mw-redirect" title="Abadan">Abadan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nasoraia_2021-43">[41]</a>: 48  <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandaeans_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Mandaeans_01.jpg/220px-Mandaeans_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Mandaeans_01.jpg/330px-Mandaeans_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Mandaeans_01.jpg/440px-Mandaeans_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>Mandaeans undergoing baptism (<a href="/wiki/Masbuta" title="Masbuta">Masbuta</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Karun" title="Karun">Karun</a> River, <a href="/wiki/Ahvaz" title="Ahvaz">Ahvaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></figcaption></figure>They were mainly employed as <a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">goldsmiths</a>, passing their skills from generation to generation.<a href="#cite_note-alarabiya0612-100">[97]</a> After the fall of the shah, its members faced increased religious discrimination, and many emigrated to Europe and the Americas. In Iran, the <a href="/wiki/Gozinesh" title="Gozinesh">Gozinesh</a> Law (passed in 1985) has the effect of prohibiting Mandaeans from fully participating in civil life. This law and other gozinesh provisions make access to employment, education, and a range of other areas conditional upon a rigorous ideological screening, the principal prerequisite for which is devotion to the tenets of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> These laws are regularly applied to discriminate against religious and ethnic groups that are not officially recognized, such as the Mandaeans, <a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼís</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> In 2002, the <a href="/wiki/US_State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="US State Department">US State Department</a> granted Iranian Mandaeans protective refugee status. Since then, roughly 1,000 have emigrated to the US,<a href="#cite_note-saving-16">[15]</a> now residing in cities such as <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="San Antonio, Texas">San Antonio, Texas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> On the other hand, the Mandaean community in Iran has increased over the last decade because of the exodus from Iraq of the main Mandaean community, which used to be 50,000–70,000 strong.<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Notable_Iranian_Mandaeans">Notable Iranian Mandaeans</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandaeans&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notable Iranian Mandaeans">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganzibra" title="Ganzibra">Ganzibra</a> <a href="/wiki/Jabbar_Choheili" title="Jabbar Choheili">Jabbar Choheili</a> (1923–2014), head of the Mandaean community in Iran until his death in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishama" title="Rishama">Rishama</a> <a href="/wiki/Rishama#Notable_rishama" title="Rishama">Salah Choheili</a>, the current patriarch and head of the <a href="/wiki/Mandaean_Australians" title="Mandaean Australians">Mandaean community in Australia</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Middle_Eastern_Mandaeans">Other Middle Eastern Mandaeans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandaeans&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other Middle Eastern Mandaeans">edit</a>]</div> Following the Iraq War, the Mandaean community dispersed mostly throughout <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. Mandaeans in Jordan number about 2,500 (2018)<a href="#cite_note-:0-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-monitor-109">[106]</a> and in Syria there are about 1,000 remaining (2015).<a href="#cite_note-monitor-109">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-MHRG-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diaspora">Diaspora</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandaeans&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Diaspora">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suomen_mandean_yhdistys.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Suomen_mandean_yhdistys.jpg/220px-Suomen_mandean_yhdistys.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Suomen_mandean_yhdistys.jpg/330px-Suomen_mandean_yhdistys.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Suomen_mandean_yhdistys.jpg/440px-Suomen_mandean_yhdistys.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Mandaean community in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, May 2018</figcaption></figure> There are Mandaean diaspora populations in <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans_in_Sweden" title="Mandaeans in Sweden">Sweden</a> (c. 10,000–20,000),<a href="#cite_note-Routledge-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-manswe-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (c. 10,000),<a href="#cite_note-manaus-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> the <a href="/wiki/US" class="mw-redirect" title="US">US</a> (c. 4,000–7,000),<a href="#cite_note-MHRG-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-sly-11">[11]</a> the <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a> (c. 2,500),<a href="#cite_note-WMP-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-lt.se-112">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-newmarker-113">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-exodus-81">[78]</a> There are also Mandaeans living in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Nijmegen" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, etc.), <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>,<a href="#cite_note-dk-22">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Fr-24">[23]</a> and smaller communities in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MHRG-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-GR_Saadi-115">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandaeans&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mandaean_Australians" title="Mandaean Australians">Mandaean Australians</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Sydney_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney metropolitan area">Sydney metropolitan area</a> in Australia has one of the largest Mandaean diaspora communities in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Buckley2010-77">[74]</a> The community is centered in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Western_Sydney" title="Greater Western Sydney">Greater Western Sydney</a> suburbs such as <a href="/wiki/Penrith,_New_South_Wales" title="Penrith, New South Wales">Penrith</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liverpool,_New_South_Wales" title="Liverpool, New South Wales">Liverpool</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> In Liverpool, the main <a href="/wiki/Mandi_(Mandaeism)" title="Mandi (Mandaeism)">mandi</a> (Beth Manda) is <a href="/wiki/Ganzibra_Dakhil_Mandi" title="Ganzibra Dakhil Mandi">Ganzibra Dakhil Mandi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> The Sabian Mandaean Association of Australia has purchased land by the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Nepean_River" title="Nepean River">Nepean River</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wallacia,_New_South_Wales" title="Wallacia, New South Wales">Wallacia, New South Wales</a> in order to build a new mandi.<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sweden">Sweden</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandaeans&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sweden">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans_in_Sweden" title="Mandaeans in Sweden">Mandaeans in Sweden</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> became a popular destination because a Mandaean community existed there before the war and the Swedish government has a liberal asylum policy toward Iraqis. There are between 10,000 and 20,000 <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans_in_Sweden" title="Mandaeans in Sweden">Mandaeans in Sweden</a> (2019).<a href="#cite_note-Routledge-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-lt.se-112">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-exodus-81">[78]</a> The scattered nature of the Mandaean diaspora has raised fears among Mandaeans for the religion's survival. Mandaeism does not allow conversion, and the religious status of Mandaeans who marry outside the faith and their children is disputed.<a href="#cite_note-saving-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-wp-82">[79]</a> On September 15, 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Beth_Manda" class="mw-redirect" title="Beth Manda">Beth Manda</a> Yardna was consecrated in <a href="/wiki/Dalby,_Lund_Municipality" title="Dalby, Lund Municipality">Dalby</a>, Scania, Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandaeans&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mandaean_Americans" title="Mandaean Americans">Mandaean Americans</a></div> In the United States, Mandaean communities are centered in <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a> (c. 2,500),<a href="#cite_note-mansa-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Buckley_2002-66">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Winnetka,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Winnetka, California">Winnetka, California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester, Massachusetts</a> (c. 2,500),<a href="#cite_note-The_Boston_Globe-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-office-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Warren,_Michigan" title="Warren, Michigan">Warren, Michigan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>,<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> and other major metropolitan areas. There is a <a href="/wiki/Mandi_(Mandaeism)" title="Mandi (Mandaeism)">mandi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> The status of the Mandaeans has prompted a number of American intellectuals and civil rights activists to call upon the US government to extend refugee status to the community. In 2007, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> ran an <a href="/wiki/Op-ed" title="Op-ed">op-ed</a> piece in which Swarthmore professor <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Deutsch" title="Nathaniel Deutsch">Nathaniel Deutsch</a> called for the Bush administration to take immediate action to preserve the community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutsch2007-33">[31]</a> Iraqi Mandaeans were given refugee status by the <a href="/wiki/US_State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="US State Department">US State Department</a> in 2007. Since then, more than 2500 have entered the US, many settling in <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester</a>, Massachusetts.<a href="#cite_note-saving-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bell-1">[1]</a> The community in Worcester is believed to be the largest in the United States and the second largest community outside the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-office-10">[10]</a> About 2,600 Mandaeans from Iran have been settled in Texas since the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandaeans&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_10.jpg/180px-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_10.jpg/270px-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_10.jpg/360px-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="7728" /></a><figcaption>Mandaean <a href="/wiki/Drabsha" title="Drabsha">Drabsha</a>, symbol of the Mandaean faith</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></div> Mandaeans are a closed ethno-religious community, practicing <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a>, which is a <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">ethnic religion</a><a href="#cite_note-Buckley_2002-66">[64]</a>: 4 <a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mandaens3-128">[125]</a> (Aramaic manda means "knowledge," and is conceptually related to the Greek term <a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">gnosis</a>.)<a href="#cite_note-Mandaens3-128">[125]</a> Its adherents revere <a href="/wiki/Adam#In_Mandaeism" title="Adam">Adam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abel#Mandaean_interpretation" title="Abel">Abel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seth#Mandaeism" title="Seth">Seth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enos_(biblical_figure)#In_Mandaeism" title="Enos (biblical figure)">Enosh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noah#Gnosticism" title="Noah">Noah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shem#In_Mandaeism" title="Shem">Shem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aram,_son_of_Shem" title="Aram, son of Shem">Aram</a>, and especially <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist#Mandaeism" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mandaens3-128">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudolph197715-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> Mandaeans consider Adam, Seth, Noah, Shem and John the Baptist to be prophets with Adam the founder of the religion and John being the greatest and final prophet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasoraia201245-130">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-MandaeanYT-131">[128]</a> The Mandaeans group existence into two main categories: light and darkness.<a href="#cite_note-Mandaens3-128">[125]</a> They have a dualistic view of life, that encompasses both good and evil; all good is thought to have come from the <a href="/wiki/World_of_Light" title="World of Light">World of Light</a> (i.e. lightworld) and all evil from the <a href="/wiki/World_of_Darkness_(Mandaeism)" title="World of Darkness (Mandaeism)">World of Darkness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mandaens3-128">[125]</a> In relation to the <a href="/wiki/Body%E2%80%93mind_dualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Body–mind dualism">body–mind dualism</a> coined by Descartes, Mandaeans consider the body, and all material, worldly things, to have come from the dark, while the soul (sometimes referred to as the mind) is a product of the lightworld. Mandaeans believe that there is a constant battle or conflict between the forces of good and evil. The forces of good are represented by Nhura (Light) and Maia Hayyi (Living Water) and those of evil are represented by Hshuka (darkness) and Maia Tahmi (dead or rancid water). The two waters are mixed in all things in order to achieve a balance. Mandaeans also believe in an afterlife or heaven called Alma d-Nhura (World of Light).<a href="#cite_note-Nashmi-132">[129]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_21.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_21.jpg/220px-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_21.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_21.jpg/330px-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_21.jpg/440px-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7728" data-file-height="5152" /></a><figcaption>Inside <a href="/wiki/Sabian%E2%80%93Mandaean_Mandi_of_Baghdad" title="Sabian–Mandaean Mandi of Baghdad">Mandaean Mandi of Baghdad</a></figcaption></figure> In Mandaeism, the <a href="/wiki/World_of_Light" title="World of Light">World of Light</a> is ruled by a Supreme God, known as <a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Hayyi Rabbi</a> ('The Great Life' or 'The Great Living God').<a href="#cite_note-Nashmi-132">[129]</a> Other <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">names</a> used are Mare d'Rabuta ('Lord of Greatness'), Mana Rabba ('The Great Mind'), Melka d'Nhura ('King of Light') and Hayyi Qadmaiyi ('The First Life').<a href="#cite_note-auto2-62">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> God is so great, vast, and incomprehensible that no words can fully depict how awesome God is. It is believed that an innumerable number of <a href="/wiki/Uthra" title="Uthra">uthras</a> (angels or guardians),<a href="#cite_note-Buckley_2002-66">[64]</a>: 8  manifested from the light, surround and perform acts of worship to praise and honor God. They inhabit worlds separate from the lightworld and some are commonly referred to as emanations and are subservient beings to 'The First Life'; their names include Second, Third, and Fourth Life (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Yushamin" title="Yushamin">Yōšamin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abathur" class="mw-redirect" title="Abathur">Abathur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ptahil" title="Ptahil">Ptahil</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudolph2001-134">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-Buckley_2002-66">[64]</a>: 8  <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Saint_John_the_Baptist_C2RMF_retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Saint_John_the_Baptist_C2RMF_retouched.jpg/180px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Saint_John_the_Baptist_C2RMF_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Saint_John_the_Baptist_C2RMF_retouched.jpg/270px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Saint_John_the_Baptist_C2RMF_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Saint_John_the_Baptist_C2RMF_retouched.jpg/360px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Saint_John_the_Baptist_C2RMF_retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10446" data-file-height="13522" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_John_the_Baptist_(Leonardo)" title="Saint John the Baptist (Leonardo)">Saint John the Baptist</a> by <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a></figcaption></figure> The Lord of Darkness (<a href="/wiki/Krun" title="Krun">Krun</a>) is the ruler of the <a href="/wiki/World_of_Darkness_(Mandaeism)" title="World of Darkness (Mandaeism)">World of Darkness</a> formed from dark waters representing chaos.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudolph2001-134">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-62">[60]</a> A main defender of the darkworld is a giant monster, or dragon, with the name <a href="/wiki/Ur_(Mandaeism)" title="Ur (Mandaeism)">Ur</a>, and an evil, female ruler also inhabits the darkworld, known as <a href="/wiki/Ruha" title="Ruha">Ruha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudolph2001-134">[131]</a> The Mandaeans believe these malevolent rulers created demonic offspring who consider themselves the owners of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven planets">seven planets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">twelve zodiac constellations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudolph2001-134">[131]</a> According to Mandaean beliefs, the material world is a mixture of light and dark created by <a href="/wiki/Ptahil" title="Ptahil">Ptahil</a>, who fills the role of the <a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">demiurge</a>, with help from dark powers, such as <a href="/wiki/Ruha" title="Ruha">Ruha</a>, the Seven, and the Twelve.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudolph2001-134">[131]</a> Adam's body (believed to be the first human created by God in Abrahamic tradition) was fashioned by these dark beings, however his soul (or mind) was a direct creation from the Light. Therefore, many Mandaeans believe the human soul is capable of salvation because it originates from the lightworld. The soul, sometimes referred to as the 'inner Adam' or <a href="/wiki/Adam_kasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam kasia">Adam kasia</a>, is in dire need of being rescued from the dark, so it may ascend into the heavenly realm of the lightworld.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudolph2001-134">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptisms</a> are a central theme in Mandaeism, believed to be necessary for the redemption of the soul. Mandaeans do not perform a single baptism, as in religions such as Christianity; rather, they view baptisms as a ritual act capable of bringing the soul closer to salvation.<a href="#cite_note-McGrath-26">[24]</a> Therefore, Mandaeans are baptized repeatedly during their lives.<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bell-1">[1]</a> John the Baptist is a key figure for the Mandaeans; they consider him to have been a Nasoraean Mandaean.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-62">[60]</a>: 3 <a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-manaus-7">[7]</a> John is referred to as their greatest and final teacher.<a href="#cite_note-Buckley_2002-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-62">[60]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholarship">Scholarship</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandaeans&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Scholarship">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Scholars_of_Mandaeism" title="Category:Scholars of Mandaeism">Category:Scholars of Mandaeism</a></div> According to <a href="/wiki/Edmondo_Lupieri" title="Edmondo Lupieri">Edmondo Lupieri</a>, as stated in his article in <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The possible historical connection with <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>, as seen in the newly translated Mandaean texts, convinced many (notably <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">R. Bultmann</a>) that it was possible, through the Mandaean traditions, to shed some new light on the history of John and on the <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of Christianity">origins of Christianity</a>. This brought around a revival of the otherwise almost fully abandoned idea of their Palestinian origins. As the archeological discovery of Mandaean <a href="/wiki/Incantation_bowl#In_Mandaeism" title="Incantation bowl">incantation bowls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandaic_lead_rolls" title="Mandaic lead rolls">lead amulets</a> proved a pre-Islamic Mandaean presence in the southern Mesopotamia, scholars were obliged to hypothesize otherwise unknown persecutions by Jews or by Christians to explain the reason for Mandaeans' departure from Palestine.</blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_20.jpg/220px-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_20.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_20.jpg/330px-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_20.jpg/440px-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7728" data-file-height="5152" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_Book_of_John" title="Mandaean Book of John">Mandaean Book of John</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Edmondo_Lupieri" title="Edmondo Lupieri">Lupieri</a> believes Mandaeism is a post-Christian southern Mesopotamian Gnostic off-shoot and claims that <a href="/wiki/Zazai_d-Gawazta" class="mw-redirect" title="Zazai d-Gawazta">Zazai d-Gawazta</a> to be the founder of Mandaeism in the 2nd century. <a href="/wiki/Jorunn_J._Buckley" class="mw-redirect" title="Jorunn J. Buckley">Jorunn J. Buckley</a> refutes this by confirming scribes that predate Zazai who copied the <a href="/wiki/Ginza_Rabba" title="Ginza Rabba">Ginza Rabba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Buckley2010-77">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-LupieriIranica-39">[37]</a> In addition to Edmondo Lupieri, Christa Müller-Kessler argues against the Palestinian origin theory of the Mandaeans claiming that the Mandaeans are Mesopotamian.<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Yamauchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Yamauchi">Edwin Yamauchi</a> believes Mandaeism's origin lies in the Transjordan where a group of 'non-Jews' migrated to Mesopotamia and combined their Gnostic beliefs with indigenous Mesopotamian beliefs at the end of the 2nd century CE.<a href="#cite_note-Deutsch-138">[135]</a>: 78 <a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> Kevin van Bladel claims that Mandaeism originated no earlier than 5th century Sassanid Mesopotamia, a thesis which has been criticized by <a href="/wiki/James_F._McGrath" title="James F. McGrath">James F. McGrath</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> Al-Zuhairy (1998) believes that the roots of Mandaeism lies in Mesopotamia, inherited from the Sumerians, and the present form of Mandaeism likely emerged in Mesopotamia in the 3rd century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a> The Mandaean author <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aziz_Sbahi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aziz Sbahi (page does not exist)">Aziz Sbahi</a> in his book, The Origins of Sabians and their Religious Beliefs, traced the Mandaeans to the Babylonian Era. Sbahi, who is known more as a secretary of the Iraqi Communist Party, acknowledges that Mandaeism may have been affected by religions in Mesopotamia and the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a> region. Sbahi believes that Mandaeism originated in surroundings that had Hellenic, Babylonian, Gnostic and Judaic influence. However, due to Sbahi's lack of knowledge of the Mandaic language, he read only secondary sources on the Mandaeans.<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brikha_Nasoraia" title="Brikha Nasoraia">Brikha Nasoraia</a>, a Mandaean priest and scholar, believes in a two-origin theory in which he considers the contemporary Mandaeans to have descended from both proto-Mandaeans originating in the Jordan valley as well as another group of Mandaeans (or Gnostics) indigenous to southern Mesopotamia.<a href="#cite_note-Nasoraia_2021-43">[41]</a>: 55  Scholars specializing in Mandaeism such as <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Rudolph" title="Kurt Rudolph">Kurt Rudolph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Lidzbarski" title="Mark Lidzbarski">Mark Lidzbarski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Mac%C3%BAch" title="Rudolf Macúch">Rudolf Macúch</a>, <a href="/wiki/E._S._Drower" title="E. S. Drower">Ethel S. Drower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Segelberg" title="Eric Segelberg">Eric Segelberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_F._McGrath" title="James F. McGrath">James F. McGrath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_G._H%C3%A4berl" title="Charles G. Häberl">Charles G. Häberl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jorunn_Jacobsen_Buckley" title="Jorunn Jacobsen Buckley">Jorunn Jacobsen Buckley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Einasi_G%C3%BCnd%C3%BCz" title="Şinasi Gündüz">Şinasi Gündüz</a> argue for an Israelite origin. The majority of these scholars believe that the Mandaeans likely have a historical connection with John the Baptist's inner circle of disciples.<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lidzbarski-145">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-R._Macuch,_p._6-146">[143]</a> Charles Häberl, who is also a linguist specializing in <a href="/wiki/Mandaic_language" title="Mandaic language">Mandaic</a>, finds <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Aramaic">Jewish Aramaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaritan Aramaic language">Samaritan Aramaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> influence on Mandaic and accepts Mandaeans having a "shared Israelite history with Jews".<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> In addition, scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_August_Reitzenstein" title="Richard August Reitzenstein">Richard August Reitzenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Rudolf Bultmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/G._R._S._Mead" title="G. R. S. Mead">G. R. S. Mead</a>, Samuel Zinner, Richard Thomas, J. C. Reeves, <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Quispel" title="Gilles Quispel">Gilles Quispel</a>, and K. Beyer also argue for a Judea/Palestine or <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Valley" title="Jordan Valley">Jordan Valley</a> origin for the Mandaeans.<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a> James McGrath and Richard Thomas believe there is a direct connection between Mandaeism and pre-exilic traditional Israelite religion.<a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2016-156">[153]</a> <a href="/wiki/E._S._Drower" title="E. S. Drower">Lady Ethel S. Drower</a> "sees early Christianity as a Mandaean heresy"<a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> and adds "heterodox Judaism in Galilee and Samaria appears to have taken shape in the form we now call gnostic, and it may well have existed some time before the Christian era."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrower1960bxv-158">[155]</a> <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Thiering" title="Barbara Thiering">Barbara Thiering</a> questions the dating of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a> and suggests that the <a href="/wiki/Teacher_of_Righteousness" title="Teacher of Righteousness">Teacher of Righteousness</a> (leader of the <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a>) was John the Baptist.<a href="#cite_note-159">[156]</a> Jorunn J. Buckley accepts Mandaeism's Israelite or Judean origins<a href="#cite_note-BuckleyOrigin-27">[25]</a>: 97  and adds: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">[T]he Mandaeans may well have become the inventors of – or at least contributors to the development of – Gnosticism ... and they produced the most voluminous Gnostic literature we know, in one language... influenc[ing] the development of Gnostic and other religious groups in late antiquity [e.g. Manichaeism, Valentianism].<a href="#cite_note-BuckleyOrigin-27">[25]</a>: 109 </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_names">Other names</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandaeans&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other names">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sabians">Sabians</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandaeans&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sabians">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sabians" title="Sabians">Sabians</a></div> During the 9th and 10th centuries several religious groups came to be identified with the mysterious Sabians (sometimes also spelled 'Sabaeans' or 'Sabeans', but not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Sabaeans</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Arabia" title="South Arabia">South Arabia</a>) mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> alongside the Jews, the Christians, and the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrians">Zoroastrians</a> as a '<a href="/wiki/People_of_the_book" class="mw-redirect" title="People of the book">people of the book</a>' (ahl al-kitāb).<a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a> These religious groups, which included the Mandaeans but also various <a href="/wiki/Sabians#Pagan_Sabians" title="Sabians">pagan groups</a> in <a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a> (Upper Mesopotamia) and the <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Mesopotamian Marshes">marshlands of southern Iraq</a>, claimed the name in order to be recognized by the Muslim authorities as a people of the book deserving of legal protection (<a href="/wiki/Dhimma" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhimma">dhimma</a>).<a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a> The earliest source to unambiguously apply the term 'Sabian' to the Mandaeans was <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A4asan_bar_Bahlul" title="Ḥasan bar Bahlul">al-Hasan ibn Bahlul</a> (<abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr> 950–1000) citing the Abbasid vizier <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Muqla" title="Ibn Muqla">Abu Ali Muhammad ibn Muqla</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 885–940).<a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a> However, it is not clear whether the Mandaeans of this period already identified themselves as Sabians or whether the claim originated with Ibn Muqla.<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> Some modern scholars have identified the Sabians mentioned in the Quran as Mandaeans,<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a> although many other possible identifications have been proposed.<a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a> Some scholars believe it is impossible to establish their original identity with any degree of certainty.<a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a> Mandaeans continue to be called Sabians to this day.<a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nasoraeans">Nasoraeans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandaeans&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Nasoraeans">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nazarene_(sect)#Nasoraean_Mandaeans" title="Nazarene (sect)">Nazarene (sect) § Nasoraean Mandaeans</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Haran_Gawaita" title="Haran Gawaita">Haran Gawaita</a> uses the name <a href="/wiki/Nazarene_(sect)#Nasoraean_Mandaeans" title="Nazarene (sect)">Nasoraeans</a> for the Mandaeans arriving from Jerusalem meaning guardians or possessors of secret rites and knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-RudolphEI-46">[44]</a> Scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Rudolph" title="Kurt Rudolph">Kurt Rudolph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Mac%C3%BAch" title="Rudolf Macúch">Rudolf Macúch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Lidzbarski" title="Mark Lidzbarski">Mark Lidzbarski</a> and <a href="/wiki/E._S._Drower" title="E. S. Drower">Ethel S. Drower</a> connect the Mandaeans with the <a href="/wiki/Essenes#Rules,_customs,_theology,_and_beliefs" title="Essenes">Nasaraeans</a> described by <a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius</a>, a group within the <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a> according to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lightfoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Lightfoot">Joseph Lightfoot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-R._Macuch,_p._6-146">[143]</a> Epiphanius says (29:6) that they existed before Christ. That is questioned by some, but others accept the pre-Christian origin of the Nasaraeans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrower1960bxiv-170">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Nasaraeans ‐ they were Jews by nationality ‐ originally from Gileaditis, Bashanitis and the Transjordan ... They acknowledged <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> and believed that he had received laws ‐ not this law, however, but some other. And so, they were Jews who kept all the Jewish observances, but they would not offer sacrifice or eat meat. They considered it unlawful to eat meat or make sacrifices with it. They claim that these <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Books</a> are fictions, and that none of these customs were instituted by the fathers. This was the difference between the Nasaraeans and the others.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius</a>' <a href="/wiki/Panarion" title="Panarion">Panarion</a> 1:18</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandaeans&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mandaic_language" title="Mandaic language">Mandaic language</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Mandaic" title="Neo-Mandaic">Neo-Mandaic</a> is the contemporary language spoken by some Mandaeans, while <a href="/wiki/Classical_Mandaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Mandaic">Classical Mandaic</a> is the liturgical language of Mandaeism.<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> However, most Mandaeans currently do not speak conversational Neo-Mandaic in everyday life, but rather the languages of their host countries, such as Arabic, Farsi, or English. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandaeans&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Genetics">edit</a>]</div> According to the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Journal_of_Public_Health" title="Iranian Journal of Public Health">Iranian Journal of Public Health</a>:<a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">About 20 centuries ago, Mandaeans migrated from <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> areas to Iraq and Iran. Therefore, their gene pool was separated from their origins for about 20 centuries. During this period, evolutionary forces might have some effects on the Mandaeans' gene pool. The frequency of the <a href="/wiki/GSTM1" class="mw-redirect" title="GSTM1">GSTM1</a> null genotype among Jordanian, Palestinian, <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a> and non-Ashkenazi Jews was 27.1%, 56.0%, 55.2%, and 55.2% (9, 10), respectively. On the other hand, the frequency of the <a href="/wiki/GSTT1" title="GSTT1">GSTT1</a> null genotype among Jordanian, Palestinian, Ashkenazi Jews and non-Ashkenazi Jews was 24.2%, 22.0%, 26.0%, 22.1% (9, 10), respectively. Comparisons between Iranian Mandaeans and above-mentioned populations demonstrating that Mandaeans showed higher and lower levels of the GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes, respectively. There was [a] remarkable difference between Mandaeans and other mentioned populations for the frequency of the GSTM1 null genotype. Mutation, gene flow and natural selection should be disregarded in [the] interpretation [of] the influence of evolutionary forces on Mandaeans and their surrounding gene pools. In Iran and Iraq Mandaeans lived as small and isolated ethno-religious communities. Therefore, genetic drift, at least in part might account for differences between Mandaeans and other populations.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandaeans&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_Arabs" title="Marsh Arabs">Marsh Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Related historical groups</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bana%27im" title="Bana'im">Bana'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dositheans" class="mw-redirect" title="Dositheans">Dositheans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elcesaites" title="Elcesaites">Elcesaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebionites" title="Ebionites">Ebionites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnostics" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostics">Gnostics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemerobaptists" title="Hemerobaptists">Hemerobaptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magh%C4%81riya" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghāriya">Maghāriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_(sect)" title="Nazarene (sect)">Nazarene (sect)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quqites" title="Quqites">Quqites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sethians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sethians">Sethians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinians" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentinians">Valentinians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other topics</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_name" title="Mandaean name">Mandaean name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_studies" title="Mandaean studies">Mandaean studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Mandaeism" title="Outline of Mandaeism">Outline of Mandaeism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandaeans&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fn1-14"><a href="#cite_ref-fn1_14-0">^</a> Including 450 in Iraqi Kurdistan </li> <li id="cite_note-fn2-25"><a href="#cite_ref-fn2_25-0">^</a> After the mysterious <a href="/wiki/Sabians" title="Sabians">Sabians</a> mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, a name historically claimed by several religious groups. For adherents of other religions sometimes called 'Sabians', see <a href="/wiki/Sabians#Pagan_Sabians" title="Sabians">Sabians#Pagan Sabians</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> The fatwā is numbered differently between Persian (S 322) and its official English (Q 321) translation but reads as follows: س 322. تعداد زیادی از مردم در خوزستان زندگی می کنند که خود را «صابئه» می نامند و ادعای پیروی از پیامبر خدا حضرت یحیی(ع) را دارند و می گویند کتاب او نزد ما موجود است. نزد علمای ادیان ثابت شده که آن ها همان صابئون هستند که در قرآن آمده است. لطفاً بیان فرمایید که این گروه از اهل کتاب هستند یا خیر؟ ج. گروه مذکور در حکم اهل کتاب هستند.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> Translation of the Persian original: S 322. There are a large number of people living in Khuzestan who call themselves "Ṣābeʾe" and who claim to follow God's holy Prophet Yahya (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_honorifics#Muhammad" title="Islamic honorifics">ʿayn</a>) and say that his book is available to us. It has also been proven by scholars of religions and they are the Ṣābeʾūn mentioned in the Qorʾān. Please state if this group is among the People of the Book [Ahl-e Ketāb] or not? J: The mentioned group are subject to the ruling on People of the Book [ahl-e Ketāb]. Official English translation: Q 321: There live a large number of people in Khuzestan who call themselves Sabeans and claim that they are the followers Prophet Yaḥyā (a.s.) and that they possess his scripture. It has also been established for the religious scholars that they are the Sabeans mentioned in the Qur'an. Please explain whether they are among the People of the Book. A: The rule of the People of the Book is applicable to this group.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandaeans&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bell-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bell_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bell_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bell_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBell2016" class="citation web cs1">Bell, Matthew (October 6, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pri.org/stories/2016-10-06/these-iraqi-immigrants-worship-john-baptist-theyre-not-christians?amp">"These Iraqi immigrants revere John the Baptist, but they're not Christians"</a>. 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Retrieved November 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Arabiya&rft.atitle=Iran+Mandaeans+in+exile+following+persecution&rft.date=2011-12-06&rft.aulast=al+Sheati&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alarabiya.net%2Farticles%2F2011%2F12%2F06%2F181123.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaeans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutsch2007-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutsch2007_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutsch2007_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutsch2007_33-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutsch2007">Deutsch 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERudolph197715-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudolph197715_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudolph197715_34-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRudolph1977">Rudolph 1977</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mandaeanism">"Mandaeanism | religion | Britannica"</a>. April 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mandaeanism+%26%23124%3B+religion+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.date=2023-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FMandaeanism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaeans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_Blois1960–2007">De Blois 1960–2007</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVan_Bladel2017">Van Bladel 2017</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGenequand1999">Genequand 1999</a>, p. 126; <a href="#CITEREFVan_Bladel2009">Van Bladel 2009</a>, p. 67, note 4, citing <a href="#CITEREFDe_Blois1995">De Blois 1995</a>, pp. 51–52 and also referring to <a href="#CITEREFMargoliouth1913">Margoliouth 1913</a>, p. 519b. </li> <li id="cite_note-Häberl1-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Häberl1_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHäberl2009" class="citation cs2">Häberl, Charles G. (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BBjwrJY6-sYC&pg=PA1">The neo-Mandaic dialect of Khorramshahr</a>, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, p. 1, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05874-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05874-2"><bdi>978-3-447-05874-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+neo-Mandaic+dialect+of+Khorramshahr&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-447-05874-2&rft.aulast=H%C3%A4berl&rft.aufirst=Charles+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBBjwrJY6-sYC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaeans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LupieriIranica-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LupieriIranica_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LupieriIranica_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LupieriIranica_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LupieriIranica_39-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LupieriIranica_39-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLupieri2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmondo_Lupieri" title="Edmondo Lupieri">Lupieri, Edmondo F.</a> (April 7, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/mandaeans-1">"MANDAEANS i. HISTORY"</a>. Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved January 12, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.atitle=MANDAEANS+i.+HISTORY&rft.date=2008-04-07&rft.aulast=Lupieri&rft.aufirst=Edmondo+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fmandaeans-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaeans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley20023-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley20023_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuckley2002">Buckley 2002</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Bladel2017">Van Bladel 2017</a>, p. 5. 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Gorgias Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2F9781463209476">10.31826/9781463209476</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4632-0947-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4632-0947-6"><bdi>978-1-4632-0947-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gnostic+Ethics+and+Mandaean+Origins&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2F9781463209476&rft.isbn=978-1-4632-0947-6&rft.aulast=Yamauchi&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaeans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Bladel2017">Van Bladel 2017</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMcGrath2019">McGrath 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIssam_Khalaf_Al-Zuhairy1998" class="citation web cs1">Issam Khalaf Al-Zuhairy (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JpAycgAACAAJ">"A Study of the Ancient Mesopotamian Roots of Mandaean Religion"</a> (Doctoral dissertation). University of Manchester.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Study+of+the+Ancient+Mesopotamian+Roots+of+Mandaean+Religion&rft.pub=University+of+Manchester&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Issam+Khalaf+Al-Zuhairy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJpAycgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaeans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazal" class="citation web cs1">Kazal, Arkan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/76209/KAZAL-THESIS-2019.pdf?sequence=1">"Shock and Awe: The U.S. Led Invasion and the Struggle of Iraq's Non-Muslim Minorities"</a> (PDF). p. 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shock+and+Awe%3A+The+U.S.+Led+Invasion+and+the+Struggle+of+Iraq%27s+Non-Muslim+Minorities&rft.pages=37&rft.aulast=Kazal&rft.aufirst=Arkan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepositories.lib.utexas.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F2152%2F76209%2FKAZAL-THESIS-2019.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaeans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrower1960b">Drower 1960b</a>, p. xiv; <a href="#CITEREFRudolph1977">Rudolph 1977</a>, p. 4; <a href="#CITEREFGündüz1994">Gündüz 1994</a>, pp. vii, 256; <a href="#CITEREFMacuchDrower1963">Macuch & Drower 1963</a>;[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <a href="#CITEREFSegelberg1969">Segelberg 1969</a>, pp. 228–239; <a href="#CITEREFBuckley2002">Buckley 2002</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> McGrath, James F.,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1194&context=facsch_papers">"Reading the Story of Miriai on Two Levels: Evidence from Mandaean Anti-Jewish Polemic about the Origins and Setting of Early Mandaeism"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Story+of+Miriai+on+Two+Levels%3A+Evidence+from+Mandaean+Anti-Jewish+Polemic+about+the+Origins+and+Setting+of+Early+Mandaeism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.butler.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Freferer%3D%26httpsredir%3D1%26article%3D1194%26context%3Dfacsch_papers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaeans" class="Z3988"> ARAM Periodical / (2010): 583–592. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lidzbarski-145"><a href="#cite_ref-Lidzbarski_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLidzbarski1925" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lidzbarski, Mark (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41563ucmf_2">Ginzā, der Schatz oder das Grosse buch der Mandäer</a> [Ginzā, the Treasure or the Great Book of the Mandaeans] (in German). Göttingen Vandenhoek & Ruprecht.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ginz%C4%81%2C+der+Schatz+oder+das+Grosse+buch+der+Mand%C3%A4er&rft.pub=G%C3%B6ttingen+Vandenhoek+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Lidzbarski&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMN41563ucmf_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaeans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-R._Macuch,_p._6-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-R._Macuch,_p._6_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-R._Macuch,_p._6_146-1">b</a> R. Macuch, "Anfänge der Mandäer. Versuch eines geschichtliches Bildes bis zur früh-islamischen Zeit", chap. 6 of F. Altheim and R. Stiehl, Die Araber in der alten Welt II: Bis zur Reichstrennung, Berlin, 1965. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHäberl2021" class="citation cs2">Häberl, Charles (March 3, 2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TDSDXF5_K8Q">"Hebraisms in Mandaic"</a>, YouTube, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211110/TDSDXF5_K8Q">archived</a> from the original on November 10, 2021, retrieved November 3, 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Hebraisms+in+Mandaic&rft.date=2021-03-03&rft.aulast=H%C3%A4berl&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DTDSDXF5_K8Q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaeans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHäberl2021" class="citation journal cs1">Häberl, Charles (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:37489/">"Mandaic and the Palestinian Question"</a>. Journal of the American Oriental Society. 141 (1): 171–184. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7817%2Fjameroriesoci.141.1.0171">10.7817/jameroriesoci.141.1.0171</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234204741">234204741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Mandaic+and+the+Palestinian+Question&rft.volume=141&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=171-184&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7817%2Fjameroriesoci.141.1.0171&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234204741%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=H%C3%A4berl&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhcommons.org%2Fdeposits%2Fitem%2Fhc%3A37489%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaeans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutsch1998">Deutsch 1998</a>, p. 78; <a href="#CITEREFThomas2016">Thomas 2016</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Mead, G. R. S., Gnostic John the Baptizer: Selections from the Mandaean John-Book, Dumfries & Galloway UK, Anodos Books (2020) </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZinner2019" class="citation book cs1">Zinner, Samuel (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/26661213">The Vines Of Joy: Comparative Studies in Mandaean History and Theology</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vines+Of+Joy%3A+Comparative+Studies+in+Mandaean+History+and+Theology&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Zinner&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F26661213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaeans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Reeves, J. C., Heralds of that Good Realm: Syro-Mesopotamian Gnostic and Jewish Traditions, Leiden, New York, Koln (1996). </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Quispel, G., Gnosticism and the New Testament, Vigiliae Christianae, vol. 19, No 2. (Jan., 1965), pp. 65–85. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Beyer, K., The Aramaic Language; Its Distribution and Subdivisions, translated from the German by John F. Healey, Gottingen (1986) </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath2020" class="citation web cs1">McGrath, James (June 19, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jELRRNgFAGk&t=3s">"The Shared Origins of Monotheism, Evil, and Gnosticism"</a>. YouTube. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/jELRRNgFAGk">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2021. Retrieved November 15, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=The+Shared+Origins+of+Monotheism%2C+Evil%2C+and+Gnosticism&rft.date=2020-06-19&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DjELRRNgFAGk%26t%3D3s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaeans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2016-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2016_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas2016">Thomas 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2012" class="citation book cs1">Buckley, Jorunn (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/title/20157?contents=editorial-content">Lady E. S. Drower's Scholarly Correspondence</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22247-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22247-2"><bdi>978-90-04-22247-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lady+E.+S.+Drower%27s+Scholarly+Correspondence&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-22247-2&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Jorunn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Ftitle%2F20157%3Fcontents%3Deditorial-content&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaeans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrower1960bxv-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrower1960bxv_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrower1960b">Drower 1960b</a>, p. xv. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vkhqd0xVejg">"The Riddle of the Dead Sea Scrolls"</a>. YouTube – Discovery Channel documentary. 1990. Retrieved March 10, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube+%E2%80%93+Discovery+Channel+documentary&rft.atitle=The+Riddle+of+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DVkhqd0xVejg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaeans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Bladel2017">Van Bladel 2017</a>, p. 5. On the Sabians generally, see <a href="#CITEREFDe_Blois1960–2007">De Blois 1960–2007</a>; <a href="#CITEREFDe_Blois2004">De Blois 2004</a>; <a href="#CITEREFFahd1960–2007">Fahd 1960–2007</a>; <a href="#CITEREFVan_Bladel2009">Van Bladel 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Bladel2017">Van Bladel 2017</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Bladel2017">Van Bladel 2017</a>, p. 47; on the identification of al-Hasan ibn Bahlul's source (named merely "Abu Ali") as Abu Ali Muhammad ibn Muqla, see p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Bladel2017">Van Bladel 2017</a>, p. 54. On Ibn Muqla's possible motivations for applying the Quranic epithet to the Mandaeans rather than to the <a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harranian</a> pagans (who were more commonly identified as 'Sabians' in the <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> of his time), see p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Most notably <a href="#CITEREFChwolsohn1856">Chwolsohn 1856</a> and <a href="#CITEREFGündüz1994">Gündüz 1994</a>, both cited by <a href="#CITEREFVan_Bladel2009">Van Bladel 2009</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> As noted by <a href="#CITEREFVan_Bladel2009">Van Bladel 2009</a>, pp. 67–68, modern scholars have variously identified the Sabians of the Quran as Mandaeans, <a href="/wiki/Manichaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Manichaeans">Manichaeans</a> (<a href="#CITEREFDe_Blois1995">De Blois 1995</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Sabaeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elchasaites" class="mw-redirect" title="Elchasaites">Elchasaites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archontics" title="Archontics">Archontics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanif" title="Hanif">ḥunafāʾ</a> (either as a type of <a href="/wiki/Gnostics" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostics">Gnostics</a> or as "sectarians"), or as adherents of the <a href="/wiki/Astral_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Astral religion">astral religion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a>. Various scholarly identifications are discussed by <a href="#CITEREFGreen1992">Green 1992</a>, pp. 101–120. </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreen1992">Green 1992</a>, pp. 119–120; <a href="#CITEREFStroumsa2004">Stroumsa 2004</a>, pp. 335–341; <a href="#CITEREFHämeen-Anttila2006">Hämeen-Anttila 2006</a>, p. 50; <a href="#CITEREFVan_Bladel2009">Van Bladel 2009</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuckley2002">Buckley 2002</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Lidzbarski, Mark. Ginza: der Schatz, oder das Grosse Buch der Mandäer. Leipzig, 1925. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrower1960b">Drower 1960b</a>, p. xiv; <a href="#CITEREFRudolph1977">Rudolph 1977</a>, p. 4; <a href="#CITEREFThomas2016">Thomas 2016</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMacuchDrower1963">Macuch & Drower 1963</a>;[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <a href="#CITEREFLightfoot1875">Lightfoot 1875</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrower1960bxiv-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrower1960bxiv_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrower1960b">Drower 1960b</a>, p. xiv. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis, Book I (Sects 1–46) Frank Williams, translator, 1987 (E.J. Brill, Leiden) ISBN 90-04-07926-2 </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language/mid">"Mandaic"</a>. Ethnologue. Retrieved May 25, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Mandaic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fmid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaeans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoroumandZarghamiSaadat2019" class="citation journal cs1">Boroumand, Fariba; Zarghami, Mahdis; Saadat, Mostafa (September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6825671">"Genetic Polymorphisms of Glutathione S-Transferases T1 (GSTT1) and M1 (GSTM1) in Iranian Mandaeans Population"</a>. Iranian Journal of Public Health. 48 (9): 1746–1747. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6825671">6825671</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31700835">31700835</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranian+Journal+of+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Genetic+Polymorphisms+of+Glutathione+S-Transferases+T1+%28GSTT1%29+and+M1+%28GSTM1%29+in+Iranian+Mandaeans+Population&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1746-1747&rft.date=2019-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6825671%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31700835&rft.aulast=Boroumand&rft.aufirst=Fariba&rft.au=Zarghami%2C+Mahdis&rft.au=Saadat%2C+Mostafa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6825671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaeans" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandaeans&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2007" class="citation news cs1">Crawford, Angus (March 4, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/6412453.stm">"Iraq's Mandaeans 'face extinction'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. Retrieved November 25, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Iraq%27s+Mandaeans+%27face+extinction%27&rft.date=2007-03-04&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Angus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2F6412453.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaeans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutsch2007" class="citation web cs1">Deutsch, Nathaniel (October 6, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/06/opinion/06deutsch.html">"Save the Gnostics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved November 25, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Save+the+Gnostics&rft.date=2007-10-06&rft.aulast=Deutsch&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F10%2F06%2Fopinion%2F06deutsch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaeans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThaler2007" class="citation web cs1">Thaler, Kai (March 9, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2007/03/09/iraqi-minority-group-needs-u-s-attention/">"Iraqi minority group needs U.S. attention"</a>. Yale Daily News. Retrieved November 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yale+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Iraqi+minority+group+needs+U.S.+attention&rft.date=2007-03-09&rft.aulast=Thaler&rft.aufirst=Kai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyaledailynews.com%2Fblog%2F2007%2F03%2F09%2Firaqi-minority-group-needs-u-s-attention%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaeans" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandaeans&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandaeans&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jorunn_Jacobsen_Buckley" title="Jorunn Jacobsen Buckley">Buckley, Jorunn J.</a> (1993). The Scroll of Exalted Kingship: Diwan Malkuta 'Laita (Mandean Manuscript No. 34 in the Drower Collection, Bodleian Library, Oxford). New Haven: <a href="/wiki/American_Oriental_Society" title="American Oriental Society">American Oriental Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scroll+of+Exalted+Kingship%3A+Diwan+Malkuta+%27Laita+%28Mandean+Manuscript+No.+34+in+the+Drower+Collection%2C+Bodleian+Library%2C+Oxford%29&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=American+Oriental+Society&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Jorunn+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaeans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrowe_r1950a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._S._Drower" title="E. S. Drower">Drowe r, E. S.</a> (1950a). Diwan Abatur, or Progress Through the Purgatories: Text with Translation Notes and Appendices. Città del Vaticano: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diwan+Abatur%2C+or+Progress+Through+the+Purgatories%3A+Text+with+Translation+Notes+and+Appendices&rft.place=Citt%C3%A0+del+Vaticano&rft.pub=Biblioteca+Apostolica+Vaticana&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Drowe+r&rft.aufirst=E.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaeans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrower1950b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._S._Drower" title="E. S. Drower">Drower, E.S.</a> (1950b). Šarḥ ḏ Qabin ḏ šišlam Rba (D. C. 38). Explanatory Commentary on the Marriage-Ceremony of the great Šišlam. Roma: Pontificio Istituto Biblico.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C5%A0ar%E1%B8%A5+%E1%B8%8F+Qabin+%E1%B8%8F+%C5%A1i%C5%A1lam+Rba+%28D.+C.+38%29.+Explanatory+Commentary+on+the+Marriage-Ceremony+of+the+great+%C5%A0i%C5%A1lam&rft.place=Roma&rft.pub=Pontificio+Istituto+Biblico&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Drower&rft.aufirst=E.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaeans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrower1960a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._S._Drower" title="E. S. Drower">Drower, E.S.</a> (1960a). The Thousand and Twelve Questions (Alf trisar šuialia). Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thousand+and+Twelve+Questions+%28Alf+trisar+%C5%A1uialia%29&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Akademie-Verlag&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Drower&rft.aufirst=E.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaeans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrower1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._S._Drower" title="E. S. Drower">Drower, E.S.</a> (1962). The Coronation of the Great Šišlam, Being a Description of the Rite of the Coronation of a Mandaean Priest according to the Ancient Canon. Leiden: Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coronation+of+the+Great+%C5%A0i%C5%A1lam%2C+Being+a+Description+of+the+Rite+of+the+Coronation+of+a+Mandaean+Priest+according+to+the+Ancient+Canon&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Drower&rft.aufirst=E.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaeans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrower1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._S._Drower" title="E. S. Drower">Drower, E.S.</a> (1963). A Pair of Naṣoraean Commentaries (Two Priestly Documents): The Great First World and The Lesser First World. Leiden: Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Pair+of+Na%E1%B9%A3oraean+Commentaries+%28Two+Priestly+Documents%29%3A+The+Great+First+World+and+The+Lesser+First+World&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Drower&rft.aufirst=E.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaeans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHäberl2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._H%C3%A4berl" title="Charles G. Häberl">Häberl, Charles G.</a> (2022). The Book of Kings and the Explanations of This World: A Universal History from the Late Sasanian Empire. Translated Texts for Historians. Vol. 80. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-800-85627-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-800-85627-1"><bdi>978-1-800-85627-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Kings+and+the+Explanations+of+This+World%3A+A+Universal+History+from+the+Late+Sasanian+Empire&rft.place=Liverpool&rft.series=Translated+Texts+for+Historians&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-800-85627-1&rft.aulast=H%C3%A4berl&rft.aufirst=Charles+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaeans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHäberlMcGrath2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._H%C3%A4berl" title="Charles G. Häberl">Häberl, Charles G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/James_F._McGrath" title="James F. McGrath">McGrath, James F.</a>, eds. (2019). The Mandaean Book of John. Critical Edition, Translation, and Commentary. Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110487862">10.1515/9783110487862</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-048786-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-048786-2"><bdi>978-3-11-048786-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226656912">226656912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mandaean+Book+of+John.+Critical+Edition%2C+Translation%2C+and+Commentary&rft.place=Berlin+and+Boston&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A226656912%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110487862&rft.isbn=978-3-11-048786-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaeans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHäberlMcGrath2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._H%C3%A4berl" title="Charles G. Häberl">Häberl, Charles G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/James_F._McGrath" title="James F. McGrath">McGrath, James F.</a> (2020). Häberl, Charles G.; McGrath, James F. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/facsch_papers/1065">The Mandaean Book of John: Text and Translation</a>. Berlin: De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110487862">10.1515/9783110487862</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-048786-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-048786-2"><bdi>978-3-11-048786-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226656912">226656912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mandaean+Book+of+John%3A+Text+and+Translation&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A226656912%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110487862&rft.isbn=978-3-11-048786-2&rft.aulast=H%C3%A4berl&rft.aufirst=Charles+G.&rft.au=McGrath%2C+James+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.butler.edu%2Ffacsch_papers%2F1065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaeans" class="Z3988"> (<a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> version of text and translation, taken from <a href="#CITEREFHäberlMcGrath2019">Häberl & McGrath 2019</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandaeans&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Secondary sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jorunn_Jacobsen_Buckley" title="Jorunn Jacobsen Buckley">Buckley, Jorunn J.</a> (2002). The Mandaeans: Ancient Texts and Modern People. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mandaeans%3A+Ancient+Texts+and+Modern+People&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Jorunn+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaeans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jorunn_Jacobsen_Buckley" title="Jorunn Jacobsen Buckley">Buckley, Jorunn J.</a> (2005). The Great Stem of Souls: Reconstruction Mandaean History. Piscataway: <a href="/wiki/Gorgias_Press" title="Gorgias Press">Gorgias Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Stem+of+Souls%3A+Reconstruction+Mandaean+History&rft.place=Piscataway&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Jorunn+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaeans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChwolsohn1856" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chwolsohn" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Chwolsohn">Chwolsohn, Daniel</a> (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=Die+Ssabier+und+die+Ssabismus">Die Ssabier und die Ssabismus</a> [The Sabians and the Sabianism]. Vols. 1–2. (in German). 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Berlin: <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>. pp. 619–673. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110220797.6.619">10.1515/9783110220797.6.619</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022078-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022078-0"><bdi>978-3-11-022078-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thabit+ibn+Qurra+sur+l%27existence+et+l%27infini%3A+les+r%C3%A9ponses+aux+questions+pos%C3%A9es+par+Ibn+Usayyid&rft.btitle=Th%C4%81bit+ibn+Qurra%3A+Science+and+Philosophy+in+Ninth-Century+Baghdad&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Scientia+Graeco-Arabica&rft.pages=619-673&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110220797.6.619&rft.isbn=978-3-11-022078-0&rft.aulast=Rashed&rft.aufirst=Marwan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaeans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRashed2009b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roshdi_Rashed" title="Roshdi Rashed">Rashed, Roshdi</a> (2009b). 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Berlin: <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>. pp. 15–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110220797.1.15">10.1515/9783110220797.1.15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022078-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022078-0"><bdi>978-3-11-022078-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Th%C4%81bit+ibn+Qurra%3A+From+%E1%B8%A4arr%C4%81n+to+Baghdad&rft.btitle=Th%C4%81bit+ibn+Qurra%3A+Science+and+Philosophy+in+Ninth-Century+Baghdad&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Scientia+Graeco-Arabica&rft.pages=15-24&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110220797.1.15&rft.isbn=978-3-11-022078-0&rft.aulast=Rashed&rft.aufirst=Roshdi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaeans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2017" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts, Alexandre M. 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Ein Beitrag zur Diskussion um die Anfänge der Gnosis" [Was the author of the Odes of Solomon a "Qumran Christian"? A contribution to the discussion about the beginnings of Gnosis]. Revue de Qumrân (in German). 4 (16). Peeters: 523–555.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+de+Qumr%C3%A2n&rft.atitle=War+Der+Verfasser+Der+Oden+Salomos+Ein+%22Qumran-Christ%22%3F+Ein+Beitrag+zur+Diskussion+um+die+Anf%C3%A4nge+der+Gnosis&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=523-555&rft.date=1964-04&rft.aulast=Rudolph&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaeans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudolph1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Rudolph" title="Kurt Rudolph">Rudolph, Kurt</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=chWcZcYcyeQC">"Mandaeism"</a>. In Moore, Albert C. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iconographyofrel0000moor">Iconography of Religions: An Introduction</a>. Vol. 21. Chris Robertson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-0488-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-0488-2"><bdi>978-0-8006-0488-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mandaeism&rft.btitle=Iconography+of+Religions%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Chris+Robertson&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-0488-2&rft.aulast=Rudolph&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DchWcZcYcyeQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaeans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudolph2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Rudolph" title="Kurt Rudolph">Rudolph, Kurt</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3XxxkESCWz4C">Gnosis: The Nature and History of Gnosticism</a>. A&C Black. pp. 343–366. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08640-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08640-2"><bdi>978-0-567-08640-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gnosis%3A+The+Nature+and+History+of+Gnosticism&rft.pages=343-366&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-567-08640-2&rft.aulast=Rudolph&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3XxxkESCWz4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaeans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegelberg1969" class="citation journal cs1">Segelberg, Eric (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.30674%2Fscripta.67040">"Old and New Testament figures in Mandaean version"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scripta_Instituti_Donneriani_Aboensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis">Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis</a>. 3: 228–239. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.30674%2Fscripta.67040">10.30674/scripta.67040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scripta+Instituti+Donneriani+Aboensis&rft.atitle=Old+and+New+Testament+figures+in+Mandaean+version&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=228-239&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.30674%2Fscripta.67040&rft.aulast=Segelberg&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.30674%252Fscripta.67040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaeans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStroumsa2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Stroumsa" title="Sarah Stroumsa">Stroumsa, Sarah</a> (2004). "Sabéens de Ḥarrān et Sabéens de Maïmonide". In <a href="/wiki/Tony_L%C3%A9vy" title="Tony Lévy">Lévy, Tony</a>; <a href="/wiki/Roshdi_Rashed" title="Roshdi Rashed">Rashed, Roshdi</a> (eds.). Maïmonide: Philosophe et savant (1138–1204). Leuven: Peeters. pp. 335–352. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1458-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1458-2"><bdi>978-90-429-1458-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sab%C3%A9ens+de+%E1%B8%A4arr%C4%81n+et+Sab%C3%A9ens+de+Ma%C3%AFmonide&rft.btitle=Ma%C3%AFmonide%3A+Philosophe+et+savant+%281138%E2%80%931204%29&rft.place=Leuven&rft.pages=335-352&rft.pub=Peeters&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-90-429-1458-2&rft.aulast=Stroumsa&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaeans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2016" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, Richard (January 29, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/studiaantiqua/vol5/iss2/4/">"The Israelite Origins of the Mandaean People"</a>. Studia Antiqua. 5 (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Antiqua&rft.atitle=The+Israelite+Origins+of+the+Mandaean+People&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2016-01-29&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarsarchive.byu.edu%2Fstudiaantiqua%2Fvol5%2Fiss2%2F4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaeans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Bladel2009" class="citation book cs1">Van Bladel, Kevin (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195376135.001.0001/acprof-9780195376135-chapter-3">"Hermes and the Ṣābians of Ḥarrān"</a>. The Arabic Hermes: From Pagan Sage to Prophet of Science. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 64–118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780195376135.003.0003">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195376135.003.0003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537613-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537613-5"><bdi>978-0-19-537613-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hermes+and+the+%E1%B9%A2%C4%81bians+of+%E1%B8%A4arr%C4%81n&rft.btitle=The+Arabic+Hermes%3A+From+Pagan+Sage+to+Prophet+of+Science&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=64-118&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780195376135.003.0003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-537613-5&rft.aulast=Van+Bladel&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxford.universitypressscholarship.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780195376135.001.0001%2Facprof-9780195376135-chapter-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaeans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Bladel2017" class="citation book cs1">Van Bladel, Kevin (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/title/34389">From Sasanian Mandaeans to Ṣābians of the Marshes</a>. Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004339460">10.1163/9789004339460</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33943-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33943-9"><bdi>978-90-04-33943-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Sasanian+Mandaeans+to+%E1%B9%A2%C4%81bians+of+the+Marshes&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004339460&rft.isbn=978-90-04-33943-9&rft.aulast=Van+Bladel&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Ftitle%2F34389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaeans" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>Review: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath2019" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_F._McGrath" title="James F. McGrath">McGrath, James F.</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://enochseminar.org/2019/01/10/james-f-mcgrath-reviews-from-sasanian-mandaeans-to-sabians-van-bladel/">"James F. McGrath Reviews From Sasanian Mandaeans to Sabians (van Bladel)"</a>. Enoch Seminar Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Enoch+Seminar+Online&rft.atitle=James+F.+McGrath+Reviews+From+Sasanian+Mandaeans+to+Sabians+%28van+Bladel%29&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=James+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenochseminar.org%2F2019%2F01%2F10%2Fjames-f-mcgrath-reviews-from-sasanian-mandaeans-to-sabians-van-bladel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaeans" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamauchi2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_M._Yamauchi" title="Edwin M. Yamauchi">Yamauchi, Edwin M.</a> (2005) [1967]. Mandaic Incantation Texts. Piscataway: <a href="/wiki/Gorgias_Press" title="Gorgias Press">Gorgias Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mandaic+Incantation+Texts&rft.place=Piscataway&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Yamauchi&rft.aufirst=Edwin+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaeans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamauchi2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_M._Yamauchi" title="Edwin M. Yamauchi">Yamauchi, Edwin M.</a> (2004) [1970]. Gnostic Ethics and Mandaean Origins. Piscataway: <a href="/wiki/Gorgias_Press" title="Gorgias Press">Gorgias Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gnostic+Ethics+and+Mandaean+Origins&rft.place=Piscataway&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Yamauchi&rft.aufirst=Edwin+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaeans" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandaeans&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and 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title="commons:Category:Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mandaeanunion.org/">Mandaean Associations Union</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mandaic.org/">Resources of the language of the Mandaeans</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181104071635/http://www.mandaic.org/">Archived</a> November 4, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/mand.htm">Mandaean Scriptures and Fragments</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandaean_Human_Rights_Group2008" class="citation cs2">Mandaean Human Rights Group (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aina.org/reports/mhrar200803.pdf">Mandaean Human Rights Annual Report</a> (PDF), AINA</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mandaean+Human+Rights+Annual+Report&rft.pub=AINA&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Mandaean+Human+Rights+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aina.org%2Freports%2Fmhrar200803.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaeans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblicalstudiesonline.wordpress.com/2016/02/19/james-mcgrath-on-the-mandaeans-and-mandaean-gnosticism/">James McGrath on The Mandaeans and Mandaean Gnosticism (2015)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mandaeism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mandaeism_footer" title="Template:Mandaeism footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mandaeism_footer" title="Template talk:Mandaeism footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mandaeism_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mandaeism footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mandaeism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mandaeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_Americans" title="Mandaean Americans">Mandaean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_Australians" title="Mandaean Australians">Mandaean Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeans_in_Sweden" title="Mandaeans in Sweden">Mandaeans in Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabians" title="Sabians">Sabians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_(sect)#Nasoraean_Mandaeans" title="Nazarene (sect)">Nasoraeans</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="16" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.png/70px-Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.png/105px-Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.png/140px-Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="700" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical identities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentaeans" title="Kentaeans">Kentaeans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_priest" title="Mandaean priest">Priesthood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rishama" title="Rishama">Rishama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganzibra" title="Ganzibra">Ganzibra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarmida" title="Tarmida">Tarmida</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Shganda" title="Shganda">Shganda</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Mandaean_priests" title="List of Mandaean priests">List of Mandaean priests</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shlama_beth_Qidra" title="Shlama beth Qidra">Shlama beth Qidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazai_of_Gawazta" title="Zazai of Gawazta">Zazai of Gawazta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anush_bar_Danqa" title="Anush bar Danqa">Anush bar Danqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Bihram" title="Yahya Bihram">Yahya Bihram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Zihrun" title="Ram Zihrun">Ram Zihrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibia_Mudalal" title="Bibia Mudalal">Bibia Mudalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Khaffagi" title="Abdullah Khaffagi">Abdullah Khaffagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negm_bar_Zahroon" title="Negm bar Zahroon">Negm bar Zahroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_bar_Negm" title="Abdullah bar Negm">Abdullah bar Negm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_bar_Sam" title="Abdullah bar Sam">Abdullah bar Sam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakhil_Aidan" title="Dakhil Aidan">Dakhil Aidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabbar_Choheili" title="Jabbar Choheili">Jabbar Choheili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Choheili" title="Salah Choheili">Salah Choheili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najah_Choheili" title="Najah Choheili">Najah Choheili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taleb_Doraji" title="Taleb Doraji">Taleb Doraji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaldoon_Majid_Abdullah" title="Khaldoon Majid Abdullah">Khaldoon Majid Abdullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahi_Bashikh" title="Sahi Bashikh">Sahi Bashikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattar_Jabbar_Hilow" title="Sattar Jabbar Hilow">Sattar Jabbar Hilow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuhana_Nashmi" title="Yuhana Nashmi">Yuhana Nashmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brikha_Nasoraia" title="Brikha Nasoraia">Brikha Nasoraia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafid_al-Sabti" title="Rafid al-Sabti">Rafid al-Sabti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salwan_Alkhamas" title="Salwan Alkhamas">Salwan Alkhamas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_Council_of_Ahvaz" title="Mandaean Council of Ahvaz">Mandaean Council of Ahvaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabian_Mandaean_Association_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabian Mandaean Association in Australia">Sabian Mandaean Association in Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mandaic_manuscripts" title="List of Mandaic manuscripts">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ginza_Rabba" title="Ginza Rabba">Ginza Rabba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_Ginza" title="Right Ginza">Right Ginza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Ginza" title="Left Ginza">Left Ginza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_Book_of_John" title="Mandaean Book of John">Mandaean Book of John</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prayers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Qulasta_(list)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qulasta" title="Qulasta">Qulasta</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Qulasta_prayers" title="List of Qulasta prayers">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sidra_d-Nishmata" title="Sidra d-Nishmata">Sidra d-Nishmata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushuma" title="Rushuma">Rushuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asut_Malkia" title="Asut Malkia">Asut Malkia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eniana" title="Eniana">Eniana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rahma_(Mandaeism)" title="Rahma (Mandaeism)">Rahma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabahatan" title="Tabahatan">Tabahatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shumhata" title="Shumhata">Shumhata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Priestly texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Thousand_and_Twelve_Questions" title="The Thousand and Twelve Questions">The Thousand and Twelve Questions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_of_Exalted_Kingship" title="Scroll of Exalted Kingship">Scroll of Exalted Kingship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Coronation_of_the_Great_Shishlam" title="The Coronation of the Great Shishlam">The Coronation of the Great Shishlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wedding_of_the_Great_Shishlam" title="The Wedding of the Great Shishlam">The Wedding of the Great Shishlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alma_Ri%C5%A1aia_Rba" title="Alma Rišaia Rba">Alma Rišaia Rba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alma_Ri%C5%A1aia_Zu%E1%B9%ADa" title="Alma Rišaia Zuṭa">Alma Rišaia Zuṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zihrun_Raza_Kasia" title="Zihrun Raza Kasia">Zihrun Raza Kasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_of_the_Parwanaya" title="Scroll of the Parwanaya">Scroll of the Parwanaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_of_the_Great_Baptism" title="Scroll of the Great Baptism">Scroll of the Great Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_of_the_Ancestors" title="Scroll of the Ancestors">Scroll of the Ancestors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Baptism_of_Hibil_Ziwa" title="The Baptism of Hibil Ziwa">The Baptism of Hibil Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_of_Abatur" title="Scroll of Abatur">Scroll of Abatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmut_Ku%C5%A1%E1%B9%ADa" title="Dmut Kušṭa">Dmut Kušṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secrets_of_the_Ancestors" title="Secrets of the Ancestors">Secrets of the Ancestors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_of_the_Rivers" title="Scroll of the Rivers">Scroll of the Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Zodiac" title="Book of the Zodiac">Book of the Zodiac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haran_Gawaita" title="Haran Gawaita">Haran Gawaita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">Apotropaic</a> texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incantation_bowl" title="Incantation bowl">Incantation bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_lead_rolls" title="Mandaic lead rolls">Lead rolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%A1ra_d-Ainia" title="Pišra d-Ainia">Pišra d-Ainia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_cosmology" title="Mandaean cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibil" title="Tibil">Tibil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yardna" title="Yardna">Yardna</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_of_Light" title="World of Light">World of Light</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Hayyi Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shkinta" title="Shkinta">Shkina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piriawis" title="Piriawis">Piriawis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mshunia_Kushta" title="Mshunia Kushta">Mshunia Kushta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarwan" title="Tarwan">Tarwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasana" title="Yasana">Yasana</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Uthras" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uthra" title="Uthra">Uthras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yushamin" title="Yushamin">Yushamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abatur" title="Abatur">Abatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptahil" title="Ptahil">Ptahil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibil" title="Hibil">Hibil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shitil" title="Shitil">Shitil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anush_(Mandaeism)" title="Anush (Mandaeism)">Anush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Ziwa" title="Sam Ziwa">Sam Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manda_d-Hayyi" title="Manda d-Hayyi">Manda d-Hayyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilmai" title="Shilmai">Shilmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidbai" title="Nidbai">Nidbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adathan_and_Yadathan" title="Adathan and Yadathan">Adathan and Yadathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yufin-Yufafin" title="Yufin-Yufafin">Yufin-Yufafin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfeil_and_Marfeil" title="Urfeil and Marfeil">Urfeil and Marfeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarwan" title="Tarwan">Tar and Tarwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihram" title="Bihram">Bihram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zihrun" title="Zihrun">Zihrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etinsib_Ziwa" title="Etinsib Ziwa">Etinsib Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nbat" title="Nbat">Nbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsab" title="Nsab">Nsab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gubran" title="Gubran">Gubran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihlun" title="Shihlun">Shihlun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yura_(Mandaeism)" title="Yura (Mandaeism)">Yura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yurba" title="Yurba">Yurba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukabar" title="Yukabar">Yukabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukashar" title="Yukashar">Yukashar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawar_Ziwa" title="Yawar Ziwa">Yawar Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simat_Hayyi" title="Simat Hayyi">Simat Hayyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saureil" title="Saureil">Saureil</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Concepts" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anana_(Mandaeism)" title="Anana (Mandaeism)">Anana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gufna" title="Gufna">Gufna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziwa_(Aramaic)" title="Ziwa (Aramaic)">Ziwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intermediary realms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matarta" title="Matarta">Matarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitfun" title="Hitfun">Hitfun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrat" title="Shahrat">Shahrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatrin" title="Shatrin">Shatrin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_of_Darkness_(Mandaeism)" title="World of Darkness (Mandaeism)">World of Darkness</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Suf" title="Sea of Suf">Sea of Suf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siniawis" title="Siniawis">Siniawis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Mandaeism" title="Jesus in Mandaeism">Mšiha</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demons_in_Mandaeism" title="Demons in Mandaeism">Demons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruha" title="Ruha">Ruha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur_(Mandaeism)" title="Ur (Mandaeism)">Ur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krun" title="Krun">Krun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaf_(Mandaeism)" title="Gaf (Mandaeism)">Gaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_(Mandaeism)" title="Qin (Mandaeism)">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anathan" title="Anathan">Anathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shdum" title="Shdum">Shdum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giu_(Mandaeism)" title="Giu (Mandaeism)">Giu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hag_and_Mag" title="Hag and Mag">Hag and Mag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zartai-Zartanai" title="Zartai-Zartanai">Zartai-Zartanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahreil" title="Zahreil">Zahreil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_cosmology#Planets" title="Mandaean cosmology">Planets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shamish" title="Shamish">Shamish</a> (Sun)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libat" title="Libat">Libat</a> (Venus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nbu" title="Nbu">Nbu</a> (Mercury)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_(Mandaeism)" title="Sin (Mandaeism)">Sin</a> (Moon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwan" title="Kiwan">Kiwan</a> (Saturn)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bil_(Mandaeism)" title="Bil (Mandaeism)">Bil</a> (Jupiter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirig" title="Nirig">Nirig</a> (Mars)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Important figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth" title="Seth">Seth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel" title="Abel">Abel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enos_(biblical_figure)" title="Enos (biblical figure)">Enosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shem" title="Shem">Shem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriai" title="Miriai">Miriai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legendary figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dinanukht" title="Dinanukht">Dinanukht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shishlam" title="Shishlam">Shishlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezlat" title="Ezlat">Ezlat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kushta" title="Kushta">Kushta</a> (truth)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manda_(Mandaeism)" title="Manda (Mandaeism)">Manda</a> (gnosis)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laufa" title="Laufa">Laufa</a> (communion)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmuta" title="Dmuta">Dmuta</a> (image)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishimta" title="Nishimta">Nishimta</a> (soul)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruha#As_the_spirit" title="Ruha">Ruha</a> (spirit)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mana_(Mandaeism)" title="Mana (Mandaeism)">Mana</a> (mind)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Kasia" title="Adam Kasia">Adam Kasia</a> (hidden Adam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Pagria" title="Adam Pagria">Adam Pagria</a> (bodily Adam)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects and symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drabsha" title="Drabsha">Drabsha</a> (banner)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misha_(Mandaeism)" title="Misha (Mandaeism)">Misha</a> (oil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riha_(Mandaeism)" title="Riha (Mandaeism)">Riha</a> (incense)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandola" title="Skandola">Skandola</a> (talisman seal)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ritual food and drink</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drinks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mambuha" title="Mambuha">Mambuha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halalta" title="Halalta">Halalta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamra_(Mandaeism)" title="Hamra (Mandaeism)">Hamra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pihta" title="Pihta">Pihta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatira" title="Fatira">Fatira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_(Mandaeism)" title="Sa (Mandaeism)">Sa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Meals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dukrana" title="Dukrana">Dukrana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofani" title="Lofani">Lofani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zidqa_brikha" title="Zidqa brikha">Zidqa brikha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clothing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rasta_(Mandaeism)" title="Rasta (Mandaeism)">Rasta</a> (robe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burzinqa" title="Burzinqa">Burzinqa</a> (turban)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandama" title="Pandama">Pandama</a> (mouth-veil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himiana" title="Himiana">Himiana</a> (girdle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margna" title="Margna">Margna</a> (staff)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klila" title="Klila">Klila</a> (wreath)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taga_(Mandaeism)" title="Taga (Mandaeism)">Taga</a> (crown)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rituals and practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masbuta" title="Masbuta">Masbuta</a> (baptism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamasha_(ablution)" title="Tamasha (ablution)">Tamasha</a> (triple ablution)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishama_(ablution)" title="Rishama (ablution)">Rishama</a> (minor ablution)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masiqta" title="Masiqta">Masiqta</a> (death mass)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qabin" title="Qabin">Qabin</a> (wedding)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brakha" title="Brakha">Brakha</a> (prayer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bshuma" title="Bshuma">Bshuma</a> (name of God)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauma" title="Sauma">Sauma</a> (fasting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zidqa" title="Zidqa">Zidqa</a> (almsgiving)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_name" title="Mandaean name">Naming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings and structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandi_(Mandaeism)" title="Mandi (Mandaeism)">Mandi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabian%E2%80%93Mandaean_Mandi_of_Baghdad" title="Sabian–Mandaean Mandi of Baghdad">Baghdad Mandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganzibra_Dakhil_Mandi" title="Ganzibra Dakhil Mandi">Ganzibra Dakhil Mandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Yuhana_Mandi" title="Yahya Yuhana Mandi">Yahya Yuhana Mandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallacia_Mandi" title="Wallacia Mandi">Wallacia Mandi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shkinta" title="Shkinta">Shkinta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andiruna" title="Andiruna">Andiruna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_calendar" title="Mandaean calendar">Calendar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Feasts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dehwa_Rabba" title="Dehwa Rabba">Dehwa Rabba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Great_Shishlam" title="Feast of the Great Shishlam">Feast of the Great Shishlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwa_Hanina" title="Dehwa Hanina">Dehwa Hanina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Haris" title="Abu al-Haris">Abu al-Haris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parwanaya" title="Parwanaya">Parwanaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwa_Daimana" title="Dehwa Daimana">Dehwa Daimana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Months</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daula_(month)" title="Daula (month)">Daula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuna_(month)" title="Nuna (month)">Nuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embra_(month)" title="Embra (month)">ʿmbra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taura_(month)" title="Taura (month)">Taura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silmia" title="Silmia">Ṣilmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sartana_(month)" title="Sartana (month)">Sarṭana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aria_(month)" title="Aria (month)">Aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shumbulta" title="Shumbulta">Šumbulta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaina" title="Qaina">Qaina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arqba" title="Arqba">Arqba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitia" title="Hitia">Hiṭia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadia_(month)" title="Gadia (month)">Gadia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Epochs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_and_Rud" title="Ram and Rud">Ram and Rud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shurbai_and_Sharhabeil" title="Shurbai and Sharhabeil">Shurbai and Sharhabeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_wife#In_Mandaeism" title="Noah's wife">Nuraita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_language" title="Mandaic language">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Mandaic" title="Neo-Mandaic">Neo-Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_(Unicode_block)" title="Mandaic (Unicode block)">Unicode block</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholarly disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_studies" title="Mandaean studies">Mandaean studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mandaeism" title="Category:Mandaeism">Category</a>  · <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Mandaeism" title="Outline of Mandaeism">Outline</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iraq&#124;link=Iraq_Iraq_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iraq_topics" title="Template:Iraq topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iraq_topics" title="Template talk:Iraq topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iraq_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iraq topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iraq&#124;link=Iraq_Iraq_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq" title="History of Iraq">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq" title="History of Iraq">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassuna_culture" title="Hassuna culture">Hassuna culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf-Ubaid_Transitional_period" title="Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period">Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarra_culture" title="Samarra culture">Samarra culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subartu" title="Subartu">Subartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_rule_in_Mesopotamia" title="Gutian rule in Mesopotamia">Gutian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isin-Larsa_period" title="Isin-Larsa period">Isin-Larsa period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">First Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Assyrian Period">Old Assyrian Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simurrum" title="Simurrum">Simurrum culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon" title="Fall of Babylon">Fall of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Assyria" title="Achaemenid Assyria">Achaemenid Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Sassanid Asorestan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">638–1958</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Iraq" title="Ottoman Iraq">Ottoman Iraq</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Iraq)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Iraq)">Mamluk dynasty</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mandate for Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq" title="Mandatory Iraq">Mandatory Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Kingdom of Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Iraq" title="List of kings of Iraq">Kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Federation" title="Arab Federation">Arab Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Republic_(1958%E2%80%931968)" title="Iraqi Republic (1958–1968)">1958–1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">1968–2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)">2003–2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">2011–present</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">National Command</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_Shatt_al-Arab_conflict" title="1974–75 Shatt al-Arab conflict">1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1977 Shia uprising in Iraq">1977 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979%E2%80%931980_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq">1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Opera" title="Operation Opera">Operation Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Kuwait">Invasion of Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">1991 uprisings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iraq">Sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">U.S. invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)">Iraqi insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">U.S. troop withdrawal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Insurgency (2011–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War (2014–2017)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Mosul" title="Fall of Mosul">Fall of Mosul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mosul_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Battle of Mosul (2016–2017)">Mosul liberation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)">Insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932021_Iraqi_protests" title="2019–2021 Iraqi protests">2019–2021 protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Iraqi_political_crisis" title="2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis">2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iraq" title="Geography of Iraq">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Faw_peninsula" title="Al-Faw peninsula">Faw peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mesopotamia" title="Lower Mesopotamia">Lower Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Iraq" title="Template:Borders of Iraq">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamrin_Mountains" title="Hamrin Mountains">Hamrin Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Iraq" title="Category:Lakes of Iraq">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Iraq" title="List of islands of Iraq">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Mesopotamian Marshes">Mesopotamian Marshes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Iraq" title="List of places in Iraq">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Qasr" title="Umm Qasr">Umm Qasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Iraq" title="Wildlife of Iraq">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Mountains" title="Sinjar Mountains">Sinjar Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iraq" title="Politics of Iraq">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Iraq" title="Governorates of Iraq">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq" title="Constitution of Iraq">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_of_Iraq" title="Council of Representatives of Iraq">Council of Representatives (legislative)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Iraq" title="Democracy in Iraq">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iraq" title="Elections in Iraq">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Iraq" title="Foreign aid to Iraq">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iraq" title="Foreign relations of Iraq">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Iraq" title="Federal government of Iraq">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Iraq)" title="Council of Ministers (Iraq)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_Council_of_Iraq" title="Presidency Council of Iraq">Presidency Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iraq" title="President of Iraq">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Iraq" title="List of presidents of Iraq">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Iraq" title="List of prime ministers of Iraq">List</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iraq" title="Human rights in Iraq">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_pre-Saddam_Iraq" title="Human rights in pre-Saddam Iraq">in pre-Saddam Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saddam_Hussein%27s_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in Saddam Hussein's Iraq">in Saddam Hussein's Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Human rights in post-invasion Iraq">in post-invasion Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Islamic_State-controlled_territory" title="Human rights in Islamic State-controlled territory">in ISIL-controlled territory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iraq">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Iraq" title="Freedom of religion in Iraq">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iraq" title="Women in Iraq">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Iraq" title="Law of Iraq">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Police" title="Iraqi Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Iraq" title="List of political parties in Iraq">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Iraq" title="Judiciary of Iraq">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Iraq" title="List of wars involving Iraq">Wars and conflicts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iraq" title="Economy of Iraq">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Iraq" title="List of banks in Iraq">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iraq" title="Central Bank of Iraq">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Iraq" title="List of companies of Iraq">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iraq" title="Corruption in Iraq">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_dinar" title="Iraqi dinar">Dinar (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_of_Iraq" title="Infrastructure of Iraq">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Investment in post-invasion Iraq">Foreign Investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq" title="Petroleum industry in Iraq">Oil Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Iraq" title="Oil reserves in Iraq">Oil reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Investment in post-invasion Iraq">Reconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Stock_Exchange" title="Iraq Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Iraq" title="Telecommunications in Iraq">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iraq" title="Transport in Iraq">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Iraq" title="List of airlines of Iraq">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Republic_Railways" title="Iraqi Republic Railways">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Iraq" title="Tourism in Iraq">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Iraq" title="Category:Society of Iraq">Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iraq" title="Demographics of Iraq">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqis" title="Iraqis">Iraqis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iraq" title="Languages of Iraq">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages" title="Neo-Aramaic languages">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen#Language" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Iraq" title="Minorities in Iraq">Minorities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armenians" title="Iraqi Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Iraq" title="Circassians in Iraq">Circassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iraq" title="Kurds in Iraq">Kurds</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mandaeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_Arabs" title="Marsh Arabs">Marsh Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajam_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajam of Iraq">Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solluba" title="Solluba">Solluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen</a>/Turkoman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Iraq" title="Secularism in Iraq">Secularism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iraq" title="Islam in Iraq">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Iraq" title="Irreligion in Iraq">Irreligion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_art" title="Iraqi art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iraq" title="Cinema of Iraq">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iraq" title="Culture of Iraq">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Iraq">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iraq" title="Education in Iraq">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Iraq" title="Health in Iraq">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Iraq" title="Mass media in Iraq">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Iraq" title="Television in Iraq">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iraq" title="Music of Iraq">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Iraq" title="Smoking in Iraq">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Iraq" title="Sport in Iraq">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Iraq" title="Squatting in Iraq">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Iraq" title="Public holidays in Iraq">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akitu" title="Akitu">Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwa_Rabba" title="Dehwa Rabba">Mandaean New Year</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iraq" title="Category:Iraq">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Iraq" title="Portal:Iraq">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Iraq" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Iraq">WikiProject</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Iraq" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Iraq">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iran_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iran_topics" title="Template:Iran topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran_topics" title="Template talk:Iran topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iran_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Prehistory"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Iran" title="Prehistory of Iran">Prehistory</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">3400–539 BC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura-Araxes culture (3400–2000 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite civilization (3100–2700 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite dynasties (2700–540 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lullubi" title="Lullubi">Lullubi (c.2300–675 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites (c.1595–c.1155 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannaeans">Kingdom of Mannai (10th–7th century BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire (911–609 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu (860 BC–590 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median Empire (678–549 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythian Kingdom (652–625 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire (626–539 BC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">550 BC–AD 224</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atropatene" title="Atropatene">Atropatene (c.323 BC–AD 226)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia (321 BC–AD 428)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Kingdom of Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire (312–63 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frataraka" title="Frataraka">Frataraka (c.295–220 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Kingdom of Pontus (281 BC–AD 62)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire (247 BC–AD 224)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Persis" title="Kings of Persis">Kings of Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">AD 224–651</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire (AD 224–651)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval and early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">632–1090</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate (632–661)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid dynasty (819–999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid dynasty (821–873)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alid_dynasties_of_northern_Iran" title="Alid dynasties of northern Iran">Alavid dynasty (864–928)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid dynasty (861–1003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarid_dynasty" title="Ziyarid dynasty">Ziyarid dynasty (931–1090)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid dynasty (934–1062)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">977–1432</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid Empire (977–1186)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid dynasty (1011–1215)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire (1037–1194)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushtegin_dynasty" title="Anushtegin dynasty">Anushtegin dynasty (1077–1231)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldiguzids" title="Eldiguzids">Eldiguzids (1135/36-1225)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kart_dynasty" title="Kart dynasty">Kart dynasty (1244–1381)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate (1256–1335)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzaffarids_(Iran)" title="Muzaffarids (Iran)">Muzaffarid dynasty (1314–1393)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalayirid_Sultanate" title="Jalayirid Sultanate">Jalayirid Sultanate dynasty (1335–1432)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chobanids" title="Chobanids">Chobanid dynasty (1338–1357)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">1370–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire (1370–1507)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu Turcomans (1374–1468)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu Turcomans (1378–1508)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Empire (1501–1736)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid Empire (1736–1796)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand Dynasty (1751–1794)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar Empire (1789–1925)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanates_of_the_Caucasus" title="Khanates of the Caucasus">Khanates of the Caucasus (18th–20th centuries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_bombardment_of_the_Majlis" title="1908 bombardment of the Majlis">1908 bombardment of the Majlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran" title="Kurdish separatism in Iran">Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_Persian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1921 Persian coup d'état">1921 Persian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">1925–1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi dynasty (1925–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab_dispute" title="Shatt al-Arab dispute">Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan" title="Insurgency in Balochistan">Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Iranian_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election">1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution (1979)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Islamic Republic</a> 1979–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="History of the Islamic Republic of Iran">History (1979–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran" title="Interim Government of Iran">Interim Government (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1979_Iranian_Islamic_Republic_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum">March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Khuzestan_insurgency" title="1979 Khuzestan insurgency">1979 Khuzestan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1979_Iranian_constitutional_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum">December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Embassy_siege" title="Iranian Embassy siege">Iranian Embassy siege (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nojeh_coup_plot" title="Nojeh coup plot">Nojeh coup plot (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War (1980–88)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran_(1981)" title="Interim Government of Iran (1981)">Interim Government of Iran (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident" title="1987 Mecca incident">1987 Mecca incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655" title="Iran Air Flight 655">Iran Air Flight 655 shootdown (1988)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDPI_insurgency_(1989%E2%80%931996)" title="KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)">KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93PJAK_conflict" title="Iran–PJAK conflict">PJAK conflict (2004–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election_protests" title="2009 Iranian presidential election protests">2009 Iranian presidential election protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war (2011–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_military_intervention_against_the_Islamic_State" class="mw-redirect" title="International military intervention against the Islamic State">International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">United States withdrawal (2018)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_Iranian_protests" title="2017–2018 Iranian protests">2017–2018 Iranian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_Iranian_general_strikes_and_protests" title="2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests">2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iran" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Iran">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sistan_and_Baluchestan_protests" title="2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests">2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Iranian_protests" title="2019–2020 Iranian protests">2019–2020 Iranian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Sistan_and_Baluchestan_protests" title="2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests">2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Iranian_protests" title="2021–2022 Iranian protests">2021–2022 Iranian protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Persians" title="List of ancient Persians">Ancient Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persianization" title="Persianization">Persianization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">Persianate society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">languages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiroft_culture" title="Jiroft culture">Jiroft culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples of the Caucasus">Peoples of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia" title="List of monarchs of Persia">Monarchs of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Iran" title="List of heads of state of Iran">Heads of state of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_democracy_in_classical_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="History of democracy in classical Iran">History of democracy in classical Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Iran" title="Military history of Iran">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_electricity_in_Iran" title="History of electricity in Iran">Electric history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Iran" title="List of years in Iran">Years in Iran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iran" title="Geography of Iran">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Iran" title="Borders of Iran">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iran_by_province" title="List of cities in Iran by province">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_of_Iran" title="List of largest cities of Iran">largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Iran" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Iran">twin towns and sister cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Iran" title="List of earthquakes in Iran">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Iran" title="Environmental issues in Iran">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Iran" title="Climate change in Iran">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Iranian Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_province" title="Sistan and Baluchestan province">Iranian Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Hyrcanian_mixed_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests">Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Iranian Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Urmia" title="Lake Urmia">Lake Urmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Iran" title="List of islands of Iran">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Iran" title="List of mountains in Iran">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Iran" title="Provinces of Iran">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Iran" title="Wildlife of Iran">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iran" title="Politics of Iran">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Iran" title="Censorship in Iran">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iran" title="Constitution of Iran">Constitution</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iran" title="Elections in Iran">Elections</a> (<a href="/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election" title="2009 Iranian presidential election">2009 presidential</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Foreign relations of Iran">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iran" title="Human rights in Iran">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childrens%27_Rights_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Childrens' Rights in Iran">Children's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iran">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Iran" title="Women's rights in Iran">Women's rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_judicial_system_of_Iran" title="History of the judicial system of Iran">Judicial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Armed_Forces" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces">Military</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Air_Force" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Navy" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Navy">Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Intelligence_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Intelligence (Iran)">Ministry of Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_and_Iran" title="Cyberwarfare and Iran">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1747" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747">UN Security Council Resolution 1747</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Iran" title="List of political parties in Iran">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Principlists">Principlists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Iran" title="Propaganda in Iran">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Reformists" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Reformists">Reformists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_and_terrorism_in_Iran" title="Assassination and terrorism in Iran">Terrorism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">state-sponsorship allegations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Revolution" title="White Revolution">White Revolution (1963)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_movement_in_Iran" title="Women's rights movement in Iran">Women's rights movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Councils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Experts" title="Assembly of Experts">Assembly (or Council) of Experts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expediency_Discernment_Council" title="Expediency Discernment Council">Expediency Discernment Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_Council" title="Guardian Council">Guardian Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly" title="Islamic Consultative Assembly">Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_councils_of_Iran" title="Local councils of Iran">Local councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Security_Council" title="Supreme National Security Council">Supreme National Security Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_officials" title="List of Iranian officials">Officials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_ambassadors_from_Iran" title="List of current ambassadors from Iran">Ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iran" title="President of Iran">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Iran_governors-general" title="List of current Iran governors-general">Provincial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonyad" title="Bonyad">Bonyad (charitable trust)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight_from_Iran" title="Human capital flight from Iran">Brain drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Iran" title="List of companies of Iran">Companies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Iran" title="Automotive industry in Iran">Automotive industry</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Iran" title="Child labour in Iran">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Iran" title="Economic history of Iran">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Economic_Reform_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Economic Reform Plan">Economic Reform Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iran" title="Energy in Iran">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Iran" title="Environmental issues in Iran">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran" title="Foreign direct investment in Iran">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_Iran" title="Intellectual property in Iran">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_oil_bourse" title="Iranian oil bourse">International oil bourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Iran" title="International rankings of Iran">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Iran and the World Trade Organization">Iran and the World Trade Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Iran" title="Taxation in Iran">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_economic_laws_in_Iran" title="List of economic laws in Iran">Main economic laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Middle_East" title="Economy of the Middle East">Economy of the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milad_Tower" title="Milad Tower">Milad Tower and complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_equipment_manufactured_in_Iran" title="List of military equipment manufactured in Iran">Military equipment manufactured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1747" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747">UN Security Council Resolution 1747</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Iran" title="Privatization in Iran">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rial" title="Iranian rial">Rial (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Space_Agency" title="Iranian Space Agency">Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Imam_Khomeini%27s_Order" title="Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order">Setad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Audit_Court_of_Iran" title="Supreme Audit Court of Iran">Supreme Audit Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Stock_Exchange" title="Tehran Stock Exchange">Tehran Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_capital_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Venture capital in Iran">Venture capital</a> (<a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Iran#Technology_start-ups" title="Communications in Iran">Technology start-ups</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_sector" title="Economic sector">Sectors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Iran" title="Agriculture in Iran">Agriculture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fruit_production_in_Iran" title="Fruit production in Iran">fruit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_and_insurance_in_Iran" title="Banking and insurance in Iran">Banking and insurance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iran" title="Central Bank of Iran">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetab_Banking_System" title="Shetab Banking System">Shetab Banking System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Iran" title="Construction industry of Iran">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Iran" title="Defense industry of Iran">Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Iran" title="Healthcare in Iran">Health care</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pharmaceuticals_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals in Iran">Pharmaceuticals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Iran" title="Industry of Iran">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Iran" title="Mining in Iran">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iran" title="Petroleum industry in Iran">Petroleum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Oil_Company" title="Anglo-Persian Oil Company">Anglo-Persian Oil Company</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Iran" title="Communications in Iran">Telecommunications and IT</a> (<a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_Company_of_Iran" title="Telecommunication Company of Iran">TCI</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iran" title="Transport in Iran">Transport</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Iran" title="List of airlines of Iran">airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Metro" title="Tehran Metro">metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Railways" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Railways">railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRISL_Group" title="IRISL Group">shipping</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Iran" title="Tourism in Iran">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Industries_Organization" title="Defense Industries Organization">Defense Industries Organization (DIO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDRO_Group" title="IDRO Group">Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Aviation_Industries_Organization" title="Iran Aviation Industries Organization">Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Electronics_Industries" title="Iran Electronics Industries">Iran Electronics Industries (IEI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Development_Fund_of_Iran" title="National Development Fund of Iran">National Development Fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asaluyeh" title="Asaluyeh">Asaluyeh industrial corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabahar_Free_Trade-Industrial_Zone" title="Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone">Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kish_Island" title="Kish Island">Kish Island Free Trade Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_research_centers" title="List of Iranian research centers">Research centers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Iran" title="Category:Society of Iran">Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iran" title="Languages of Iran">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian (Farsi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Neo-Aramaic">Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">Iranian citizens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_diaspora" title="Iranian diaspora">abroad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Iran" title="Ethnic minorities in Iran">Ethnic minorities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenians" title="Iranian Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iran" title="Assyrians in Iran">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Iran" title="Circassians in Iran">Circassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Georgians" title="Iranian Georgians">Georgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iran" title="Kurds in Iran">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Turkmen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Iran" title="Baháʼí Faith in Iran">Baháʼí Faith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">persecution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iran" title="Christianity in Iran">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Iran" title="Zoroastrianism in Iran">Zoroastrians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">persecution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Iran" title="Freedom of religion in Iran">Freedom of religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Iran" title="Crime in Iran">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iran" title="Education in Iran">Education</a> (<a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Iran" title="Higher education in Iran">higher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_movements_in_Iran" title="Intellectual movements in Iran">Intellectual movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-modern_Iranian_scientists_and_scholars" title="List of pre-modern Iranian scientists and scholars">scientists and scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Iran" title="List of universities in Iran">universities</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Iran" title="International rankings of Iran">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationality_law" title="Iranian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Iran" title="Water supply and sanitation in Iran">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iran" title="Women in Iran">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iran" title="Culture of Iran">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Architecture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture" title="Achaemenid architecture">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architects_of_Iran" title="Architects of Iran">architects</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">modern / contemporary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_astronomy" title="Persian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blogging_in_Iran" title="Blogging in Iran">Blogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Calendars</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Persian New Year (Nowruz)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran" title="Fashion in Iran">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Persian_antiquities_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Chicago Persian antiquities dispute">Chicago Persian antiquities dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iran" title="Cinema of Iran">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_wine" title="Persian wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_folklore" title="Iranian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_movements_in_Iran" title="Intellectual movements in Iran">Intellectual movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranians" title="List of Iranians">Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_studies" title="Iranian studies">Iranian studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Iran" title="Islamization of Iran">Islamization</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Iran" title="Mass media in Iran">Media</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_news_agencies" title="List of Iranian news agencies">news agencies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_Students_News_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Students News Agency">student</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Iran" title="List of newspapers in Iran">newspapers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_National_Jewels" title="Iranian National Jewels">National Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_symbols_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national symbols of Iran">National symbols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Imperial_Anthem_of_Iran" title="Imperial Anthem of Iran">Imperial Anthem</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_in_Iran" title="Opium in Iran">Opium consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_name" title="Persian name">Persian name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Iran" title="Public holidays in Iran">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_in_Iran" title="Scouting in Iran">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Iran" title="Sport in Iran">Sport</a> (<a href="/wiki/Football_in_Iran" title="Football in Iran">football</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran" title="Music of Iran">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_folk_music" title="Iranian folk music">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_jazz" title="Iranian jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_pop_music" title="Iranian pop music">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_hip_hop" title="Iranian hip hop">Rap and hip-hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rock" title="Iranian rock">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ey_Iran" title="Ey Iran">Ey Iran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Iran" title="Science and technology in Iran">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Iranian_sentiment" title="Anti-Iranian sentiment">Anti-Iranian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehrangeles" title="Tehrangeles">Tehrangeles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iran" title="Category:Iran">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mandaeans&oldid=1253752091">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mandaeans&oldid=1253752091</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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href="/wiki/Category:Semitic-speaking_peoples" title="Category:Semitic-speaking peoples">Semitic-speaking peoples</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_peoples_of_the_Near_East" title="Category:Ancient peoples of the Near East">Ancient peoples of the Near East</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Russian-language_script_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)">CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Persian-language_script_(fa)" title="Category:CS1 uses Persian-language script (fa)">CS1 uses Persian-language script (fa)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback 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title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_February_2019" title="Category:Use American English from February 2019">Use American English from February 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_February_2019" title="Category:Use mdy dates from February 2019">Use mdy dates from February 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_interwiki-linked_names" title="Category:CS1 interwiki-linked names">CS1 interwiki-linked names</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 October 2024, at 18:04 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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[\"CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Blois1960–2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Blois1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Blois2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeutsch1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeutsch1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeutsch2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrowe_r1950a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrower1937\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrower1950b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrower1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrower1960a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrower1960b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrower1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrower1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEkman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErsan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFahd1960–2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarhanal_RoomiNashi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFontaine1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFraser2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGelbert2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGelbert2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGenequand1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGündüz1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamidović2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHegarty2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHinchey\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorsley2010\"] = 1,\n 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[\"CITEREFMüller-Kessler2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMüller-Kessler2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNashmi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNasoraia2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNasoraia2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Center_for_Atmospheric_Research\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewmarker2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNyheter2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNöldeke1875\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetrishen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPyhäranta2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRashed2009a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRashed2009b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobins2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRossBusch2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowe2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudolph1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudolph1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudolph2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudolph2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalloum2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchouHøjland2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSecundaFine2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSegelberg1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSido2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSly2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStroumsa2004\"] 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